Anatomi Sobota

Atlasof HumanAnatomy
Editedby R.PutzandR.Pabst
Putz
withRenate
incollaboration
13th,revised
Edition
byDr.M.Lutz,K.Kopsieker
Translated
Budowick,
of Michael
Withtheassistance Dietz,
Sarah
Dr.DorotheaHennessen
768colouredplates
76tables
URBAN& FISCHERMUNiCh. JCNA

Addressesof the editors: This atlas was founded by Iohannes Sobottat, former Professorof Anatomy
ProfessorDr. med. R. Putz and Director of the Anatomical Institute of the University of Bonn, Germany.
Vorstanddes AnatomischenInstituts
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitet
PettenkoferstraBe11
80336 Miinchen, Germany GermanEditions:
l. Edition: 1904-1907I. F. LehmannsVerlag,Munich
ProfessorDr. med. R. Pabst 2.-11.Edition:1913-19441. F. LehmannsVerlag,Munich
Leiter der Abteilung fiir Funktionelle und 12. Edition: 1948and following editions Urban & Schwarzenberg,Munich
AngewandteAnatomie 13.Edition:1953
MedizinischeHochschule,Hannover 14.Edition:1956
Carl-Neuberg-StraBe I 15.Edition:1957
30625 Hannover,Germany 16.Edition:1967(ISBN3-541-02816-5)
17.Edition:1972(ISBN3-541-02817-3)
18.Edition:1982ISBN 3-541-02818-1)
19.Edition:1988(ISBN3-541-02819-X)
This atlas consistsof two volumes: 20. Edition:1993(ISBN3-541-1736GX)
Vol. 1: Head,neck, upper limb 21. Edition: 2000 (ISBN 3-437-4194041
Vol. 2: Thorax, abdomen,pelvis, lower limb

Foreign Editiors:
Arabic Edition
Translation: Dr. M. Lutz Modern TechnicalCenter,Damascus
K. Kopsieker ChineseEdition
Editorial staffat Dr. med. DorotheaHennessen HoChi Book Publishing,Taiwan
Urban & Fischer: AlexanderGattnarzik
CroatianEdition
Producer: RenateHausdorf NakladaSlap,lastrebarsko
Coverdesign: CarstenTschirner
Coverillustration: MichaelBudowick Dutch Edition
Bohn Stafleuvan Loghum,Houten
English Edition (with nomenclaturein English)
Lea & Iebiger
previousEnglish Edition (with nomenclaturein latin)
Urban & Schwarzenberg,Munich
French Edition
Atlas dAnatomieHumaine
Tec& Doc Lavoisier,Paris
Greek Edition
GregoryParissianos,Athens
Hungarian Edition
az ember anat6mi6jiinakatlasza
SemmelweisKiad6
IndonesianEdition
Nomenclaturein latin
Atlas Anatomi Manusia
Vol. 1 Head,Neck, Upperlimb. - 13th End. ed. - 2001 Penerbit Buku KedokteranEGC,Iakarta
Vol. 2 Thorax, Abdomen,Pelvis,Lower Limb. - l3th Engl. ed. - 2001 Italian Edition
Atlante di Anatomia Umana
UTEI Torino
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Igaku Shoin Ltd., Tokyo
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Editoria GuanabaraKoogan,Rio de Janeiro
All rights, including that of translation, reserved.No part of this publication PortugueseEdition (with nomenclaturein Latin)
may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any other Atlas de Anatomie Humana
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Preface
Followingthe extremelygoodillustrationsin the last editionof R. Pabst: Head, neck, thoracic wall, abdominal wall, thorax,
the Atlaswhichwasbroughtinto beingbyl. Sobottain 1903,the abdomen,pelvis.
editorsandpublishersaskedthemselves whatcouldbeimproved
upon in such a classicwork. It becameclear from the many The followingartistshaveearnedour thanksfor the manynew
lettersand discussions with studentsand colleagues that the drawings which they have producedin their already proven
conceptobviouslystill fits into the panoramaof study,and that manner:Ulrike Brugger,RiidigerHimmelhan,SonjaKlebe,and
the macroscopic anatomyremainswithout question,together Horst RuB.It is due to their effortsthat the tried and tested
with other basicsciences, one of the fundamentsof medicine. "sobottaStyle"hasbeenmaintained. Thefreeelectronicprocess-
Althoughthe Atlasis primarilydirectedat thosestudyingpre- ing of the photographs aswellastheproductionof the printswas
clinicalmedicine,it has nevertheless as "TheBookfor life as a carriedout by MichaelBudowick.We are also gratefulto our
doctor"all that is necessaryto be a companionthroughthe colleagues in the variousclinicswho put the illustrationsat our
clinical studiesand a referencebook during working life. In disposalfor this editionaswell (seeAcknowledgements).
accordance with the most importanyurgentwishes,the new
editionhasa seriesof alterations. We wouldlike to thank the colleaguesfrom the instituteswho
were involvedmost sincerelyfor their understanding and for
In the neweditionwe have the very importantstimulus.Dr. N. Sokolovand A. Buchhorn
- a total of 133 new illustrationsdrawn basedon original prepareddissectionsmeticulouslyto serveas a basisfor many
dissections,e.g.the series0f sectionsof the brainandthorax, S.Fryk andG.Hoppmannassisted
newillustrations; us with our
- replacedthe blackandwhiteillustrations, wordprocessing.
- broughtillustrationsof clinicalapplicationup to dateaccording
to the development of the technique, e.g.endoscopy or X-ray, The editorswouldfinally like to thank explicitlythe colleagues
- introducedthe schematic ofjoint strainand of the editorialoffice,especiallyDr. DorotheaHennessen and
- revisedthe tablesof musclescompletely. A. Gattnarzik,w.ho despiteexternal turbulenceconsistently
accompanied the productionof the new edition.Theproduction
As the secondimportantgoalwe haveimprovedthe readability was lookedafter in the initial stagesby P. Mazzettiand finally
by carriedout with greatcommitmentby R. Hausdorf.RenatePutz
- the introductionofconspicious coloursfor the chapters, was responsiblefor the conversionof the NominaAnatomica
- colourcodingthe labellingof topographic illustrations, and for the standardisation of the references and the texts.A
- the consistentadditionof orientationsketchesto the cross specialthanksto all the peoplewho devotedthemselves to the
sectionsandline of vision, nerve-rackingproof readingand the putting togetherof the
- the revisionand new arransementof the tried and tested index. If "Sobotta"is able to appearwith new contentsand
tablesandby in new splendourthen it is due to the entirely constructive
- the introductionof small"wind mills" drawingyour attention collaborationof all concerned. We wouldalsolike to thank our
to the surroundingillustrations. familiesfor their understandins of the lack of time we had for
them.
Of course,the new nomenclatirre(Terminologia Anatomica),
whichhasbeenvalidsinceOctober1998,hasbeenincluded.The Many innovationsin this atlas are basedon the critic and
glossaryaidsthoseinterested of our specialist suggestionsmade by studentsand colleagues.The editors
in the background
languagc. were and are extremelythankfulfor theseand would ask the
users of this edition not to shy away from sendingus their
The division of the revisionof the chapters,apart from the comments.
commondiscussions overthe conceptandthe mutualcorrection,
wasretainedand is as follows:
R.Putz: Generalanatom)lupper limb, brain, eye,ear, back, MunichandHannover, September 1999
lowerlimb; R.PutzandR.Pabst
Contents(volume
I)
Generalterms of directionand positionin
the body VII Cranial Cavity,Cavitascranii, and Dura Mater
Referencesto the coloured illustration of the Brain, Dura mater cranialis 258-259
plates . VII Vesselsof the Head 260-266
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n.t.s. VIII Nerves of the Brain, Nervi craniales 2 6 7- 2 7 7
Dura Mater of the Brain, Dura mater cranialis, and
A r a c h n o i dA, r a c h n o i d ema a t e r c r a n i a l i s. . . . . . . . . 278-281
Vesselsof the Brain 282-285
BrainC , e r e b r u m. . . . 286-293
Parts and Regionsof the Body Diencephalon 294-295
PassiveLocomotorSystem M i d b r a i n ,M e s e n c e p h a l o.n. . . . 296-298
6 -l 0
Active LocomotorSystem Brain Stem,Truncus encephali 299-300
|-12
Digestiveand RespiratorySystem Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves . 301
l3
Urinary Tract and Genital Organs Cerebellum 302-305
14
Ventricular Systemand SubarachnoidSpace 306-315
EndocrineSystem l5
VascularSystem DeepVesselsof the Brain 316-317
t6-21
SurfaceProjectionof the Internal Organs Fornix . 318-319
22-23
Central and Peripheral Nervous System Associationand CommissuralFibres 320
24-27
Internal Capsule,Capsulainterna, Pyramidal Tract,
Skin and Appendages 28-29
Tractus pyramidalis,and BasalNuclei . 321-323
Frontal Sectionsof the Brain 324-327
Head, Caput, and Neck, Collum
Horizontal Sectionsof the Brain 328-334
30-I 63
SagittalSectionsof the Brain 335-338
Regionsof the Head and Neck, Regiones Magnet ResonanceTomographySectionsof the
capitis et colli . . .
B r a i n. . .. 339-340
30-31
Skull, Ossacranii, and TemporomandibularIoint, SpinalCord,Medullaspinalis ...... 341-355
Articulatio temporomandibularis . 3 2 - 7|
Muscles,Vesselsand Nerves of the Head 72-88 E y e , O r g a n u m v i s.u s ..... 35G380
Nose,Nasusexternus,and NasalCavity,
C a v i t a sn a s i . . . 89-91 Eyelid,Palpebrae, andOrbitalCavity,Orbita 356-360
ParanasalSinuses,Sinusparanasales.. 92-94 LacrimalApparatus 361
Oral Cavity,Cavitasoris . . . 95-96 E x t r a o c u l a r M u s cMl e u s ,c u b
l i u l b i. . ...... 362-365
Maxilla and Mandible,Mandibula 97-98 Eyeball,Bulbusoculi 366
Teeth,Dentes 99-106 Vessels of the Eye 367
Palate,Palatum 107 I r i sa n dP u p i l. . 368
Tongug,Lingua 1 0 8 1- 1 2 LenseandOcularFundus, Fundusoculi . 368-371
SuprahyoidMuscles,Mm. suprahyoidei, OpticNerve,N.opticus ..... 372-373
and Hyoid Bone,Os hyoideum 113 V i s u aP l a t h w a y. . . . . 374-375
Large Salivary Glands,Glandulaesalivariae Muscles, Vessels andNervesof theOrbital
majores 114-117 Cavity. 376-379
Arteriesand Nervesofthe Tongueand Palate 118 Sections of the OrbitalCavity . 380
Baseofthe Skull, Basiscranii . 119
Vesselsand Nervesof the Tongue l2O-121
Frontal Sectionsofthe Head 122-123
Larynx 124-133
ThyroidGland,Glandulathyroidea
Overview 381
134-135
Pharynx
Auricre ..:::::::,:::::::::::::.. 382
136-140
Muscles,Vesselsand Nervesofthe Neck
AuricularMuscles,Musculiauriculares 383
141-159
Sectionsofthe Headand Neck
ExternalAcousticMeatus,Meatusacusticus externus,
160-163
andTympanicMembrane, Membranatympani. . . . 384
AuditoryOssicles,Ossicula auditoria 385-386
TympanicCavity,Cavitastympani . . 387-389
AuditoryTube,Tubaauditiva ...... 390-391
InternalEar,Auris interna .. 392-396
AuditoryandVestibularPathways 397
TemporalBone,Ostemporale 398
SurfaceAnatomy 164
NervesoflnternalEar.... .. 399-400
Bones, loints,Ligaments 165-185
Musclesof the UpperLimb . 186-222
Vessels and Nervesof the UpperLimb . . .... 223-250 Appendix 4Ol-417
CrossSections ofthe UpperLimb . . 251-256
Areasof Distributionof the CervicalPlexusand Index.. 4Ol-417
the BrachialPlexus. 25-
ContentS(vrlurne
II)
PleuralCavity, Cavitas pleuralis, and
Generalterms of directionand positionin Mediastinum 1 1 4 1- 1 5
the body VII Aorta.. 116-117
References to the colouredillustrationplates . . . . . .. VII Posterior Mediastinum 118-119
Acknowledgements ... VIII i ce r v o uSs y s t e m , P a r s a u t o n o m i c a . . . . 1
A u t o n o mN . .2. 0 - 1 2 1
Sections throughthe Thorax 122-131
. Back l-47
SurfaceAnatomy I
VertebralColumn,Columnavertebralis 2 26 Stomach,Gaster. 132-136
Musclesof the Back,Mm. dorsi,Musclesof the Nape SmallIntestine, tenue.
Intestinum 137-139
o f t h e N e c k ,M m s u b o c c i p i t a l easn, d N e c kM u s c l e s , Colon.. 140-141
Mm. colli 27-40 Liver, Hepar,Gallbladder,Vesicabiliaris, and
Sectionsthroughthe VertebralColumn 41 Bitiary Ducts 142-149
Vesselsand Nervesof the Backand of the Occioital Pancreas l s 0 -1 5 2
Region 42-45 Spleen,Splen[Lien] 153
Vesselsand Nervesof the VertebralCanal. 46-47 PeritonealCavity,Cavitasperitonealis,Development. 1541 - 55
Positionof the Abdominal Viscera,Situs viscerum . . 156-167
Truncus coeliacusand Aa. & Vv. mesentericae
Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 48-75 superiorandinferior 168-177
Portalvein,V.portae 178-179
SurfaceAnatomy.... 4B Kidney,Ren[Nephros] 180-lB6
Ribs,Costae 49-50 S u p r a r e nGa l a n dG, l a n d u lsau p r a r e n a l i.s. . . . . . . . . 187
Sternum 5 t- 5 2 UrinaryBladder,Vesicaurinaria..... 187-188
ThoracicCage,Caveathoracis MaleUrogenital Organs lB9-193
MammarG y l a n dM , a m m a. . . . . 5 4 -5 5 FemaleUrogenitalOrgans 194-204
Vesselsand Nerves of the Thoracic and Abdominal Rectum ... 205-207
Walls . . 56 A. renalis 208
SegmentalSensoryInnervation 57 Vessels andNervesofthe Retroperitoneal Space. . . . 209-221
Musclesof the Thorax,Mm. thoracis,and Abdominal PelvisandPerineum, ExteriorMaleandFemale
M u s c l e sM, m . a b d o m i n i s. . . . . 58-66 G e n i t aOl r g a n s ... 222-239
lnguinal Canal,Canalisinguinalis 67 Sections throughthe AbdomenandPelvis 240-261
Diaphragm,Diaphragma 68-70
Lumbosacral
PIexus,
Plexuslumbosacralis 71
AnteriorAbdominalWall 72-73
Sectionsthrough the AbdominalWall 74-75
SurfaceAnatomy 262
Thorax 76-t3l Bones,JointsandLigaments 263-307
Musclesof the LowerLimb . 308-347
Heart,Cor 76-91 BloodVessels andNerves . . . 348-378
Trachea 92-93 Sectionsthroughthe LowerLimb . . 379-386
Lungs,Pulmones . . .. 94-102 Distributionof the Nervesof the Plexus
OutlineSilhouette of theHeart 103 lumbosacralis .... 387-388
Projection
of the TracheaandBordersof the Lungs
andPleura 104-105 Appendix 389-405
Oesophagus 106-110
Thymus ll1-113 I n d e x. . .... 389-40
Generalterms of directionand positionin the body
longitudinalis = runninglengthways(e.g.Musculuslongitudina-
The following terms indicate the relative location of organs
and parts of the body to each other, partly without taking lis superiorof the tongue)
into considerationthe position of the body in space as well sagittalis= lying on a sagittalplane
transversalis = lying on a transversalr/transverse
plane
as the location and direction to the extremities.This concept
transversus = runningtransversely (e.g.Processustransversus
of
is not only acceptable for human anatomy but also for
practical medicine and the comparativeanatomy. the thoracicvertebrae)
General terms
Terms of direction and position for the extremities
anterior - posterior = from the front - from the back (e.g.
proximalis - distalis = at the base of the extremity - at the end of
Arteriae tibiales anterior et posterior)
the extremity (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares proximalis et
ventralis - dorsalis = lying ventral - dorsal
distalis)
superior - inferior = above - below (e.g. Conchaenasales superior
et inferior) For the upper limbs:
cranialis - caudalis = lying cranial - caudal radialis - ulnaris = relating to the radial - relating to the ulnar
dexter - sinister= right - left (e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes side (e.g. Arteriae radialis et ulnaris)
dextra et sinistra)
For the hand:
internus - externus = internal - external
palmaris - dorsalis = relating to the palm - relating to the back of
superficialis - profundus = superficial - deep
the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus
medius, intermedius = lying in the middle between two other
dorsalis)
things (the Concha nasalis media lies in the middle between
the Conchanasalis superior and inferior) For the lower limbs:
medianus= lying on the middle line (Fissuramedianaanterior of tibialis - fibularis = relating to the tibial side - relating to the
the spinal cord).By making a median sagittal sectionthe body fibular side (Arteria tibialis anterior)
is dividedinto two mirror images.
medialis - Iateralis = lying towards the middle of the body, lying For the foot:
towards the side (e.g.Fossaeinguinales medialis et lateralis) plantaris - dorsalis= relating to the sole of the foot - relating to
frontalis = relating to the plane of the forehead (frontal plane), the back of the foot (instep)(e.g. Arteriae plantareslateralis et
(e.g.Processusfrontalis of the maxilla) medialis,Arteria dorsalis pedis)
to the colouredillustrationplates
References
The multi-colouredillustrations of this book are basedon didactic Thefollowingplatenumbersindicatenewlydeveloped platesas
observations:The contrasts should be emphasized.Where it is well as drawingsdueto fundamental corrections:
difficult to differentiatebetweenstructures,they should be made U.Brugger
easily recognizable.The colours used for the different kinds of 3 6 - 3 8 ,5 2 , 5 3 , 6 1 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 7 , 2 3 5 - 2 3 7 , 2 8 4 , 3 9 6 - 3 9 8 , 4 3 0
1,
tissue (such as tendons, cartilage, bone and muscles) and the 532-534,537,539-541,551,570-577,598
tracts (such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves) are M. Budowick
different from those found in a living, dead or preserved body. 449,452,474,486,498,548
Here, arteries are red, veins are blue, nerves yellow, lymphatic R. Himmelhan
vesselsand glands are generally representedas green. 437
In addition to the artists who createdthe basis for the complete S.Klebe
collection of illustrations with Prof. Sobotta and the following 138,460,507,508,511-514
editors Prof. Becher,Prof. Ferner and Prof. Staubesand(K. Hajek, H. Rintelen
Prof. E. Lepier,F. Batke,H. v. Eickstedt,K. Endtresser,I. Kosanke, 604-606
I. v. Marchtaler,I. Dimes,U. Brugger,N. Lechenbauer,L. Schnell- H. RuJS
biicher, and K. Schuhmacher),the following also drew for the 22 (insert),144,338-340,444,445,447,449,471,472, 545,687
current edition: Ulrike Brugger, Riidiger Himmelhan, Sonja
Klebe, and Horst RuB. A series of original photographs were
worked over electronically by Michael Budowick. A number of
computer diagrams were producedby Henriette Rintelen.
Generaltermsof directionandpositionin the body
tongitudinalis= running lengthways(e.g. Musculuslongitudina-
The following terms indicate the relative location of organs
Iis superiorof the tongue)
and parts of the body to each other, partly without taking
sagittalis= lying on a sagittalplane
into considerationthe position of the body in space as well = lying on a transversalplane
transversalis
as the location and direction to the extremities.This concept = runningtransversally transversus
(e.g.Processus
transversus
is not only acceptable for human anatomy but also for
of the thoracicvertebrae)
practical medicine and the comparativeanatomy.
General terms
Terms of direction and position for the extremities
anterior - postertor = from the front - from the back (e.g. proximalis - distalis = at the base of the extremity - at the end of
Arteriae tibiales anterior et posterior) the extremity (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares proximalis et
ventralis - dorsalis = lying ventral - dorsal distalis)
superior- inferior = above- below (e.g. Conchaenasalessuperior
et inferior) For the upper limbs:
cranialis - caudalis = lying cranid - caudal radialis - ulnaris = relatinS to the radial - relating to the ulnar
dexter - stnister= right - left (e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes side (e.g. Arteriae radialis et ulnaris)
dextra et sinistra)
For the hand:
internus - externus= internal - external palmaris - dorsalis= relating t0 the palm - relating to the back of
superficialis - profundus = superficial - deep the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus
medius, intermedius = lying in the middle between two other dorsalis)
things (the Concha nasalis media Iies in the middle between
the Conchanasalis superior and inferior) For the lower limbs:
medianus= lying on the middle line (Fissuramediana anterior of tibtalis - fibularis = relating to the tibial side / relating to the
the spinal cord).By making a median sagittal sectionthe body fibular side (Arteria tibialis anterior)
is divided into two mirror images.
medialis - lateralis = lying towards the middle of the body, lying For the foot:
towards the side (e.g.Fossaeinguinales medialis et lateralis) plantaris - dorsalis = relating to the sole of the foot - relating t0
=
frontalis relating to the plane of the forehead (frontal plane), the back of the foot (instep)(e.g. Arteriae plantareslateralis et
(e.g.Processusfrontalis of the maxilla) medialis, Arteria dorsalis Pedis)
to the colouredillustrationplates
References
platesas
Thefollowingplatenumbersindicatenewlydeveloped
The multi-colouredillustrations of this book are basedon didactic
observations:The contrasts should be emphasized'Where it is corrections:
well as drawingsdueto fundamental
difficult to differentiatebetweenstructures,they should be made U.Brugger
easily recognizable.The colours used for the different kinds of 707,923,924,927-932,934,936,937,1366,l37B
tissue (such as tendons, cartilage, bone and muscles) and the R. Himmelhan
tracts (such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves) are 1367,1368,1370,1372, 1374,1375
different from those found in a living, dead or preserved body. S.Klebe
Here, arteries are red, veins are blue, nerves yellow, lymphatic 1162,1174,1175, 1218,1222,1223,1250,1349
vesselsand glands are generally representedas green' H. Rul3
7 BB,7 98,1281- 1284,1302-1304
In addition to the artists who createdthe basis for the complete
collection of illustrations with Prof. Sobotta and the following
editors Prof. Becher,Prof. Ferner and Prof. Staubesand(K. Hajek,
Prof. E. Lepier,F. Batke,H. v. Eickstedt,K. Endtresser,I' Kosanke,
I. v. Marchtaler,K. Dimes,U. Brugger,N. Lechenbauer,L. Schnell-
biicher, and K. Schuhmacher),the following also drew for the
current edition: Ulrike Brugger, Rtidiger Himmelhan, Sonja
Klebe, und Horst RuB. A series of original photographs were
worked over electronically by Michael Budowick. A number of
computer diagrams were producedby Henriette Rintelen.
Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank the following colleaguesfor Prof. Reiser & Dr. Glaser, Institute of Clinical Radiology,
providing the pictures of ultrasound,computedtomography, Universityof Munich
magneticresonancetomographyas well as endoscopicand (figs.307,578-582,705a, b, 771,1369,1371,1373,13771
colourphotographsof operationalpractice: Prof. Rudzki-Ianson,Polyclinicfor Orthodontics,University of
Munich
(figs.80,8l)
Prof.Altaras,RadiologyCentre,GieBenUniversity Dr. Scheibe,DepartmentofSurgery,RosmanHospital,Breisach
(figs.964,979,9801 ( f i g s1. 233a-c)
Dr. Baumeister, Departmentof Radiology, FreiburgUniversity Prof.Schillinger,Gynaecological Clinic,Universityof Freiburg
(fig. 109s) (figs.1072-10741
Prof.Daniel,Departmentof Cardiology,Universityof Medicine, Dr. Dr. Schliephake,Facio-MaxillarySurgery, University of
Hannover Medicine,Hannover
(figs.862-864,935) (figs.167,212,2131
Prof. Galanski & Dr. Kirchoff, Department I of Diagnostic Prof. SchlijBer,GynaecologyCentre, University of Medicine,
Radiology,Universityof Medicine,Hannover Hannover
(figs.924,1144a,b,1154, 1155) (figs.1071a, b, 1080,1082,1083,1130)
Prof. Galanski & Dr. Schiifer, Department I of Diagnostic Prof. Schuhmacher, Neuroradiology,Departmentof Radiology,
Radiology, Universityof Medicine,Hannover Universityof Freiburg
(figs.B3Ba, b, 888,933,958,1139,1147,1150,11521 (figs.448a,b)
Prof. Gebel Departmentof Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Sommer& AssistentProf.Bauer,Radiologists, Munich
UniversityofMedicine,Hannover (figs.650,1234-12361
(figs.253a,b,966,975,976,981,990,991, 1026,1043) Prof.Stotz,Orthopaedic Polyclinic,Universityof Munich
Dr.Goei,Radiology, Heerlen,TheNetherlands (fig. 1193)
(figs.1010,1011) Prof.Vogl,Polyclinicfor Radiology, Universityof Munich
(with permissionfromRadiology173:137-141,19891 (figs.440, 442,631,632)
Dr.Greeven, St.ElizabethHospital,Neuwied Prof.Vollrath,ENTClinic,Miinchengladbach
(figs.166,1182) (tigs.246-2481
Prof. von der Hardt, PaediatricClinic, Universityof Medicine, Prof. Wagner (dec.),DiagnosticalRadiologyII, University of
Hannover Medicine,Hannover
(figs.893) ( f i g s . 9 1 41,0 1 4 , 1 0 1120 2 01, 0 2 31, 0 9 0 )
Dr. Hennig,Departmentof Radiology,Universityof Freiburg Prof.Wenz,Departmentof Radiology, Universityof Freiburg
(fig.529) (tig.7a7)
Prof.Ionas,Urology,UniversityofMedicine,Hannover Dr. Willfiihr, Departmentfor Abdominaland Transplantation
(figs.1050a,b, 1051) Surgery,UniversityofMedicine,Hannover
Prof.Kremers,Polyclinicfor DehtalPreservation and Periodon- (fig. 1001)
tics, Universityof Munich AssistentProf.Wimmer,Departmentof Radiology,Universityof
(fig.182) Freiburg
Prof.Kunze,Paediatric Clinic,Universityof Munich (tig.778\
(figs.15-18)
Dr. Meyer, Departmentof Gastroenterologyand Hepatology,
Universityof Medicine,Hannover Additionalillustrationsweretakenfromthe followingbooks:
(figs.906.949a,b,959,1086)
Prof. Pfeifer,RadiologyDepartmentof the SurgicalClinic, Uni- Birkner, R: The typical X-ray of the skeleton, Urban &
versityof Munich Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1990
(figs.306,319,321,748-751,789-792,1199,1230,1231,1260, (fig.1200)
12611 Welsch,U. (Editor):Sobotta- Histology,5th Edition,Urban&
AssistentProf. Rau, Departmentof Radiology,Universityof Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1985
Freiburg (figs.635,646)
(figs.875,886,887) Wicke, L.: Atlas of X-ray Anatomy,3rd Edition, Urban &
Prof.Ravelli,Instituteof Anatomy,Universityof Innsbruck, Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1985
Itig.746l (figs.905a,b, 1076)
Prof. Reich, Clinic for FacioMaxillary Surgery,University of Wilhelm,K.,R.Putz,R.Hierner,R.E.Giunta:Plasticsurgeryof the
Bonn hand,Urban& Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1997
(figs.133,134) (fig.s8)
Anatomy
General
1
1 sagitlal plane sagittalaxis

2 median sagittal plane o transversaxts
3 fronial olane longitudinalaxis
4 transverse olane
Figs. 1 a-c Planesand axis 0fthe humanbody.

a sagittalplane,sagittaland Iongitudinal(= vertical)ax's
b transverseplane(= horizontalplane),transverseand sagittalaxis
c frontal plane(= coronalplane),longitudinaland transverseaxis
Lineamedianaanterior- - Linea medianaPostgtior
- Unea paravertebnlis
Lineasternalis- cranialis(= superior)-

- Lineascapularis
Linaparasternalis- -
- lateralis- Lineaaxlllarispostgrior
Lineamedioclavicularis
Linsaaxillarisanterior- -
palmaris-
- dorsalis
\ lateralis
r"oi"ti. / /
caudalis(= inferior)/
libularis-
directionaland
Figs.2 a, b Linesof orientation,
positionalterms usedfor the humanbody.
a ventral (= anterior)view
b dorsal(= posterior)view
Parts
of theBody
2
----- Caput
----* Collum
----Thorax
llembrum
superius
F e m u r- - - - - -
llembrum
Inferius
C r u s- - - - - - - -
Fig. 3 Surfaceanatomyof the male; Fig. 4 Surfaceanatomy of the female;

veRtralview. ventral view.
PartsoftheBody
3
--- Caput
Truntus,
Dorsum
Membrum
superlug
M a n u s- - - -
F e m u-r- - - - - -
Membrum
lnterlus
C r u s- - - - - - - -
P e s- - - - - - - -
Fig. 5 Surfaceanatomyof the male; Fig. 6 Surfaceanatomyof the female;

dorsalview. dorsalview.
Regions
of theBody
4
/ Regiocervlcalisanterior
Rogiostrnocleidomasloida
\
- RgiocMcalls lateralis
Reglodeltoidea 1 : Trigonumclavipec{oralo
- Rgioprestemalls
Regioaxillads - - Regiopctoralis
R6giomammada -
- - Regioinframammada
Rgiobrachii anledor -
- - Regloepigastdca
- Raglohypochonddaca
Reglocubltalisanterior,-
Fossacubltalis - Regloumbllicalig
Rgloantabrachliposterior - - - Regloabdomlnalislateralis
- Regioinguinalis
Rsgio antbrachilanterior -
- Reglopubica [Hypogastriuml
- Rgio urogenitalis
femoris--
Trigonum
Rgiofemorisantsrior/
Rgiogenus anterior - -
Fig. 7 Regionsofthe humanbody,Regiouescorporis;

venbal view.
oftheBodY
Regiora
5
- Regilopadeialis
- RgloocclpiElls
- Reglocrvicall6Posbtlo.
Regiodelloidoa \
- Regloverlbra[s
Rogioscapulans--
Bgio axillaris - -
- Rogloinftascapuletls
Regio brachil postsrior --
Rogiocubltalb postorior
Regloantbrachliantotio. -
Rgioantsbrachilposledor -
Palmalvolal -
Regioglutealls /
Fegb lemotu posterlor
Regiognus postgrior,-
Fossapoplitea
Rgiosura -
Rgglocrudspostador--\
Rgiocruris anterior - -
OoEUmpedis
Calx
lReglo calcanal
Fig. I Regionsofthe humanbody,Regionescorporis;

dorsalview.
PassiveLocomotorSystem.Skeleton
Sternum\
(Pars ceruicalis)
(Parslumbahs)
R a d i u-s* - -
---- O sc o x a e- - -
--Ossa catpi---
-:- o s s a- -
melacarp'
--
o s s a- - -
digitorum
lPhalangesl
Patella -
Ossatarsi -
- - Ossametatarsi
Ossatarsi-
Fig.9 Skeleton,Systemaskeletale; Fig. l0 Skeleton,Systemaskeletale;

ventral view. dorsalview.
Regions of the human body

Caput
Collum
Truncus
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Membrum superius
Cingulumpectorale[Cingulummembrisuperioris]
Parsliberamembrisuperioris
Membrum inferius
Cingulumpelvicum[Cingulummembriinferioris]
Parslibera membriinferioris
Marrow
Bone
7
I Bones lhat can be

touched through the skin
I Distnbutionof haemato-
poiesis in the bone marrow
- (Cafiila9oarticularrs) Figs. 11a, b Skeleton,Systemaskeletale.

