Nozzle Thrust and Efficiency Measurement

VIKAS KURAPATI

130010058

1 AIM
To measure the thrust and efficiency of the given nozzles (2 Converging Diverging nozzles and one
converging nozzle)

2 APPARATUS: F791 NOZZLE PERFORMANCE TEST UNIT

1. Nozzles (2 C-D and one convergent)
2. Pressure Gauges: two gauges which can measure gauge pressure at inlet and exit in a range of 0
to 1100 kN/m2.
3. Rota Meter: Measure mass flux in a range of 0.4 to 14 gm/s.
4. Chamber: Covered and secured by bolts and sealed by ring.
5. Cantilever beam and Impact Head: Hollow cantilever with an impact head and nozzle adaptor.
6. Micrometer: Deflection measurement done by a micrometer with electric contact.
7. Valves and Air regulators.

3 THEORY
Compressible flow through a nozzle can be accompanied by shock waves and can be moved out of the
nozzle by manipulation of inlet and exit pressure making the flow approximately isentropic along the
nozzle. Presence of shocks inside the nozzle causes dissipation due to wave drag and reduces the total
pressure and total enthalpy of the flow thereby reducing the efficiency of the nozzle.

The relation between area, velocity and mach number of a flow is given by

(2 1)
=

This expression shows that converging nozzle accelerates a subsonic flow and diverging nozzle accelerates
a supersonic flow.

Nozzle efficiency is given by the expression

2
. .
= = 2
. .

V is the flow velocity

Thrust is given by the expression

Real Thrust: =

Real velocity can be found by dividing mass flux from the thrust

Ideal Thrust: =
1

Ideal velocity can be found from the formula = 2 01 [1 ( ) ]

4 PROCEDURE
1. The device is calibrated to find out the load deflection curve. Tip deflection of the cantilever
beam is noted against the load applied on the tip of the cantilever beam.
2. The nozzle is fixed on the tip of the cantilever beam, which is fixed in the chamber which has
certain pressure.
3. The pressure difference is varied by changing the inlet pressure and keeping exit pressure
constant once and then changing the exit pressure and keeping the inlet pressure constant.
4. Tip deflections are noted along with the mass flow rate for each pressure ratio and pressure
difference and inlet temperature is noted.
5. Thrust and efficiency are calculated using the data obtained from the experiment.
6. The process is repeated for the other two nozzles.

5 OBSERVATIONS
Load(N) 1(mm) 2(mm) Average (mm)
0.5 13 10 11.5
1 26 23 24.5
1.5 39 36 37.5
2 52 50 51
2.5 66 63 64.5
3 79 76 77.5
3.5 92 89 90.5
4 106 106 106
Load and Deflections for calibration of thrust

Linear approximation for Load deflection graph: y = 0.0373x + 0.0902

 LOAD(N)
4.5
4 y = 0.0373x + 0.0902
3.5
3
LOAD(N)

2.5
2 Load(N)
1.5 Linear (Load(N))
1
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DEFLECTION(MM)

Load-Deflection Plot

Nozzle 1:

At constant Inlet Pressure

Experimental Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity

kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
801.325 701.325 9 3.0 0.4259 141.9667
801.325 601.325 19 4.2 0.7989 190.2143
801.325 501.325 31 5.0 1.2465 249.3
801.325 401.325 42 5.2 1.6568 318.6154
801.325 301.325 51 5.4 1.9925 368.9815
801.325 201.325 63 5.4 2.4401 451.8704

Ideal Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 Temperature(K) Ideal (g/sec) Ideal Thrust(N) Efficiency

kN/m2 Velocity(m/s)
801.325 701.325 299.35 149.9474 3.0 0.449842 0.946776
801.325 601.325 299.55 217.7672 4.2 0.914622 0.873475
801.325 501.325 299.65 274.8377 5.0 1.374189 0.907081
801.325 401.325 300.15 328.8743 5.2 1.710146 0.968806
801.325 301.325 300.25 383.5811 5.4 2.071338 0.961939
801.325 201.325 300.25 443.6224 5.4 2.395561 1.018592

At constant Exit Pressure

Experimental Values:
 P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity
kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
301.325 201.325 13 1.8 0.5751 319.5
401.325 201.325 24 2.6 0.9854 379
501.325 201.325 35 3.4 1.3957 410.5
601.325 201.325 43 4.0 1.6941 423.525
701.325 201.325 52 4.5 2.0298 451.0667
801.325 201.325 61 5.4 2.3655 438.0556