_-
Substantia
soonoiosa a ventral view
; --' Medullaossiumiubra
b dorsalview
(Extremitas
proximalis) - Ltnea
epiphysialis
Melaphysis
(proximalis)
Corpus
Periosteum
- - Cavitas medullaris;
Medulla ossium llava
Metaphysis
(distalis) / Fossa olecrani
Fig. 12 Structure0f a longbone,0s longum,
the humerusis shownas an examPle;
(Extremitas -- Substantiaspongiosa longitudinalsection.
distalis) Medulla ossium rubra
Theossifiedepiphysealdiscs(epiphyseallines)are
\ Cartilagoarticularis just visible.
Passive
Locomotor
System,
8
7. EW -_
18.-19.U \
15.-18.U :-\
1 5 . - 1 6 . u- _ ^ -- 18.-20.U
1.U --__
--13,-15.U
18.-21.U
------10.-12. U
2.-5. LM -- -7.-8.U
5.U -- ------18. U
2.-s.u-- -- 6.-7.EM
------18.-19. LJ
2,-1,|J -'. - 16.-18.U
m-25..u/
a
--8. EW
--- 13.-15.U
7\ \ 4.-6.U
---15.-18. U
1 \ ts.-zo.
u
7.-8.EW -- \ re.-zo.
u
EW-
EM.
LM.
U.
13.-16.
u -_
8.-r3.U - __--12.U
1.U -- -- 8.-12.U
5.-7. U
1.1.-18.U
-- 19.-17.U !--..-.."
10.-12. U 1 0 .E M - - -
5.-6.U -- L-- 1 7 F 1 8 .U
17.-19.U--
12.-11.1J-'
7. EW
7.-8. EW --
--N.11.U
--7.+.U
--s.-2. u
6. Ll,l -\ -- 17.-18.U
17.-18.U --
2.-4.1) .'
,--3.-1.U
9. EW
\ .|5.-21.
U
3.-4.U
1.-z.u -
--
3.-5.U - v
5. EM
\8.EM
\9.Ew
Os scapholdeum 3.-6. LM Os plsiforme8.-12. U Talus7. EM Os c|lnefformomdlab 2.-3. U

Os lunatum3.-6. Ll Os tiquetrum 1.- 4. U Calcaneus5.-6. EM Os clinglformoInbimedum 3.-4. U
Os fepzlum 3.-8. U Os hainatrm 2.-5. LM Os navicularo4. U Os glnellbrme labralg .|2. LM
Os t"pezoHeum 3.-7. U Os cadhtrm 2.-4. LM Oscriboldoum10. EM
Fig. 13 Appearanceofendochondralossificationcentes and Fig. 14 Appearanceofendochondralossification

the ossiflcationof the epiphysealplatesof the upporlimb centresand the ossiflcailonof the epiphysealplatesof
(averageagesaccordingto v. [.lxz, 1956;Exnnn,1990;Heucr the lower limb (averageagesaccordingto v. Lrrz, 1956;
and B,rsr,1994). Exxrn, 1990;Hnucxand Bmr, 1994).
. -t System,SkeletalDevelopment
Fig. 15 Radiographof the hand of a 4t/z-year-okl Fig. 16 Radiographof the hand of a 7-year-old
child; c hi l d ;
dorsopalmarorientation(PA); dorsopalmarorientation(PA);
( m a l e ,r . ) . ( m a l e ,r . ) .
1 Ulna, diaphysis 5 Lunatebone,Os lunatum I Hamate bone, 10 Trapezoidbone,

2 Radius,diaphysis 6 Triquetral
bone,Os triquetrum Os hamatum Os trapezoideum
3 Ulna, dislal epiphysis 7 Scaphordbone, 9 Capitate bone 11 Trapeziumbone,
4 Radius,distal epiphysis Os scaphoideum Os capitatum Os trapezium
Fig.l7 R a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a n l l - y e a r - Fig. lB Radiographof the hand of a 13-year-old

old arlolescent; adolescent;
d o r s o l l a l m aorr i e n t a t i o n( P A ) ; rkrrsopalmartlrientation(PA);
(femak:,r ) (male ,r )
10 Passive
Locomotor
System,Ioints
Fig. 19 Fibrousjoint,Articulatio Fig.20 Cartilaginous joint, Fig. 21 Osseous joint,

fibrosa,exemplified
by the sutures Articulatiocartilaginea,
exemplified Articulatioossea,exemplified
r of theskull. by the symphysis. by thesacrum.
1 Membrana synovialis
1a Intima
lb Subinlima
2 Membrana tibrosa
3 A-cells
4 B-cells
5 Fat cells
6 Capillaryvessels with fenestration
7 Venules Capsula
I Lymphatic vessels articularis
9 Nerves
10 Collagenfibres
-- Labrumarticulare
-- (Cartilago
articularis)
Linea epiphysialis ----

- - Cavilasarticularis
-- Recessus
articularis
- - Membrana svnovialis
Vagina synovialis
lslratum synbvialel Capsula
-- articularis
Membrana fibrosa
lStratumlibrosuml
Fig.22 Synovialjoint, Articulatio synovialis,exemplifiedby

the shoulder joint;
sectionin the scapularplane.
Musclesand TendonSheaths
System,
ActiveLocomotor
11
1 Lineot muscle
action
2 Leverarm of
muscle
3 Axis of rotalion
ol joint
(Cavitassynovialis)\\
Mesotendineum
\
Tendo
\
Epitendineum \
Fig. 23 Structureof the skeletalmuscle, Fig.24 Structureofthe tendonsheath,Vaginatendinis,

the brachialismuscleis shownas an example. by the finger.
exemplified
a Musculusfusiformis b Musculusbiceps c Musculusbiventer d Musculusplanus
Figs.25a-g Typesofmuscle.
a singlehead,
parallelmusclefibres
b doublehead,
c doublebelly,
d multi head.
flat muscle
e parallelmulti-bellymuscle
fibreswith tendinous
intersections
f unipennate muscle
e Musculusintersectus f Musculussemipennatus g Musculuspennatus g bipennatemuscle
12
ActiveLocomotor
System,
MuscleGroups
Fig.26 Surveyof themuscular

system; Fig.27 Surveyof the muscularsystem;
ventralview. rlorsalview.
Digestiveand RespiratorySystem
13
*t """'riilr,ii-::!
fCavilasoris
propria\_
|
Glandula p arotidea -'-

(jlanoulae l, .
| --
salrvariaeI Glandula sublingualis/
majores | --
\ Glandula submandibularis /
Oesophagus
---- Gaster
Vesica biliaris lfellea] - -
Fig. 28 Survey ofthe digestivesystem;

medial view (headand neck); ventral view (trunk).
/ Sinusparanasales
---.-7t'
Lobussuperior
I
I Pulmo
srnrster
I
Lobusinferior/
rvey of the respiratory system;

(headand neck);ventral view (thorax).
T4
UrinaryTractand GenitatCrgans
Organa
uflnafla
-- Duciusdeferens
Vesicaurinaria
- Glandulavesiculosa
- Ductusdeferens
Urethramasculina - Proslata
Organa genitalia
-- Glandula masculinainterna
bulbourethralis
Penis
---- Epididymis
Organa genitalia
masculinaexterna Urethra masculina Ductusdelerens
----- Testis
Scrotum----l-
Fig. 30 Surveyof the urinaryandreproductive

systemof the male;
medialview.
Organa
uflnana
Vesicaurinaria\
Organa genitalia
U r e t h rfae m i n i n a- - : : \ _ feminina interna
C l i t o r i s- - - - -
Organa genitalia Labiumminus
leminina externa
pudendi
Labiummajus
pudendi
Fig. 31 Survey of the urinary and reproductive

system of the female;
medial view.
system
Endocrine
15
-' HYPothalamus
- -
Glandula pineafts
ICorpus Pineale]
--- G l a n d u l a e. - -
parathyroideae
superioret inferior
--- Glandulathyroidea
Glandula
suprarenalrs
- - -'l
I n s u l a ep a n c r e a l i c a e- - ' -
O v a r i u m- - - - - - -
------* lesLls
Fig. 32 Survel'of the endocrinesystemof the male; Fig. 33 Surveyof the endocrinesystemof the female;
ventralview ventralview.
Endocrine organs
All organs whose primary funcdon is the producdon of poietin and the right atrium of the heart, where the atrial
hormonesare calledendocrineorgans.Theseare: hypophysis, natriuredc peptide is produced.Betweenthe epithelold cells of
pineal gland, Glandula pinealis [Corpus pineale], thpotd and the gasfrointestinalpassagetlere are cells of the diffirse neuro
parathyroid glands,pancreadcislands,testis and ovary. endocrtnesystem(A?IJDsystem).Theymainly affect adJacent
cells, and coordlnatethe different functions of an organ.
Other organs are also endocrinologicallyactive. The brain for
exampleproducesthe hormonesthat contol the hypophysis,but Stric0y speaking, nearly dl organs produce hormones, as in
the production of hormones is not a primary function of the the immune system where they coordinate tlte production
brain. Other examplesare the kidneysthat producethe erythre and funcdon of cells of the immune system.
I6
A carotisinterna-_ A carotiscommunissinistra
A carotisexterna- - / Truncusbrachiocephalicus
/
dextra- - - -
A carotiscommunis - - A. subclavia
sinistra
dextra--
A subclavia - - - - - - - Arcusaortae
-- Parsascendensaortae
lAorlaascendens]
- - Parsdescendensaortae[Aorladescendensl,
Parsthoracicaaortae[Aorlathoracical
- - Truncuscoeliacus
-- A mesentericasuperior
A. orofundabrachii- - -- - A. renalis
-- Parsdescendensaortae[Aortadescendens]
ParsabdominalisaortaelAortaabdominalis]
-- A. testicularis'
-- Bifurcatio
aortae
-- inferior
A. mesenlerica
-- A iliaca communis
-- A iliacaexterna
-- A. iliaca inlerna
A. femoralis/
A profundafemoris /
A tibialisoosterior--
A. tibialisanterior- -
A dorsalispedis - -:
Fig. 34 Surveyofthe vascularsystem:

arteriesof the systemiccirculation;
ventralview.
' in
the female: A. ovarica
VascularSYstem,Veins
L7
V iugularisexterna\
V jugularis
anteraor V brachiocephalacadexlra
\
\
interna.
V iugutaris / V brachiocephalica sinistra
V subclavia \ V thoracicainterna
-
V azvoos
\
.-- V cavasuPerior
V axillaris- - - Col
V cephalica- -
V b a s i l i c a- - -
Vv brachiales--- - V renalis
-- sinistra.
V testicularis
V portaehepatis
* V splenica
dextra'- -
V testicularis
*..- V mesentericainlerior
V iliaca communis - -
-- V mesentericasuPerlor
V iliaca interna - -
- V cava inlerior
V. iliaca externa -:
/
V lemoralis
\ \ V temoralis
\ V prolundalemoris
- - V poplitea
V saphenamagna--(
-- V saphenaParua
-- V tibialisantenor
-- V tibialisPostenor
Fig. 35 Surveyofthe vascularsystem:

venoussystem;
ventralview.
The superficialveinsare shownin the right'
the deepveinsin the left leg.
* in the female: V. ovarica
18 VascularSystem,
Main Branchesof Arteriesand Veins
\. t12
9
I
1 A subclavia 1 Truncuscoeliacus 1 A iliacacommunis
2 A lhoracicainterna 2 A gaslricasinislra 2 A. iliacainterna
3 Truncusthyrocervicalis 3 A hepaticacommunis 3 A iliacaexterna
4 Truncuscostocervicalis 4 A solenica 4 A. epigaslricainferior
5 A. vertebralis 5 A. circumflexa iliumprofunda
6 R. pubicus
19-
a
'I Pars
ascendensaortae
2 Bulbusaortae
3 Aa coronariae
4 Arcusaortae
5 lsthmusaortae
6 TruncusbrachioceDhalicus
7 A. carotiscommunis sinistra
8 A subclavia sinistra 1 A carotiscommunis 1 A mesenterica superior 1 A iliacacommunis
9 A carotiscommunis dextra 2 A carotisexlerna 2 A pancrealicoduodenalisinlerior 2 A iliacaexterna
10 A subclaviadextra 3 A carotisinterna 3 Aa jejunales 3 A, iliacainterna
11 A carotisinterna 4 A. thyroideasuperior 4 Aa ileales 4 A obturatoria
12 A carotisexterna 5 A. pharyngeaascendens 5 A ileocolica 5 A. pudendainterna
13 Parsthoracicaaortae 6 A lingualis 6 A. colica dexlra 6 A gluteainferior
14 Parsabdominalisaortae 7 A facialis 7 A colica media 7 A iliolumbalis
15 A sacralismediana I A occioitalis I A mesentericainlerior I Aa sacraleslaterales
16 Biturcatioaortae 9 A. auricularis
oosterior I A. colica sinistra 9 A gluteasuperior
17 A. iliacacommunis 10 A. temporalissuoerficialis 10 Aa sigmoideae Parspatens
10 A. umbilicalis,
18 A iliacainlerna 1l A. maxillaris l1 A. rectalissuperior 11 A. vesicalisinferior
19 A iliacaexterna 12 A. rectalismedia
Figs. 36 a-g Aorta and the main arteries; d Truncuscoeliacus

diagram of the branches. e A. mesentericasuperior and A. mesentericainferior
a Aorta f A. iliaca externa
b A. subclavia I A. iliacainterna
c A. carotis externa
16
rl
14
\4 4
1 V cavainlerior 8 V renalis
1 V. cavasuoerior 6 V azygos 2 Vsacralismediana 9 Vlesticularis/ovarica
2 V. brachioceohalicadextra 7 W. intercostales
oosleriores 3 V iliacacommunis 10 V suDrarenals
3 V. brachioceohalicasinistra I V. hemiazygosaccessoria 4 V iliacainterna 1'l Vv intercostalesoosteriores
4 V jugularisinterna 9 V. hemiazygos 5 V iliacaexterna 12 V lumbalisascendens
5 V. subclavia 6 V. phrenicainferior 13 Vv.lumbales
7 Vv.heoaticae 14 V. iliolumbalis
Fig.37 V. cavasuperior,tributaries. Fig.38 V. cavainferior,tributaries.

Veins
System,
Vascular
19
Fig. 39 Diagram showing the function of the venous

valves.The arrows pointing right indicate the normal blood
flow towardsthe heart when the valvesopen.The arrows
pointing left indicate the reverseddirection of the blood flow
when the valvescloseto stop regurgitation.
f,
Corpus
numerl
Fig. 40 AP-radiograph(phlebography)of the brachial,
axillary and cephalicveins and some of their tributary
vessels.
The venousvalves can be clearly identified, especiallyin
the axillary vein.
Fetutcircutatiott
20
Aa pulmonales
Arcus aortae I
\
Truncus brachioceohalicus - -
-- D u c t ua
srleriosus"
- - Truncus pulmonalis
V cava superior - -
-- Atnum cordissinislrum
Foramen ovale' -
Atrium cordis dextrum - - -

- - - Venlriculuscordis sinister
--
V cava inlerior - - Septum interventriculare
-
- Ventriculuscordis dexter
Vv hepalicae -_L---____<'.
- - Pars lhoracica aortae lAorta lhoracica]
l/l -- A mesentericasuperior
lll
Vesicabiliaris---.1------F r'-.
\--'---s_-/- -- Aa renales
V u m b t l i c a l-i -s-
V cava interior --
V iliaca communis Pars abdominalisaortae lAorta abdominalisl
A, mesentencainlerior
iliaca communis
--- A iliacaexterna
-- A iliacainlerna
umbilicales I
I
Placenla I Vesica
urinaria
Fig. 41 Diagram of the fetal circulation; Changesfrom fetal to postnatalcirculation:

the colours indicate the degreeof oxygenationof the blood, ' The valve-like connection between the right and left atrium through the
e. g. purple = intermediate.The arrows indicate the direction of Foramen ovale is closed passively by apposition and later by fusion when
respiration starts.
the blood flow.
" The Ductus arteriosus (BorALLo) lakes some months to close by proliferation
' shortcut betweenthe right and left atrium of the endothelium and by contraction of the muscles
** shortcut betweenthe Truncus pulmonalis and Arcus aortae ' * * The Ductus venosus (ARANzlo) becomes the Lig. venosum in the hilar area
* * ' shortcut between of the liver.
the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
Vusr:ukrSystem,
LymphuticSystem
2T
Truncus;ugularrs
,
\
V l u g u l a r r si n l e r n a \
Duclus lymphatrcusdexter \ )
( A n g u l u sv e n o s u s ) \
\\
V subclavia - - - Nodr lymphoideicervicales
- Arcus ductus thoracrcl
Truncus subclavrus -
Duclus lhoracrcus
Nodi lymphoideraxrllares/
Pars abdominalis
Cisterna chyli
-1
- Trunci intestinales
Nodi lymphorderabdominrs - -
parielaleset viscerales
- Truncilumbales
Nodi lymphoideipelvis - -
panetaleset viscerales
Nodi lymphoideringuinales
Fig. 42 Survey of the vascular system

lymphatic vesselsand the larger groups
of lymph nodes;
ventral view.
N o d r l y m p h o r d e-r- - Nodi lymphoidei

cervtcales ceruicaleslaterales
anlenores
Nodi lymphoidei
axillares
N o d rl y m p h o i d e -i - - Figs.43 a, b Drainingareasof
axillares superficial regional lymph nodes.
a ventrolateralview
b dorsolateralview
Nodi lymphoidei
There is considerablevariation be- rn9urnares
Nodr lymphordel
r n gu r n a l e s
tween individuals.The draining
areascan overlap,both horizontally
and vertically.
22 SurfaceProjectionof theInternal Organs
-
Oesophagus
SplenILien]
Fancreas
Ouodenum
rcluil u r l
Fig. 44 Projectionof the viscera onto the Fig.45 Projection of the visceraontothe
surfaceof the body; surfaceof the body;
ventral view. dorsalview.
oftheInternat
organs
23
-------- Pulmo
-------- Cor
Diaphragma
-- -- ADpendix
vermilormis
-------- Rectum
Fig. 46 Projectionof the viscera onto the Fig.47 Projection of the visceraontothe
surfaceof the body; surfaceof the body;
viewed from the right. viewedfrom the left.
24 Centraland PeripheralNervousSystem,Cranialand SpinalNerves
xl
- Medullaoblongata
-
N. cervicalistCll.
Radir anterio:r Mdullasoinalis
Fig.48 Surveyof the centralnervoussystemand

the cranialnerves;
lateralview
Radixposterior\
Radixanterior \ / Radixantedor
R. posterior - -
--'_:
N.intercostalis
_ / Radixpostorior
R cutaneuslaleralis \
Ganglionsensorium
/ - nervispinalis
- Truncusnervi
spinalis
-- R posterior
- N. intercoslalis
- R. communicans
- Gangliontrunci
sympalhici
Fig.49 Diagram ofthe spinal nerve,exemplifiedby

two thoracic nerves.
25
P o n s- - - - - - * _ * _
-- N o c u l o m o t o r i u[sl l l ]
- N faciahs
[vll]
Ganglion ceruicale \ -
supeflus N glossopharyngeus
ilxl
l'/
N vagus[X]
N cardaacus
\ -:
ceruicaltssupeflor
A carolts communls -
Ganolion
- cervicale \
medium \
N cardiacus --
ceruicalismedius
-
G a n g l i o n-
cervicothoracicum
lstellatum] .' ----f -
tt N l a r y n g e u sr e c u r r e n sd e x l e r
Ansa subclavia ,''
/
N cardiacus
cervicalisinferior
- - -
Arcusaorlae:Plexuscardracus +
P a r s a s c e n d e n sa o n a e - - - - - - - -
-
T r u n c u ss v m p a l h r c u s-:-
Gangiraihoracrca \
N splanchnicusmajor - -
pars thoracicaaortae- - - - - - -:l at Truncusvagalisanterror
R r c o m m u n i c a n l e s- .4{-' Truncusvagalispostelior
s inor --
N s p l a n c h n i c um
Truncus sympathicus: - -
Plexus mesentertcussuperlor -- i,tj
Gangha lumbalia
--
Pars abdomrnafisaortae. /
Nn splanchnrcilumbales - Plexusaorticus abdomrnalis ||
A . m e s e n l e r l c, nat e n o r-'- - ' - - i l f
P l e x u sm e s e n l e r l cIunsl e r l o r -'i
- -- --
Pfexushypogastricus
superior
;f;
' I e"r..,"ni"ti.
,'l/i
----- A r l f a c a c o m m u n t-s- - - - - ; 1
F;il;
Truncussympathicus:
G a n g l i saa c r a k a
N n s p l a n c h n r c-r-
sacrales
Ganghon rmpar - -
Fig. 50 Sympathetic[)art,Parssympathica,of the Fig. 51 Parasympathetic part, Parsparasympathica,

autonomr(; nervoussystem. of the autonomicnervoussystem'
The gangliaalignedon both sidesof the vertebralcolumn The parasympathetic fibres (purple)usuallyrun together
togetherwith their respectiveconnectionsare callec with the other nervousfibres.
t h e s y m p a t h e t itcr u n k , T r u n c u ss y m p a t h i c u (sg r e e n ) .
26 PeripheralNervousSystem,Cervicaland BrachialPlexus
N h y p o g l o s s u s[ X l l ] - -
N occipitalisminor - - '- --1.

Plexus ceruicalis
N h y p o g l o s s u s[ X l l ] --+."
i sa g n u s- -
N a u r i c u l a rm -A
\
N t r a n s v e r s u s c o l l -i -
Ansa ceruicalis.Radix supenor - -
Ansa cervicalis,Radix inlerior - -
N d o r s a l r ss c a p u l a e- : - - r : - -
N phrenicus
N suprascapularis Plexus brachialis

N subscapularis Truncus
N subclavius c7 supenor
Truncus
meorus
c8
Truncus
inferior
Fig. 52 Survey of the cervical and

brachial plexus.
Branches of the Plexus cervicalis and the Plexus brachialis

1- C4;:Rr. anteriores)
Plexuscervicalis(Nn.cervicales:C
Ansacervicalis Rr.musculares (M.longuscolli,M. longuscapitis,
Radixsuperior M. rectuscapitisanterior,Mm. intertransversarii,
Radixinferior M. levatorscapulae,
M. trapezius, M. scalenus
medius)
(Punctum nervosum) N. phrenicus
N. occipitalis
minor
N. auricularismagnus
N. transversuscolli
Nn.supraclavicularesmediales,
intermedii,iaterales
.:t:..,rt.ir:r:.
Plexusbrachialis (Nn. cervicalesC4/5-N. thoracicus T1, R. anterior)
Parssupraclavicularis: Parsinfraclavicularis:
T r u n c u s u D e r i o r +) - . . . Fasciculus lateralis(e Divisionesanteriores)
,. I urvlslones antenores
et
rruncusmeolus+ I N. musculocutaneus
;I-runcus ; " ' ; " + ./I p o s t e r i o r e s
- - ' : - : , "Inlenor N. medianus, Radixlateralis
N. dorsalis Fasciculus medialis (e Divisionesanteriores)
scapulae
N. suprascapularis N. medianus, Radixmedialis
Nn.subscapulares (oftenbranchof Fasciculusposterior) N. ulnaris
N. subclavius N. cutaneus brachiimedialis
N. thoracicus
longus N. cutaneus antebrachiimedialis
Fasciculus posterior (+ Divisionesposteriores)
Nn.pectorales(oftenbranchof Fasciculuslat.andmed.)
(oftenbranches
N. thoracodorsalis of Fasciculus N. axillaris
posterior) N. radialis
Rr.musculares (M.longuscolli,Mm.scaleni)
PeripheralNervousSystem,Lumbosacraland coccygealPlexus
27
N subcoslalis
Plexus lumbalis
I R . l e m o r a k s- -
N genitolemoralrs
1 R. oenrtalis
\-
- -
N cutaneus temoris lateralis
Plexus
N t e m o r a l i -s- lumbosacralrs
L5
N obturatorius --
T r u n c ulsu m b o s a c r a l s- -
- -.--
N gluteussuperior- - S1
Plexus sacralis
N gluteus inlerior \\
/
I N .t i b u t a r i s
I communrs
N ischiadicus
I N. trbratis r
Plexus
- - S5 coccygeus
N cutaneus lemoris oosterior
t Co
N pudendus
,,
Nn anales [rectales]inferiores
inferiores .''
N coccygeus ,,
N anococcYgeus
Fig. 52 Surveyof the lumllosacralplexus,Plexus

, l e x u sl u m b a l i ss; a c r a p
l u m b o s a c r a l (i sl u m b a rp l e x u s P l lexus,
Plexussacralis)and coccygealplexus,Plexuscoccygeus
Branches of the Plexus lumbosacralis
Plexus lumbalis plexus s4cralts

(Nn. lurnbalesL1-I4, Rr. anteriores) (Nn.lumbales L4-Nn. sacrales S4r Rr. anteriores)
N.iliohypogastricus N. gluteussuperior
N. ilioinguinalis N. gluteusinferior
N. cutaneusfemorislateralis N. ischiadicus
N. femoralis N. cutaneusfemorisposterior
N. genitofemoralis N. pudendus
N. obturatorius Rr.musculares (Mm.gemelli,M. quadratusfemoris,
Mm.obturatorii,M. piriformis,M. levatorani)
Plexus coccygeus
(Nn. sacrales S4-N. coccygeusr Rr. anterlores)
R.anterior
N. coccygeus,
N. anococcygeus
skin,
cteavage
Lines
28
Fig. 54 Cleavagelines of the skin; Fig. 55 Cleavagelines of the skin;

ventral view. dorsal view.
Fig. 56 Cleavagelines of the skin of Fig. 57 Cleavagelines of the skin of the

the head and neck; headand neck;
ventral view. lateral view.
skinandAppendages
29
/ (Plexusvasalisdermalis)
/ (Plexusvasalissubdermalis)
?
I
,a
--- (Plexusvasalis
I
subcutaneus)
s--- (Plexusvasalis
epifascialis)
,'
Vaslymphaticumprolundum/
Septumrntermusculare /
| |
(Arteria;
Venaintramuscularis)
(Arteria; '
Venasublascralis)
(Arteria; |
Venaintraseptalis)
F i g . 5 8 S e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s k i n
( 1 0 - t i m ees n l a r g e d ) .
Margo liber \
Corpus 1
ungurs
i--
I
vattun--24
ungurs -.\
'><.
tunuta--f- ) F i g . 5 9 D i s t a lp h a l a n rw i t h f i n g e r n a i l ;
tkrrsalview.
* | h r .r ' l x r n r rh i u n t r s l l s o r a l l c r ll h f ( u l i ( l ( '
rponycnrum
/
Hyponychium
,
t, Eponychium
Corpusunguis ,
,
Aponeurosis
dorsalis
Matrixunguis
\ i i / vallumunguis /
I l///
Hyponychium
\ \
Margo Iber
Phalanx dislalis
-
EPidermrs -
-
Cutis-
Subculis/
\ M. flexordigitorum
Vallum /
u n gu r s prolundus. Tendo
Fig. 60 Distal phalanr; Fig. 61 Distal phalanx, Phalanx distalis;

the fingernailhas beenpartially removed; sagittal section.
dorsal view.
Head,
caput
}fi
Fig.62 Headand neck,Caputet Collum;

ventral view (30%).
z Regio lronlalis
Flegioorbitalis
_z
- Regio infraorbitalis
-
Regio zygomatica
_ /
- Regio oralis
-
Regio nasalis z Regio buccalis
Trigonvm
submentale
.z l
z Trioonum
- submandibulare I Regio..
/ ) cerulcalls
Trigonum
caroticum I anterior
//
'
7 frigonummuscularelomotracheale]
J
.t _/ Regio sternocleidomastoidea
minor
Fossasupraclavicularis
//
Fig. 63 Regionsof the head and neck,

Regionescapitis et colli;
ventral view (30%).
Regionsof Head and Neck, Regionescapitis et colli
3it
Fig.64 Headand neck,Caputet Collum;

lateral view (30%).
/ Regio parietalis
Regio frontalis---
Begioorbitalis-_
_
Regio nasalis -
_
Regio zygomatica- -
Regio intraorbitalis- -
Regio oralis - -
Regiobuccalis---
Regio mentalis - -
- - Regiosternocleidomastoidea
-- Regiocervicalisposterior
) Regio
Trigonum l cervicalis
omoclaviculare , lateralis
minor- - -
FossasuDraclavicularis
- - Regio deltoidea
Fig. 65 Regionsof the head and neck,

Regionescapitis et colli;
lateral view (30%).
Head, Caput
r'1T **q'
i +\\\
*"*-*^*P!
,,'-"'
,ir{
---- Frons
e
/
/
piritormis
Apertura
Fig.66 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
o r i e n t a t i o ni n t h e " e a r e l e l i n e " ( O h r ' \ u g e n E l t e n t ' ,
O A I i o r s o - r . a l l e t"l( i e r m a n h o t i z r t n t a l p l i t n e " ) ;
v r : n t r a lv i e w ( 7 0 % )
Bonesof the Skull, Ossacranii
Os lrontale,
', f ronlalis
*r--.-E- Squama
--
_/
/-\ _ /
Sutura lronlonasalls
sulura lrontolacflmalis
\
Sutura sPhenolrontalrs\
\
Margo supraorbrtalis
\
S u l u r ac o r o n a l i s \
Os Panelal. \ /
A n g u l u ss p h e n o r d a l r s
Os sphenoidale, \
A l am a i o r
\
Os lrontale,-
Hars oroIaIs
.\.-
- --- r
,,".,9n'"t1"1,13l,"; -l- - Os lemporale
.T I
---- -- - Sulura lrontozygomatica
Fissura
o r b i l a l i ss u p e n o r
Ir.
O s s p h e n o i d a l e-,- - -
Ala minor -*- Os lacrimale
O s s p h e n o r d a l e-, - -
Ala major
O s z y g o m a l i c u m- -
,/ .6
7/
- Suluranasomaxillaris
Fissura orbitalisinfeflor /
/ I - Forameninfraorbitale
[,4argoInlraorbrlahs t/
t .>/
/
a
S u t u r az y g o m a t i c o m a x i l l a r i s
./': ! )
\ Concha nasalrsmedia
/
'\'
I Os elhmoidale l/
septum nasr l
a-\ '\
osseum I - i
\ vomer concha nasalis Inferior
Iz
.4
/
Maxilla Proc alveolaris
R"rua mandrbulae
7 ri "
,'")i,
/
Spina nasalrs anlenor
\
t S u l u r ai n t e r m a x i l l a r i s
/
F o r a m e nm e n t a l e
I
C o r p u sm a n d i b u l a e
Os frontale Os lemporale
I Vomer
Os nasale C o n c h an a s a l i sI n l e r r o r Os ethmoidale
-:
Maxrlla
os zvqomatrcum
Mandrbula
Os lacrimale
m Os parietale
Os sphenoidale
- : i ".3'
: -i
F i g . 6 7 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
\ e n t r a l\ i e t t ( 7 0 ' l )
Head,
caput
34
F r o n s\ \ \ \
\ occiput
\ Arcuszygomaticus
Fig. 68 Skull,Cranium;
orientationin the "earyeline" (Ohr-Augen-Ebene,
OAEor so-called 'Germanhorizontalplane");
lateralview(80%).
* Pointsfor measurements
in anthropology.
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii
/ Os parietale
Suturasquamosal
Suturacoronalis\
Suturasphenolrontalis ' / superior
Lineatemporalis
\ ,;.
/ Linea temporalisinlerior
/ Tuberparietale
- Sutura
squamosa
Os ethmoidale,.
Lamrnaorbitalis'\ z Sutura
panelo-
Sutura \ mastoidea
_
lronlolacflmalrs \
Os lacrimale \
- Sutura
lambdoidea
Sutura \
- (Sutura
squamo-
masloidea)
Spina/ \ SuturaocciDitomastoidea
nasalis
anteri6r
\ lSutura
' - - squamomasloidea)
\
Sutura/ \ Porusacusticus
externus
zygomatico-
maxillaris occipitalis
Condylus
eroc stytoideus
I
Sutura/ I Mandibula,
Proc condylaris
temporo-
zygomatica Proc coronoideus
Mandrbula.
\
t{ t\ \ Angulus mandibulae
I
\ Basismandibulae
/
Protuberantia t corpusmandibulae
mentafts \
\ Foramenmentale
Os lrontale
I Os lacrimale Os temporale
Os parietale
I Os zygomalicum Maxilla
Mandibula
Os occipitale Os sphenoidale
Os nasale Os ethmoidale
Fig. 69 Skull, Cranium;

lateralview (80%).
Head, Caput
Os parielale
\
Fossa mandibularis \
\
Os temporale, Pars squamosa t, arliculare
/Tuberculum
,
Frssuratympanosquamosa \. Fotamenspinosum
, // /
\
/ temporale.Proc zygomalrcus
Ficcrrra norra- /Os
'\
Squamosa \ Foramen ovale
I/teatus
acusticus
\ /
externus\ /
Ala maior
,,
Vaginaprocessus
styloidei\
\\ I / Os zygomaticum,
7' Proc. tempora|s
/ Foramen lacerum
., /, Os zygomaticum
-,
p r o c -. - - - - - - - _ _ _ - Foramen infraorbrtale
stylordeus Fossa scaphoidea
(- --- Maxrtla
Canalis caroticus
- - Fissurapterygo
maxillaris
- ' - - - . . . / 2 --- Ptoc plerygoideus,
Fotanen--.-- i --"')' Lamina lateralis
JU9Urare Proc pterygoideus,
Lamrna medialis
-
Canalis - Spina nasalis
nerui hypoglossi anterior
- Hamulus
Canahs
preryg0roeus
.- vomer
-
-- Foramen
Incrstvum
- -
Os spheno-
idale, Corpus
- Maxilla,
Tuberculum pharyngevm t' - r' -r-
F,"#.iirarinrs
anlern'/
\ Foramen
Atlas,Arcus .-tfr
spheno-
-t-r"')L{
Lamrnaarcus t- Palatinum
ui"T::,.'ff \ Os palatinum,
Lamtna
horizontalis
/ t
Axis, Dens Foramen
patatnum
/ malus
Proc spinosus
4.. t.. \ Linea
mylohyoidea
\ ta. \
Foramen lacerum
Proc articularis ' \
interior
lzygapophysis] 1 Srl.r. mylohyordeus
/
Foramentransversarium \ \
Lig sphenomandrbulare
/ \t \
Proc lransversus,
Tuberculumoosterius \ For"."n mandrbulae
t
\ t,n stylomandibulare
\
Proc transversus.
Tuberculum
anterius Canalis caroticus
F i g . 7 0 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
hemisectionof the mandibleand the upper part of
the vertebralcolumn;
inferolateralview (80%).
-F
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii +.q
i
Suturasagittalis
\
Foramen parietale
/
Foramen parietale -- -
-
Suturalambdoidea / Os Parietale
-----*i
(\l
-
(Osinterparietale;
Os Incae)
- Ossasuturalia
-- (SuturaocciPitalis
iransversa,Var.)
- - Os iemporale
- - Os occioitale
\
LineanuchalissuPerior
(Cristaoccipitalis
exlerna) \
Linea nuchalisinferior
\
Proiuberantia
occipitalisexterna
F i g . 7 l S k u l lC
, ranium;
dorsalview(70%).
" Points for measurementsin
anthropoloSy
Head,Caput
/ Ossanasalia
Tuberfronlale
Suturacoronalis\
Tuber -
parietale
-
Foramina Darietalia
/
Squamaoccipiralis
Fig.72 Skull,Cranium;
superiorview(80%).
in
" Pointsfor measurements
anthropology
39
Sulcussinussagittalissuperioris\\
/ Os frontale
- Foveolaegranulares
--<
sururacoronalis
-- Sulciarteriosi
el vnosi
Sulcussinussagittalissuperioris
I
Suturalambdoidea
Fig.73 Cranialvault,Calvaria;
inferiorview(80%).
Head, Caput
\
Inion'
Fig.74 Skull, Cranium;

paramediansection;
medialview (80%).
* Points for measurementsin anthropology
g
,/Foramen parietale
/ Sulciarteriosi
Dorsum sellae \
\
,/ Sutura
Sella lurcica \ / squamosa
/ Apex
Lamina el \ panls
Foramina cribrosa \ petrosae
Eminentaa
Sinus frontalis \ ., / / arcuala
Foramen-- .ft
caecum ).t-! (
--i+ / Sutura
cnstaealli lambdo-
idea
ethmoidale,
Lamina
perpen-
dicularis
Sinus
sphenoidalis
Vomer
exlerna
Cnalis \
Sulcus sinus transversi
Inctsrvus \
ta Sulcussinussigmoidei
. p r o c- ' \
palatinus, \ Foramenmastoideum
Crista \
Porusel Meatusacusticusinternus
ni.iti;l ll \
i Pro. intrajugularis
Alveolus lCanalis
dentalis / \ nervihypoglossi
/ \
Proc styloideus
Foramen Os palatinum
Inctsrvum '
Hamulusplerygoideus Laminamedialis
Proc pterygoideus,
'
Incisurapterygoidea Proc pterygoideus,Lamina lateralrs
Proc pterygoideus. Fossa pterygoidea
Os sphenoidale
Os lrontale
Os parietale Os temporale
Maxilla
Os occiPitale
Vomer
Os nasale
Os palatinum
Os elhmoidale
Fig.75 Skull,Cranium;
paramediansection;
medialview(80%).
-'6-"j
Head, Caput
Sella turcica,\
;2
Fossa hypophysialis \
--- Fossa
cranii media
FOSSa CranI OOSteflor
Fig.76 Baseof the skull (internalsurface),

Basiscranii interna;
superiorview (80%).
4:\
CristafrontalisI
Proc clinoideusposterior \ ,/ Canalisopticus
Fissura orbitalissuperior \
:1. '' \. / SuturasPhenofrontalis
Os sohenoidale,Ala minor 1
z Fossahypophysialis
/ anterior
Proc clinoideus
Foramenrotundum\
/ Sulcuscarolicus
Lingula sphenoidalis \
/ Sutura
sphenosquamosa
Foramenlacerum' \
/ Sulcus
arteriosus
Foramen ovale \
/ Fissura
petrooccipitalis
Foramen - - Spinaossis
sprnosum
sphenoidalis
- Sulcussinus
Petrosi
interioris
- Fissura
petro-
squamosa
-
Sulcusnerui
petrosiminoris
t,OrUS
- acuslicus
Sulcusnervi rnlernus
petrosrmaioris
-
Margosuperior
/ parlis
Facies anterior pelrosae
panrs petrosae
-
Forat"n
/ lugulate
Os temporale, -
Parspetrosa Os parietale
Sulcussinus
Sulcussinus sigmoidel
petrosisupenoris \
\ Proc Jugularts
\ Canalis condylaris
Foramen mastoideum /
/ . Sulura
Fossasubarcuala t. occipitomastoidea
\ Canalis nervt hypoglossl
MargosuperiorpartisPetrosae
I jugulate
Tuberculum
jugulare
Foramen
\. '\
Canalisnervihypoglossi t't Sulcussinusttansversi
\ clivus
Os occipitale \\ Foramenmagnum
Protuberanliaoccipitalisinterna interna)
(CristaocciPitalis
superrorls
Sulcussinussagittalis
Os ethmoidale Os temporale
Os lrontale
Os sphenoidale Os occiPilale
I osparietate
* | h ( ' l i r r a m o n l a t f r u m i s r ; l t t s t rtl t r a l i l \ { ' r l l f f i l r t r xi l r l i l i l A e

Fig.77 Baseof the skull (internalsurface),Basiscranii interna;
( l ; i l ) r ( xa r t i l a g ol , i l s i l l i s ) .
superiorview (80%). " i l u r i n x t h { . g r o s t h ( , 1t h ( ' s k t t l l l h ( ' l w { , l x ) n c si l t c s c l ) i l r i l t { rllr \ l h { '
Contentsof the foraminasee Fig.454 antl page267. s l ) h ( ' n { H X l r i l ) i lsavl n t : h t t n r l r o s iSsr, n l h r t n t l r r l s i s p l t t ' n r x x irp i l i t l t s '
Head, Caput
, Fossa incisiva:Foramina incisiva
/ (Toruspalatinus)
Foramenpalatinum majus;
Palatumosseum \ Canalisoalatinus
maior
/ Foramenlacerum
Fissura
sphenopetrosa
Fissura
petrooccipitalis
- Proc
masloideus
Fig. 78 Baseof the skull (externalsurface),

Basiscranii externa;
arrow in the left hypoglossalcanal,Canalisnervi
hypoglossi;
inferior view (90%).
/, Fo'amenincisivum
Spinanasalisposterior\ ,- / / SuturaPalatinamediana
Vomer,Alaevomeris \ . :/
/ Maxilla,Proc palatinus
Proc pyramidalis\. '
Os palatinum, , Suturapalatinatransversa
Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus
\ \ / Os palatinum,Laminahorizontalis
\
Proc.pterygoideus,\
Lamlnameolalls \ / / Forumenpalatinummajus
Hamuluspterygoideus
\
/ Fissuraorbitalisinlerior
Proc.pterygoideus,\
Laminalateralis \ / Arcuszygomaticus
Os sphenoidale,
Ala maior - Crisla
intratemporalis
plerygoideus,
- Proc. medialis
Lamina
O s t e m p u a l e ,- _ / i
tsroc. \
zygomalcus - Foramen
ovale
Foramen-J - Tuberculum
lacerum l-\ pharyngeum
Foramen- -\ - Tuberculum
spinosum t- articulare
Fossa - -
mandibularis - - Canalis
carolcus
S p i n a o s s i s- - - - Canaliculus
sphenoidalis mastoideus
- Fossa
Proc. jugularis
slyloideus
- Foramen
slylo-
mastoideum
Meatus-
acusticus - Sutura
exlernus occipito-
mastoidea
Fossa -
jugularis - Proc
masloideus
- lncisura
/ mastoidea
Foramen \
Jugulare Canalisnervi
hypoglossi
Os parietale
"
/
/
Foramen
mastoideum
FOSSUta \ canalis
petrosa condylaris
/
Condylus
occipitalis \ Foramenmagnum
Canalis condylaris
1"\"
/ tt
Linea nuchalis superio, * -
\
Protuberantiaoccipitalisexterna' Linea nuchalis inlerior
Maxrlla Os palatinum Os sphenoidale
Os frontale I Vomer Os temporale
I osparietate ffi Os zygomaticum Os occipitale
Fig. 79 Baseof the skull (externalsurface),Basiscranii externa; Contentsof the foraminaseeFig' 454 and page267.
canal,Canalisnervi hypoglossi;
arrow in the left hypoglossal
inferior view (907n).
Head, Caput
z Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura sagiltalis - _
/ C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
M a r g o s u p r a o r b i t a l i s- - -
/ / Mealus nasi medius

Frssuraorbitalissuperior - - _
- - Os temporale, Pars petrosa

Meatus nasi superior
S e p t u mn a s i
- - Meatus acusticusexternus
Concha nasalis media
S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s - - Cellulae mastoideae
Concha nasalis inlerior --

Proc mastoideus
S p i n a n a s a l i sa n t e r i o r
Palatum durum - -
Ramus mandibulae
A x i s ,D e n s
-
Meatus nasi inferior
-
Cavitas nasi
-
Corpus mandibulae
F i g .B 0 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
PA-radiograph.
" T h e s o c a l l e d" i n n o m i n a t e "l i n e h a s n o
a n a t o m i cc o r r e l a t i o ni,t i s a n a r t e f a c tr e s u l t i n g
from the projecti0n
- -
"tiiJioers
anterior
g/^r
--
"tiiJ'oeus
posterior
Fossa
- - hypophysialis
Os lrontale, - -
Parsorbitalis
- - Sutura
lambdoidea
_- Fossa.
mandtDUlans
Sinus - -
trontalis
C e l l u l a e- -
ethmordales
- - Cellulae
Os nasale - - mastordeae
Sinus - -
sphenoidalrs * - Meatus
acuslicus
externus
--
Caput
mandibulae
- -
Atlas,Arcus
anterior
\ Atlas,
Tuberculum
Posterius
\ Axis, Dens
\ Proc
C o r p u s- sprn0sus
mandrbulae verlebrae
ceruicalisll
Carlilago eprglottrca -
\ Ramus mandibulae
Os hyoideum
Corpus
F i g .B l S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
lateralradiograph;
bilateralstructuresare proiectedupon eachother.
' p o s k ' r i o rw a l l o f t h o m a r i l l a r y s l n u s
*' c h a r a ( : t e r i s t si c( r u ( ; t u r eo f f l a t b o n c so f ( h e s k u l l
^
t"*-. Head,Caput
Fonticulus
anterior\
Os parietale
(Suturatrontalis)-
Os frontale,Tubertronlale -
Maxilla,Proc.frontalis\
.. -- Foramensupraorbitale
- * Os temporale
Alamajor - -
Os sohenoidale,
Septumnasiosseum - -
Forameninfraorbitale- - - - Os zygon,aticum
\ Mandibula
/ \ (Symphysismandibulae)
Fig.82 Skull,Cranium,of a neonate;

ventralview (80%).
Os lacrimale Os occipitaic Os ethmoidale
Os frontale Maxilla,
Os incisivum Os sphenoidale
osparietate Os zygomaticum Os nasale,Os temporale,

Mandibula
-
- Fonticulus
anterior
Suturacoronalis
-
os frontale,Tuberlrontale - / Os parietale,Tuberparietale
Fonticulussohenoidalis
-
Os sohenoidale,
Ala maior -
posterior
- Fonticulus
Os zygomaticum
Aperturapiriformis / Squamaoccipitalis
- Sutura
lambdoidea
Mandibula
- Fonticulus
Parssquamosa'
Os temporale, mastoideus
Anulustympanicus/ t
Os temporale,Parspetrosa
I
Parslateralis
Osoccipitale,
Fig. 83 Skull, Cranium,of a neonate;

lateral view (80%).
Suturatrontalis
7 Os lrontale,Squamafrontalis
,/ Suturacoronalis
// Ospatielale, Tuber Parietale
/ -- posterior
Fonticulus
Sulurasagittalis-
- - -
os occipitale,Squamaoccipitalis

superiorview (80%).
I Vomer Os palatinum
Os occipitale, Maxilla,Os incisivum
Os trontale Os temporale oszygomaticum

I
T Os parietale Mandibula Os sohenoidale
Os occipitale,Squama occipitalis - -
Var) - -
(Suturaoccipitalistransversa,
masloideus- -
Fonticulus
Os temporale,Parspetrosa -
- -
Os occioitale.Parslateralis
Os temporale,Parssquamosa- -
- -
Foramenmagnum
Parstympanica,
Anuluslympanicus
Os lemporale,Parspetrosa
-
Os sphenoidale,Proc pterygoideus
a ---Maxilla.
Yomet' Proc palaiinus
- -
Os palatinum,Lamina hoflzontalis 1osincisivuml
- -
Mandibula

inferiorview (80%).
Head,Caput
i1t'r
Squama lrontalis, Facies exlerna
Tuberfronlale \
Margoparietalis- -.,,
I
I
I
--- FaciestemDoralis
- '-
Arcussuoerciliaris - - - - Margosupraorbitalis
---- Proc zygomaticus
/ '\ \.
Incisurasupraorbitalis 4.. ' Incisura
frontalis
/ t
Parsorbilalis,Faciesorbitalis Gr"b"rr"
\
Parsnasalis spinanasalis
Fig. 86 Frontal bone,Os frontale;

ventral view (80%).
7 Glabella
(Spina trochlearis)\ ,/ Aperturasinusfrontalis
/ t Incisurasupraorbitalis
\\
Arcussuperciliaris
\\
\ t_ ,'
Margosupraorbitalis -- Fovealrochlearis
, - Pafs orbilalis, Facies orbitalis
- Fossa glandulae lacrimalis

- -
--- Proc zygomaticus
Foramenethmoidaleanterius Incisuraelhmoidalis
Fig.87 Frontalbone,Os frontale;

cranii
Bonesof the Skull,'Ossa
Os frontale.Squamalrontalis
Os nasale.
/ lncisurasupraorbitalis'
Lamina et Foramina cribrosa : -.,i
Margosupraorbilalis
//
Fossa glandulaelacrimalis \ elhmoidalis

Labyrinthus
/-
-- Ptoc zygomaticus
/ \
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa Laminaperpendicularis
Os lrontale Os ethmoidale Os nasale
Fig. 88 Frontalbone,Os frontale;ethmoidbone,Os ethmoidale;

nasalbones,Ossanasalia;
'Tho sul)raorbitalfissure, In(:isurasupraorbitalis,may be repla(;edhy a supra-
orl)ital foramen
/ Proc frontalis, Crista lacrimalis anlerior

Margo lacrimalis \\\
Incisuralacrimalis - -
Margo inlraorbitalis -\. r

z Foramen infraorbitale
F a c i e s o r b i t a l i s- - -
/ (Crislazygomatico'
/ alveolaris)
- / Fossa canina
Faciesinfratemooralis
-- nasalis
Incisura
Foramina alveolaria -- Spinanasalisanterior
Proc zygomaticus
- -
Tuber maxillae
/
Proc alveolafls
\
Faci"" ant"rio,
F i g . 8 9 M a x i l l a r yb o n e ,M a x i l l a ;
l a t e r a vl i e w ( r . , l 2 O % 1 .
Head, Caput
Soina nasalis oosterior

Suturapalalrna
transversa
+"/
^!f,
- -
Foramenincisivum/ Soina nasalis anterior
Fig.90 Hardpalate, Palatum durum;maxillarysinus,

Sinusmaxillaris;
inferiornasalconcha,
Concha nasalis
inferior;
the maxillarybonehasbeensectionedobliquely;
superiorview.
Maxilla Os sphenoidale
Os palatinum Concha nasalis inlerior
Suturaoalatinatransversa
Os palatinum,Proc pyramidalis
.r --- Foramenpalatinum
majus
Foramenpalatinummaius - - -:
\ Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus
'-
Sulci palatini
--
r 1 sp,n""patatinae
\ Maxilla, Proc palatinus
\ (os incisivum)
\
Suturapalalinamediana
Fig. 91 Hard palate,Palatumdurum;

inferior view.
i5:$
M a r g o l a c r i m a l i s- - - -
/ Incisurasphenopalalina
Maxilla. Proc frontalis ---
,,j )--- g^.-19r3til,11

Cristaconchalis--- I perpendi-
Lamina
: culans
- - -
Maxilla, Facies nasalis
-- _.../
',
Spinanasalisanterior $
t- \
Crislaconchalis
\
Maxilla,Proc.palatinus-l Spinanasalisposlerior
\
Suturapalalinatransversa
Maxilla
Os palalinum
Fig.92 Maxillary bone, Maxilla;

palatine bone, Os palatinum;
medialview (r.).
/ Procorbitalis
Incisurasphenopalatina
\ Incisura\
sphenopalatina \\
Proc---
sphenoidalis
- -
Sulcuspalatinusmajot
- - Laminaperpndicularis, LaminahorizontalisI
- Faciesmaxillaris I
I
--\
- - Sulcuspalalinusmaior
Proc pyramidalis-
Fig.93 Palatinebone,Ospalatinum; Fig.94 Palatinebone,Ospalatinum;

lateralview (r., 140%). dorsalview (r., 140%).
---- Proc.orbitalis
Incisurasphenopalatina
//
-
Proc.sphenoidalis
Laminapetpendicularis,
Facies nasalis
--- Cristaconchalis
Faciesnasalis - /- SprnanasalisPosleriot
Lamina - - - :- Proc.pyramidalis
horizonlalis
fig. 95 Palatinebone,0s palatinum;
- - \
medialview (r., 140%). Faciespalatina Foramenpalatinummaius
Head,
caput
5 4
Laminaet Foraminacribrosa
I
, Squamafrontalis,
/' Faciesinterna
Os frontale: \\ /, Cristasphenoidalis
/
S i n u s: , Sinussphenoidalis
lrontalis --
/ Fossahypophysialis
/ Dorsumsellae
S u t u r a- - - ,
fronlonasalis
os -'-,
nasale !
Osethmoidale,-
Laminaperpendicularis
Maxilla,/
Proc.lrontalis
/
Os lacrimale
\ Hamuluspterygoideus
t tlilY,T;*",*
y,t::'8r,",,",rt'-oi,f,i'f
Maxilla
Os palatinum
Os trontale I Os ethmoidale
Os nasale I Vomer
Os sphenoidale
I Os lacrimale
Fig. 96 Bony nasal septum, Septum nasi osseum,

with adjacentbones of the skull; paramediansection;
the middle nasal conchahas been removed;
medial view (1.).
Alaevomeris
I
z Alavomeris I
Crislachoanalis
vomens
Fig,97 Vomer,Vomer; Fig. 98 Vomer,Vomer;

lateralview (140%). dorsalview (140%1.
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii jj;
z Laminaet Foraminacribrosa
Cristagalli Conchanasalissuperior
,/
/ Sinussphenoidalis
Foramensphenopalatinum
Os nasale - /-
_
corpus
Os sPhenoidale'
---
Meatusnasisuoerior---
Concha nasalis media ----
Meatusnasimedius----
Conchanasafisinlerior -'-
- Os palatinum,
Meatusnasiinferior - - Laminaperpendicularis
--
Proa.plerygoideus,
/ Laminamedialis
Spinanasalisanterior-
\ Mealusnasi inlerior
/
Canalisincisivus- \ HamulusPterygoideus
\ Os palalinum,Laminahorizonlalis
\ Maxilla,Proc.palatinus
Fig. 99 Lateral wall of the nasal cavity,Cavitasnasi, osparietate ffi ossphenoidale

I
with adjacentbonesof the skulh Maxilla Os occipilale
paramediansection;
Os lrontale Os palatinum
medialview (r.).
' Synostosisof the former Synchondrosissphenooccipitalis
Os nasale
ffi Os eihmoidale
I
conchanasatrsrnrenor
I Os lacrimale
Sinuslrontalis\ / Laminael Foraminacribrosa

\\
Apertura\ ethmoidalis
/ Labyrinthus
--
sinuslrontalis'
/ Aperturasinussphenoidalis
Conchanasalis -
media - -
\
/ Sinussphenoidalis
Os nasale
- -- Foramen
sphenopalatinum
--{r--- OsPalatinum'
' t. , Crislaethmoidalis
----
conchanasalisinlerior,
Proc ethmoidalis
SPina-'
nasalis
anlenor
Fig. 100 Lateralwall ofthe nasalcavity,Cavitasnasi,

Canalis -
Incrsrvus with adjacentbones;
paramediansection;the middlenasalconchahasbeen
removed;
Hamuluspterygoideusl
medialview (r.).
' Theprobemarksthe connectionof the frontal sinuswith the middle
nasalmeatus.
Head, Caput
Ala cristae galli / Lamtna perpendrcularis

\
Cnsta galli
Lamina orbitalis
/
/ Cellulae
/ ethmoidales
, Labyrinthus
ethmoidalis
/,
lamina/
perpendicularis
Cellulae/ \ Concha
ethmoidales nasalis media
\
Proc uncinatus
F i g . 1 0 1 E t h m o i rbl o n e ,O s e t h m o i r l a l e ; Fig. 102 Ethmoitlbone,Os ethmoidale;

superiorvielr'( l;10%). l a t e r a vl i e w ( 1 1 0 % ) .
* i r l s or a l l c r lI a m i n a p i r l t r l a , l ) ( ' (
rar a u s ( '{ ) f I h ( , l r a l x ' rt h i n
n a l u r ( ' r )tfh r sl x ) n ( '
I Foramina zygomaticoorbilalia
orbitalis ---
/Facies Proc
frontalis
/ Fotamen
/ zygomattco-
orbrtale
Foramen
zygomatico-
temporale
FOramen
zygomaticolaciale
proc
temporalis
temporalrs
- -
Facies lateralis Fac
Fig. 103 Zygomaticbone,Oszygomaticum; Fig. t04 Zygomaticbone,Oszygomaticum;

lateralview (r., 120%1. view (r., 120%).
superomedial
Foramina ethmoidalla
anlenus et posterrus
Incisuralronlalis \ / Canalisopttcus
/ Fissura
-t superror
orbitalis
Os ethmoidale,\
Lamina orbitalis \ \ ,- (Sulura
iygomalrcolrontahs)
S u t u r al r o n t o m a x i l l a r i-s- -- - : OszYgomatrcum
---
--- Os sPhenoidale Ala maior

Facies orbitalis
--- Oszygomatrcum
C r i s t al a c r i m a f t as n l e n o r- - - - Faciesorbitalis
- -
Crisla lacnmalisposlenor - zygomaticolaciale
- -
/ Fissura orbilalisinlerior
Os palalinum, /
Proc orbitalis
\ Sulcus inlraorbitalrs
\
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
F i g . 1 0 5 O r l t i t ,O r l r i t a ;
t h e l l r o l r el i e s i n t h e i n f r a o r b i t arl: a n a l ;
v ( l n t r o l i t t e r vaile u ( l , I l 0 ' l ' )
Os nasale I Vomer Os temporale
Os trontale ilIil Os zygomaticum {effi Concha nasalis inlerior
Maxrlla Os sphenoidale
Os palahnum
Os lacrimale
Os ethmoidale
Cellulaeethmoidales
I
Crista galli
Sinus trontalis /
\ Os ethmoidale t-aminaperpendicularrs
\ i
//
--- Os trontale Pars orbilalis
- Frssuraorbttalts
- -
I suPerior
I
-- Os lemporale.
II Pars squamosa
I
I
- / Fissura orbitalisinlerror
Os sphenoidale.Ala
maior, Facies orbitalis
----
t os zygomaticum
-
Canalisinlraorbitalis
Yr-
S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s
Vomer
-
-
-- ,l \
t

Sulut" zygomaticomaxillaris
/ \
' Concha nasalis inlerior
Maxilla,Proc alveolafls .:
. Dens molaris -
\- \
Cavitas nasi. Meatus nasi inlerior
Maxilla. Proc Palatinus
-r-ig.
106 l:at;ialsktrleton,Vist;trrot;ranium;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h t rm i r l t l l tor f t h e o r b i t ;
v e n t r a lv i e w ( 9 0 % )
,,.f
Head, Cctltttt
Squama - - - --- Os parietale

Jrontalis.
Facies
Inlerna _-- S u t u r as p h e n o l r o n t a l i s
Os temporale. Pars squamosa
O s s o h e n o i d a l eA. l a m i n o r
O s s p h e n o t d a l e-,- -
Ala major,
Facies orbitalis -- Os sohenoidale.Corous
Foramina -'
zygomaticoorbitalia --
-- Sanussphenoidalis
\ Foramenrotundum
CanaIs infraorbitalis-/
\ Canalispterygoideus
t.. \ Fossa pterygopalatina

S r n u sm a x r l l a r i s-
\ Proc pterygoideus
lt\
' Hamulus pterygoideus
|
I
| ^^^^,,^
__,_.,-
^ -^,-_
lAlveoli
dentales
F i g . 1 { ) 7 l i a c i a sl k e l e t o n\, i s c e r o r ; r l n i u m ;
s a g i t t asl e ( i l i ( )tnh f o u g ht h e m i r l t l l eo l t h e o r l ) i t ;
m e r l i avl i e u ( r )
Os lrontale Os nasale Maxilla
Os lacflmale Os palatinum Os temporale
Os sphenoidale Os elhmordale Os zygomaticum

*
Os trontale
/
Sutura ethmoidolacrimalis
Fotamen ethmordaleanterius
/
/, Os ethmoidale.Lamina orbrlalis
,/ / Fotamen ethmotdateposrer,us
Os nasale ,' _/ Canaftsoplrcus

\
- - Os palatinum Proc orbitahs
- - Foramen sphenopalatinum
- -
, r i s l al a c r i m a l i sa n t e r i o r- - - - -
M a x r l l aC
- - -
Os lacrimale,Crista lacflmalisposterior / Os sphenoidale Corpus
S u l c u si n fr a o r b i t a l i s/
Proc pterygordeus Lamina lateralis
-
Maxilla Proc zygomaticus - - -
Hamulus pterygordeus
\ Maxilla, Proc
alveolaris
F i g . l t ) t l I : a r ; i aslk e l e t o n\, i s r ; e l o c l a n i u m ;
s a g i t t asl e tt i o n t h r o u g ht h e m i t l r l l eo f t h e o r b i t ;
l a t e r a tl i e n ( 1 . )
59r
palatrnum,Proc orbitalis
/ Os
Cellulae - -
ethmoidales
Os ethmoidale, .
Lamina orbitalis
-
Os lacrimale
_/
FOSSa Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
sacci lacflmalis \
\
Sulcus inlraorbitalis
Fig. 109 l;ar;ialskeleton,\ ist;t'rttt;ranium;

t r a n s v e r s see ( j t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i r l t l l eo f t h e o r b i t ;
s u p e r i o rv i e u ( 1 . ) .
I Os zygomaticum Maxilla
I Os temporale I Os lacrimale
Os palatinum ,ffiffi Os ethmoidale
Os sphenoidale
I Arcus zygomalrcus
Fossa
inlratemporalis
Foramen
ovale
Foramenspinosum
Alamaior,
Spina5ssrssphenoidalis
Proc pterygotdeus
(crista
zygomaticoalveoiaris)
Os Palatrnum.
Laminaperpendicularis.
FossaPterYgoPalatrna
\
Proc Pyramidalis
Os palatinum.
Os sphenoidale,
Proc. plerygoideus.
Foramina alveolaria Hamulus plerygordeus
Fig. ll0 lirssa,I:ossapterygopalatina;

Pterygopalatine
the zygomaticarch has lteenremovetl;
l a t e l a lv i e u ( 1 . ) .
Head, Caput
Corpus, Crista sphenoidalis

/
Apertura
sinus\ , Ala minor / Fissura orbitalis
sphenoidaIs'\ supetnl
//
A
Ala major -
M a r g oz y g o m a t i c u s- -
\ Crista infratemporalis
-
\ canatis Concha sphenoidalis
Foramen rolundum /
pterygordeus \
Spina ossis sphenoidalis
F a c i e sm a x i l l a r i s/ \ Proc pterygoideus
Laminalateralis
Proc pterygoideus.Lamina medialis / \ \

Incisurapterygoidea
Hamulus pterygoideus
F i g . 1 1 1 S p h e n o i rbl o n e ,O s s p h c n o i r l a l e ;
v e n t r avl i e r ' ( 1 0 0 % ) .
Sulcus carolicus Dorsum sellae

I
posterior
F o r a m e nr o t u n d u m , Proc clinoideus
I I
I ti
_l I i / Proc.clinoideus
anterior
F r s s u r a\ I
orbitalrssuperior \ |
Irt
i i I ,Araminor
- Ala major
Facies
cereorails
- - S u l c u sa n e r i o s u s
--- L r n g u l as p h e n o i d a l i s
--
S u l c u sl u b a e a u d i t i v a e
---
S o , n , o s s i ss p h e n o i d a l i s
/
C a n a l i sp t e r y g o r d e u s/ -
Fossa scaphordea
\
C o r p u s* / Canalis pterygoideus
\.
/ \
rroc vagrnails \ \ Proc pterygoideus Lamina lateralrs
/ '
/ tt, FossaPtervgordea
B o s l r u ms p n e n o i d a l e
I
I Incisuraotervoordea
Proc plerygoideus I
L a m r n am e d r a l r s H a m u l upst " r y g o , o " J s
Fig. 112 Sphenoidbone,Os sphenoidale;

dorsalview (100%).
The sphenoidbone in Figs.111and 112originatesfrom an
adolescent,thereforethe sphenroccipital suture still exists
* view of the area facing the spheno-occipitalsynchondrosis,Synchondrosis
sphenooccipitalis
Bonesof the Skull' Ossacranii
I
(Proc.clinoideus
medius)
rotundum
Proc'clinoideuspostenol .I SulcusPrechiasmaticus / Foramen
Ala malor,Margofrontalis t
sphenoidale
I
t
/Jugum 1l l Alaînor
Proc.clinoideus
\ anterior i ,l/
--1!;951;o'0"'"'
\
\
Fissura--!
suPenor
orbitalis i
+
?, --- Sellaturcica'
\ FossahypoPhysialis
\
\
\ --- ForamenovaE
//\\\\
A l am a j o r , ---
Margosquamosus Foramenspinosum
----
ru'"ut
t -", "..\ll ""'o''""
\ LingulasPhenoidalis
---
Proc intraiugularis
- - -;; Tuberculumiugulare
Incisuraiugularis
- - - Os occiPitale'Parslateralis
----
Proc iugularis
'.-
---- - M"roo aastoideus
Foramenmagnum
I
--'-, t
Sulcussinussigmoidei I
'-
Sufcussinustransvetsi
/
(Cristaoccipitalisinterna)
/
/
Eminenliacruciformis I
I
I
occipiialisinlerna
Protuberanlia
Fig. 113 Occipitalbone,Osoccipitale;

sp-henoidbone,Ossphenoidale,of an adult;
probein the riSht canal,
hypoglossal Canalis
nervihypoglossi;
superiorview.
' Thesohenooccipitalsynchondrosis, Synchondrosis
second
rpn.tl"".ltpi,"fit trsei towardsthe endof the
rlicadeof life to becomea synostosls'
Head,
caput
62
Margoparietalis
/
/ Parssquamosa,Faciestemporalis
Sulcusarteriaetemporalis
mediae
a
Foveolasupramealica.
\
\
'\
Cristasupramastoidea
-
\\ / Margosphenoidalis
Incisuraparietalis
(Spinasuprameatica)
-_
Foramenmastoideum-\
_ _-- Proc zygomaticus
Margooccipitalis
-__
---
Fissuratympanomastoidea ---
Trber"urumarricurare
K
lncisuramastoidea/ \. \ Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarticularis
\'
\ Fissurapetrotympanica
Proc.mastoideus/ I \\
I i \ v"gin" p,o.".rus stytordei
I rl I Proc.styloideus
pars tympanica/ I
I Meatusacusticus
externus
Fig;114 Temporal bone,Ostemporale;

Iateralview(r., 120"/ol.
Parssquamosa Parstympanica Parspetrosa

ffi
Fig. 115 Temporalbone,Os temporale,ofa neonate;

lateralview (r.,240%ol.
,,j ;;
parietalis
z Incisura
,/ MargosuperiorPartrsPelrosae
- -
Sulcusarteriosus
- -
Margosphenordalis
-
Margo occrpitalis
Fossasubarcuata -
Sul"rs sinussigmoidel
'... -
vestibuli
Apenuracanaliculi
\
Apexpartrspetrosae Proc intrajugularis
internus
Pcrusacusticus Proc styloideus
Fig. ll6 Ttrmlxrrallrone,Os ttrmllorale;

mcdial vien' (r., I l0Y").
Proc zygomaticus
- / Canalis carotlcus
arlrculare
Tuberculum -/ Fossulapelrosa
- - Apertura canaliculicochleae
Fossa mandibulans
- Proc intraiugularis
Fissura petrotympanrca --
F o s s al u g u l a r i s
Mealus acusltcusexternus '
Vaginaprocessus
styloidei
Proc styloideus
Parstympanica
Foramen stylomastoideum
Proc mastoideus
/ '
Margo occipitalis
lncisura mastordea
T
Sulcus arteriae occiPitalis
Foramen masloideum
'l'trmltoral
l'ig. ll7 lrontr,Os t()mlx)rale;
i n t e r i o rt i e t r ( r . , I l 0 " l ' ) .
Head,Caput
Margosagittalis\
\ parietale
/ Tuber
Foramenparietale\
Faciesexterna\
A n g u l u s- -
occipitalis
\ Lineatemporalisinterior
\ Angulus
sphenoidalis
Fig. 118 Parietalbone,Osparietale;

lateralview(r.,80%).
// Foramenparietale
// Angulus.
ocopfails
-- Facies interna
Maroo \
frontaTis
Sulcusarteriae /
meningeaemediae
Margosquamosus
Fig. 119 Parietal bone, Os parietale;

medial view (r., 80%).
of the Skull,Ossacranii
Squama occipitalis \ \
/ Lineanuchalissuprema
occipitalisexlerna\ \
Protuberantia
/ Lineanuchalissuperior
Margolambdoideus-
- z Lineanuchalisinferior
-
(Cristaoccipitalisexterna)\ \ {IC';
.i-i--_
l, l i
,'
,"'{,r' ,^;
---
Margo masloideus - Fossacondylaris
- - - - Proc.jugularis
Canaliscondylaris
- - - \ CondylusocciPitalis
Canalisnervihypoglossi
/ / \ Parslateralis
magnum
Foramen
/
Parsbasilaris
Fig. 120 Occipital bone,Os occipitale;

:-
superioris
Sulcussinussagittalis
/, Margolambdoideus
- Fossacerebralis
- Eminentia
crucilormis
- - _
Sulcussinustransversi
Fossacerebellaris
_--
- - Margomastoideus
Protuberantia _--
occipitalisinterna
(Cristaoccipitalisinlernal- -
P r o cj u g u l a r i s - - - Canaliscondylaras
- --
- -
Sulcussinussigmoidei
-- Parslateralis
jugulare-
/
Tuberculum
/ /
occipitalis
Condylus \ Canalisnervihypoglossi
'
Parsbasilaris
Fig. l2l Occipitalbone,Os occipitale,

of a young adult.
ventral view ( 1207o).
* view of the area adiacent to the Synchondrosis
sphenooccipitalis
qi f'.r Head,Caput
r=":'
- - Caputmandibulae
- - Foveapterygoidea
-- Prcc condylaris
,L-- R"rr. mandibulae
\ (Tuberosilas
masseterica)
Angulusmandibulae
Corpus
mandibulae
Fig. 122 Mandible, Mandibula;

superolateralview (90%).
Foveasublingualis\ - - Bamusmandibulae
--
Foramenmandibulae
,
- -
Sulcusmylohyoideus
Corpus--f
mandibulae I
- -
(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)
--
Angulusmandibulae
- -
Fossadigastrica
Spinamentalis \ Fovea
Linea mylohyoidea submandibularis
Fig. 123 Mandible,Mandibula;

medialview (righthall 100%).
/ Proc condylaris Proc corc
/ Juga alveolaria
- Ramusmandibulae
Foramen
mentale
/
/
Basismandibulae II\ 'Corpusmandibulae
I |
Tuberculum
mentale I
mentalis
Protuberantia

ventral view (80%).
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii {3;r
/
Proc condylaris
-- Lingula mandibulae
- - Sulcusmylohyoideus
I Arcusalveolaris
,l Linea mylohyoidea
--- (Foramen
linguale)
Foveasublingualis ---- mandibulae)
(Symphysis
Fossadigastrica

Foramenmentale
Fig. 126 Mandible,Mandibula,of an old person; Thealveolarpart is completelyatrophied,movingthe opening

superolateralview (9070). of the mentalforamenandthe exit of the mentalnerve
upward.
Proc coronoideusi
Ramusmandibulae.
- Densdeciduus
Proc condylaris
- (Symphysismandibulae)
- - Foramenmenlale
Fig. 127 Mandible, Mandibula, of a neonate; Compareto the ramusand the bodyof the mandibleas
superolateralview (140%). well as the coronoidprocessin Figs. 122and 126'
Head,Caput
/Os temporale,Proc.zygomalicus
I
Caosulaarticularis
\
/Os zygomaticum
Porusacusticusexternus\
--Proc. pterygoideus,
temporomandibularis, Laminalateralis
Lig lalerale
Proc styloideus - -
Proc.coronoideus
Proc.condylaris
Lig stylomandibulare
Fig. 128 Temporomandibularjoint,