Ideal Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 Temperature(K) Ideal (g/sec) Ideal Thrust(N) Efficiency

kN/m2 Velocity(m/s)
301.325 201.325 300.65 256.4497 3.0 0.769349 1.552163
401.325 201.325 300.65 328.7939 4.2 1.380934 1.328712
501.325 201.325 300.55 372.3164 5.0 1.861582 1.215632
601.325 201.325 300.75 402.8637 5.2 2.094891 1.105202
701.325 201.325 300.85 425.8813 5.4 2.299759 1.121771
801.325 201.325 300.85 444.0654 5.4 2.397953 0.973116

Nozzle 2:

At constant Inlet Pressure

Experimental Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity

kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
801.325 701.325 11 3.8 0.5005 131.7105
801.325 601.325 21 5.0 0.8735 174.7
801.325 501.325 29 5.2 1.1719 225.3654
801.325 401.325 40 5.4 1.5822 293
801.325 301.325 51 5.4 1.9925 368.9815
801.325 201.325 63 5.4 2.4401 451.8704

Ideal Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 Temperature(K) Ideal (g/sec) Ideal Thrust(N) Efficiency

kN/m2 Velocity(m/s)
801.325 701.325 301.05 150.3726 3.8 0.571416 0.767191
801.325 601.325 301.15 218.348 5.0 1.09174 0.640158
801.325 501.325 301.15 275.5248 5.2 1.432729 0.669042
801.325 401.325 301.05 329.367 5.4 1.778582 0.791362
801.325 301.325 301.25 384.2194 5.4 2.074785 0.922254
801.325 201.325 301.25 444.3606 5.4 2.399547 1.034086
At constant Exit Pressure

Experimental Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity

kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
301.325 201.325 11 1.8 0.5005 278.0556
401.325 201.325 21 2.6 0.8735 335.9615
501.325 201.325 34 3.4 1.3584 399.5294
601.325 201.325 41 4.0 1.6195 404.875
701.325 201.325 50 4.8 1.9552 407.3333
801.325 201.325 60 5.4 2.3282 431.1481

Ideal Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 Temperature(K) Ideal (g/sec) Ideal Thrust(N) Efficiency

kN/m2 Velocity(m/s)
301.325 201.325 301.35 256.7481082 3.0 0.770244 1.172867
401.325 201.325 301.45 329.2310627 4.2 1.38277 1.041304
501.325 201.325 301.55 372.9353054 5.0 1.864677 1.147706
601.325 201.325 301.55 403.3991108 5.2 2.097675 1.007331
701.325 201.325 301.55 426.3764736 5.4 2.302433 0.912669
801.325 201.325 301.55 444.5817618 5.4 2.400742 0.94048

Nozzle 3:

At constant Inlet Pressure

Experimental Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity

kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
801.325 701.325 7 5.4 0.3513 65.05555556
801.325 601.325 13 5.8 0.5751 99.15517241
801.325 501.325 20 5.8 0.8362 144.1724138
801.325 401.325 28 5.8 1.1346 195.6206897
801.325 301.325 38 5.8 1.5076 259.9310345
801.325 201.325 55 5.8 2.1417 369.2586207

Ideal Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 Temperature(K) Ideal (g/sec) Ideal Thrust(N) Efficiency

kN/m2 Velocity(m/s)
801.325 701.325 301.75 150.5473366 5.4 0.812956 0.186734
801.325 601.325 301.75 218.5654521 5.8 1.26768 0.205811
801.325 501.325 301.75 275.799096 5.8 1.599635 0.273262
801.325 401.325 301.75 329.7496505 5.8 1.912548 0.351934
 801.325 301.325 301.75 384.5380794 5.8 2.230321 0.456917
801.325 201.325 301.85 444.8028551 5.8 2.579857 0.68917

At constant Exit Pressure

Experimental Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity

kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
301.325 201.325 10 2.2 0.4632 210.5454545
401.325 201.325 19 3.0 0.7989 266.3
501.325 201.325 28 3.6 1.1346 315.1666667
601.325 201.325 42 4.4 1.6568 376.5454545
701.325 201.325 53 5.2 2.0671 397.5192308
801.325 201.325 64 5.8 2.4774 427.137931

Ideal Values:

P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 Temperature(K) Ideal (g/sec) Ideal Thrust(N) Efficiency

kN/m2 Velocity(m/s)
301.325 201.325 302.15 257.0886795 2.2 0.565595 0.670696
401.325 201.325 302.25 329.6676365 3.0 0.989003 0.652514
501.325 201.325 302.15 373.3061394 3.6 1.343902 0.712771
601.325 201.325 302.15 403.8002369 4.4 1.776721 0.869564
701.325 201.325 302.15 426.8004476 5.2 2.219362 0.867494
801.325 201.325 302.05 444.9501896 5.8 2.580711 0.921539

Graphs:

As the pressure difference increases, mass flux increases and becomes constant after a particular pressure
difference because of the choking phenomenon.
 Mass Flow rate Vs. Pressure Ratio
7

6
MASS FLOW RATE(G/S)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
PRESSURE RATIO FOR CONSTANT INLET PRESSURE = 801.325KPA

Nozzle 1 Nozzle 2 Nozzle 3

For constant exit pressure, as pressure ratio drops, the mass flux tends to increase.

Mass Flow rate Vs Pressure Ratio

7

5
MASS FLUX(G/S)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PRESSURE RATIO FOR CONSTANT EXIT PRESSURE = 201.35KPA

Nozzle 1 Nozzle 2 Nozzle 3

Ideal Thrust is a function of pressure ratio and inlet stagnation temperature. Thrust increases as pressure
gradient increases due to the increase of the flow velocity increase due to higher pressure gradient.

Ideal Thrust Vs. Pressure Ratio

2.5

2
Ideal Thrust(N)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio for constant Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa

Nozzle 1 Nozzle 2 Nozzle 3

Ideal Thrust is a function of pressure ratio and inlet stagnation temperature. Thrust increases as pressure
gradient increases due to the increase of the flow velocity increase due to higher pressure gradient.

Ideal Pressure vs. Pressure Ratio

3

2.5
Ideal Thrust(N)

1.5 Nozzle 1
Nozzle 2
1
Nozzle 3
0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio for Constant Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
The specific thrust increases with decrease in pressure ratio

Specific Thrust(Experimental) Vs Pressure Ratio

500
450
400
Specific Thrust(m/s)

350
300
250 Nozzle 1
200 Nozzle 2
150 Nozzle 3
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio for Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa

The specific thrust increases with decrease in pressure ratio

Specific Thrust(Experimental) Vs Pressure Ratio

500

450

400

350
Specific Thrust(m/s)

300

250 Nozzle 1

200 Nozzle 2
Nozzle 3
150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio for Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
Efficiency of the nozzle initially reduces and then increases as the flow gets towards to getting choked and
stabilizing it.

Efficiency Vs Pressure Ratio

1.2

0.8
Efficiency

0.6 Nozzle 1
Nozzle 2
0.4 Nozzle 3

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio with Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa

Efficiency of the nozzle initially reduces and then increases as the flow gets towards to getting choked and
stabilizing it.

Efficiency Vs Pressure Ratio

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Efficiency

1
Nozzle 1
0.8
Nozzle 2
0.6
Nozzle 3
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio with Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
The difference between experimental and theoretical values of thrust are shown in the below graph and
they occur due to the viscous effects and irreversibility approximation used to calculate the theoretical
values.

Experimental Vs Ideal Thrusts

3

2.5

2 Experimental(Nozzle 1)
Thrust(N)

Ideal(Nozzle 1)
1.5
Experimental(Nozzle 2)

1 Ideal(Nozzle 2)
Experimental(Nozzle 3)
0.5 Ideal(Nozzle 3)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio with Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa

Experimental Vs Ideal Thrusts

3

2.5

2
Experimental(Nozzle 1)
Thrust(N)

Ideal(Nozzle 1)
1.5
Experimental(Nozzle 2)
Ideal(Nozzle 2)
1
Experimental(Nozzle 3)

0.5 Ideal(Nozzle 3)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio with Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
6 CONCLUSIONS
A converging and two convergent divergent nozzles were analysed and different nozzle performance
parameters were studied depending on the parameters controllable and plotted on graphs.
The Pressure ratio is an important factor effecting the increase the mass flow rate and the velocity which
improves the thrust and effectively the efficiency of the nozzle.
Due to random errors in the setup which cannot be avoided, the experimental Kinetic Energy varies from
the theoretical Kinetic energy. Another reason that effects the experimental kinetic energy to deviate
from the theoretical kinetic energy is that the viscous dissipative effects and singularities which make the
flow non-isentropic that are neglected in calculating the theoretical calculations where the flow is
considered to be isentropic.