Articulatiotemporomandibularis;
lateralview.
Sinussphenoidalis lFossahypophysialis
\ I
Dorsumsellae
| .z
- /Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
-zClivus
Cavitasnasi,Choana -- -Spina ossissphenoidalis
--Lig pterygospanale
- Canalisnervihypoglossi
-
f Laminalateralis
Proc pterygoideus
1
\Laminamedialis- -:--Proc styloideus
\ Lig.sphenomandibulare
\Lig. stylomandibulare
\ Ramusmandibulae
\
Lingula mandibulae
\ Sulcusmylohyoideus
\Anoulusmandibulae:
(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)
\
Linea mylohyoidea
Fig. 129 Pterygospinalligament and sphenomandibularligament;

paramediansection;
medial view.
69
Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarliculatis
Discusardcularis
Caput mandibulae
Porusacuslicusoxtemus
Os zygomatiorm / Collummandibulae
t
Proc. coronoklgus/
Proc. mastoideus
Capsulaa.thularis / Proc. svoideus
Ramusmandibulae
Fig. 130 Temporomandibular joint, Articulatiotemporomandibularis;

sagittalsection;the mouthis almostclosed;
lateralview.
Tuberculumarticular
/
I
I
Discw articulads
Caput mandibulae
Porusacuslic6 extemus
Os rygpmalicum/ Collummandibulae
Proc. masbiteus
Proc. @ronokteus/
Proc. styloi&r.E
Ramusmandibulao
Fig. 131 Temporomandibularjoint, Articulatio temporomandibularis;

sagittal section;mouth open;
lateral view.
Comparethe posidon of the articular condyleand the position of the
articulardiscin Figs.130and 131.
Head,Caput
/ M pterygoideus / Discusarticularis
/ lateralis
Fig.132 Temporomandibularjoint,Articulatiotemporomandibularis;
sagittalsection;
lateralview(90%).
1 Meatusacusticusexlernus 5 Os temoorale,Tuberculumarticulare
2 Proc.condylaris 6 Incisura
mandibulae
3.Discus articularis 7 Proc coronoideus
4 Os lemporale,Fossamandibularis
Fig. 133 Temporomandibularjoint, Articulatio Fig.134 Temporomandibularjoint,Articulatio

temporomandibularis; temporomandibularis;
lateralradiograph; mouthclosed; lateralradiograph; mouthopen.Projection as in Fig.133.
after injectionof a contrastmediumin the articularcavity Compare the differentpositionof the articularcondyle
(arthrography). andthe positionof the articulardiscin Figs.133and 134.
SeealsoFigs.130and 131.
Joint,Articulattotemporomandibularis
Temporomandibular
Proc temporalis
/ Os zygomaticum,
7 Ala major, Crisla infratemporalis
/ Os temporale,
,, Proc.zygomaticus
,- Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarticularis
-*.-
Caputmandibulae
- Capsulaarticularis
--
Collummandibulae
\ M pterygoideus
medialis
- M. pterygoideus Insertio;
medialis,
pterygoidea)
(Tuberositas
Fig. 135 Temporomandibularjoint,Articulatio sagittal section;the condylar and coronoidprocessesare

temporomandibularis;musclesof mastication,Mm. masticatorii; shining through;lateralview.
Muscles of mastication, Mm. masticatorii (Figs.132,135-138,l4l,142)

'vVhenclosing
M. massetercan be felt through the skin easily.It runs from the Angulusmandibulaeto the Arcus zygomaficus"
thejawsonecanalsofeelthebellyof M. temporalisin the Fossatemporalis. M. pterygoideus lateralisrunsventrallyftom the
temporomandibular joint.M. pterygoldeus medialisis cn the medialsurfaceof Ramusmandibulae.
Muscle Origin Insertion Function

Innervation
1. M. temporalis 0s temporale,belowLinea Apex and medialsurfaceof Closesthe iaw, posterior
Nn.temporalesprofundi temporalisinferior and deep mandibulae fibres retractthe mandible
Proc.coronoicleus
(N. mandibularisIV/3J) layerof Fasciatemporalis
2. M. masseter Arcus zygomaticus Pars superficialis: Angulus Closesthe jaw
N. massetericus Pars superficialis: inferior mandibulae,Tuberositas
(N. mandibularts[V/ 3]) border,anterior2/3 (tendinous) masseterica
Pars profunda: posterior Pars profunda: lateral surface
t h i r d ,i n n e r s u r f a c e o f R a m u sm a n d i b u l a e
3. M. pterygoideusmedialis pterygoideaand Lamina Medialsurfaceof Angulus
Fr.rssa Closesthe jaw
N. pterygoideusmedialis lateralisof Proc.pterygoideus, mandibulae,Tuberositas
(N.mandibularis[V/3]) partly Proc pyramidalisof pterygoidea
Os palatinum
4. M. pterygoldeuslateralis Caput superius: lateral sur- Foveapterygoideaof Proc. Closesthe jaw, protrudesthe
N. pterygoideus
lateralis faceof Laminalateralisof Proc. c o n d y l a r i s m a n d i b u l a e , d i s c um
s andible
(N. mandibularis[V/3]) pterygoideus,Tuber maxillae and capsuleof Articulatio Caput inferius: opensthe
Caput inferius (accessory) temporomandibularis jaw
Faciestemporalisof Ala
majorossissphenoidalis
Head,Caput
-- aM. temporalis
- - O O V.;A. temporalis R frontalis
superficialis,
N opticusflll --- ,* R temporalis
(Vll)
---
Cellulaeelhmoidales
Meatusnasisuoerior--
Conchanasalismedia - - -- (Vll)
,* R. zygomaticus
Sinusmaxillaris---
Conchanasalisinlerior--- - aM masseter,
Parsprofunda
GlandulaeDalatinae - - -- |l M. masseler,Parssuperlicialis
Dorsumlinguae--- --- Ductusoarotideus
--- Glandulaoarotideaaccessoria
Maxilla,Proc alveolaris---
- CM buccinator
Densmolarisll ---
-- OA. facialis
- - Comusmandibulae
Lingua
"- - - Glandulasubmandibularis
-- Venteranterior
1M. digastricus,
M. mylohyoideus
-- lPlatysma
Noduslymphoide
submandibula
Fig. 136 Muscles of mastication,Mm. masticatorii;

frontal section;
ventral view (60%).
Cartilagonasilateralis Cartilagoalarismajor
I I
Cavitasnasi
\
Plexuscavernosusi -.ticularisoculi
, 1 -....
Conchanasalismedia \ / Sinusmaxillaris
a ,
Meatusnasiinterior
\
\ \
oculig \
M orbicularis )
Sinusmaxillaris\ / aM zygomaticusmaior
\
Maxilla \ / Arcuszygomaticus
M temporalisa \ _ - corpus adiposumbuccae
Proc.coronoideus- -- aM. temporalis
M. pterygoideus
lateralisf -_ -- gM masseter
N. lingualis
- - a M. pterygoideus
laleralis
N. alveolaris inferior
N masselericus
-- Ramusmandibulae
V. temporalissuperlicialisa - - --
tM pterygoideus
medialis
A. temporalissuperticiatis1 -J --
inferior
aA alveolaris
Cartilagoauriculae - - \\
superficialis
temporalis
tV
--
Glandulaoarotidea / OA.maxillaris
/
/ \N auriculotemporalis
A alveofaris intetiot a \ GlandulaDarotidea
eroc.stytoto"u"i
I i
|
A. carotisinternaO | I jA. vertebralis
A vertebralis3 I aV. jugularisinterna
'
OA. carolisinterna
a M levaiorveli palatini
a M longuscapilis
Fig. 137 Musclesof mastication,Mm. masticatorii;

horizontalsection;
f
Musclesof Mastication,Musculimasticatorii
*.1?
/ N opticusilll
/ N lrochlearisllvl
/, N oculomotorius
[lll]
/, N. trigeminus
M
/ N abducens[vl]
A temporalis,--
R. frontalis
/ A carotisintema
M lemporalis--
F - Fossamandibularis
Capsulaarlicularis--_ --- Discusarticularis
--- Caputmandibulae
laleralis,--
M plerygoideus
Caputsuperius
lateralis,-
M pterygoideus
Caputinferius -- Lig.sphenomandibulare
Palatummolle - ---
N lingualis
--
N. alveolarisinlerior
--
M pterygoideusmedialis
a
/
M masseler / --
Hamuluspterygoideus
/
Angulusmandibulae
--
M mylohyoideus
Cornumaius /
Os hyoideum,
- M genioglossus
--
M omohyoideus
-\
M. geniohyoideus
Platysma/
\ M. thyrohyoideus
\ M sternohyoideus
Fig. 138 Musclesof mastication,Mm. masticatorii;

frontal sectionin the areaof the Articulatio
temporomandibularis, horizontalsectionin the areaof
the Calvaria;
0s hyoideummoveddorsally,capsuleof the Articulatio
temporomandibularis nearlycompletelyremoved;
dorsalview.
Head, Caput
Facial muscles, Mm. faciei (Figs.139-142)

The'facialmugclesorigtnateonly partly homri:ircumsciibed
boneareasand:leadto tbsrskin.
Innervation
Musclesof the forehead,top of head,temple

1. M. occipitofrontalis Venter frontalis: Skin of Galeaaponeurotica
N.faclalls[!If] ,,,,,,, forehead,commonmuscle
plexuswith Mm.procerus,
togetherIvl occipito- corrugator, depressor
frontalis and M. tempore supercilii,andorbicularis
parietalisare referredto oculi Move the scalp
as M. epicranius . Venter occipitalis: Linea
nuchalissuprema
2. lVLtemporopar"leteliq Skinof the temple,Fascia Galeaaponeurotica
N.faciattsW temporalis
3. M. auricularis anterior Fasciatemporalis Spinahelicis
N faciatts.fVll] ,:::,
4. *f. auricrilnris suirerlor GaJea
aponeurotica Rootof the auricle Movethe auricle
N.facialis[Vil]
5. M. auricularis poctorior Proc.mastoideus,
tendonof Rootof the auricle
N.facialtsffi M. sternocleidomastoideus
Muscles of the eyelid

6. &I. orbiculSris ocull' Parsorbitalis:Parsnasalis Surrounds orbitalopeningas Closesthe eyelids,
N.facialis[VI] of 0s frontale,Proc.frontalis a sphincter compressesthe Sacculus
of the maxilla,Oslacrimale, Pars orbitalis: Lig. palpe. lamimalis,
Lig.palpebrale mediale, bralelaterale,laterallyforms moves the eyebrows
Saccuslacrimalis a muscularloop
Pars palpebralis: Lig. palpe- Parspalpebralis: Lig.
bralemediale,Saccus palpebrale laterale
lacrimalis
Pars lacrimalis: surrounds
Pars lacrimalis: Crista the Canaliculilacrimalesand
lacrimalisposteriorof Os the lateralpart of the eyelids
rlrr :i::i:' iiiii:,:' lacrimaie
7. M. depresior superclfii Parsnasalisof Osfrontale Medialthird of the skin of the
N.facialis[Vn] partofParsorbitalisof eyebrows
M. orbicularisoculi
8. I\[ cornrgator supercilli Parsnasalisof 0s frontale Medialthird of the skin of the Move the skin of the forehead
N. factalis [VII] eyebrows,Galeaaponeurotica and the eyebrows
9. M. procerus Osnasale,Cartilagonasi Skinof Glabella
N. factatbMII lateralis
Nasal muscles
10.M. nasalis Parsalaris:Iugumalveolare Parsalarisl alar,borderof
N. facialis UIII abovethe lateralincisor the nares
Parstransversa:Jugum Pars transversa:cartilago
of the caninetooth
alveolare aponeurosis
nasilateralis, Movethe nose,in particular
overthe bridgeof the nose the nostrils
11. Jugumalveolare
of the medial Cartilagoalarismajor,
lnclsor Cartilagoseptinasi
Continuation + p 76
Facial Muscles,Musculi faciei
Galea aponeurotica
\
/ M procerus
Os nasale
/
lvl cotrugatorsupercilii
/
lvl.epicranius.\
M occipitolrontafts, \
palpebralemediale
Venter frontalis /, Lig
/, M. levatorlabii
supenons araeque
M depressor supercilii\ nasl
/ M nasalis
/ M. orbrcularis
ocuil, Hars
orbitalis
M temporoparietalis-
/ M, levator
raDilsupenons
l\.4orbicularis-
o c u l i .P a r s
palpebralrs
/.
M o r b i c u l a r l s-
, / M. zygomaticus
t M.zygomaticus
z -- malor
-- M. depressor
M z y g o m a t i c u- -s- sepunasl
mtnor
M l e v a t o r- - t ' -- M levalor
labii superioris angulioras
-- Glandulaparotidea
M zygomatrcus -- Corpusadiposum
malor buccae"*
M l e v a l o r a n g u l i o r i s- -
-.- M buccinator
M orbicularisols. -'
Pars marginalis .- M masseler.
Pars supedicialis
M r i s o r i u s/ -
- Platysma
Platysma/'
- Foramen mentale
M depressor
angulioris / - M depressoranguli oris
- M deoressor labii inleriorrs

/
Plalysna z/ - M sternocleidomastoideus
M depressor labii inferioris z \ Platysma

M m e n t a l i s/ \ Fascia cervicalis,Lamina superficialis
oris, /
M orbicularis
Parslabialis
Fig. 139 Facialmuscles,Mm. faciei;

musclesof mastication,Mm. masticatorii;
the right side showsthe superficial,the left side the deep layer;
ventralview (80%).
* clinical: STENSEN's duct
* * clinical: BrcHAr'sfat-ball
Head, Coput \
Facial muscles, Mm. faciei (continuation)

Innervation
Opening of the mouth

12-M. orbicularis oris Pars marginalis and Pars Major part of the lips Movesthe lips, the alaeof the
N. factalis[VIl I labialis: iateralofAngulus nose,the cheeks,and the skin
oris of thechin
13.M. bucclnator Posteriorpart of Proc. Angulusoris,upperand Increases the pressuein the
N. factalls[WI] alveolarismaxillae,Raphe lowerlips; basisof the cheek oral cavity,importantwhen
pterygomandibularis,posterior blowingair andin chewing
part of Proc.alveolaris
mandibulae
14.M. depressorlabii Basismandibulae medio- Lowerlip, chin,deepfibresof
inferioris inferiorof Foramenmentale mucosa
N. facialis[Vn]
15. M. lwator labii supertoris Margoinfraorbitalisand Upperlip
N.facinlis[Vn] adjacentpart of Proc.
zygomaticus maxillae,
originatesin M. orbicularis
oculi
16. M. mentnlls Iugum alveolareof the Skin of the chin
N. facialtsMl lowerlateralincisor
17. M. tranwersus mend Transversepart of Skin of the chin

N.factalts[WI] M. mentalis
18. M. depressorangull orls Basismandibulae,inferior of Lowerlip, cheek,lateralof

N. factnlts[Wf] Foramenmentale Angulusoris, upperlip
Movethe lips,the nostrils,
19.M. rlsorlus Fasciaparotideomasseterica Angulusoris,upperlip the cheeksandthe skin of
N. facialis [VI[] the chin
(often part of the platysma
or M. depressoranguli
oris)
2& lv!"lwator angUli mts 1:,;;,:1p6tsucaninamaxillae Angulusoris
N.facldlls[W]
21. M. qgonadors maJor Oszygomaticumcloseto Angulusoris, upperlip

N. faclalls[VI] Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
22. l[. zlgonadtns mlnor 0s zygomaticumcloseto Angulusoris, upperlip

N. faciallsW Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
23. l\d.levator labli Proc.hontalis maxiUae; Alaeof the noseand upperlip;

supedorts alaequenast part of M. orbicularisoculi deepfibres:lateraland
N.lMaUstWIl posteriorcircumferenceof the
Neck
2f. Plr0vnr Sasismandibulae,Fascia
l',:l:l::::: Skin inferior of the Clavicula, Tensionof the skin of the neck
N,wlls rl.:;,;,1
11p61e116ffi Fasciapectoralls
twl
FacialMuscles,Musculifaciei
7l
A.; V. temporalissuperficialis\
M. auricularisanlerior\ I / M. epicranius,M. temporoparietalis
M. epicranius,M occipitotrontalis,
\ // Galeaaponeurotica
Venlertronlalis
M. orbicularisoculi,Parsorbitalis
,/ M. auricularis
supnor
M orbicularisoculi,Parspalpebralis\
M. depressorsupercilii\
M. epicranius,
M. occipito-
M. procerus1 lronlalis,
Venter
occipitalis
M. orbicularisoculi,
Parsorbitalis
M. levatorlabii \
supenons
alaequenasi
M nasalis -
- M. auricularis
M. levator poslerior
labii
supenons
M. semispinalis
capitis
M. zygomaticus-
mtnor
M. strnocleido-
M orbicularis- mastoideus
ons
M. zygomaticus/ M. spleniuscapitis
maJor
Panniculus/
adiposus
\ M. trapezius
M. orbicularisoris /-
M. depressor/
labiiinlerioris
M. mentalis
M. deprssorangulioris / t \ Fasciacervicalis,Laminasuperficialis
. M. risorius /
Platysma/
Ftg. 140 Faclalmuscles,Mm. faciei;

lateralvlew (60%).
Heod, Caput
Arcus\
zygomatcus \
/ Galea aponeurolica
M epicranius,Moccipitotrontalis,
Venterfrontalis\
z Pericranium
M corrugator
supercilii
q
M. orbicularisI Parspalpebralis; / Fasciatemooralis,

oculil \.
parsorbitalis / Laminasuoerlicialis
M procerus\
\
M depressor1 / M epicranius,
supercilii \ / M. temporo-
parietalis
Lig. palpebrale \
mediale
Os nasale :
/ M epicranius,
M occipito-
frontalis,
Venter
occipitalis
M nasalis - - Articulatio
temporo-
mandibularis,
Capsula
articularis,
Lig.laterale
mtnor
M. levator-
angulioris
-
M orbicularis
ofls
M zygomaticus-
malor
M. depressor- -
labiiinferioris M sternocleidomasloideus
--
M masseter
--
/ Corpusadiposum
M mentalis ouccae
/I
/l
tl
M. orbicularis
oris' i
M risorius'
\ Glandulasubmandibularis
M depressorl
angulioris
'
Fasciacervicalis,
Laminasuoerticialis
'
M. digastricus,Venteranlerior
Fig. 141 Facialmuscles, Mm.faciei;

musclesof mastication,Mm. masticatorii;
Laminaprofundaand Laminasuperficialisof the
temporalfasciahavebeenpartially removed;
the massetericand the parotidfasciaehavebeen
completelyremoved;
lateralview (60%).
FacialMuscles,Musculifaciei
/ M lemporalis
,/ Galeaaponeurotica
M epicranrus,
M occrpilofrontalis,
Venlerlrontalis\
,/ Arcuszygomaticus
M corrugator
supercilii
\
\
./ Articulatio
M orbicularis
oculi\ / temooromandibularis,
Caosulaarticularis.
Lig. lalerale
M depressor
supercilii
\
M levator labii superioris

alaeque nasi \
\
\
M levalorlabiisuperioris
\
\
N. inlraorbitalis
\ )
M. nasalis. :-12
M levator \ / M. epicranius,
anguli oris M occipito-
trontalis,
Venteroccipitalis
- Meatus
oris -
M orbicularis acusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Ductusparotideus- Ramus
mandibulae
-
M buccinator- M semispinalis
capitis
M masseter,- - Proc slyloideus
Parsprofunda
- A
oris -
M orbicularis temporalissuperficialis;
M. styloglossus
- M. slernocleidomastoideus
- M. digastricus,Venterposlerior
M depressor-
labiiinfenons
-- - M spleniuscapitis
M depressor
angulioris
- - M lrapezius
M digastricus,
Venleranterior
t
M massefer, Parssuperficialis ,' - V jugularis
/ interna
M stylohyoideus ./
/
os hyoideum
/ M. levalor scaoulae
M sternohyoideus
/
/ \ N vagus
N hypoglossus
[Xlll [X]
/ tr - M
M omohyoideus scalenusmedius
7 \ M scalenusooslerior
/
M thyrohyoideus 7 \
t, Plexus brachialis
inlerior/
pharyngis
M constrictor \. \
M scalenusanterior
t
M slernothyroideus o caroliscommunis
\
\
M sternocleidomasloideus
Fig. 142 Facialmuscles,Mm. faciei;musclesof

mastication,Mm. masticatorii;suprahyoidand infrahyoid
muscles,Mm. suprahyoideiand infrahyoidei;
the auricle, the zygomaticarch, the massetermuscle and
some of the facial muscleshave been partially removed;
lateral view (60%).
Head, Caput
B parietalis
media\
A. temporalis I A. temporalis
superficialis,
I
I
/ A maxillaris
A temporalis R. trontalis1
superlicialis,
A. zygomaticoorbitalis
\
/ A. siylomastoidea
Aa temporalesprolundae1
anterioret oosterior \
A lransversafaciei \
A. meningea
media:
A. sphenopalatina
\-
A. alveolaris- - - R. mastoideus
superiorposterior
\ R. sternocleidomastoideus
A labialissuperior--
A palatina-
descendens
-- A palatinaascendens
- - A. facialis
A. buccalis -
-- A pharyngea
ascendens
-
A. labialis interior - -- A. carotisexterna
- - A. carotisinterna
R. mentalis -
.tr'l -- Bilurcalio
carotidis
A. facialis
talis / |
inleriorI
A. alveolaris
A. lhyroideasuperior/ ' A. carotiscommunis
Fig. 143 Externalcarotidartery,A. carotisexterna,

andits branches;
lateralview (60%).
theHead
veinsof 8 1
7 V. diploicaoccipitalis
,/ - v. emissariapariotalis
lz'
, V. tmpotalis
/' superficialis
- - V.dioloica
temioralis
posterior
--- V. emissariamastoidea
V. labialissuprior- - V. occipilalis
V. retromandibularis
--- v. pharynga
--
v. cervicalisprofuirda
V. labialisintrior -
- V. iugularisextema
\r
,t ', / .tl
V submenialis/' v. comitansnervi ,/ i
hypoglossi / |
' \ V.jugularisintema
V.lacialis I
V. thyroideasuperiorI
Fig. 144 Internaljugular vein,V. jugularisinterna,

and its extracranialtributaries;
lateralview (60%).
Head, Caput
N ophthalmicus[V/1] | tN canalispterygoidei
N maxillaris[V/2] Rr musculares'
N lrigeminus[V] \ /, !. supraorbitalis
t. / H. lateralrs
G a n g l i o ng e n i c u l i -
\\ ,' N. supraorbilalis,
-/
H. meorails
t' N suPraorbrlalrs
,, .--'
' N .s u p r a t r c c h l e a r i s
.L-r--
N petrosus
profundus
-- Rr nasales
-l'--- N zygomatrcus
Ganslion (lX;/
rnrelus --- N infraorbilalis
...1 _KS{Fff, ,f
N .g l o s srpnaryngeus
o p h a r y n g llxlu s] /'
[el X ;h Y,/ V
,,, z ' ,^&/',i i Rr alveolares
I supenores
lv/3)/
N.mandibularis
, ,'
' / II l'i ; i,, l' :-.> Posterrores
,/
c i a l i s l V/'l l l
.' t | : l,
N . f aciarislvlrl i i; i! \llt r
./ti;l
/
Proc.stytoideus I
./ i i,
\ R
alveolaris
-\: \ ,.1 Suoerlor
l\r meolus
$'
\ N palatinus
lnt"rio, //
N alveolaris I
maJor
,\
N. tinsuatisi Y,
I
N palatinus major /
i-i \ N sublingualis
Ganglion submandibulare
N mylohyordeus /
\ N mentalis
Fig. 145 Nervesof the face,trigeminal(V), facial(VII), the parts of the nervesin view are colouredyellow,those
glossopharyngealnerves (IX), and their branches; hiddenby boneare light yellow;
mediansection; medialview (60%).
* b r a n c h e ss u p p l y i n gt h e m u s c l e so f m a s t i c a t i o n
N maxillaris[V/2]
N mandibularis[Vi3]
Fig. 146 Faceand neck, Faciesand Collum;sensoryinnervation;

lateralview (30%).
Muscles, Vesselsand Nervesof the Head
V temporalissuperliclalls,B trontalis I
I
A lemporalissuperticialis.R parietalisa t \
V temporalissuperlicialis,R parietaliss \
N auriculotemporalis
(v/3) ,' ffi,fYgomaticotemgorates
ti_
A a u r i c u l a r i s o\
posteflor
Rr zygomataci
V occipitalis49 \ (vil)
Rr zygomatico-
taciales (V/2)
\ occipitalisa ---
/ G V angularrs
/ oA angulans
N occipitalis
malor
cervicahs[C2],
R posterior)
Rr temporales
(vil)
N occipitalisminor
(Plexuscervicalis) - a A transversa
tacrei
---
Dr"trs .
- parotideus
A transversal
faciei \ c V tacialis
N auriculaflsmagnus \ o A facialis
(Plexusceruicalis)
\ R buccalis(Vll)
V retromandibularisqJ / \ R marginalismandibularis(Vll)
148
#
265
Fig.147 Vesselsand nerves of the head;

superficial layer;
Iateralview (90%).
* clinical: STENSEN's
duct
Head, Caput
/ OA temporalis
.. superficialis,
Galea - / H. lrontails
aponeurotica
/ N. suora-
,t (V/1),
orbitalis
',/ Rr.medialis
A. temporalisa -\ el lateralis
supenrcralrs,
R parietalis
- // aA..supra-
orortails
R zygomatico-
lemporalis
(vt2') i -- oA supra-
trochlearis
N auriculo-
lemporalis N supra-
(v/3)
lrochlearis(V/1)
o --
B auricularis R. zygomatico-
anterior facialis(V/2)
A ;V temporaliso o -
guperficialis
A auricularisposterior;o -
R. auricularis
(x)
N laciatislvil]
\ a A.; N. infra-
orbitalis(V/2)
Plexus
intraparotideus
(vil) \ Rr zygomatici
(Vll)
\ oA labialissuperior
R buccalis
\ (Vll)
Rr buccales
N auricularis
maonus
(Plexuscervic-alis)
\
oA labialisinferior
\
N buccalis (V/3)
R marginalismandibularis
\ N mentalis(v/3)
.t1
a -'
V retromandibularis \
oA facialis
externaO /
V jugularis \
oV facialis
* v,149
r47tl
266
Fig. 148 Vesselsand nerves of the head;

middle layer; the superficial part of the parotid gland
has been removed to show the Plexus intraparotideus;
lateral view (90%).
and Nervesof theHead
Muscles,Vessels
V temporalismediaa r M temporalis
la
Fasciatemporalis,Laminasuperlicialis\ i R. frontalis
! t o A temporalissuperficialis'
i N. R.
supraorbitalis, lateralis
o \
A temporalissupedicialis, ! /
R. parietalis \ 'r O M. epicranius, M occipitoirontalis'
Venterfrontalis
oculi
/ a M. orbicularis
Fascialemporalis,\
Laminaorofunda \ N. supraorbitalis,
i /
/' R. laleralis
M epicranius,
o \ / a A. supratrochlearis
M iemporo- \
parietalis ' N. supraorbitalis,
R medialis
A. temporalisO\
superlicialis \ ' - N. zvoomatiius,
R. zir[omatico-
temporalis
A zvoomatico-
-- a -
orbitalis N supratrochlearis
N. inlratrochlearis
N. zygomaticus,
R. zygomalico-
facialis
N. occipitalis - N ethmoidalis
ma,or anleflor,
R nasalis
exlernus
A occipitalisa - - o A. angularis
N auriculo- - N. infra-
lemporalis orbitalis
N auricularis a M. masseter
postenor --
I M. lovatorlabii
superlons
A auricularispostetiota / \ O M. zygomatacus
- - maior
N lacialis [Vlll \
l-- oA. lacialis
-----
N occipitalisminor o M. zygomalicusmajot
''- \oA.buccalis
a M. buccin'rtor
.--l-
-r \ N. masselericus
t..t.
t M odicularisoris
\ \ N. buccalis
.. \ Ramusmandibulae
4., \ N mentalis
\ \ N. alveolarisinleriol
I
I tr. \ a A. alveolarisinferior
(vll)
R stylohyoideus I \
I t\\ 1M. masseter
M stylohyoideus
a) I \oAlacialis
I \ \
A carotisinternao I t oM digastricus,venleranlerior
\
I o v submenlalis
A. lingualisa o V. facialis
V. retromandibularis
o 1 V jugularis
exlerna
17150
A8m
Fig. 149 Vesselsand nervesof the head;

mostof the craniofacialmuscles,the parotidglandand
the branchesof the facialnervehavebeenremoved;
the massetermuscleand the temporalfasciahavebeen
sectionedand reflected;
the mandibularcanalis partially exposed;
lateralview(90%).
Head, Caput
a
M temporalis I N massetericis: 7 oA temporalis
protundapostenor;
\ ;OA masseterica / N temporalisprofundus
mediao \
A temporalis 1 / /rM.pterygoideuslateralis
1//
A temporalissupedicialis,a \ protunda
R. panetalis
/ a A, temporalis anterior
Arcuszygomaticus / N supraorbitalis,
Fl lateralis
\
\
A zygomalico-o \ / N supraorbitalis,R medrafts
orbilalis \
/ Os zygomalicum
Articulatio /
\
temporo- / N infraorbitalis
mandibularis,
Lig laterale / O A supratrochlearis
A transversaO \
faciei \
Meatusacusticus\ -- aA angularis
externus \
cartilagineus N infratrochlearis
N meatusacustici \
externi -- infraorbitalis
aA
N vagus[X], N ethmoidalis
R auricularis anterior,R nasalis
N auriculotemporalis exlernus
N faciahs[Vll]
N inlraorbitalis
A stylomastoidea o -
A auricularisposteflor O -
-
o /
A auricularisprofunda Rr alveolares
supenores
A tympanicaanteriorO /
posteriores
' a Rr.dentales; A.
/ ,'l I alveotaris
A occipilaliso o Rr.peridentales.i
superior
/ \ posterlor
A maxillaris a / :
t
N buccalis
/ \
A meningea media o / c M buccinator
\
A carotisexternaa / aA buccalis
\ o A tacialis
M massetera /
\ N mentalts
\
N lingualis 1R mentalis
t
/ 'ttirti o AiN alveolarisinferior
N mylohyoideus
M'{? / a M pterygoideusmedialis
clandula submandibularis
N mylohyoideus I \
oA submenlalis aA faciatrs
Fig. 150 Arteriesand nervesof the face; the mandibularcanalis exposed;

deeplayer;the zygomaticarch,the ramus of the mandible,the lateralview
masseterand the temporal muscleshave been partially removed;
A meningea media
/
-- M pterygoideus
lateralis
condylans
A auricularis/
Posterior
/ N alveolarisinferior
A maxillaris
A occipitalis / N lingualis
A a l v e o l a r i -s- -
infeflor
A carotis -
A. maxillarislateralof M. pterygoideuslateralis(60%1,
A meningeamediaoriginates
proximalof A. alveolarisinferior
Figs. 151a-c Variationsof b A meningeamediaoriginatesoppositeto A. alveolarisinferior
the maxillary arterv. C A. meningeamediaoriginatesdistal of A. alveolarisinferior
Muscles,Vesselsand Nervesof the Head
'A temporalismedia
N auflculotemporalis /
a \
I / *M temporalis
A temporalis
superticiahs, I
R. panetalis \ t /' , Arcus zygomalicus
prolundaposterior;
/ o A. temporalis
/ prolundus
N. temporalis
N meatus \
acusltcl ' Nmandibularislv/3]
externi ,
u o N.;M. pterygoideus
lateralis
/ a A. maxillaris
R auricularis \ . N inlraorbitalis
\
/ Os zygomaticum
A ; N a u r i c u l a r i s oa
posteflor / a A inlraorbitalis
, O A. sphenoPalatina
N supratrochlearis
a \
A. temooraiis Rr alveolaressuperiores
-
supediciaIs posteflores
N. intratrochlearis
N lacialis[Vlll
N auriculo-
temporaIs ]-- on angularis
R digastricus
-
A occipitalisa / N infra-
orbitalis
/
A tympanicaanteriora
/
A meningea mediaa'
/ N massetericus
a /
A maxillaris
/
Chordatympani ' 1
/ N buccalis
M styloglossusa/ / --
I M buccinator
A, alveolaris nlerior o / \:
1 A. buccalis
a -
M. digastricus, --
Venterposlerior a M pterygoideusmedialis
--
N hypoglossus[Xl|] / Lingua
A tingualisa / inlerior
N. alveolaris
A palatinaascendenso / i
N lingualis
M . h y o g l o s s u s/o _ i
/ - Mandibula
M stylohyoideusa
N, vagus[X] / - -
sublingualis
Glandula
Ansacervicalis '/ : I M. mylohyoideus
a /
A caroliscommunis I \\-\
superiora'
A thyroidea /
Glandula /
submandibularis
N. mylohyotdeus
Fig. 152 Arteries and nervesof th.eface;deeplayer; the zygomatit;alch and malor
parts of the right half of the mandible have been removed;the buccinator muscle
togetherwith the mucous membraneof the mouth ]tave been partially removed;
lateralview.
o/o tB%
6% 37o 4
c d
A. maxillarismedialof M. pterygoideuslateralisand medialof N. lingulis and

N. alveolarisinferior
b A. maxillarisbetweenN. lingulis and N. alveolarisinferior
Figs. l53a-d Variationsof c A. maxillaristhrough a loop of N. alveolarisinferior
the maxillary artery. d Origin of A. meningeamediadistal of the origin of A. alveolarisinferior
Head, Caput \
a Plexuspterygoideus
Fascialemporalis,LaminaprofundaI
/cVtemporalismedia
Ramusmandibulae
N massetericus;A masseterica O / a A. temporalissuperficialis,
7 R. frontalis
V. maxillarist
A temporalissuperficialis,
O\ ,/ t aM temporalis
R. parietalis \
/ a M epjcranius,M occipitotrontalis,
N. auriculo- \ .t Venterfrontalis
temporalis \
/ lateralis
N supraorbitalis,R
V temporalis{} \
media
7 oM orbicularisoculi
A lemporalisa \ N supraorbitalis,
R medialis
meora \
N. auriculo- \ - - Os zygomaticum
temporalis ar.
N supratrochlearis
V temporalis{s \ / o A angularis
superficialis .a
N inlratrochlearis
Meatusacusti-\
cusexlernus \ ---
cartilagineus .. oA dorsalisnasi
R auricularis -- aA facialis
(x)
N auricularis
posterior N inlraorbitalis
N. facialis
tvilI
-- - N buccalis
A temporalis o
superficialis
A auricularisa -
posterior -
* V prolundalaciei
a /
A. maxillaris
A occioitaliso -
o M buccinator
A. carotisexlernaa z
-
/ o A buccalis
V. retromandi-:
bularis / \ a M orbicularisoris
tig'
sphenomandibulare
,, ' -;-lVlacialis
Mmasselera/ t
/
inlerior a /
N ;A alveolaris -
/
/ N mentalis
N lingualis
/ \
A carotis inlerna I Plexus dentalis inferior
A carotisexternaar /
o M digastricus,Venteranlerior
/
Venterposterior1
M digastricus, \
/ I A facialis
A. lingualisI
'
M stylohyoideus t N mylohyoideus
M pterygoideus
medialisa I ,u V submentalis
V retromandibularis
e s V tacialis
Fig. 154 Vesselsand nerves of the face;

deep layer; state of dissectionsimilar to Fig. 150;
lateral view.
( Nose,Nasusexternus
Carlilago alaris major, \

Crus laterale \
(Cartilago
nasi lateralis)
/ z Carlilaoo
alarisriajor,
Cruslaterale
-
Cartilagines- - - Carlilago-
nasl alarismaior,
accessoflae Crusmediale
Cartilago - -
septi nasi
\ Cartilago
alarisminol
/
/ \
Cartilagoseptinasi Ala nasi
Fig. 155 Nasal skeleton; Fig. 156 Nasalcartilages,Cartilaginesnasi;

ventral view (90%). inferior view (90%).
SuluralrontonasalisI
/ Suturalrontome.xillaris
Maxilla, Proc \
trontalis - -
- Sutura
nasomaxillaris
Os nasale - -
(Cartilagines--
nasilaterales)
Cartilago- - - Cartilagines
alarismajor, alaresminores
Cruslaterale
//
Cartilago /
alaris major, Cartilagoseptinasi
Crus mediale
Fig. 157 Nasalskeleton;

lateralview (90%).
Head, Caput
Sinuslrontalis
/
Crista galli
\ It;di" r
Lamina el Foraminacribrosa i: 1--
\ I frontonasatis
Sutura
\
Sinussphenoidalis
\
\-\ Fril
r,t$,
!\.U
-t
- - - Os ethmordale,
Laminaperpendicularis
Dorsumsellae--
-
Fossahypophysialis )',...
Clivus-
.- -
Cartilaooalarismaior.
Crusm-ediale
Yomer'
\ Spinanasalisanterior
Fossapterygoidea-
Hamuluspterygoideus/
- Fossaincisiva:
/ Canalisincisivus
/
Suturapalatinatrana""ra"
\
/ Maxilla,Proc palatinus
(Suturavomeromaxillaris)
Fig. 158 Nasalseptum,Septumnasi;

lateralview (r.).
Concha nasalis media \
ii
Carlilagosptinasi -- Meatusnasi inferior
--- Conchanasalisinferior
- - Glandulae nasales
Fig. 159 Part of the lower concha,Conchanasalis inferior,

with mucosaand Plexus cavernosus.
Cavity, nast9
Cavitas I
SinuslrontalisI
./ Nn. oltactorii[l
Tractusolfactorius \
\
Sellaturcica r )
/ Conchanasalismedia
SinussDhenoidalis-
/ Conchanasalisinferior
/ Umonnasi
Tonsillapharyngea- -
Fig. 160 Lateralwall ofthe nasalcavity,Cavitasnasi;

paramediansection;the mucousmembranehasbeenpartially removed;
medialview (1.).
Conchanasalismedia \
\
Cellulae---
ethmoidals
posteriores
Sinus - - -
sphenoidalis
Tonsilla- - -
pnaryngea
-Vestibulum
nasl
Palatummolle
- Conchanasalisinfrior
I lMttilt"
N. nasooalatinus
1 Sinuslrontalis Fig. 161 NasalcavitY,Cavitasnasi;

2 Ouctusnasolacrimalis
3 Cellulaeethmoidalesanleriores orificesof the paranasalsinuses,Sinusparanasales,
{ Sinusmaxillaris andof the nasolacrimalduct,Ductusnasolacrimalis;
5 Cellulaeethmoidalesoosteriores
6 Sinussphenoidalis paramediansection;partsof the middleand inferior
nasalconchaehavebeenremoved;
medialview(1.).
Thecolouredprobesare situatedin the orificesof the
paranasalsinusesand the nasolacrimalduct.
Head, Caput
---
Sinuslrontalis
Cellulaeethmoidales ---
Sinusmaxillaris
Fig.162 Paranasalsinuses,Sinusparanasales;
projection onto the face;
ventral view.
The sphenoidalsinusesare not shown.
Sinustrontalis-
Sinusmaxillaris/
Fig. 163 Paranasalsinuses,Sinus paranasales;

projection onto the face;
lateral view.
The ethmoidal sinuses,Cellulaeethmoidales,
are not shown.
ParanasalSinusegSinusparanasales
/ Sinusfronialis
,/ (Foramencaecum)
Cellulae elhmoidales \ gyrorum

7 lmpressiones
anleriores
Cellulae ethmoidales
mediae
Cellulae ethmoidales - -
oosleriores
/
Chiasmaopticum
Fig. 164 Paranasal sinuses,Sinusparanasales;

sinuses,frontalsinusesand
projectionof the sphenoidal
ethmoidalsinuses(Cellulaeethmoidales)ontothe anterior
cranialfossa;
superiorview (80%).
Os ethmoidale
septumnasi
/1.LJ
Orlrita,Pariesinlerior o, 4. LJ
Sinusmaxillaris Il f
Maxilla,Proc.palalinus _:_ _ _
M a x i l l a- - - - - - - -
Fig. 165 Development of the maxillaryand frontal sinuses.

Ll {= 1"o"nt,*r) agein Years.
Head,Caput
/ Sinusfronlales
/ Cellulae ethmoidales anteriores
Os zygomaticum, Proc frontalis r -- Os zygomaticum,

Proc frontalis
:-\ - - Forameninfraorbirate
Cellulaeethmoidalesoosteriores- - - - Cellulaeethmoidalesposteriores
- - Arcuszygomaticus
\ Sinussohenoidalis
Fig. 166 Paranasalsinuses,Sinus paranasales;

PA-radiograph;the beam is oriented in the occipito-oral
direction with the mouth open;
anteroinferiorview (80%).
OralCavity,Cavitasoris
I
Densincisivus
---- Arcuspalatoglossus
:-- - - Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Fig. 167 Oral cavity,Cavitasoris;

ventral view.
Glandulae labiales
Glandulae buccales M levatorlabiisuoerioris
M. orbicularisoris
\ /
- M. levatorangulioris
M. zygomaticus
/ / maiol
-- Glandulaebuccales
M buccinator--
--
M risorius
\ M buccinator
Glandulae buccales et labiales /
Labiuminferius / I
\ M. orbicularisoris
/M. rant"li.
Fig. 168 Musclesofthe oralregion,Regiooralis;

the mucousmembranehasbeenremoved;
somesmall salivaryglandshavebeenpreserved;
internalview(80%).
Head, Caput
Proc.pterygoideus,
LaminamedialisI
M. pterygoideus
M tensorveli palatiniI medialis
Torustubarius
/
7/ , M. levatorvati / Tonsilla pharyngea
oalatini
f ,i u.. / M pterygoideus
/ laieralis
/ Lig spheno-
/ mandibulare
/ Ramusmandibulae
..FqplF-
pterygomandrbulafls
- - Lig.apicisdentis
Glandulae labiales - .- - - Membranaatlanto-

occipitalisanterior
- - Articulatioatlanto-
axialismediana
---
Proc styloideus
--
M styloglossus
--
M stylopharyngeus
--
Lig.stylohyoideum
--
Lig styto-
mandibulare
Caruncula - -
sublingualis \ M. stylohyoideus
Glandulasublingualis- - \ M longuscapitis
-
M. orbicularisoris -
- Fasciacervicalis,
- Lamina
M. genioglossus pretrachealis
-
M. digastricus \ Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
M. mylohyoideus- \ Membrana
thyrohyoidea
/
M geniohyoideus \ M hyoglossus
\ Fasciacsrvicalis,
Os hyoideum,
Corpus Laminapretrachealis
\ \ M sternocleidomastoroeus
\ os hvoideum. \ M. thyrohyoideus
Cornl minus
Fig. 169 Oral cavity,Cavitasoris;

paramediansection;the pharynx,larynx and tonguehave
beenremoved;
medialview.
Thepharyngealtonsil becomessmallerin ageand is often
barelyidentifiable.
Maxilla and Mandible, Mandibula
Juga alveolaria --
Fig. 170 Upperandlowerdentalarch,Arcusdentalis

male;
of a 2B-yearold
superiorandinferior,viscerocranium
occlusionof the teeth;
lateralview.
Densmolarislll [serotinusl
Dentesoremolares\
molarisll
---Dens
- Densmolarislll [serotinusl'
Denscaninus/
Dentesincisivi--<
Denscaninus-
Densmolarisl--
--
Dentesoremolares,Radices
Foramenmentale/
Fig. 171 Maxilla, Maxilla and mandible, Mandibula,
of a 20-yearold male;
the dental rou$ have been exposed by removing the alveolar walls;
lateral view.
' Thelowerthird molarhasnotyeterupted.
Head,Caput
Suturapalatomaxillaris
\
Suturapalatinamediana\
Maxilla,Proc.palatinus-__
Maxilla,Proc.alveolaris---_
- Dentesmolares
---
Foramenpalatinum
malus
- Sulcuspalatinus
malor
\ Foramina
palatinaminora
' \ Ospalatinum,
Cho"n" Lamina
horizontalis
Fig.172 Hardpalate,palatumosseum;upperdentalarch, Note the variation of the four incisors from the normal position
Arcusdentalissuperior; (Fig. 192).
photograph of the specimenof an adult:
inferiorview (150%).
- Foramen mandibulae
vestibulal
--
Densmolarislll [serotinusl
-
Densmolarisll
- Tunicamucosaoris,Gingiva
-
Densmolaris|
-
Denspremolaris
ll
/ Foramen mentale
Denspremolaris
|
/
Denscaninus
Densincisivus / \
lateralis Densincisivus
mediatis
Fig. 173 Mandible,Mandibula;lowerdentalarch,Arcus dentalis inferior; gingiva,

Gingiva;
superiorview (110%).
' oral: lingual
in the mandible and palatal in the mnilla
Dentes{p
Teeth,
vestlbulal
- Enamelum
Corona Corona
dentis clinica
Cervix
dentis Margogingivalis
--
Radix
- clinica
Cementum
Radix
dentis
- Periodontium
IDesmodontiuml
- Canalisradicis
dentis;
Pulparadicularis
-
Foramen apicis -
dentis Aoex radicisdentis
Fig. 174 Incisor,Densincisiws;

schematicIongitudinalsectionwith alveolarboneandsurroundingtissues.
+ dlstal
Faciesvestibularis 7 Cuspisdentis
-
Cuspisdentas
- Apexcuspidis
-
(Faciescontactus);
/ Faciesdistalis
lFacies \ Cuspisdentis
contactus);
Faciesmesialis
/
Cuspisdentis \ Tuberculum
dentis
Facies lingualis
Fig. 175 Permanent lowercanine,Denscaninus Fig. 177 First upperpermanentmolar,Densmolaris

permanens; primus;
vestibularview (r.,400%). viewofthe occlusalsurface(r',250%1.
Theocclusalsurface,Faciesocclusalis,usuallyhastwo
vestibular(buccal)and two oral (lingual)cusps'
Fig. 176 Secondlowerdeciduousmolar,Densmolarisdeciduus;
Cuspides.
vestibularview (1.,400%). * Occasionally (60%)a fifth cuspexists,locatedon the rnesiolingual
Thetwo strongrootsare slightly bent distally surfaceof tfie crownof the first uppermolar,TuberculumCARABEII'
(typicalfeatureof theseroots).
100 Head,caput
1234567 8
Fig. 178 Permanentteeth,Dentespermanentes;

vestibularview (1.,120%).
1 Oensincbiws I 5 Denspremolarisll
2 Densincisiws ll 6 Dens molaris I
3 Denscaninus 7 Densmolarisll
4 DenspremolarisI 8 Densmolarislll lserotinusl
1234567 8

mesialview 0., 120%).
Dentesl
reeth, 0 1
I 7 654321

oral view 0., 120%).
(Foridentificationof numbersseepage100)
87654321

distalview (1.,120%).
(Foridentificationof numbersseepage100)
Head, Caput
Arcuszygomaticus\ intraorbitalis\ TSeptumnasi /Orbita /, Tuberculumarticulare

.\ \ Canalis Palatumdurum
\ /
aill
Meatusacusticus
externus
Proc condylaris -
Velum palatinum -
- - Dens molafls ll
Canalis mandibulae -
- Os hyoideum
Dens caninus /
\
\
Foramenmentale - D"na \ Dens
premolaris
ll molarisI
Fig. 182 Maxilla,Maxilla and mandible,Mandibula;

panoramicradiograph;completedentition;no wisdom teeth;
some teeth are filled.
* piece to bite on of the panoramic radiograph machine
t6 15 14 13 t2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 left
right
4 B 47 46 45 44 43 42
mandible
Nomenclatureof the teethin the adult

reeth,Dentes
103
Dens Dens Dens
Dentesincisivi caninus molarisI ll
molaris
Dentesincisivi Dns Dens Dens

canlnus molarisI ll
molaris
Fig. 183 Deciduousteeth,Dentesdecidui,ofa 3-year-

old child;
vestibularview (1.,130%).
Dns Dens Dens Dens

incisivuslateralis caninus molarisI molarisll
Dens
w0ffiw Dns
incisivuslaleralis caninus
Dens
molarisI
Dens
molarisll
Fig. 184 Deciduousteeth,Dentesdecidui,ofa 2-year-

old child;
upperroq vestibularview;
lowerrow,obliqueinferior view (1.'130%).
The dentalrootsare not yet fully calcified'
maxilla
63 64 S left
73 74 I J
mandible
Head,Caput
Dentesmolares(decidui)
- Canalis mandibulae
Densmolaris(prmanens)ll / - Densmolaris(permanens)|
Dentespremolares(permanentes)/ -
Foramenmentale
Denscaninuslpermanens)/ \ Dentesincisivi(permanentes)
Fig. 185 Facialskeleton, Viscerocranium;

deciduous
teeth,
Dentesdecidui,of a S-year-old
child;
the permanentteethare colouredblue;
ventralview
Denscaninus(deciduus)/ Canalismandibulae
Dentesmolares(decidui)/
\
Dentesmolares(decidui)/ :
Densmolaris(permanens)
ll
\
Densmolaris(permanens)|
\
Dentespremolares(permanentes)
Denscaninus(permanens)- \
Foramenmenlale
Fig. 186 Facial skeleton,Viscerocranium;deciduousteeth,

Dentesdecidui;
same specimenas in Fig. 185;
ventrolateral view.
Teeth,Dentes
8-12 M
16-20 M \ /4
'12-16 -_
M
20-30 M -
Fig. 187 Maxilla,Maxilla,with deciduousteeth,Dentes

decidui;
inferior view
The numbers on the left give the mean time of eruption in
months(M),the numberson the right the sequenceof eruption.
The times oferuption vary considerably;somedifferencesexist
betweenmale and female,and there are also differences
betweenthe maxilla and the mandible
9-13J \
\\
9 - 1 2J \
1 0 - 1 3J \
5-7 J -
Fig. lBB Maxilla,Maxilla,with permanentteeth,Dentes

permanentes;
inferior view.
The numbers on the left give the mean time of eruption in
years(l), the numbers on the right the sequenceof eruption.
The times of eruption vary considerably
Head, Caput
N ophlhalmicuslV/1]----- . Nn alveolaressupeflores
/
,'/ N maxillans[V/2]
N trigeminus
[V]
Ganglion
kigeminale
N mandibularis '-
lV/31
N lingualis /
N alveolaris inletiot /
Plexus dentalis inletiot /
Fig. 189 Maxillarynerve(V/2),N maxillaris;mandibular the maxilla and the mandible have been partially removed;
nerve(V/3),N. mandibularis; the mandibularcanalhas beenexposed;
lateral view
Ganglion trigeminale
\
/ Rr ganglionares
/
[Radix sensorial
/ N infraorbitalis
/ R alveolaris
/ superiorantenor
/ Sinusmaxillaris
.- _-- N intraorbitalis
Cavitastympani--
Chordatympani-
N tympanicus-
/
Foramenstylomastoideum
,,,9,
N vaguslXl' 1' ,'
N glossopharyngeusllXl /
,/
N caroticusinternus/
A. carotisinterna/ t ' Rr.alveolares

I anteriores,
superiores
I PlexusdentalissuPerior
medialis/
M pterygoideus medii
superiores
Rr alveolares
' I R alveolaris
N. canalis pterygoidei superiormedius
Ganglion pterygopalatinum Br alveolaressuperioresposteriores
Fig. 190 Rootsof the pterygopalatineganglion; havebeenexposed; the trigeminalSanglionhasbeenlifted

sagittal section; superolaterally;
the facial canal, the tympanic cavity and the pterygoid canal lateralview.
Palate,Palatum
(medialis)
Dens incisivus(latelalis) \ / Densincisivus
Denscaninus-- - - Papilla incisiva
D e n sp r e m o l a r|i s- - - - Plicae palatinaetransversae
ll - -:
Denspremolaris
---
Densmolarisl
Palatumdurum
-
Densmolarisll -
-
Densmolarislll - Raphe Palati
Iserotinus]
Palatum molle
[Velum palatinuml
---
Arcuspalatoglossus
- -
Arcuspalalopharyngeus
' orifices of the palatine glands,Glandulaepalatinae

Fig. 191 Hard and soft palate,Palatumdurum and molle;
upper dentalarch,Arcus dentalissuperior;
inferior view.
- Raphe palati
/ Glandulae Palatinae
/ o A palatinamalor
-- N palatinus
major
Hamulus plerygoideus \ \ -/ malus

FoamenPalatinum
- - HamulusPterygoideus
M uvulae N ---
--- pharyngls
a M constrictor supenor'
ParsbuccoPharYngea
ArcuspalatopharYngeus >-- aM buccinator
- -
Arcuspalatoglossus RaphePterygomandibularis
- t
M palatoglossus
/
Tonsilla
Palatina
\
N lingualis
lsthmustaucium, \
Parsoralispharyngis a M constrictorPharyngissuPerior,
ParsglossoPharYngea
\
TonsillaPalatina
\
o M palatopharyngeus
palatine glands
coveringthe palatehas been removedto show the
Fig. 192 Oral cavity,Cavitasoris; palatinemuscles'Mm' palati;
andtheorientationofthemusclesofthesoftpalate;ventralview.
the tongue has been pulled forward; most of the oral mucosa
108 Head,caput
Labiumsuperius- - Palatummolle
[Velumpalatinuml
Vestibulum-
ons
Maxilla - Tonsillapalatina
/ /
Plica
oorsum-- - / salpingopharyngea
linguae
.- Arcus
palatopharyngeus
Labiuminlerius--
Parsoralispharyngis
Veslibulum/
ons
I Arcuspalatoglossus
i
I Tonsillalingualis;Cryptaetonsillares
Fig. 193 Oral cavity,Cavitasoris; pharynx,Pharynx; extendsoverthe planeof the section;

paramediansection;the tonguehasnot beencut but medialview.
Epiglonis
\
Plicaglossoepiglonica
lateralis, Plica glossoepiglotlica mediana
Tonsillalingualis;Cryptaetonsillares\\ / Vallecula epiglottica
/ Fladixlinguae
Foramencaecumlinguae\
/ M. palalopharyngeus
Sulcusterminalislinguae
- - Tonsillapalalina
Fossulaelonsillares,-
Cryptaetonsillares
-- (Plicatriangularis)
Dorcumlinguae,--
Pars poslerior
Arcuspalaloglossus
Papillae loliatae -
-\
Dorsumlinguae,
Papillaefungiformes-- Parsanterior
\ Margolinguae
Papillaeliliformes-
\ Corpuslinguae
Sulcusmedianuslinguae
Apexlinguae--
Fig. 194 Dorsum ofthe tongue,Dorsum linguae;
root ofthe tongue,Radix linguae; palatine tonsils, Tonsillae
us[Xl palatinae;
the right palatine tonsil has been sectioned;
superior view (80%).
--- N glossopharyngeus[X]
I bitt6r
I sout
I salty
I swl N. lingualis
Fig. 195 Innervationanddistributionofthe fourtypes

oftastein the dorsumofthe tongue,Dorsumlinguae.
Lingua
rongue, 1 09
M longitudinalis
superior\
/. M transversuslinguae
linguae --
Aponeurosis
/ Seplumlinguae
Tunicamucosalinguae - -
7 Foramencaecumlinguae
-- Radixlinguae
// Carlilago ePiglotlica
/ Aditus laryngis
- Ventriculuslaryngis
M. mylohyoideus M geniohyoideus
I \
/ cartilagothyroidea
os hyoideum
Fig. 196 Tongue, Lingua;mandible,Mandibula;

partsof the larynx,LarYnx;
mediansection;
lateralview
M. verticalislinguae - superior
M longitudinalis
_--
linguae --
M. transversus
\M. longitudinalis
inlsrior
Septumlinguae
lMm.genioglossi
Fig.197 Tongue,lingua;
frontalsectionthroughthe centralpart of the tongue;
ventralview.
z Aponeurosislinguae
/ M. transversuslinguae
Seplum --
linguae
-
Glandulalingualis -
Fig. 198 Tongue,lingua;

frontal sectionthroughthe tip of the tongue;
ventralview.
11ff Head,caput
Dorsumlinguae,Parsanteriorr Papillaefoliatae
/
Corpuslinguae\ ! t Papillavallata
Tunicamucosaoris- \ 7' , Dorsumlinguae,Parsposterior
\, / /Radixtinguae
/.t / Mpalatoglossus
/ -^
-- M. styloglossus
-- M stylopharyngeus
inlerior-'
M. longitudinalis
- - M constrictorpharyngismedius
/-
M. genioglossus/ t
M. geniohyoideus/
/
M. hyoglossus/ \ Os hyoideum,Comu majus
/
Os hyoideum,Corpus/
Membranathyrohyoidea/
\ M. thyrohyoideus
Fig. 199 Musclesof the tongue,Mm.linguae;

the mandiblehas beensectioned:
lateralview (80%).
Tunicamucosaoris\ M. hyoglossus
M. palatoglossus
/ M. styloglossus
/ M stylopharyngeus
M conslrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Mandibula-
pharyngis
M. constriclor medius,
M. longitudinalis inletiot - Parsceratopharyngea
g"nonyli-"rr// i \
M. genioglossus,
/
M. geniohyoideus/ /
M chondroglossus/
I
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus/
s/
Fig. 200 Musclesof the tongue,Mm. linguae;

the mandible has been sectioned;the hyoglossusmuscle
has been partially removed;
lateral view (80%).
Musclesof the Tongue,Musculi linguae
It11
Apxlinguae\ Frenulumlinguae
z Faciesinferiorlinguae,Plicafimbriata
- Tunicamucosaons
Ssptumlinguae
- M. genioglossus
7 M. palatoglossus
-
M. constriclorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
-
M. chondroglossus
/
M. constrictorpharyngismedius,
Parschondropharyngea
/
M. hyoglossus
I
Mm.geniohyoidei
Fig. 201 Musclesof the tongue,Mm.linguae;

the genioglossus muscleshavebeenremoved
from the mandible:
ventroinferiorview (80%).
Papillaefoliatae\ M. styloglossus
I / Proc.styloideus
\l
r M. palatoglossus
Tunicamucosaoris \ Tonsillapalatina /
Apexlinguae--
interior- -
M. longitudinalis
7- - - Lie. stylohyoideum
M.stylopharyngeus
M. genioglossus- M. constrictorpharyngissuporior,
Pars glossophatyrEoa
Mandibula - M. constrictorpharyngismdius,
Pars chordr@harynga
M. constrictorpharyngismdius,
ParsceratoPharyngea
/
M. geniohyoideus Os hyoideum,- Os hyoideum,Cornumaius
Cornuminus
/ A.; v. laryngeasup.ior;
Mmbranathyrohyokjea- N. laryngeussupnot
M. thyrohyoideus
M, constrictorpharyngisinfrior'
Parsthyrbpharynges
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra/
Tubrculumthyroidouminlrius
Fig.2O2 Musclesof the tongue,Mm. linguae;musculature

of the pharynx,Tunicamuscularispharyngis;larynx,Larynx;
the hyoglossus, andthyrohyoidmuscleshavebeen
geniohyoid
sectioned;
lateralview (60%).
Head, Caput
Muscles of the tongue, Musculi linguae (Figs.196-200)

Onedifferentiatesbetweeninternal (lvlrn.longitudinatressuperior and iuferior and M. tansversus linguae) and external
(Ivt gonlogloseus,
M. hltgbssus, M. drondmgllossus, M. atyioglossueand M. palatoglossus) muscleso1thetongue.
Muscle Origin tnsertion Function
Innervatlon
L.M:'Iongltsdlnalts su&dff Apextinguae Radix linguae Retractsandbroadens
the
N. hytpogloss.ts
[XI{] tongue
Closeto the Dorsum
linguae
2. IW longiturllnrlls lnftrlor Apexlinguae Radixlinguae Retractsandbroadens
the
/V.ltpogfossrrsEnl """ tongue
Closeto the,inftrlor guxface
of the tongue
3. M. transWnsus[ngtiee Lateralmarginsof the tongue; Lateralmarginsof the tongue; Narrowsand elongatesthe
N. hypoglossus
ffi Septumlinguae Aponeurosislinguae tongue
4' M. gentoglossus ati Spinamentalismandibulae Aponeurosis linguae Protrudesanddepresses
N. hypoglossu,s
ffil the rongue,
movesthe tip of the
tongue
5. M. hyoglosgs t::ll1::::: CornumajusandCorpusossis Aponeurosis linguae
N. hypogkiisus
[XIl "'ll hyoidei (lateralpart) Depressesandretracts
the tongueandthe rootof the
6. M. chondroglossus Cornuminusossishyoidei Aponeurosis linguae tongue
N,hw&assws,FIII,: (lateralpart)
(anterior
Proc.styloideus Entersthe lateralpartsof the Retractsandelevates
the
N. hypglossns[XI] margin)ofOstemporale, tonguefrom dorsocranial tongue
Lig.srylomandibulare
and
.-
ri: 'l',,1 Lig.stylohyoideum
8. M. palatogl,ossus palatina
Aponeurosis Musclesof tongue,especially Elevatesthe rootof the
N. glossopharyngeus [fr], transverse
muscle tongue,depresses the soft
N. vags [XJ,and .,i, palate,narrowsthe
i{ accessOllirs,Rrdlix::::': Isthmusfaucium
crantalls[XIJ
Muscles of the palate (Figs.192,682)
Th;:;ur.le";l* velipaladn!
o.t;i are:lvl tensor *ti:paaunifii ru.u .
".li*..
Muscle .::r::. .::,,,, Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
l. l{. levabitli pslefliif Parspetrosaossistemporalis Aponeurosis
palatina Elevates andtensesthesoft
plwrygeus [n, X]
Plexr.r,s (inferiorsurface); palate;narrowsthe Isthmus
Cartilagotubaeauditivae faucium;dilatesthe auditory
tube
2. M. tensor veli palatfud Fossascaphoidea on the palatina
Aponeurosis Tenses the softpalate;
N. musanf tensoriswli basisof the Laminamedialis dilatesthe auditorytube
patatiniof N. mandihilaris of the Proc.pterygoideus;
: :r::r::rr i'l:::ll::'
tV/31 Spinaossissphenoidalis;
Surroundsthe Hamulus Tubaauditiva(membranous
part)
3. M. uvulae' Aponeurosis
linguae Stromaof the uwla Shortensandthereby
Plwtsphayryettsof ,. broadensthe uvula
SuprahyoidMuscles,Mm. suprahyoidei,and Hyoid Bone, Os hyoideum
-
Alveolusdenlalis
m o l a r i sl l l
(Dens extractus)
-
Foramen mentale
(Raphe mylohyoidea) --
- Tuberculum
mentale
I Venteranteflor:-
M dioastricus
- {
\Venterposterior
-
Lig stylohyoideum
---
M s t y l o h y o i d e -u-s- - M stylohyoideus
M drgastflcus.(Ansa lendinis) - -
-
M digastricus,Tendo inlermedius
Os hyoideum,
Corpus
Cornumajus--
Os hyoideum,
Fig. 203 Mandible, Mandibula; ' l i n e o f o r i g l n o f t h e m y l o h y o i dm u s c l e
*
suprahyoid muscles, Mm. suprahyoidei; " arca of insertion of the anterior belly 0f the digastric muscle
ventroinferior view.
Soinamentalis
suoerior\
M g e n i o g l o s s u s- -
M m y l o h y o i d e u s- -
/ M geniohyoideus
Os hvoideum.Cornua minora -
Foramen
/ z mandibulae
-
Os hyoideum, I
Cornumajus os hyoideum
Corpus
Fig. 204 Mandible,Mandibula;suprahyoidmuscles, musclesand the mandiblehavebeensectioned;

the genioglossal
hyoid bone,Os hyoideum;
Mm suprahyoidei; suDenorvlew
, Cornumrnus
Corpus- -
Fig. 205 Hyoid bone,Os hyoideum; Fig. 206 Hyoid bone,Os hyoideum;
ventrosuperiorview. dorsolateralview.
t.
,:i
T -*""ri Head,Caput
.i{
M zygomalicusmalor I
I
masseter \ I
I
I
I
I
t.
I
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
rl
-
Glandulaparotidea,
Pars superticialis
-
Glandrla parotida -
:loogssoria M. risorius
-
Corpus adiposumbuccae
-
M. dopressorangulioris
M. masseler;
Fasciarmssoteri
Fasciaparotidoa
Platysma
M. sternodeido.nasloirsus: Fasciacowicalis, Laminasuporticialis
Fasciacawicalis, Laminasuperficialis
Os hyoidum v.: A. tacialis
FIg.207 Paroddgland, Glandulaparotidea;

lateralview (70%).
Notethe accessorygland along the parotid duct
LargeSalivaryGlands,Glandulaesalivariaemaiores
submandibulares
7 Nodilymphoidei
\\
Glandulasubmandibularis A ;V facialiso o 1
\
- - GlandulaParotidea
N facialis[VlU,R. colli
a V. jugularisexterna
//
o M. dioastricus,
/ / VentdrPoslerior
N. hypoglossus[Xlll
- -- o M stylohyoideus
Platysmao
- o o N. laryngeussuperior;
M. digastricus,Venteranterioro V; A. laryngeasuPenor
- o o
A.; v. thyroideasuprior
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis
\
/ o M constrictorpharyngisinlerior
o
M. mylohyoideus 'o
i' l M thyrohyoideus
o
A submentalis \
o M. omohyoideus,
Ventersupenor
Nodilymphoideisubmandibulares
O M. sternohyoideus
Fig. 208 Submandibular gland,Glandulasubmandibularis;

the platysmahasbeenremoved;
view (80%).
inferolateral
A;V submentalis'ol o M. Plerygoideusmedialis
A . ;V l a c i a l i s o o l / DuctusParotideus
i
Platysmao .. GlanoulaParotideaaccossona
/ rt M. massglor:
o r, a Fasciamassetenca
M. mylohyoideus
- - Glandula Parotidea
Glandulasublingualis\
M. digastricus,'- -- - - NoduslymPhoideus
Venteranterior submandibularls
- - Fasciacervicalis,
LaminasuPerficialis
--
M genioglossuso
V retromandibularis
--
V sublingualiso
M. digastricus'
- VenterPostenor
A lingualiso
Ganglion
submandibulare
/
M genionyoideuso
/
/)
M mylohyoideus'
/
/ \ Ductussubmandibularis
submandibularis
Glandula
/ - Glandula
M slyloglossusO submandibularis
-
N hypoglossus
[Xlll Fasciacervicalis,
I t' LaminasuPerficialis
\o \ a
M hyoglossuso' t,t .tytot'yoio"r. M digastricus,Venteranterior
Fig. 209 Large salivary Slands, Glandulae salivariae majores;

the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric
muscle have been sectioned;
inferolateral view (80%).
Head, Caput
Ductussublinguales
minores
Carunculasublingualis
\
-- M pterygoideusmedialis
maior *
Duclussublingualis
*--
N lingualis
M genioglossus-
- Glandula
submandibularis
M geniohyoideus -
\ Ductussubmandibularis
-
M digastricus,Venteranterior -
Glandulasublingualis' - -
Os hyoideum
M mytohyoideus
Fig. 210 Submandibulargland,Glandulasubmandibularis; medialview.

sublingualgland,Glandulasublingualis; Notethe closetopographicalrelationshipof the lingual nerve
mediansectionthrough the mandibleand the hyoid bone; and the submandibularduct.
/ Ouctussublingualis
major
Denscaninus -
- Carunculasublingualis
| -
Oenspremolans - -
ll - -
Densoremolaris _ - Ductussubmandibularis
D e n s m o l a r i s -l - - - Gingiva
Densmolarisll - -
- - Glandula
sublinoualis
Oensmolarislll lserotinusl--
Glandula - -
submandibularis
\ M hyoglossus
Radix linguae / N hypoglossus

IXll] Os hyoideum,Cornu majus
Fig. 211 Sublingualglan-d,Glandulasublingualis; supenorvlew.

submandibulargland,Glandulasubmandibularis; Notethe closetopographicalrelationshipof the lingual nerve
the genioglossus
andthe hyoglossus
muscleshavebeensectioned; and the submandibularduct.
the tonguehasbeenremoved;
maiores
sativariae
LargeSalivaryGlands,Glandulae 1 T7
Lingua,Faciesinferior--
- - Densmolarislll [serotinus]
--
Frenulumlinguae
-- DensmolarisI
- -
Plicasublingualis - Denspremolarisll
- DensPremolarisI
Carunculasublingualis--
-- Denscaninus
- ll
Densincisivus
I oensincisivus
I
Fig.2l2 Oral cavity, Cavitasoris; orifice of the

submandibularduct, Caruncula sublingualis;
obliquesuperior view ( 170%).
Papilladuclusparolidei-
Ftg. 213 Orificeofthe parotidduct,Papillaductusparotidei;

venhal view (300%).
The orifice of the duct is locatedoppositeto the secondupper
molar.
Head, Caput
- Maxilla
- N lingualis
Uvula palatina - -
a --
M palatoglossus
1 M genioglossus
M styloglossusa -- _-
r --
Mm.pharyngis - - 1 A. prolundalinguae
-- Mandibula
- r M mylohyoideus
--
r M geniohyoideus
N hypoglossus[Xl|l
/ \1 A sublingualis
M. hyoglossusr* /
M. constrictorpharyngismedius,I
Fig. 214 Arteries and nerves of the tongue,Lingua;

paramediansection;the pharynx has been exposedand
the hyoglossusmuscle sectioned;
medial view (80%).
N palatinus
major
/
A. Palatinamaior
, o
Tonsillapalatina\ _
R tonsillaris
N. glossopharyngeus
IXl
-
A. palatinaascendens, O-
Fl tonsillaris
N glossopharyngeus
IXl,
Rr linouales
Fig.215 Arteriesandnervesofthe palate,Palatum,and

of the inferior surfaceof tongue,Radixlinguae;
mediansection;the backofthe tonguehasbeenpulled
forward;the mucousmembranehasbeenpartially removed;
medialview (80%).
Baseof the Skull,
M. lrapezius,Tendo, occipiialisexlerna
, Protuberantia
M. recluscapitisposlriorminor , I
M. semispinahs capilis ,
M. rectuscapilisposteriormajor ,
\ Canaliscondylaris
/
Condylusoccipitalis.
petrooccipilalis
Synchondrosis
M. obliquuscapitissuperior\ /
Apx partaspelrosae
M. recluscapilislateralis\ /
M. sternocleidomasloideus
\ Canaliscaroticus
/
M spleniuscapilis \
Forameniugulete
M. longissimuscapitis \ //,
lubaeaudilivae
/ Cdrtilago
M. digaslricus,\
Venterposlerior - j
M. slyloglossus\ Arliculalio
/ temporomandibularis,
\ '/
Caosulaarticularis
M stylohyoideus\
/ M. pterygoidus
laleralis
Articulatio- -\' I
temDoromandibulais, \ Li9. laterale
,-
Capsulaarliculatis
-- Collummandibulae
M. stylopharyngeus
-_
- Lig.stylomardibulare
M lemporalis--
- M. masseler
M. zygomaticusmaiof -
-- Lig.stylohyoidum
-
Lig.pleryEospinale -- M stylohyoideus
Proc.plerygoideus,-- - -
Laminalalralis medialis
M. Plerygoidus
M. pferygoideuslale'alis -' \- Angulusmandibulae
M. masseter,Parsprolw:dlaz/ \r
M. levator veli Dalatini
M masseler.Parssuoerticialisz-
\ Hamulusplerygoideus
M. levator veli Dalatini /
I
medialis/
M. pterygoideus I Laminamedialis
\ Proc.pterygoideus,
I
I
M. lensorveli Palatinil \ M. longuscapilis
\- \ Basismandibulae
\ M. recluscaDilisanterior
M. genioglossus/ i
\ M. mylohyoideus
l\
|
M. geniohyoideus \ M. digaslricus,Vnteranlerior
Fig. 216 Baseof the skull, Basiscranii,with

muscularorigins;masticatorymuscles,
Mm. masticatorii;
the left half of the mandiblehasbeenremoved;
Head, Caput
lingualis
Glandula
/
Ductussublingualis
major
Plica fimbriata
/
Caruncula
sublingualis
Ouctussublingqales
minores
/
Ductussublingualis
major \
Plicasublingualis
Ductussubmandrbularis
\
/ a M genioglossus
Septum linguae \ I
\
. o M geniohYoideus
N ;A;V sublingualO
i sO - _
/ Glandulasublingualis
A. tinguatis:
O _' -- oM stYloglossus
v, com[ansnervrnypogtossr
a
o M hyoglossus
N lingualis
A M mylohyoideus
Ganglionsubmandibulare
--- Glandula
submandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
- O M digaslricus,
Venteranterior
-- 1M slylohyoideus
M mylohyoideus
a
----
Oshyoideum
Glandula
submandibularis
- a M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
superior:O O /
A ; V laryngea \ o M sternohyoideus
N. laryngeus
superior
z
Membranathyrohyoidea
medianum
Lig thyrohyoideum
-
Cartilago thyroidea - a M thyrohyoideus
pharyngis
a M constnctor inferior
(Lobus pyramrdalis,Var 1 -"
M cricothyroideus1 -/
\ C M sternothyroideus
Glandula thyroidea, /
Lobus dexter
Cartilago cricoidea /
Fig.2l7 Vesselsandnervesofthe tongue,Lingua;

largesalivaryglands,Glandulaesalivariaemajores;
larynx, Larynx;thyroid gland,Glandulathyroidea;
the suprahyoidmuscleshavebeensectioned;the
infrahyoidmuscleshavebeenpartially removed;
ventroinferiorview ( 140%).
Plica fimbriata
/
M genioglossus
/ a
sublingualis
/ Glandula
A sublingualtsa -
z o o A: V sublingualis
/ OA Profundalinguae
/ N lingualis
o Y P r o f u n d al i n g u a e
---
M h y o g l o s s uas - - - - -
_-- aM styloglossus
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
A sublingualisO
A l i n g u a l ias) - - a M hyoglossus
---- oA carotisexterna
M h y o g l o s s uas - - -
N laryngeussuPerior'
R internus
superiorI --
A lhyrordea
----
/
/a carotidis
a Bifurcatlo
A carotis exlerna O
-
OAlaryngeasuPerior
M geniohyoideus
a
\
oA thyroideasuPerior
Os hyoideum
\ oA carotiscommunis
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
/ \
Glandula thyroidea, Cartilagothyroidea
Lobus dexter
/ \ Glandula thyroadea'
A thyroideasuPerior,I Lobus sinister
R. glandularisanterior
--
/ Lig cncothYroideummedianum
M cricothyroideusI
\ lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
I
i
I racnea '
Fig.218 Vesselsandnervesofthe tongue'Lingua;

larynx, Larynx;thyroid gland,Glandulathyroidea;
the suprahyoidmuscleshavebeensectioned;
the infrahyoidmuscleshavebeenremoved;
ventroinferiorview (140%).
Head,caput
I22
Falx cerebri
. r N. supraorbitalis,
R. lateralis
/ Sinuslrontialis
'
. oA. suPraorbitalis
Duramatercranialis
'
. o N'suPraorbitalis
hz'
t
M.temporalisO-_ - o M. obliquussuperior
superioris;
- - - - o M:'.,3i?JT$3i3l""
Cellulaeethmoidales
-__ O A. lacrimalis
Glandula
lacrimalis
,l N.opticusrul:
O O V;4. cenlralis
retinae
Septumnasi--_
--
c M.rectuslaleralis
--
Conchanasalis-- a M.rctusmedialis
infgrior
t-
Corpusadiposumorbitae
\
a M. reclusinfgrior
A. transversatacieio
.aN.infraorbitalis
.
R. buccalis(Vll)
\
a M. massgter
Densmolarisll ---
\ Sinusmaxillaris
A.; V.facialis1 o ---

\ Ductusparotideus
'
Ductussubmandibulans- -
Glandulasublingualis--
\
a M buccinator
V.;A,; N. alveolarisinferiorI j s /
\ Lingua
PlatysmaO /
/ \
/ \1aA.; Vlingualis
M. mylohyoideus /
a
a M. genioglossus
M. digastricus,Venleranleriora r1 M. geniohyoideus
Fig. 219 Oral cavity,Cavitasoris; maxillary sinus,Sinus

maxillaris;orbit, Orbita;cranialcavity,Cavitascranii;,
frontal sectionthroughthe headof a 48-yearoldmaleat
the levelof the seconduppermolar;the oral cavity,the
maxillary sinusand the cranialcavityhavebeenexposed;
ventralview.
Notethe sizeof the maxillarv sinus.
Frontal Sectionof the Head
SinussaoitlalissuDerior,
\
Galeaaponeurotica
,\ l \
t\
\\
alx cerebri -
M. levator palpebrae a -
suPerioris - o M. rectusmedialis
-- SePtumnasi
M r e c l u s u p e r i o r a- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - --
Suturafrontozygomatica , concha nasalisinferior
- - -
superiu1 -'
M obliquus l'
i,--- D e n sm o l a r ilsl
___- Lingua
Corpusadiposumbuccae
Ductussubmandibularis
//
N intraorbitalis / sublingualis
Glandula
A facialisa - inferior
O a N ;A ; V alveolaris
--_ SK
A. lingualisa-
\\ platysma
a
M genioglossus
' z' \
M. geniohyoiders
a mytorryoideus;i I M digastricus,Venteranterior
"
Fig.22O Oral cavity,Cavitasoris; orbit, Orbita;

cranialcavity,Cavitascranii;
frontal sectionthroughthe headof a neonateat the
levelof the seconduppermolar;the oral cavityand the
cranialcavityhavebeenexPosed;
ventralview.
Notethe absenceof the maxillary sinusand the close
topographicalrelationshipof the developingteethand
the orbit.ComPare to Fig.219.
Neck,Collum
_- Cornusuperius Incrsura z Cornusuperius

thyroidea
supeflor
- - Tuberculum
thyroideum Lamina - _
/ Tuberculum
super|us / thyroideum
dextra supeflus
- -
Prominentia - - Lamina
laryngea sinistra
/ - Tuberculum
D
lhyroideum
Lineaobliqua- rnrenus
lncisural
thyroidea Cornuinferius
inferior
Fig.22l Thyroidcartilage,Cartilagothyroidea; Fig.222 Thyroidcartilage,Cartilagothyroidea;

lateral view. ventral view.
Facies articulares aMenoideae , Cartilago epiglonica

/
/
f:?: Facies
articutaris
tnyroioeal Laminacartilaginisi
cricoideae
Fig.223 Cricoidcartilage, Fig.224 Cricoidcartilage, Fig.225 Epiglotticcartilage,

Cartilagocricoidea; Cartilago cricoidea; Cartilagoepiglottica;
ventrosuperiorview. dorsal view. dorsal view.
Colliculus
I I Cartilagocorniculata /, Cartilagocorniculata /, Cartilago corniculaia
Foveatriangularis j | , Cartltagoarytenoidsa
,
Cristaarcuata:_ \ 1)î I proc.m
Proc muscularis
/
Fovea - -
oblonga
/
Ptoc /
muscularis Lig. vocale
Cartilago/
Facies-- arytenoidea;
articularis I Articulatio
lhyroidea cricoaMenoidea
Facies' I
articularis I
Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae'
I
thyroidea ' Arcusl Facies arlicularis
Lamina cartilaginis cartilaginis
cricoideae thyroidea
cncoroeae
Fig.226 Cricoidcartilage, Cartilago Fig.227 Cricoidcartilage,Cartilago Fig.22B Cricoidcartilage,Cartilago

cricoidea;arytenoidcartilage,Cartilago cricoidea;arytenoidcartilage,Cartilago cricoidea;arytenoidcartilage,Cartilago
arytenoidea;corniculatecartilage, arytenoidea;corniculatecartilage, arytenoidea;corniculatecartilage,
Cartilagocorniculata; Cartilagocorniculata; Cartilagocorniculata;
ventrosuperiorview. dorsalview. lateralview.
Larynx
- Os hyoideum,
Cartilago
eprglonrca Cornumajus
-_ Os hyoideum, I
Os.r
Cornumrnus h y o. r. d e u m , t
-
Lig thyrohyo- Corpus t
ideum laterale
Membrana t
thyrohyoidea
c"rtilago Cartilago -
tflticea epiglottica
-
Cartilago
thyroidea, Lig thyro--
Lt9 hyordeum
thyrohyoideum Cornu
supenus
medranum
medranum
-- Petiolus-
corpu, epiglottidrs
adiposumpre-
epiglottrcum pharyngeum
Lig thyro- /
epiglotlicum
Cartilagothyroidea -
- Cartilago
Ligg vocalra -
arylenotoea,
Conuselaslicus- Proc.vocalis
thyroidea,
Lig --.- Cornu inferius
cricothyroideum \ / --
Capsula articularis Lig cricothyroideum
meoranum medlanum Lamina
cricothyroidea cartilaginis
/ cricoideae
Arcuscartilaginis Arcus cartilaginrs
cncoideae \ Facres
cricoideae
articularis
- thyroidea
- Cartitaglnestracheales Cartilaginestracheales
Lig cricotracheale / )-
Fig.229 Larynx,Larynx;hyoid bone,Os hyoideum; Fig. 230 Larynx,Larynx;hyoid bone,Os hyoideum;

trachea,Trachea; the upper part of the larynx and the hyoid bonehavebeensectioned
ventralview. in the medianplane;both arytenoidcartilages,the cricoidcartilage
The adiposetissueof the larynx fills the spacebetween and the upper trachealcartilageshavebeenpreserved;
the thyrohyoidmembraneand the epiglottis. lateral view.
* f o r a m e nf o r t h e s u l ) t ' r t o rl a r l n g t r a la r t c r ) a n ( l \ e i n a n d t h e i n t e r n a l *foramenforthesuperiorlar-vngealarter}andveinandtheintelna|l)Ianchofthe
l ) r a n c ho f t h e s u l x ' r i o rl a r , v n g ( t anle r v e superior larYngealnerve
epiglotlrca
Os hyoideum,
Corpus \ _ / / Cartilago
_
Lig hyoepiglotticum
-\
- - Membrana thyrohYoidea
Bursa infrahyordea -
- Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu superius
m e d r a n u m- - - - thyroidea,Lamina dextra
Lig thyrohyoideum - - Carltlago
--
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
-- Lig cricopharyngeum
/
Lrg thyroepiglotticum,Petiolusepiglottidis
-- - Cartilagoarytenoldea
Lig vestibulare -
Lig vocale /
Li9 cricopharyngeum
-
Lig cflcothyrordeummedianum - - - -
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
- - .-
Tunicamucosa
Pharvnx,
Ligg anularra / ----

Trachea. Paries membranaceus
Fig.231 Larynx,Larynx;hyoidbone,Oshyoideum;
mediansection;lateralview (r.).
Ihe probe is situated between the epiglottis and the laryngeal adipose tissue.
Neck,Collum
Laminacartilaginiscricoideae
Lig.cricoarytenoideum
\
\ / Cartilagocorniculala
---fA \
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornusuperius
- -- -
Conuselaslicus Conuselasticus
Arcuscartilaginisc ricoideae' Lig.vocale

/
Cartilagothyroidea
Incisurathyroideasuperior
Fig. 232 Laryngealcartilages,Cartilagineslaryngis;

vocalligament,Lig.vocale;elasticcone,Conuselasticus;
ventrosuperiorview.
Cornuminus;
Os hyoideum,
z Os hyoideum,Cornumaius
Cadilago epiglonica \ \
// lalerale
Lig thyrohyoideum
Carlilagolriticea\\
Membrana thyrohyoidea
- -
Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum
---- Cartilago Cornusuperius
thyroidea,
Cartilagocorniculata
Cariilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra- - --
- - - -- Capsulaarticulariscticoarytenoidea
Cartilagoarytenoidea
Lg. cncoarlenoroeum - - Cartilagothyroidea,Cornuinterius
-'
capsulaarticulariscricolhyroidea - -
Capsulaarticulariscricoihyroidea
'
Lig.cricopharyngeum
Ligg.anularia
Fig. 233 Laryngealcartilages,Cartilagineslaryngis;

Iaryngealjoints,Articulationeslaryngis;hyoidbone,
Oshyoideum;trachea,Trachea;
larynx of an adolescent;
dorsalview.
In the adult the laryngealcartilagesoftencalcifyor ossify'
- - -
Os hyoideum,Cornumajus
Cornuminus
Os hyoideum,
---- laterale
Lig.thyrohyoideum
---
Os hyoideum,
Corpus Cartilagotriticea
Membranathyrohyoidea Cartilagothyroidea,Cornusuperius
medianum
, thyrohyoideum
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra
Incisurathyroideasuperior
Lineaobliqua
Lig cricothyroideum
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornuinferius
Capsulaarticulariscricothyroidea
-'
Arcuscartilaginiscricoideae r'
,'I
/ tracheales
Cartilagines
Parsrecta
M cricothyroideus,
//
Parsobliqua
M. cricothyroideus,
Fig.234 Larynx,Larynx;hyoidbone,Oshyoideum;
cricothyroidmuscle,M. cricothyroideus;
ventrolateralview.
* foramen for the superior laryngeal artery and vein and the internal
branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
'* axis of Articulatio cricothyroidea
------- Epiglonis
Cornumalus
Os hyoideum,
--
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornusuperius Membranathyrohyoidea
- -
Corpusadiposumpreepiglonicum
Tuberculumcuneiforme
- - obliquus,
M. arytenoideus
Cartilagocorniculata Parsaryepiglonica
M aMenoideusobliquus
transversus
M arytenoideus --- lateralis
M cricoaMenoideus
- -
M cricoaMenoideusposterior Parsrecta l
- - ' M cricothvroideus
Faciesarticularisthyroidea Parsobliqua
)
Cartilagotrachealis
- -
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
Fig. 235 Laryngealmuscles,Mm.laryngis;

partsof the right thyroidcartilageandof the riSht greater
horn (Cornumajus)of the Oshyoideumare sectioned;
dorsolateralview.
' foramenfor the superiorlaryngealartery and vein and the internal
branchof the superiorlaryngealnerve
Neck, Collum
--- Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
- - Cartilagotriticea
--- Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
-- - Cartilago
cuneiformis
M a$enoideus obliquus,
Parsaryepiglonica - - Carlilago corniculata
--- CartilagoaMenddea
M aMenoideusobliquus --- M aMenoideus

transversus
--- Carlilago thyroidea,Cornu inferius
Capsulaarticulariscricothyroidea- - -
- - - M. cricoaMenoideusposterior
Carlilago cricoidea, Lamina - - -
Carlilago trachealis
Trachea, Paries membranaceus --
Fig. 236 Laryngealmuscles,Mm. laryngis;

The mucosaon the epiglottisand on the larynx can
still be seen;
dorsal view.
' tbramen lbr the superior laryngeal
artery and vein and the internal
branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus - _
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Epiglonis
Cartilaoo lrilicea -
Tuberculumcuneitorme
--]
_-- Cartilago thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
--
Tuberculumepiglotticum - - - Catlilagocuneilormis
M. aMenoideustransversus- -
laryngis---
Ventriculus
- -
M aMenoideus obliquus- ----
Plica vocalis
----
M vocalis
---.
M cricothyroideus
--.--
posterior
M cricoarytenoideus M cricoaMenoideus lateralis
- Cartlago thyroidea, Lamina dextra

i
-
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra -
Cartilagotrachealis
Fig.237 Larynx,Larynx;
the dorsalwall hasbeensplit in the medianplane,the two halves
areretractedlaterallyby two'hooks;on the right sidethe mucous
membranehasbeenremoved:
dorsalview.
* foramen for the superior laryngeal artery and vein and the internal branch of
the superior laryngeal nerue
Larynx
Musclesof the larynx (Figs.234-237)

partsofthe larynxto eachother.
Themusclesof,thelarynxconnectthe cartilaginous
Muscle Origin Insertion
Innervation
1, M. cricothyroideus Arcusof Cartilagocricoidea Laminaof CartilagothYroidea Tensesthe vocalcordsby
N. larpgeus superiorof (outersurface) (caudalmarginto the anterior movingthe Cartilago cricoidea
N.vags [X] borderof the inferiorhorn) according axis
to its transverse
. Parsrecta {sUpqIficial)
Parsobliqttar{AQi*)::,,
:rr,,r
Laminaof Cartilagocricoidea Proc.muscularisand Opensthe RimaglottidisbY
(dorsalsurface) dorsalsurfaceof Cartilago turningCartilagoarYtenoidea
recuirensof
N. laryngeus arytenoidea outwardsalongits longitudinal
N. vagu.s[X] axisand movingit laterally
3. M. cricoarytenoideus Arcusof Cartilagocricoidea Proc.muscularisof Cartilago Closesthe Rimaglottidis(Pars
lateralis . ..,,:,,.:r,,r: (lateralmarginof upperpart) arytenoidea intermembranacea) bYturning
N. laryngew rectrrensof the Cartilagoarytenoideain-
N. vagus[X] wardsalongits longitudinalaxis
Closesthe Rimaglottidis
. :; l: :: i,:::::: ].: ' ]
,4. M. arytenoiitdiig,::';' Cartilagoarytenoidea Cartilagoarytenoidea of the
hansversus (lateraledgeanddorsal bY
oppositeside(lateraledgeand (Parsintercartilaginea)
N. Iaryngeu,srecurreruof surface) dorsalsurface) approaching the two
N. vagu.s[X] CartilaginesarYtenoideae
5. M. arytenoideus Cartilagoarytenoidea(basis Proc.muscularisof the Narrows the Rimaglottidis
obllguus ',,,,,,,,:,,, of dorsalsurface) opposite side(aPexand bY
(Parsintercartilaginea)
,, approaching the two
N. laryngeusre:$rbns of Parsaryepiglottica: dorsalsurface)
N. vagus[X] Cartilagoarytenoidea Pars aryepiglottica: Cartilaginesarytenoideae
(apex) CartilagoepiSlottica
(lateralborder)
6. M. vocalis Cartilagothyroidea Proc.vocalisandFovea Tensesthe vocalfoldsand
recuryens
N. laryngeus of (dorsalsurfaceof Incisura) oblongaof Cartilago formsthe edgeof the vocal
N. vagus[X] ,,,:t:),, arytenoidea cord
Continuation -+ p 131
a M. cricothyroideus b Mm. arytenoideiobliquusandtransversus
c M. cricoarytenoideuslateralis d M. cricoarytenoideus
Posterior
Figs. 238 a-d Diagram showing the function of the laryngeal the redarrowsshowcontraction bluearrows
ofthe muscles;
muscles,Mm. laryngis; the direction of movementis indicated indicaterotation.On the left sidethe musclesare relaxed,on the
by arrows; the yellow arrows indicate tension of the vocal cord; right they are contracted;superiorview.
Neck,Collum
Lig hyoepigbnicum \ Radix linguae

-z
Cartilago epiglotlica
corpus preepisronicum
adiposum .r*}s //
Os hyoideum-
Bursaintrahyoidea-- / Vestibulum
laryngis
medianum--
Lig thyrohyoideum ,, Tuberculumcuneiforme;Canilagocuneiformis
Lig thyropiglotlicum -- / Tuberculumcorniculatum;

Cartilagocorniculata
Canilago thyroidea - - -- M. arylenoideus

lransversus
Plica vestibularis -
Ventriculuslaryngis$ - - Lamina carlilaginis cricoideae

a
Plica vocalis / - Conuselasticus;Cavitasinfraglonica
medianum/
Lig cricothyroideum
\ Tunicamucosa
Arcus cariilaginis cncoideae /
- Trachea. Paries membranaceus
Cartilagines tracheales -'

\ (Spatium osophagot;acheale)
lslhmusglandulaethyroideae--
--
Trachea
Fig.239 Larynx,Larynx; ' clinical: Macula flava, becauseof the yellowishelastic tissue underneath the
mediansection; mucosa
medialview(r.,90%). " clinical: MoRGAcNT's

ventricle
Radixtinguae.. hyoepigbnicum
-$.\
Radix linguae :-
c"p.$-""f,1ff.:H
-- *NN\
preepiglotticum \ - Carlilago epiglottica
Os hyoideum- Os hyoideum-
- - Tuberculumcunilorme:
Cartilagocuneitormis
Corpusadiposum - \ Tuberculum
preepiglotlicum / Tuberculumcunsilorme;
Cartilagocuneiformis
Lig. lhyrohyoideum-
medianum -- Tuberculum
comiculatum:
- Cariilagocorniculata
Lig.thyroepiglotticum
M. aMenoideus
Cartilagothyroidea' transversus
-
Lamina cartilaginis
cricoideae
Fig.240 larynx,Iarynx; Flg.24l Larynx,Larynx;

mediansection;the positionof the epiglotticcartilage mediansection;the positionof the epiglotticcartilage
is shownduring respiration; when swallowing;due to the elevationof the whole larynx the
medialview (r., 80%). epiglottic cartilage is passivelypushedposteriorly by the
prffipiglottic adiposetissue,CorpusadiposumpreepiSlotticum;
medialview (r., 80%).
Larynx
Rr linguales 7 Papillaevallatae
7 Tunica mucosa ltnguae

N glossopharyngeus[lX] \
/ N glossopharyngeus
[lX]
f
A palatinaascendens,R tonsillarisa \\
Rr tonsillares
--- TonsillaPalatina
Cornumaius\\
Os hyoideum,
- - - Epiglottis
N l a r y n g e u s s u P e r i -o-r- _
Fa
Vallecula ePiglottica
A l a r y n g e as u p e r i o r o - - - - l - -
- - - -
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu supenus Rr interni
suPerior,
N laryngeus
---- a M aMenoideusobliquus
Cartilagothyroidea.Lamrnasinistra
N laryngeusrecurrens
-
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu inferius
i M cricoaMenoideus Posterior
Glandula thYroidea
-
A laryngeainferioro
--
Glandula parathyroideasuperior
- - - Glandula parathyroideainleriol
Rr trachealesa
--
Trachea O A thyroideainlerior
N laryngeusrecurrens'Rr oesophageales recurrens

N laryngeus
tongue has been

of the the mucous membranecovering the root of the
Fig.242 Arteriesand nervesof the larynx, Larynx,and
Radix linguae: partially removed;
root of the tongue,
dorsalview (140%).
Musclesof the larYnx (Continuation)

Insertion Function
Muscle Origin
Innervation
Proc.muscularis(anterior Narrowsthe Rima glottidis
7. M. thyroarYtenoideus Laminaof cartilagothYroidea bY
N. Iaryngeusrecurrensof (inner surfacecloseto the surface),Cartilagoarytenoidea (Parsintermembranacea)
(anteriorsurface) movingthe Cartilagines
N. vagus[X] origin of M. vocalis)
arytenoideae inwardsalong
their longitudinalaxis
Narrows the larYngeal
ParsthyroePiglottica _ Laminaof cartilagothYroidea CartilagoePiSlottica
(lateralmargin) entrance
N. Iaryngeusrecurrensof (inner surfacecloseto the
N. vagusftl origin of M. thYroarytenoideus)
Neck, Collum
Sacculuslaryngis\
Glandulae
laryngeales
\
/ Plica vocalis
,&\\
M lhyroarytenoideus
- z Rima glottidis
M vocalis N laryngeus
superior,
R internus
-- OA laryngea
superior
-- a Vv laryngeae
Cartilago --- superiores
lhyroidea,
Lamina sinislra
-
Becessus
pirilormis
- .:x
\ '---/:
'{'
-- -
Cavitas pharyngis
a
M constrictorpharyngis -
meotus " ?-^ --
I Mm pharyngis
=--
M.constrictorpharyngis:-.-- -W
---.- --r-__ {Tunicamuscularispharyngisl
inlerior _...-..1---.-F
.
,,"""#i3,3?l"oti'8,i'
't) Plexus pharyngeus
venosus
Fig.243 Larynx,Larynx; The white arrow showsthe connectionbetweenthe laryngeal

crosssectionthroughthe vestibularfolds; ventricleand the laryngealsaccule.
superiorview(2007o). * c l i n i c a l :M o R c A c N r 'vse n t r i c l e
/Rrmaglonidis,
/' ParsInlermembranacea
Lig vocale \
7 M vocahs
/ ,l M thyroarytenoideus
N laryngeus
superior \
A laryngeasuperiorO -
a - / Carlilagoarytenoidea
Vv laryngeaesuperioreso --l E
Cartilagothyroidea,- - Articulatiocricoarytenoidea
Laminasinistra i
\.
-
Recessuspirilormis
c qoo6Jc '
Tunicamucosa
/
M. cricoarytenoideuss
\ .
Frosterior M- constrictorpharyngisrnterior
'Lamina
Tunica mucosal carlilagi
cflcoroeae
Fig.244 Larynx,Larynx;
crosssectionthroughthe vocalfolds;
superiorview(200%).
Larynx
Figs. 245a, b Laryngoscopy.

a indirectlaryngoscopy.
The tongue has been pulled
forward to create sufficient
spacefor the laryngoscope,
in order to see the vocal folds.
b direct, endoscopical laryn-
goscopy.
Rima glottidis
Plica vestibularis
Carlilago arytenoidea; - -
Fig.246 Directlaryngoscopy; Cartilagocorniculata
positionof the vocalfolds Recessus pirilormis - -
lncisura
interaMenoidea
duringrespiration.
Rima glotlidis
Plica veslibularis
lncisura
Fig.247 Directlaryngoscopy; interaMenoidea
positionof the vocalfoldsduring
phonation.
Epiglottis
Fig. 248 Directlaryngoscopy;

Rimagbnidis,
positionof the vocalfoldsduring Plica vocalis Parsintermembranacea
whispering(the intercartilaginous Plicavestibularis
part of the Rimaglottidisis open). Rima glotiidis,
Pars inlercartilaginea
Notethe bulgingforwardof the
vestibularfold.
Neck,Collum
Cornuminus Os hyoideum,Corpus
/
Bursaeinfrahyoideae-_
Cornumajus - - - / Cartilaoo
triticea-
/ Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago- - Membrana-- _- Liq.
thyroidea, lhyrohyoidea thyrghyoideum
Cornusuperius medianum
' - Prominenlia
laryngea
Cartilago-
thyroidea, - Glandula thyroidea;
Cartilago (Lobus pyramidalis'
thyroidea, Lig.cricothyroideum Laminadextra
Laminadextra - - medianum Var )
M cricothyroideus,\
P'arsrecta
medianum
Glandula - -
thvroidea. Glandula\ - Glandula
LobuSdexter thyroidea,
Lobusdexter thyroidea,
/
/ Lobu:;sinister
M cricothyroideus,
Parsobliqua
/
/
M cricothyroideus,
Parsrecta
- Trachea
Fig.249 Hyoidbone,Oshyoideum; larynx,Larynx; Fig.250 Hyoid bone,Os hyoideum;larynx, Larynx;

thyroidgland,Glandulathyroidea;trachea,Trachea; thyroid gland, Glandulathyroidea;trachea,Trachea;
ventralview (80%). ventralview (80%).
* A conical pyramidal lobe (Lobus pyramidalis)can reach the Lig.
thyrohyoideum medianum It is consideredto be a developmental
variant
Cartilago epiglottica \
- - -- - - Vestibulum
laryngis
Os hyoideum\
\.
obliquus,Parsaryepiglottica
/ - M. arytenoideus
Membranathyrohyoidea\ ;
\!
\\
Sacculuslaryngis
_z
Membranaquadrangularis
- -
_- M thyrohyoideus
Fasciacervicalis.Laminaoretrachealis--
-- Plica vestibularis
Lig.vestibulare- -
Rimavestibuli- - - - Plica vocalis
Ventriculuslaryngis- - - - M constrictorpharyngisinferior,
Parsthyropharyngea
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra-
*- M sternothyroideus
Lig vocals --
A; V.thyroideasuperior-- --
lateralis
M cricoarvtenoideus
Rimaglonidis ' - M vocalis
Cavitasinfraglottica--7
\ M cricothyroideus
Cartilago cricoidea --
- Conuselastrcus
Lig cricotracheale -- -
Glandula lhyroidea
-
Cartilagotrachealis- - Trachea
Ligg anularia -' - - - Glandula oarathvroideainferior
Fig.251 Larynx,Larynx;thyroidgland,Glandulathyroidea;
frontal sectionthroughthe centreof the larynx;
dorsalview (120%1.
Thvroid Gtand, Glandula thYroidea
rmpara \ lsthmus glandulaethyroideae

Plexusthyroideus /
Lamina superficialis
Laminapretrachealis
Fasciacerulcalis,
I / Fascia cervicalis,
\
\,/ / sPlatysma
Glandula thyroidea,Capsula fibrosa \
- | V. jugularisanterior
Tunica mucosa tlacheae; \ tr M sternohyoideus
Cartilago trachealis \ \ _---
Glandula thvroidea, \ -- tM sternothyroideus
Lobus sinister
-- o M sternocleidomasloideus
Ansa cervicalis, \ fachea
(Rr musculares) t\ --
R cardiacusceruicalis \
superior \ -- Oesophagus
V jugularis
internaa - N laryngeusrecurrens
-- lV jugularisinterna
N vagus[Xl -- oA carotiscommunis
A carotiscommunlsO .- -
Ganolioncervico'
thoracicu-m
[stellatuml
M longuscolli s - -.
M scalenusanterior.; - -
\\
M scalenusmedius"-1- * '{ a
i! membranaceus t A trryluruEdrrrr'rl
Laminaprevertebralis
Fasciacervicalis, !
'a
i A. thvroidea inferior;
I Glaniiula parathyroidea inlerior
VertebracervicalisVll
Fig.252 Thyroidgland,Glandulathyroidea; inferior view (90%).

* clinical: retro-oesophageal
space,Spatium retrooesopha8eum
transversesection through the viscera of the neck
at the level of the secondtrachealcartilage;
A carolis communls thyroidea,

, Glandula
Lobusdexter
i
I lsthmusglandulaer
I thyroideaei
l1
I
/
it I
A thyroidea 'l
i u"n"or"' M longuscolli v tnY'o'do"al
A carotisl M tonous
- colli
communls Vll
ceruicalis
Figs. 253a, b Thyroidgland,Glandulathyroidea' b transversesonographicsection;the wavesrun from ventral

a transversesonographicsection;the wavesrun from to dorsal;inferiorview (r.' 200%)'
ventralto dorsal; Thedireciionof the bloodflow is indicatedby different
inferior view (r., 200%). colours(red:towardsthe receiver,artery;blue:awayfrom
' shadow of the trachea the receiver,vein);colour-coded sonography'
' shadow of the trachea
Neck.Cotlum
Concha nasahsInferior pharyngeum

Tuberculum
\ ,Clivus / Os occiprtale,
I
Synchondrosispetrooccipitalis\- nasalis
supenor
Tonsillapharyngea \ \ / Concha
- Pr^. mrelî.la' 'c
'#wF,n
| _t- Cellutae
M levator -- -/ f mastoideae
veli palalini '-
- - Foramen
---Al stylomastoideum
-.-J,-
.Recessus
pnaryngeus ---Ptoc stylordeus
\
- -rli - - - C o n c h an a s a l i s
media
M digastricus,---
Venter posterior
"7 - - - - ostiumpharyngeum
I tubae auditivae
Glandula parotidea 'I
-- -
Noduli lymphoideipharyngeales
-Torus levatorius
Halalum molle -
[Velum palatrnum] M pterygoideusmedialis
,, )r
-
-- Lig stylomandibulare
Arcuspalalopharyngeus t\
\
Plica salpingopharyngea
-
Uvula palatina
- / \
Glandulae pharyngeales
Glandula submandibularis
/ \
Lingua, Paprllaev allatae Septumnasi
/ \Tonsilla
Radix linguae: Papillaevallatae \ palatina,Fossulaetonsrllares
(Plica pharyngoepiglottica) \Os

hyoideum.Cornu majus
Eprqronrs -
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu superius
/
/
t
Plica aryepiglottrca Recessus pinformis
/
/ \
Tuberculumcunerlorê, Plica nerui laryngeisuperioris
Cartilago
cuneiformis /
\
/ Incisurainterarytenoidea
/
Tuberculum
corniculatum;
Cartilago
corniculata
-
Glandulae parathyroideaeinleriores \; V thyroideainferior
Fig.254 Pharynx,Pharynx; the pharynx has beenexposedby a longitudinalmediansection;

frontal section through the mastoid processes; dorsalview (80%).
Musclesof the pharynx (Figs.255,256,258)

Themusclesof the pharynxcanbe dividedinto constrictor
(Mm.constrictores
pharyngissuperior,mediusand:inferior)
andlevator
(M.stylopharyngeus, andM. palatopharyngeus)
M. salpingopharyngeus, muscles.
Innervation
Constrictor musclesof the pharynx
pharyngis Parspterygopharyngea:
1. M. constrictor Membranapharyngobasilaris, Constrictthe pharynx from
superior Laminamedialisof Proc Raphepharyngis(from dorsally.In srvallowing-
Rr.pharyngealesof pterygoideus(dorsalmargin), Tuberculumpharyngeumof togetherwith the soft palate-
N. glossopharyngeus
[IX] Hamulus ossis ptefygoidei Os occipitaleto the Angulus it closesthe Epipharynxfrom
Pars buccopharyngea: Raphe mandibulae) the Mesopharynx.
pterygomandibularis, Contractionsin u'aveform
M. buccinator help to transportthe foodto
Pars mylopharyngea: Linea the oesophagus.
mylohyoideaof the mandible
Pars glossopharyngea:
M. transversuslinguae
Pharynx
-..-
Arcuszygomaticus
M tensor veli palatini --
extelnus;
/ Porusacusticus
M levatorveli palatini - - tf' Mealusacusticusexternus
//
malor , / Fasciapharyngo-
basilaris
M l e v a t o r- - - -
labii superions /
alaeque nasi
- z M. stvlo-
hyoideus
--
M levator
labii superioris - - Condylus
occipitalis
Proc pterygoideus, - - Proc
Laminalateralis mastoideus
- --
M zygomaticusminor M. digastricus,
--1 Venterposterior
M levator anguli oris - -
Proc styloideus
- - -.
Ductusparotideus; Hamuluspterygoideus
M buccinator - Lig stylohyoideum
.- Raphepterygomandibularis
oris,- -
M orbicularis
Parslabialis styloglossus
----
-- ". stylopharyngers
M.
angulioris --
M depressor
-- VenterPosterior
M digastricus,
M h y o g l o s s u s- -
M mentalis -
-
Platysma - .-
Os hyoideum, Cornumaius
- -
A.;v. laryngea
superior;
Venteranterior
M digastricus, N. laryngeussuperior
/
M mylohyoideus -
/
./ Membrana thyrohyoidea
M sternohyoideus
/
/ - M
constrictorpharyngisinferior,
M omohyoideus Parsthyropharyngea
/ .- M constrictorpharyngisinlerior,
M thyrohyoideus
- Parscricopharyngea
Cartilago thyroidea,
Lamina sinistra - - Oesophagus
-
M cricothyroideus, Pars recla
/ Cartilago lrachealis
M cricothvroideus,Pars obliqua
Fig. 255 Pharyngealmuscles,Mm. pharyngis; '1

facialmuscles,Mm. faciei; of the constrictorPharyngis
the mandiblehas beenpartiallyremoved; 3 supenormuscle
lateralview (1.).
Muscles of the pharynx (continuation)

Innervation . , . 4 . : , r . : : i . , ., , . '
.:.
.:.. :::.t,:i:l:i.::
Constrictormusclesof,theph,r,::,::
2.M.conshictorpharyngis Parschondropharyngea: Raphepharyngis Constrictthe pharynxfrom
medius Cornumajusossishyoidei (medialthird) dorsally.In swallowing-
fu. pharyngealesof togetherwith the palatine
Parsceratopharyngea:Cornu muscles- theYclosethe
N. glossopharyngeus[X] majusossishyoidei
andof N.vagttsffi Epipharynxfrom the Meso-
pharynx.Their contractions
3. M. constrictor pharyngis Pars thyropharyngea:Carti- Raphepharyngis in waveformhelp to transport
lnferior lagothyroidea(outersurface, (medialandlowerthird) the foodto the oesophagus.
Rn pharyngealesof behindLineaobliqua)
N.vag.s [X] Pars cricopharyngea:Carti-
Iagocricoidea(lateralsurface)
Parstracheopharyngea:Carti-
lagotrachealisI (lateral
surface)
Neck. Collum
, , Dorsum
lt----
{ Svnchondrosis
\ ll
p6kooccipitaIs
lr , Fascia ) / , For.amen . .
: \ 1l lt
pha(yngobasilatis
..i/,/
slytonlastoroeum
evator, \ rl t
Cellulae \ i )alatrnr lr l/,t,
mastoideae
.>\ \ \ 1l - (Fasciculus
muscularis
\\ accessonus)
- Llg sphenomandibulare
ti
t - Proc styloideus
M pterygoideus M. constriclor
laleralis _-
pharyngissuperior,
Parspterygopharyngea
Glandulae pharyngeales - -
- lvl digastricus,Venter postenor
Lig stylohyoideum - - M constrictorpharyngissuperior
Pars buccopharyngea
-
M stylohyoideus
- M stylopharyngeus
medialis-
M pterygoideus * M styloglossus
Glandula parotidea - - ttS sphenomandibulare
/-
Venterposterior-
M digastricus, -- M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Pars mylopharyngea
medialis/
M pterygordeus - M pterygoideusmedialis
Mandibula - \ M stylohyoideus
-
Glandulasubmandibularis
\ M digastricus,Venter posterior
M styloglossus /
/ v \ M constrictor
pharyngis
superior,
M stylohyoideus
\ Parsglossopharyngea
Cornumajus /
Os hyoideum, \ M constrictor
pharyngis
medius,
\ M constrictorpharyngis medius, Pars ceratopharyngea
\ M constrictorpharyngisinJerior,Pars thyropharyngea
/
Raphepharyngis
- M conslriclorpharyngisinferior,Pars cricopharyngea
l.
Glandula thvroidea.Lobus sinisler - - Oesophagus,Tunica musculans
- Glandula thyroidea,Lobus dexter

Glandulae parathyroideaesuperioret inferior -
- Glandulae parathyroideaesuperioret inferior
- Trachea
Tunicamuscularis- - -
Oesophagus,
Fig.256 Pharynx,Pharynx;
frontal sectionthroughthe mastoidprocesses;
the pharyngealfasciahas beencompletelyremoved;
dorsalview (8070).
Muscles of the pharynx (continuation)

Innervation
Levatormusclesof the pharynx .-. .::
1. M. palatopharyngeus palatina,
Aponeurosis Obliquelydescending, lateral Constrictsthe Isthmus
Rn plgtyngealeeof,,.1:: :l:l Hamulusossispterygoidei and dorsalwall of pharynx, faucium,lowerssoftpalate
N. glossopharyngeus [X] Cartilagothyroidea
2. M. salpin$ophdiynipuj' ::' Cartilago
tubaeauditivae 0bliquely descending,lateral thepharynx
Elevates
Rr.pharyngealesof (freemargin,inferiorsurface) wall of pharynx
N. glosso pharyngeus IIX]
3. M. stylopharyngeus Proc.styloideus
of 0bliquely descending, thepharynx
Elevates
R. musculistylopharyngei 0s temporale lateralwall of pharynx,
rrb./ lt :lglossiip/r
arynSdlisIIE (Cartilagothyroidea)
Pharyrw
N vagus[X]
[Xll,R internus
N accessorius
N glossopharyngeus
[lX] \ pharyngis
. d4M constrictor superior
BulbussuPeriora \
venaelugularls \ OVv pharyngeae jugulare
'\ , / Foramen
S i n u sI - - * , \
lransversus
"rl -'Os
Sinusa -
sigmoideus
<H /r
I --
temPorale
oA meningea
Ganglion poslenor
supenus
N caroticus
A carotisinternaO - - internus
R auricularis - Ganglioninferius
(tx)
Proc mastoideus --
N accessorius *- aA carotisinterna
[Xl],
R externus
--- N accessorius
[Xll
Proc styloider'rs
- inferius(X)
Ganglion
interius
Ganglion
- N. iugularis(Truncus
N hypoglossus
lxlll
symPathicus)
a --
M stylopharyngeus t Ramusmandibulae
N glossopharyngeus
IlXl - Ganglioncervicalesupenus
(TruncussYmPathlcus)
R pharyngealis
- oA pharyngeaascendens
Venterposteliora --
M digastricus, - N glossopharyngeus
[lxl
suPerior
N laryngeus - TruncussymPathicus
-
A carotisexternaa - OA
Palatinaascendens
R pharyngealis \ oA facialis
\ aA. lingualis
\ N laryngeus R internus
suPerior,
-
N laryngeussuperior, externus
R
- aA. thyroidea suPenor
- suPerior
cervicalis
N cardiacus
/ (Truncus
sYmPathicus)
o
suPerior
A thyroidea --
aV jugularisinterna
--
oR pharyngealis
Rr pharyngeales
N. vagus[X]
--
aA carotiscommunis
-
M constrictor inferiora
pharyngis communls
Plexuscaroticus
- Truncussympathicus
superior
ceruicalis
R cardiacus
- a Bulbusinleriorvenaeiugularis
- -
Glandula thyroidea
- OR pharyngealls
N vagus[X] -t
medlum
cervicale
Ganglion
/ -*
inlerioro
A thyroidea - - aA thyroidea
inferior
Ganglion ceruicothoracicum [stellatum]

t \
R cardiacuscervicalissuperior I N cardiacuscervicalismedlus
(TruncussYmPathicus)
,//258
: {-
900
Fig.257 Vessels andnervesofthe pharynx'Pharynx'and
the Parapharyngeal Space,Spatiumlateropharyngeum;
frontalsectionthroughthe jugularforamina,Foramina
jugularia;
jugular
on",n. f"it sidethe carotidartery and the internal
vein havebeenremoved;
dorsalview.
Thewpakpoint at the transitionof the M' constrictor
pharyngisinferior andTunicamuscularisof the oesophagus
is calledLnlnrR'striangle.
Neck, Collum
Truncusnerviaccessorii,
R internus
Tonsillapharyngea , Cartilago
tubaeauditivae;
Ostiumpharyngeumtubaeauditivae
Fascia , i N vagus[X]
N vagus[X] \ pharyngobasilaris
-\ I It l N hypoglossus
[Xll]
N glossopharyngeus\-----. N. accessorius
-- ,,
[Xl],
I runcusnerutaccessonl
il-xr
a
--iv ,u,' It - a Bulbus superior
Sinustransversus
a
Sinussigmoideus
VIIP
,"1"'t, venaejugiJlaris
- OA carotisinlerna
Ganglion
inferius(X) - Truncusnervi
accessorii,
B externus
N hypoglossus __-- a A.occipitalis

txill
7---- P r o cm a s t o i d e u s
Torustubarius
Ganglion cervicalesuperius
a -
M. digastricus, (Truncus
sympathicus)
Venterposlerior --*
* M tensorvelipalatini
M uvulaeI .----
I M constrictorpharyngis
- - suoenor
Plicasalpingopharyngea - ;* M. salpingopharyngeus
---
T o n s i l l a p a l a t i n a* - - r M palatopharyngeus
.--.-
Arcuspalatopharyngeus Sulcusterminalis
Plicaaryepiglonica
--__\ Dorsumlinguae,
Parsposlerior
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus --..
cuneilorme----
Tuberculum
N laryngeus superior;
O a A : V laryngea
superior
corniculalum- -
Tuberculum
--- t M arytenoideus
obliquus,
Parsaryepiglonica
Recessusoiriformis,- - N vagus[X]
Plicanervilaryngeisuperioris
-- M aMenoideustransversus;
M arytenoideus
obliquus
/
Incisurainlerarytenoidea
--. s M cricoarytenoideusposterior
N vagus[X]
Truncussympathicus,
Tunicamuscularis- - _
Oesophagus, Plexuscaroticus
communis
-*---
Glandula lhyroidea
Ganglion cervicale medium
-- Glandula parathyroideainferior
inleriorO *.----
A thyroidea
o Truncuslhyrocervicalis
Bulbusinferiora _ _--
venaeJugularis
N vagus[X],
R cardiacusceruicalis
superior
- o Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis
:-
-.-
a A subclavia
lslellatuml
/ ---
a v subclavia
A;V subclaviao
- N vagus[X]
/
sinistraa
V brachiocephalica
-
N laryngeus
recurrens
O -
A carotiscommunis
\
o V brachiocephalicadextra
N laryngeus
recurrens
\ Trachea, Paries membranaceus
257x
900
N vagus[X] - o
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
-
Pars descendens aortae O - o v cavasuperior
Fig.258 Pharynx,Pharynx;larynx, Larynx; The 3rd to 8th cranialnervesare numberedIII to VIII.

parapharyngeal space,Spatiumlateropharyngeum; Parts of the pharynx:
frontal sectionthroughthe jugular foramina,Foramenjugularia; A nasalpart (Parsnasalis:Epipharynx,Nasopharynx)
the posteriorpharyngealwall has beensectionedin the median B oral part (Parsoralis:Mesopharynx,Oropharynx)
plane;on the right sidethe mucousmembranehasbeenremoved: C laryngealpart (Parslaryngea:Hypopharynx,Laryngopharynx)
dorsalview.
I Muscles,Vesselsand Nervesof the Neck
B a s i sm a n d i b u l a e P l a t y s m a N,4sternohyoideus
\
G l a n d u l as u b m a n d i b u l a r i s M digastricus,Venter anterior
\ /
A;Vtacialis, \, / Os hyoideum
\ M mylohyordeus
t' /
M pterygoideus
medralis
Xl
,,; / N,l digastricus,
Venter posterior
- M masseter
\r]
't parolidea
i M stylohyoideus
M levator scapulae
M spleniusceruicis - - _ --- Lig thyrohyoideum

medianum
i/ levator scapulae - M scalenus medius

M e m b r a n at h y r o h y o i d e a- - "i M longus capitis
M constrictorpharyngis interior
- vdr Urdgu 'r ryi urucd
jugularisrnterna--
A carorrscommunls:V :trltl/ ..
.-
:;f I i/ omohyoideus
-- Lig cricothyroideum edianum

M s c a l e n um
s edrus - M cricothyroideus
/--{l'L / I\',\$L-
--
M . o m o h y o r d e u s . T e n d o. _ - Arcus cartilaginiscflcoideae
I
F a s c l ac e r u i c als.
l r sL. a m i n ap
Lamina r e l r a c h e a , ' r.\ . . ' \
prelrachealis | M sternohyordeus
Plexusbrachiars
PL'"''""1J:'"il::":". ; supraclavicularis .. ..,/l
../., t'(,rf,\';[-r;V
| | | .\ ,,__
--"'n.4-r - ., _- G l a n d u l at h y r o i d e a
M omohyoideus,Venlerinferior l\'
.--l
'i
'z' -;--. , M scalenus medius
M trapezius - -..
C l a v i c u l a. '.
:/ lQ, -T .
v cephalica ... .\
, t{ii
r:;li:'''i
-:-' -.'.:
*l \l
I
-*--l|
ll I I
f(oc
l I M d"rtoid"r.
I
coracotdeus
I V cephalica
M pectoralis I \r, l
mlnor \ \\ -| racnea | M pectoralis
major
I
A axillaris, I Parsclavicularis
t' t-s a s c r a t. t Lig.interclaviculare I
M pecloralismajor, \ r,^ lClavicula
clavroectoralrs \ sternum
Pars clavicularis
costoclavlculare\
M serratusanterior Mm intercoslalesexterni Articulatiosternoclavicularis
Fig. 259 Musclesof the neck, NIm colli;

on the left side the neurovascularbundlehas beenremoved;
on the right the pectoralismajor musclehas beenpartially
retractedinferiorly;ventralview (70%)
Lateral muscle of the neck (Figs. 259, 262, 267)
hasthe sameoriginas M. trapezius(sameinnervation).

M. sternocleidomastoideus anteriorly
It reachesfromProc.mastoideus
andinferiorlyandis integratedinto the Laminasuperficialis
of the Fasciacervicalis.
Innervation
M. sternocleidomastoideus Caputsternale:Longtendon Posteriorpart of Proc. Fixesand elevatesthe head,
N. accasorius
[XI]; of theventralsurfaceof the mastoideus andlateralhalf flexesthe caudaland extends
Plexuscenicalis sternum of LineanuchalissuDerior the cranialcervicalvertebrae
and the joints of the head.
Caputclaviculare:short
One sidealonebendsthe head
tendonof thesternalthirdof
anteriorlyand rotatesit to
theClavicula
the oppositeside.If the head
is fixed it assistsin deep
inspiration
Neck,Collum
Suprahyoidmuscles(Fig.260)
Thesuprahyoidmusclesform the bottomof the mouth and are the antagonistsof ihe inli:inyoiit mtliiictes. Theanteriorbelly
of M. digastricuslies superficially.As a wide plateM. mylohyoideusis the basisof the floor of ,therqguth,,Totlq,inside is ..
M. geniohyoideus, The posteriorbelly of M. digastricusandrM.styloidoiisarga bitdeepegrand:dorsaL:,':::::, rrlit: ::1r1,,r:t:::
Innervation
1. M. digastricus Venterposterior:Incisura Venteranterior:Fossa Depressesthe mandible,
Veriteranterioi: N. mylo mastoideaof 0s temporale; dlgastricamandibulae andfixesthe
elevates
hyoideus(N. mandibularis intertendonto the lesserhorn hyoidbone;assists
N/sl); :':i rr: ofthe hyoidbone M. mylohyoideus
Venterposterior:R- digastri-
cus (N. facialisIVII)
2. M. stylohyoideus Proc.styloideusof Os Lateralmarginof Corpusossis Fixesthe hyoidbone,pullsit
R stylohyoideus temporale hyoidei.Oftensurroundsthe backwardandupwardduring
(N.facialis [VII]) intertendonof M. digastricus swallowing
3. M. mylohyoideus ShorttendonfromLinea Raphemylohyoidea andupper Raisesthe floorof the mouth

N. mylohyoideus mylohyoideamandibulae; both marginof Corpusossishyoidei andthe tongue(in swallow-
(N. mandibularisN/31) musclesforma plateacross ing),depresses the mandible,
the mandibulararch elevatesthehyoidbone
4. M. geniohyoideus ShorttendonfromSpina Anteriorsurfaceof Corpus AssistsM. mylohyoideus
p{IIl
N. hypoglossus mentalismandibulae. The ossishyoidei (elevating the tongue),
musclesof bothsideslie fixes and elevatesthe hyoid
closetogether,
with a septum bone,depresses the
betweenthem mandible
Inftahyoidmuscles(Fig.259)
Theinfrahyoidmusclesare differendatedaccordingto their insertion:M. sternohyoideus,
M. sternothyroideus,
M. thyrohyoideus,
andM.omohyoideus.Thefourmusqlesarewith!ntheLaminapretrachealisofFasc!9cervicaliq.....i:l.i::l]i:.
Innervati.on
1. M. sternohyoideus Cranialmarginof Cartilago Corpusossishyoidei
Ansecervicalis:,:. costaeI, innersurface Fix the 0s hyoideum, depress
(Plexuscenicalis) of Manubriumsterniand the larynxandthe hyoidbone;
sternoclavicularjoint assistin swallowing;indirectly
flex the headandcervical
2. M. sternothyroideus Innersurfaceof Cartilago Outersurfaceof thyroid joints,assistin respiration
Ansa ceryicalis costaeI, innersurfaceof cartilage(opposite
the origin (together with M. thyrohyoi-
(Plexttscervicalts) i Manubriumsterni,caudalto of M. thyrohyoideus) deusand M. omohyoideus)
M. sternohyoideus
3. M. thyrohyoideirs Outersurfaceof the Lamina Lateralthird of Corpusand Fixesthe 0s hyoideum,
Ansa cervicalis of Cartilagothyroidea rootof Cornumajusof 0s depresses it, elevatesthe
(Plutus cervi.calis) hyoideum larynx;assistsin
swallowing(workstogether
with M. sternohyoideus,
M. sternothyroideus and
M. omohyoideus)
Fixesthe Oshyoideum,
4. M. omohyoideus Venterinferior: Superior Ventersuperior:Caudal depresses it; assistsin
Ansacervtaalis " i:: marginof scapulabetween borderof the lateralouter swallowing; indirectlyflexes
(Plexusceruicalis) Angulussuperior andIncisura surfaceof Corpusossi the headandcervical joints;
Consistsof'twofleshy scapulae hyoideum tensesthe cervicalfascia
belliesunitedby a central throughthe connection of
' tendonconnectedto the its centraltendonto the
carotidsheath(Vagina carotidsheath(workstogether
carotica) , ,, : with.M. sternohyoideus,
M. sternothyroideus and
M. thyrohyoideus)
Musclesof the Neck,Muscult colli
/ M stylohyoideus
I , Glandula
Parotidea
1,/
.l ,' M stylopharyngeus
/ Lig.stylohyoideum;
ii,'
i ,/ ./ venterposterior
/ M. digastracus,
l r"' u'
/ M slernocleidomaslordeus
M masseter - - / M semispinaliscapitls
Mandibula - -
,.;r
M d i g a s t r i c u s- ,-
Venter anteflor M solenius
caoatis
M mylohyoideus
- M s c a l e n uasn t e r i o r
O s h y o i d e u -m- "; - 1 l----
Membrana thyrohyoidea l 1
\
M o m o h y o i d e u sV, e n t e rs u p e r i o r- - - '
M levator scapulae
M sternohyoideus
"' ,\
/
// --
M s c a l e n u sm e d i u s
M thyrohyoideus
-.-
M scalenusposlerior
/
Clavicula,Extremitassternalis
/
//
M omohyoideus, r
Venter infenor
/
Fig. 260 Musclesof the neck,Mm colli;

musclehas been removed;
a largepart of the sternocleidomastoid
lateralview (1.,70Y.\.
Scalenemuscles (Fig.260)
The three scalenemuscl6g,M. scalenusanterior, M. scalenusmedius,and M. scalenusposteriorform a plate of musclesat the
side of the cervical column and reach to the upper ribs.
Muscle Origin lnsertion Function
Innervation
1. M. scalenus anterior Tuberculaanterioraof Procc. Shorttendonto Tuberculum
DirectbrunchsaJPIws er- transversiof 3rd (4th) to 6th musculiscalenianteriorisof
vtcalisand Plauts,b|ii&talis cervicalvertebrae CostaI Thorax
2. M. scalenusmedlu......:ll::,:,Tuberculaanterioraof Procc' Shorttendonto CostaI, Elevatethe two cranialribs
Dilect bmrchesof PIquscer- transversiof all cervical lateralof M. scalenus (musclesof inspiration)
vicatisand Plr4:tti]b@htftlls vertebrae anterior,behindSulcus Vertebral column
arteriaesubclaviae lateralflexionof the cervical
3. M. scalenusposterior Tuberculaposterioraof Shortand flat tendonto the column
Dirutbrunctusof PIa ils w Procc.transversiof Sth and uppermarginof CostaII (III)
brrchblts
vtcallsand Plex;us 6th cervicalvertebrae
Neck,Collum \
Os occipitale,
1 M. longus capitis Pars basilaris
Fossajugularis-__
r,
M rectuscapitisanterior-_
I
\
Membrana-
atlantooccipitalis
anterior - Canalis nerui hypoglossi
M. recluscapitislateralis
M digastricus,Venterposterior
- -
capitis-
M longissimus
- -
capitis-
M splenius
Articulatio
atlantoaxialis - - '-
lateralis, ---
Capsulaarticularis Atl"a.Tuberculum
anterius
- --
M. scalenusmedius-- - M longuscapitis
Mm intertransversarii
anteriores- --
cervrcts M levatorscapulae
M intertransversarius -
oosteriorceruicis
--
M scalenus medius- -r M longuscolli
.-
M longus capitis - -
- medius
M scalenus
medius--
M scalenus
- Tuberculum
anterius'
anterior-
M scalenus
M inlertransversarius
anterior
cervtcrs
M scalenusmedius- _
- M scalenus
anterior
posterior-
M scalenus
,-- (M intercostaliscervicis)
M scalenusmedius- -
- A subclavia
sinistra
cervicis)---
(M intercostalis _ -
posterior
M scalenus
A. subclavia dextra - - - _--
M scalenus anleiot -"
V subclavia--
dextra
C o s t al l - -
\\
ttr.. V brachiocephalica
sinistra
M longuscolli/ Vertebra
thoracicalll, \
Proc transversus \ A; V thoracicainterna
\ A carotiscommunissinistra
V.cavasuperior' /
/ \ A
Truncus carotiscommunis dexlra
brachioceohalicus Arcusaortae
Fig. 261 Muscles of the neck, Mm. colli; I -VIl = lst to 7th cervicalvertebrae
frontal section through the apex of the petrous part of the I - 3 = lst to 3rd thoracic vertebrae
temporal bone; the viscera of the neck have been removed; * The Tuberculum anterius of the 6th cervical vertebra is called Tuberculum
on the left side the scalenemuscleshave also been removed: caroticum.
ventral view (80%).
Prevertebralmuscles(Fig.261)
The prevertebralrnusclesare locatedon both sidesof the cervical and the cranial part of the thoracic vertebral columtr.The
anterior lateral parts of Atlas and Axis are connectedby the short M. rectus capitis anterior.
0n the anterior side, the prevertebralmusclesare coveredby the Laminaprevertebmlisof the Fasciacervicalis.,
Innervation
1. M. redrs mpids anterior Atlas,Proc.transversus Parsbasilarisof 0s occipitale FIexthe cervicalcolumnand
Rr.venf:alesof Pt*us headventally;
cervicalis in unilateralinnervationthey
2. M. longqs,capids Tuberculaanterioraof Outersurfaceof Pars inclineandrotatethe headto
Directbranches
of Ptatus Procc.transversiof 3d to 6th basilarisof Osoccipitale the sameside
@r.,icalis cervicalvertebrae
( CervicalFascia,Fasciacervicalis
Li9 auriculareanterius
Articulatiotemooromandibularis, I Lig auriculare
Posteflus
I
Caosulaarticularis
I t M auricularissuperior
i I ,Mhelicismaior
'
i I THerix
I I ," minor
,, M.heticis
I LA ,:' - Laminatrasi
I I / s - flEL&Wa.,,
rWW't ,/
W4-'-g --
,-- M tragicus
M tragicus
t'
-*'' - R a m u sm a n d i b u l a e
, - ptoc styloideus
Ptoc
"
- - Fascla masseterica;
M masseter
M styloglossus
Platysma- -
- - -
Venierposterior
M. digastricus,
M stylohyoideus,
-
lenoo
Fascia ceruicalis - - --
Lig stylohyoideum
- '-
Mandibula - - M sternocleidomastoideus
- Laminasuperficialis
Fasciacervicalis,
---=
M mylohyoideus
- M stylohyoideus
M digastricus, --
Venleranterior
/ Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superlicialis
Ventersuperior-
M omohyoideus,
/ M omohyoideus
M. sternohyoideus.- a/.- Fascia cervicalis,

Lamina suDerficialis
Fascia ceruicalis, Lamina pretrachealis - .- - / M. omohyoideus,

venlertnlenor
Fascia cervicalis,.- --_

Lamina super{icialis
-
Trioonum
omoclaviculare
Platysma' \ Platysma
,'
fnchea' \ Trigonum
omoclaviculare
/
M sternocleidomastoideus i ' V externa
I iugularis
Fossa minor
suDlaclavicularis M.sternocleidomastoideus
Fig.262 Cervical fascia,Fasciacervicalis; the sternocleidomastoidmuscle has been partially

the head has been turned to the right; removed;ventrolateralview (80%).
Prevertebral muscles (Continuation)

Innervation
3. M. longuq colli Medial part: bodyof the Medial part: Bodiesof the Flexesthe cervicalcolumn and
Direct b ranchesof Plexus firstthoracicandthe last uppercervicalvertebrae the head ventrallY;
cervicalis cervicalVertebrae in unilateral innervation it
inr:linesand rotatesthe head
Superiorlateral part: SuperiorlateralPart:
to the same side
Tuberculaanterioraof Tuberculum anteriusof Atlas
Procc.transversi of the andbodiesof the following
cranialcervicalvertebrae cervicalvertebrae
Inferior lateralpart: Inferior lateral Part:
Lateralsurfaceof the bodies TendontQProcc.transversi
of theu14rerthoracicvertebrae of the lowercervicalvertebrae
(6th)
Neck, Collum
Fascia cervicalis
Laminasuprlicialis
I Laminaprelrachealis Figs.263 a, b Diagramof the cervicalfascia.

a transverse section(compareto Fig.285)
I Laminapreverlbralis
b mediansection(compare to Fig.282)
/ .-urun{q.
\
\
),.Âi,-^^^.i^îdea
--"{;*,
// V jugularis
antgrior
Arcusvenosus\\ --
jugularis \- \\
\
Fig.264 Projectionofthe visceraofthe neckonto to opnthe tracheahavebeenmarked

The surgicalapproaches
the surfaceand surgical situs of the lower tracheotomy; in red.
the neckhasbeenhyperextended posteriorly; ' conlotomy
*' upper Facheotomy(abovethe isthmus of the thFoid gland)
ventral view. r * r lower tracheotomy(belowthe isthmus of the thyroid gland)
and Nervesof theNeck
Muscles,Vessels
/ o V auricularisPosleriol
/ N. auricularisPosterior(Vll)
/ ,/ a A auricularisPoslerior
/ ,/ / o M. epicrantus,
/ ./ M oicipitofrontalis'
,/ t' Venleroccipitalis
Jf G
Glandula parotidea
-
tr
/ o A. occipitalis
magnus,
N. auricularis
R posteriot
t
V jugularisexternaa
- a v. occioitalis
N. transversuscolli,
Rr.superiores
magnus,
N auricularis
R anterior
N occipitalisminor
I M. sternocleidomastoideus
N transversuscolli,
Rr.inferiores
-.
N. auricularismagnus
- o M. levatorscapulae
I
- N accessorius[Xll
i- aM trapezius
Nn.supraclaviculares
laterales
Nn suoraclaviculares
mediales
' intermedii
Iz'*
Fig. 265 Vesselsand nervesof the ventraland the lateral

..lion, of the neck,Regionescervicalesanteriorand lateralis;
superficiallaYer;
lateralview (1.,70%1.
Neck, Collum
// aV awicvlarisposterior
.. N occipitalis
minor
Platysma*
// aA occipitalis
V. lacialis * --- a V. occipitalis
N. facialis[Vlll,R. colli
-+' N. occipitalismaior
V. relromandibularis
$
N auricularismagnus
R. communicans I M spleniuscapitis
a M. levatorscapulae
lM trapezius
N accessorius[Xll
Nodilymphoideicervicales
laterales.NodisuDerficiales
Nn suDraclavicularos
laterales
Arcusvenosusiugularisa
Nn.supraclaviculares
intermedii
\-t
\\
265x267
Fig.266 Vessels andnervesofthe lateralregionofthe neck, The areawherethe cutaneousbranchesof the cervicalplexus
Regiocervicalislateralis; appearat the posteriorborderof the sternocleidomastoid
muscle
parts of the platysmahavebeenretractedsuperiorly;mostof is clinicallytermedEnr'spoint.Duringlymphadenectomies in
the superficiallayerofthe cervicalfasciahasbeenremoved; this regionthe accessorynervecan easilybe damaged.
lateralview (1.,70%1.
Muscles,Vessels
a V auricularisPosterior
V retromandibularis
t
V jugularis
inlerna
N lacialis[Vll],R colli \ /a
-. M sternocleidomastoideus
V facialist /. N occioitalisminor
/
Glandula ,o a A ;V occipiialis
\.
submandibularis
/ N. occipitalis
mapr
M digastricus,t -
Venteranlerior
R suprahyoideusa- r
(A lingualis)
- R. intrahyoideuga.-_
(A lhyrordeasupenor)
A carotisexternao --
--- r M spleniuscapitis
A laryngeasuperiota--
Plexus cervicalis
superiora '
A. thyroidea
N accessorius[Xl]
A carotis | | | | | | u l n J ! - .is
. d | U i l J U vcommun . . )1
-'-
Plexusbrachialis,Truncussuperior
N vagus [X]
_/
'z a A. transversacolli,
M omohyoideus,* -- R. suDerficialis
Venter superior ,,
r--- * V;"",T,",1{3J1"?''
D\-----
M sternohyoideus * /
/
Ansacervicalis, /
Radixsuperior o A. transversa
(Plexuscervicalis) colli,
R. prolundus
a /
M. sternothyroideus
M scalenusanleriora
A transversacollio -
V iugularisexternaa / \
c M deltoideus
/ \
A suprascapularis
I I A. thoracoacromialis,
lr R deltoideus
V cephalica
/ ./ Plexusbrachialis,
A subclavial /
I' Parssupraclavicularis 152 n,r
M pecloralismajor4 /
266x
Fig.267 Vesselsand nervesof the ventraland the lateral

regionsof the neck,Regionescervicalesanteriorand lateralis;
the superficialand middlelayerof the cervicalfasciahave
beenremoved;
lateralview (1.,70%).
Neck,Collum
\ / Nodi lymphoideiparotidei
,' suporficiales
I
Noduslymphoideus
buccinatorius_
Nodi lymphoidei
- / mastoidsi
Nodilymphoideifaciatesr.
M. digastricus,e -
Venier anterior \
Nodilymphoidei/
submntales
Nodilymphoideiceryicaleslalerales.- -
Nodi prolundi superiores
Ventersuprior: - - I
M. omohyoidus,
Nodilymphoideicervicaleslaterales,---
Nodiprofundiinteriors
N. accessorius[Xll
--
r M. scalenusmedius
\
- P- a M. trapezius
V iugularisinterna a --
\\
oM. scalenusposlerior
cervicalislateralis,/
Noduslymphoideus
I
I
Nodusprofundusinferior
\ Plexusb,rachialis,
I Parssupraclavicularis
M. scalenusanteriorI /
' a M. omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
Fig. 268 Superficiallymphaticvessels,Vasalymphatica

superficialia,and lymph nodes,Nodilymphoidei,of the head
and neckof an 8-year-oldmale;
the platysmaand the superficiallayerof the cervicalfascia
as well as the cervicalplexushavebeencompletelyremoved;
the sternocleidomastoid musclehas beenpartially removed;
lateral view.
During surgicalremovalof the lymph nodesfrom the lateral
regionof the neck the accessorynerveis in greatdanger!
R marginalismandibularis facialis
/*oV;A
Glandulaparotidea \ M stylohyoideus{ \
// Glandulasubmandibularis
\ /
/
/
/
- N. mYlohYoideus
/
tD M. mylohyoideus
-.-t .z
V retromandibularis
| \ z' -'
.' /
/ o MM.
O . dOEaslrEus'
igaslricus'
| / \t^^.;.-^r-^^.
Venl6r antetior
N hypoglossus
[Xll] \\ --
..- | M hyoglossus
N. accsssorius[Xll
N. hypoglossus
[Xll]
Ansacervicalis,
RadixsuPenol
--
aA. lingualis
N vagus[X]
\ Tendointermedius
a M. digastricus,
V iugularisexternaa -
\ Os hyoideum
| /
M. sternocleidomastoideus
in,"rn". i
v. jugularis I \ aA lingualis
tt \
A. carotisexlema o I o A lhyroidea a
a A. laryngeasuperior;N. laryngussupslior
suoenor
Fig.269 Vessels triangle,

andnervesof the submandibular
Trigonumsubmandibulare;
inferolateralview.
35% 12% 5"h 10/o

<1o/o 4"/o 121" 30%
Fig.270 Levelof the biturcationof the commoncarotidartery'

with referenceto the cervicalspine'
Neck,Collum
M digastricus a
retromandibularis
V facialis a
\ / oV
N. hypoglossus
[Xlll t/ N cervicalis[C2],8anterior
\ /
Vfacialis a \
\
posterior
oA. auricularis
/'
/,
/ posterior
N auricularis (N.facialis)
I
/ a M sternocleidomastoideus
- N accessorius[Xl]
- N occipitalis
minor
M mylohyoideus '
o _-
A l i n g u a l ias - -
A carotisexternaO ---
1 -"
A laryngeasuperior
Ansacervicalis,
Radixsuperior
superior1 --'
A lhyroidea N. cervicalis
[C3],R anterior
.'i
o ---
R sternocleidomastoideus N cervicalis[C4],R anterior
V l h y r o i d e a s u p e r iao (- - - - - Ansacervicalis,Radixinferior
' Plexusbrachialis,
Truncussuperior
A ceruicalisascendens a - -
- aA transversa
colli,R super{icialis
I --
M omohyoideus a M trapezius
--- oM.omohyoideus,
- Venterinferior
thyroidea-
Glandula
- - - ------_
. j A t r a n s v e r s ac o l l i ,
(A ceruicalisa - R profundus
superticialis,
Var)
oA subclavia
N phrenicus
-- aV jugularisexterna
M scalenusanterioro - -------.-
-:- ov subclavia
Bulbusinferioro /
venaejugularis - a M pectoralis
/
// mtnor
A caroliscommunisO
/
ti .
-
aM deltoideus
' \
N vagus[X] oV cephalica
,/ M pectoratismajor,r o oA ;V thoracoacromialis
/ Parsclavicularis
M sternocleidomastoideus
a
267x
Fig.27l Vesselsand nerves of the lateral region of the neck,
Rpgiocervicalis lateralis;
most of the sternocleidomastoidmuscle has been removed;
lateral view (1.,80%).
* The thyrohyoid branch
runs temporarily alongside the h)?oglossal nerve,
its origin, however, is the ventral root, Radix anterior, of the Ansa cervicalis
Muscles,Vessels
N hypoglossus
[XlU
a V retromandibularis
/
./ T aVjugularisinterna
t/
R sternocleidomastoideus a \ // Naccessorius[Xl]
(A. occipitalis) \ / / ,
l.//
Alacialisa\ aa '//
tll
\ a M. sternocleidomastoideus
Platysma t \ ,, ,, -/,
lz
M mylohyoideus t \
/ oA. occipitalis
N mylohyoideus \
/ aM sPlaniuscapitis
a -
A submentalis
M digastricus,o .- -- aA.occipitalis
Venteranlerior
A carotisexternaa --
N laryngeus
superior
O .-.-
A carotisinterna
. A laryngeasuperioro--.
A thyroideasuperiot
a "
-- oM levatorscapulae
N vagus[Xl
N. cervicalis[C5],R anterior
M omohyoideus, I .-- [C6],R. anterior
N corvicalis
Ventersuperior
' Var.)
superficialis'
o(A ceruicalis
--
O .--
A caroiiscommunis
Ansaceruicalis
(Plexus cervicalis)
A thyroideainferiot a -'-
a --
A corvicalis
ascendens
- i M. deltoideus
-
thyroidea-
Glandula
- /
A. vertebralis,
at .'
Parsprevertebralis
'
N phrenicus .
/
//
TruncusthyroceruicalisO /
/.
//
A subclavia O
/
/a
A thoracica inlerna) -
t Plexus brachialis,
Pars inlraclavicularis
\ OA axillaris
tr. ta.
'\ \ aA thoracoacromialis
/
V jugularis
externaa
\ 1M Pectoralis
minor
M pectoralismaior,Parsclaviculariso
a V axrllafls \ o V cephalica
27t/
Fig.272 Vessels andnervesofthe lateralregionofthe

neck,Regiocervicalislateralis,and the clavipectoral
triangle,Trigonumclavipectorale;
deeplayer;mostof the sternocleidomastoid muscle,the
omohyoidmuscleand the veinshavebeenremoved;
lateralview (1.,80%).
t
Neck. Collum
N vagus[X]
N hypoglossus
[Xtt] s V jugularis
interna
N mylohyoideus Rr communicantes
(Truncus
\\ AfacialisOl sympathicus)
,
-t.
A submenlalis
a - i I / aA occipitalis
/ a R mastoideus
A carotisexternao \\
t N occipitalisminor
.
A carotisinlernaa _
Ganglion
cervicale
superius
(Truncussympathicus) N occipitalis
malor
- N accessorius
txtl
- oA cervicalis
ascendens
Ansacervicalis,Radixsuperior
(Ptexuscervtcalts) N phrenicus
M. constrictor
pharyngis inferiorr __
N cardiacuscervicalissuperior
M sternothyroideus t \--_+_
n. - OA. transversacolli,
(canglion -;'-- B. superficiatis
synipathicum
accessonum) * M scalenus
anterior
V t h y r o i d e a s u p e r.i o t- - - - - - - , Plexusbrachialis,
Parssupraclavicularis
A thyroidea inferior 1
N suprascapularis
Ganglion
cervicalemedium
-- aA suprascapularis
Truncus1
thyroceruicalis
A s u b c l a v oi a - - - - - - - Clavicula
A thoracicainterna a
N laryngeus
recutrens
o R acromialis
Trachea (A thoracoacromialis)
V lhyroidea inferior * -
N cardiacuscervicalis
medius (Truncus
sympathicus)
,, --
V vertebralis,i -- a M. pectoralis
Pars \ minor,Tendo
prevertebralis
A. carotiscommunisa /-
// I
--
aA axittaris
!
/ - aA thoraco-
V jugularis
internaa /
acromialis
/
V brachio- a /
cephalicastnistra
\ oV cephalica
V,jugularis
externa. /
/
M peclordlis maior n, / \ Plexus brachialis,
/ Pars infraclavicularis,
costa | / Fasciculusmedialis
N pectoralis
medialis
M p e c t o r a l i sa l I ,] V axillaris
mrnor I t. '. \ N. intercostobrachialis
V cephalica e I \ \ N thoracodorsarrs
\
^-^#tnn
ttz 4OO
A; V thoracicalateralis O s N thoracicuslongus
*Vv thoracoepigastricae
Fig.273 Vessels andnervesof the lateralregionof the neck,

Regiocervicalislateralis,and the clavipectoraltriangle,
Trigonumclavipectorale;
deeplayer;the clavicle,the sternocleidomastoid muscleand
the greatvesselshavebeenpartially removed;the inferior part
of the infrahyoidmuscleshasbeencompletelyremoved;
lateralview (1.,B0%).
Theventral rami of the respectivecervicalnervesare
correspondinglynumberedV to VIII.
Arteriesof theNeck
Fig. 274 Subclavianartery, A vertebralis,Pars I

intracranialisI
A. subclavia,andits branches;
lateralview (r.,807"). -- A. vertebralis,Parsatlantica
- - - A. vertebralis,Parslransversaria
A. cervicalisDrofunda
VertebracervicalisVll \
/ Truncusthyrocervicalis
Verlebrathoracica| - - A thyroideainferior
- A. subclavia
- - - A. carotiscommunis
(A scapularis
descndens,var.) --- A. suprascapularis
A thoracicainlema
A. intercostalis
suprema - - -- .-
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
----
Clavicula
Manubriumstemi
ll --
A intercostalisposterior .---
I
A. intercostalisposlstior
-- - --
A. thoracica intema
A axillaris /
l%
2%
5Y6
90%
2%
Fig. 275 Levelof entranceof the vertebralartery into the Figs.276a-f Variationsin formingthe iluncus by
fiansverseforamina.On the right sidethe classical,"textbook" A. thyroideainferior,A. suprascapularis, A. transversa
caseis demonstrated.On the left sidethe variationin entry colli, and A. thoracicainterna.A. vertebralisand
levelscanbe seen.Thefrequencyis indicatedin percentages. Truncuscostocervicalis branchoff separately.
Neck, Collum
Lig.longitudinale
anterius
I / vertebracervicalislll
M longuscaprtis. \
t
M scalenus mediuso \ // Discusintervertebralis
\
R interganglionaris \
\\ - O A verlebralis,Parstransversaria
TruncussvmDathicus. -
Ganglion medium '.
cervicale I
N. phrenicus \
\
M. scalenusanleriorO \ Truncussuperior)
\ /
M scalenuspos
V. vertebr Truncusmedius ptexusbracrriatis
./' , I
VertebracervicalisVll, Proc transversus-_ /' / TruncusinferiorJ
A. vertebralis1 --
Truncusthyrocervicalis a -
A ; V.cervicalisprofundaO o --
(Nn phrenici
accessorii)
Ganglioncervicothoracicum
\
lstellatuml 1A. subclavia
\N \
Ansasubclavia ' cosla I
\
1 A carotis
communrs
\
I M. longuscolli
\
- -r'" 3 Arcusaortae
/' /
A ; V . t h o r a c i c a i n t e r n a a l/ i o Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Pleuraparietalis/
V cavasuperiora o Vv. brachiocephalicae

dexlra el sinistra
Fig,277 Vesselsand nerves in the transitional area

betweenthe neck and the thorax;
deep layer; the scalenemusclesand the prevertebral
muscleshave been removedon the right side;
ventral view (60%).
Note the close relationship of the sympathetictrunk, the
brachial plexus and the apex of the lung.
The ventral rami of the spinal nerves are correspondingly
numbered lV to VIII.
Figs. 278a-d Variationsofthe origin ofthe vertebralartery.

Percentagesindicatethe frequencyof occurence.
Muscles,Veinsand Nervesof theNeck
M digastricus,Venteranterior* \ {r M. mylohyoideus
V iugularisanteraor6 \
\
V. submentalis* \, t,
--
tt t -
submandibularis
Glandula 1
\\
\\
\\
tr..
V. lacialis * \
\ \\ \
(\
rl\
t: -\\
" -_
V retromandibularia f
Al--- ')
M stylohyoideus
. - - -1 .4
V facialis* ---'l
---
*u.occipitalis
/
V occipitaliss - *Vjugularisexterna
interna$t -
V jugularis
-- *i V thyroideasuperior
V thyroidasuperior*' --
-- @,Mslernocleidomasloideus
V jugularis
exlerna+
Ansacervicalis,RadixsuPerior
A carotiscommunisa - (Plexuscervicalis)
-- *V jugularisinterna
* \
M. slernocleidomastoideus
- lslhmusglandulathyroideae
V. cervicalis superficialis li I - *V jugularisexlerna
- s V. jugularisanterior
V transversacolli 5 \
/ t M. omohyoideus
- aM traDezius
V cephalica s
ta. t av.cephalica
M. pcloralismajor t
\
e M Pecloralis
malor
R. Derforans(A thoracicainterna)O \
a V thoracoacromialis
R. culaneusanteriorPectoralis \ 6 V axillaris
\
Rr.perlorantes(A.;V thoracicainterna)a t I M sternocleidomastoideus
V thyroideainleriorc t Arcusvgnosusiugularis
+/,280
--f-
Fig.279 Veinsof the neck,Collum;

the fasciasof the neckhavebeencompletelyremoved;
and the
on the left sidethe sternocleidomastoid
pectoralismaiormuscleshavebeenpartially removed;
ventralview (80%).
Neck,Collum
M mylohyoideus. a M digastricus,Venteranterior
Os hyoideumq / ' M. mylohyoideus
M-hyoglossusar \\ N. lingualis/ ' M. aslricus,Venteranterior
I ,
\ i./"
\
\ t i , '/
\
\ ! / / A. lacialis
a \
V. retromandibularis t 7 ,r' .....'
M s t e r n o h y o i d e u s- -a-
-- * V thyroideasuperior
M . t h y r o h y o i d e u s-r-
-- * M sternocleidomastoideus
M omohvoideusf --
A thyroideasuperioro -- Ansacervicalis,
V thyroideasuperior* -- Radixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis)
Cartilago thyroidea
exlerna* --
V.jugularis N vagus[Xl
Glandula thyroidea - -
/ *' V thyroideamedia
Plexusthyroideusimpar* - -
.. N accessorius[Xll
N. vagus[X] \
,, N phrenicus
A transversao : Plexus
- brachialis,
colli
Parssupra-
clavicularis
V. transversa: -
colli a M. omo-
hyoideus
V jugularis'. -
Clavicula
anterior
-
A subclaviao - o A. subclavia;
. V jugularis
externa
- - 3
V subclavia * V subclavia
- \ rl
V brachio-* V cephalica
cephalica
dextra
\
V thyroidea *
- c V jugularis
tnlenor interna
/ a M pecioralismajor
V thoracicainterna*
\
/ costa I
v. cavasuperior* I
/ \ o
sinisira*
V brachiocephalica A. carotiscommunis;
N. laryngeusrecurrens
Parsascendensaortaea sinister
,rr#"t
Fig. 280 Vessels andnervesofthe neck,Collum,andofthe Theconfluenceof V.jugularis interna and V. subclaviais known
upperthoracicaperture,Aperturathoracissuperior; clinicallyasvenousangle.
deeplayer;the mid-portionof the clavicles,the first and the
secondribs and the sternumhavebeenremoved:
ventralview (80%).
Muscles,Vesselsand Nervesof the Neck
t M masseter
{l M splenius capitis
I Lig nuchae
4r.@ I
- a M digastricus,VenterPosterior
-
Glandula parotidea
-- adiPosus
Panniculus
- a M. longissimus
capitis
- o M semispinaliscapilis
- - | M trapezius
Glandulasubmandibularis
- aM scalenusmedius
Mstylohyoideusc/,.'
t
M .t e v a t o r s c a o u l a e o - ' - a M longissimusceruicis
M. splenius6grvigiS I / -.
' -
A carotisexlernaO Plexusbrachialis
o ' -
A carolis interna
-
A carotiscommunis - loV:A
- subclavia
M omohyoideus, Ventersuperior '
-
V iugularis internao -- a M iliocostaliscervicis
--
M scalenusanleriorc
t
M. sternohvoidousa
a --
M slernothyroideus
-
M s u b c l a v i uTse, n d oe ' -
I M, serratus
posterlor
i --
Mm intercostalesexterni superlor
-
Membrana externa-
intercostalis --
a M iliocostalis
thoracis
--
maiora
M pectoralis
t.
\ ,l l' t M serratusanterior
-
Mm intercostales inlerni |
t \
coar",,' Costall
Fig. 281 Vessels andnervesofthe lateralregionofthe neck,

Regiocervicalislateralis;
deeplayer;the shouldergirdle hasbeenremoved;the splenius
capitismusclehasbeenretractedsuperiorly,the spleniuscervicis
and the levatorscapulaemuscleshavebeenretractedventrally;
lateralview (r., 80%).
Notethe courseof the subclavianvein on the ventral sideof the
scalenusanteriormuscle,and the courseof the subclavianartery
and the brachialplexusin the scalenegapbetweenthe scalenus
anteriorandscalenus mediusmuscles.
Neck, Collum
Os nasale 1
(Cartilagonasilateralis)\ Sinussohenoidalis
\ Alavomerissinistra
Seplumnasi \-
\ i Ostiumpharyngeumtubaeauditivae;
Toruslevatorius\ / Torustubarius
| , Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Plica salpingopharyngea \
/ Tonsillapharyngea,
Cartilagoalarismajor, - / (Bursapharyngealis);
Crusmediale Recessus pharyngeus
//
/ Fasciapharyngobasilaris
nasi -
Vestibulum
/ Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior
Naris /
/ Atlas[C ll, Arcusanterior
Maxilla-- Ltg- apicis dentis
7' ' .z
Palatummolle - -- / Articulatioatlantoaxialis
mediana
[Velumpalatinum] ',// / Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Plicasalpingopharyngea- -
Foramen caecum linguae -- Os c icir it3le
Caruncula sublingualis -- Lig.transversumatlantis
Tonsillapalatina - Lig cruciforme

atlantis
M genioglossus.-
-
Mandibula
* -
M. geniohyoideus
--
M m y l o h y o i d e u s-*- Spaiiumretropharyngeum
-- Tuberculum
medianum,Bursainfrahyoidea-
Lig.thyrohyoideum cuneiforme
-
Lig. hyoepiglotticum -- Tuberculumcorniculatum
Cartilagoepiglonica-
Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum - - - - posterius
a Lig.longitudinale
Lig. thyroepiglotticum-
iV - -, M. arytenoideus
iransversus:
Cartitagothyroidea- Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae
Ventriculuslaryngis;Plicavocalis -
Plicavestibularis; Spatium epidurale
(A.;V. thyroideasuperioO;a 6 -
R. cricothyroideus
Lig.cricothyroideummedianum Duramaterspinalis
t
Arcuscartifaginis '
cricoideae
Lig longitudinale
anterius
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superlicialis - - - Fascia ceruicalis,

Lamina prevertebralis
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis -
lslhmusglandulaethyroideae-
(Spatium
inferior*. -'
V thyroidea retrooesophageum)
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
l -
Arcusvenosusjugularis
\.'l \
- oesophagus
M sternolhyroideus
a I
\ lspatiumoesophagotracheate)
I
Trachea
a Truncus brachiocephalicus
Fig.282 Head,Caput,andneck,Collum;
paramediansection;the nasalseptumhasbeenpteserved;
medialrespectivelylateralview (1.,80%).
The arrowsmark the surgicalapproaches to openthe trachea.
* coniotom)4 throughthe mediancricothyroidligament
'" uppertracheotomy: abovethe isthmusof the thyroidgland
* * * lowertracheotomy:blowthe isthmusof the thyroidgland
Median Sectionof the Head
ir#$
Palatum molle \
lvelum palatinuml \
/ Lig.hyoeFigbnicum M.constnc{or
--
pharynglssuPnor
-- Eltglottis
-- OshyoiJeum
. Dens--
I
rnc|srvus
- - M. constnclor
pharyngismedius
-
oris,-
M orbicularis
Parslabialis -- Lrg.hYohyoideummdianum
-- Cattilagothyroilea
- - M. aMerrixlus Fanswfsus
- -
M. consticlor
pharyngisinferior
- -
- Lig.cticohyroiJunlmdianum
M geniohyoileus
--
Cartitagocti:oilea
--
Fasciacervicalis,
LaminasuPetlicialis
M mylohyoileuq/ I
I
\ Cartilagines
tracfreales
Glandulathyrordeal
neonatesand
Facial part of the head,Caput,and the neck' Collum; The position of the larynx is much higher in the
Fig. 283 to Fi8' 282'
infants than in adults. Compare
median sectionthrough the head of a neonate;
medialview (110%).
N. maxillads
[V/iZ]
I N.glossopharyngeus
[lxl
N.vaousPq
Pharynx;
Fig. 284 Sensoryinnervationofthe pharynx'
medial view.
162 Neck,corrum
PlatysmaO / Lig. vocale

\
\
Cartilagothyroidea ,' 7 Cartilago cricoidea
,
M slernohyoideus | \
,' 7 Cartilagoarytenoidea
/ Recessuspiritormis
/ O M. conslrictorpharyngisinterior
O A. thyroideasuperior
M. slernothyroideus
o -_
-- D Truncussympathicus
A. carotiscommunisO -_
-z O M . l o n g u sc o l l i
Ganglioncervicalemedium {: \-
N . v a g u s l x lf - -
V.iugularisintemao --
a A. cervicalisascendens
M. slemocleido-o --
masloideus - . N. spinatis[C5l
N. phrenicus* / - OViugularisexterna
./ / - -
M. scalenusanledorO / vertebra cervicalisV.
CoDUs
M. scalenusmediusO / - Spatiumsubarachnoideum
-- Spatiumepidurale;
O Piexusvenosus
M. levatorscapulaeO / vertebralisinternus
M spleniuscerviciset captis O / - Periosleum

-/
M. semispinaliscarritis O /
Duramaterspinalis
/
M. multifiduscervicisO /
\ o
M. trapeziusO M. spinalis
Medullasdnalis \
verlebra cervicalis lv.
Proc.soinosus
Flg.285 Neck,Collum;
transversesectionthrough the glottis;
superior view.
Notethe cenftl posiflon of the spinal
canalin the middleof the neck.
'z
''
I
Sectionof theHead
Transverse lI ;t ,tn
anterior
V jugularis
lo
ll
,a v thyroideainlerior
' \
M sternohyoideus
M sternothyroideuso 7 Trachea
\
M sternocleidomastoideusa \
, Nl vaous[Xl
OY jugularisinterna
lsthmus glandulaethYroideae\-- .-
a V iugularis
externa
V thyroidea inferiora -- _--
Oesophagus.- -- - - - NoduslymPhoideus
lateralrs'
ceruicalis
Clavicula - - Nodusorolundus inferior
-.---
aA carotiscommunis
M o m o h y o i d e u s-a-
-.-
o A cervicalis
M s c a l e n u s a- . - ascendens;
anterlor N phrenicus
Plexrisbrachialrs N laryngeus
recurrens
--
Ivl scalenusa a V vertebralis
Posterior -
/ * M scalenus
M scalenusO medius
meolus -
- / o A vertebralis
M longus colliO
- costa I
N spinalis
- o M supra'
Vertebra/ spinatus
l,
thoracica
Corpus --
- sc"prl"
Medulla
spinalis
thoracica
\ o M. trapezius
\
o M levatorscaPulae
l, Proc spinosus
thoracica
Vertebra
Fig.286 Neck,Collum;
transversesectionthroughthe first thoracic
vertebrain an elderlYPerson;
inferiorview (80%).
164 rlpperLimb
Thenal
Pollex [Digitus primusl r
IndexIDigitussecundusl
Digitusmedius[ertiusl I Palmalvolal
/ M. brachioradialis
I I
I
- - Plicaaxillarisanterior
I
I
|
Digitusanularis[quartus] I
I I
I
Brachium,'
Digitusminimus[quintusl Anlebrachium,l Regio ' Regioaxillaris,Fossaaxillaris
Beoio
- anlebrachii EPlCOndYluS brachii
anterior antenor
Hypothenar meorails
tricepsbrachii
Fig.287 Arm, Brachium;

surfaceanatomy;
ventralview(r., l5%).
(Radius)
Proc.styloideus
I
| , Dorsummanus
Regio deltoidea, M deltoideus I
Olecranon Pollex[Digitusprimus]
I
I I
brachioradiaris | __ , Index[Oigilussecundus]
j
iM.
PlicaaxillarisDosterior- -
i-l oigitr. mediusltertiusl
' Digitusanularis
[quartus]
Digitusminimuslquintusl
M. latissimusdorsi I Proc styloideus(Ulna)
M tricepsbrachii
Fig.288 Arm, Brachium;

surfaceanatomy;
dorsalview (r., 15%).
Limb,Ossamembrisupertoris
of the UPPer
Bones
165
Crngulum
pectorale
- Articulatio
humeroradialis
Pars libera
membrl
supenons
' Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
- -'
--
radiocarPalrs
Articulatio
Articutatiomediocarpalis
\----- carpometacarpales
Articulationes
> - - - Arliculationes metacarpophalangeae
Drgitimanus,
Ossadigitorum:
- Phalanxproxrmalts
- Phalanxmedta
- Phalanxdistalis
- - - - Articulationes manusdistales
interphalangeae
- - -\
Fig.289 Upperlimb, Membrumsuperius;

the skeletonand the articularregions;
ventralview(r.,25%1.
166 upperlimb
Ioints of the upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris (Fig.289)

Ioints of the shoulder girdle, Articulationes cinguli membri superioris
Ioint Type of ioint Movement
Sternoclavicularj oint, Irregularjoint,Articulatioirre- Rotationarounda sagittalaxis(elevating theshoulder),
Articulatiosternoclavicularis gularis rotationarounda longitudinalaxis(forwardandback-
Functionally: spheroidaljoint wardmovement of the shoulder), rotationaroundthe
(specialfeature:Discus longitudinataxisof the clavicle(swingingthe arm)
articularis)
Acromioclayicular j oint, Planejoint,Articulatioplana Rotationarounda sagittalaxis(elevating
theshoulder),
Articulatio acromioclayicularis Functionally: spheroidaljoint rotationarounda transverse axis(swingingthe arm),
(specialfeature:variable,often rotationarounda longitudinalaxis (forwardand
incomplete Discusarticularis) backwardmovement ofthe shoulder= protraction
and
retraction)
Ioints of the free upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris liberi

Shoulder (hurnoral)joint,
Articulatiohumeri Spheroidaljoint, Protraction (flexion)
Anteversion
Articulatio spheroidea Retraction (extension)
Retroversion
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation
Lateralrotation
(Circumduction:a combinationof anteversion,
abduction,retroversionand adduction)
Elbow (cubital) joint,
Articulatio cubiti
a) Humeroulnar joint, Hingejoint, Flexion
Articulatiohumeroulnaris Ginglymus Extension
b) Humeroradial joint, Spheroidaljoint, Flexion
Articulatiohumeroradialis Articulatio spheroidea Extension
(functionally restricted) Rotation
c) Proximalradio-ulnarjoint, Trochoid (pivot)joint,
Articulatioradioulnarisproximalis Articulatio trochoidea t_
rronailon
I
Distal radio-ulnar joint, Trochoid (pivot) joint, I
Supination
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis Articulatio trochoidea
Ioints of hand
a) Wristjoint, Ellipsoidjoint, ) Ulnar abduction
Articulatioradiocarpalis Articulatioellipsoidea I Radialabduction
I
b) Midcarpaljoint, Specialtype of hingejoint I Palmar flexion
A-rticulatio
mediocarpalis / Dorsalextension
Carpometacarpaljoints Itr-V,
Articulationes carpometacarpales Planejoints, Very variable movements
Articulationesplanae
Carpometacarpaljoint of the
thumb,
Articulatiocarpometacarpalis joint,
Sellar(saddle-shaped) Abduction
pollicis Articulatiosellaris Adduction
Opposition
Reposition
Metacarpophalangealj oints,
Articulationes
metacarpophalangeae Spheroidaljoints, Flexion
Articulationesspheroideae Extension
(tunctionally restricted) Abduction.
Adduction*
("relativeto the middle finger)
Interphalangealjoints,
Articulationes
interphalangeae
manus Hingejoints, Flexion
Ginglymi Extension
ctavicuta
ctavicte,
161
Corpusclaviculae
\
Extremitas
acromialis
Extremitas
sternalrs
Fig. 290 Clavicle,Clavicula;

superiorview (1.,707o).
Facies
articularis
Corpusclaviculae acromialis
\
sternalis\
Extremitas
Extremitas
acromialis
----
Faciesarticularis -
sternalis Foramennulnctum Linea
trapezotdea
lmpressioligamenti conoideum
Tuberculum
cosloclavicularis Sulcusmusculisubclavii
Fig. 291 Clavicle,Clavicula;

inferior view (1.,707").
Clavicula
I
Discusarlicularis
,
Lig inlerclaviculate
- -
Capsulaarticularis
--
a anterius
Lig sternoclaviculare
costalisl/
Cartilago
sterni/
Manubrium radiatum
/ Lig.sternocostale
\ Cartilagocostalisll
/
manubriosternalis
Symphysis
Fig.292 sterno-
Sternoclavicularjoint,Articulatio
clavicularis;
the right joint hasbeenexposedby a frontal section;
ventralview (70%).
(rpperLimb
168
Incisura
scapulae
I
| fuberculumsupraglenoidale
, Maroosuoerior \
li, / Angulussuperior Proc coracoideus
.
t,
_ Fossa
- - supraspinata
Acromion-
- Spina.
scaourae
Tuberculuminfraglenoidale/
cavitas-- !
glenoidalis
/i l t
Anguluslateratis/ - Facies
/
posteflor
"n'J**:f"""i
i\ Facrescostalis-
Margolateralis/
i
lAngulusinferior
Fig.293 Scapula,Scapula; Fig.294 Scapula,Scapula;

dorsalview (1.,35%). lateralview(1.,40%).
Angulussuperior- ,Aciomion
I
| / Faciesarticularis
/ clavicularis
Margosuperior- -
Fossa - -
\ Cavilas
glenoidalis
\ - Acromion
\ collu.
scapulae
2\- - Margo
laleralis
-
Sternum-
:\
:\
I i\
\\
I Angulusinferior \\
Planummedianum'
Fig.295 Scapula,Scapula; Fig.296 Shouldergirdle,Cingulumpectorale;

ventralview (1.,35%). superiorview (1.).
Theanglesshownare meanvaluesfor an adult.
' median plane
r r scapular plane
-numerus169
Caputhumeri / Capul.
\
\ / sulcus intertubercularis / n.umefl
/ Tuberculummaius
Collumanatomicum- -
Tuberculum- - Tuberculummaius -
mtnus
- - - Cristatuberculimaioris
Cristatuberculi- -
mrnons
- - - Sulcusnerviradialis
Margomedialis\ ---- FacigsDosterior

\\
Faciesanleromedialis\
\
Fossacoronoidea\ / Cristasupraepicondylaris
/ lateralis
\
-- Fossaradialis
--- Epicondylus
laleralis
/
Epicondylus/
medialis
I
\ Sulcusnerviulnaris
Trochleahumeri/ Condylushumeri\ Trochlea humeri /
Fig.297 Humerus,Humerus; Fig.298 Humerus,Humerus;

ventralview(1.,45%). dorsalview(1.,45%).
Tubrculumminus
Sulcusintertubercularis
\
Inserlionof the tendonsof:

1 M. supraspinatus
- Collumanatomicum
I
2 M. infraspinatus
3 M teresminor
/
Tuberculummaius - -/-
Fig.299 Humerus,Humerus;
proximalview(1.,100%).
I70 upperlimb
Lig coracoacromiale \\
- - - Lig coracoclaviculare,
Lig. lrapezoideum
M. supraspinalus
-__
---- Bursasynovialis
Lig. coracoclaviculare,
Proc.coracoidus Lig. conoideum
-- Lig.transversum
scapulae
--
Lig coracohumerale suoenus
---*
maius--
Tuberculum lncisurascaoulae
Bursasubtendineamusculi
--
M subscapularis,Tendo subscapularis
- -
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
Collumchirurgicum - - Capsulaarticularis,
Ligg.glenohumeralia:- (superius)
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum-- - (medium)
- (inferius)
Cristatuberculimaioris-
Tuberculuminfraglenoidale
- \ Crista
Sulcusintertubercularis tuberculi
minoris
(Recessusaxillaris)
Fig. 300 Shoulderjoint, Articulatio humeri;

ventral view (r., B5%).
Proc.coracoideus Lig transversumscapulaesuperius

I
Lig coracohumerale
I
Spina scapulae
majus -
Tuberculum
Caosulaarticularis
Fig. 301 Shoulderjoint,Articulatiohumeri;

the acromionhasbeenremoved;
dorsalview (1.,85%).
Articulatiohumeri
Il I
M supraspinatus
I
Bursasubacromialis
I
,/ Ltg
coracoacromlale
- Proc coracoideus
M suorasOinatus'---
--
maius --
Tuberculum Lig.coracohumerale
M inlraspinatusr-- --
M subscaPularis'
--
Vaginatendinisintsrtubercularis
M teres minol'- -
-*
M. biceos brachii,CaPut longum
- M subscapularis'
* Thesemuscular tendons constitutethe so-calledrotator cufi

Fig. 302 Shoulderjoint,Articulatiohumeri;
the deltoidmusclehasbeenremoved;
lateralview(t.,70%1.
Lig acromioclaviculare \
- Extremitasacromialis
Clavicula,
Lig coracoacromiale\ Acromion\
t- \
\\
M supraspinatus Spinascapulae
-
M infraspinatus
-
M teresminor
- M triceosbrachii,CaPUtlongum
Capsulaarticularis
Fig. 303 Shoulderjoint, Articulatio humeri;

dorsalview (1.,B0%).
upperLimb
172
/ Facies articularisclavicularis
/ M supraspinatus
-- Lig coracohumerale
-- M biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo

* - Labrum glenoidale
- - Cavitas glenoidalis
.-.-
Caput humeri
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
-- --
Scapula
M biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo - -
\ (Recessusaxillaris)
Fig. 304 Shoulderjoint, Articulatiohumeri;

sectionin the scapularplane;
ventralview (r.,80%).
* ossifiedepiphysealplare
/
Proc coracoideus/
Lig. coracoacromiale /
- Cavitas glenoidalis
Labrum glenoidale /
- - M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

the joint capsulehas been sectionedalong the glenoid
lip; the head of the humerus has been removed;
lateral view (1.,80%).
Shoulderloint, Articulatio humeri
173
majus--
Tuberculum
infraglenoidale
Tuberculum
minus--
Tuberculum
Margolateralis
/
Sulcusinlertubercularis
J
:.:I

AP-radiograph;standing,arm hanging loosely,scapula
with
parallelto the planeof the film (joint in O-position
regards to all three main planes of movement);
ventralview (r.).
i,4 deltordeus.Pars clavicularis .- - Sulcusinterlubercularis;

M. bicepsbrachii,
Caputlongum,Tendo
minus -
Tuberculum
- - majus
Tuberculum
- - Parsacromialis
M deltoideus,
-
M coracobrachialis
Labrum glenoidale - - - Capulhumeri
Cavitas glenoidalis - - - humeri,

Articulatio
Cavitasarticularis
-
M subscapularis - - Parsspinalis
M. deltoideus,
Scapula- -- M. inlraspinatus

cross-sectionalimage through the centre of curvature of the
humeral head obtainedwith computedtomography(CT);
upper arm in central position; the joint cavity has been filled
with air (pneumo-CT);
inferior view (1.).
174 upperlimb
Incisuratrochlearis \ -- Olecranon
\\
Proc. coronoideus
Incisuraradialis-
Tuberositasulnae - - - - Cristamusculi
suDinatoris
- Facies medialis
- Circurnlerentia
Caputulna-- arlicularis
Fig.308 Ulna,Ulna; Fig.310 Ulna,Ulna;

ventralview (1.,50%). radialview (1.,50%).
Proc.styloideus
ulnae
Fig. 309 Ulna,Ulna;

Radius
175
-- Foveaarticularis
-- Circumlerenlia
articularis
Faciesanterior
Corpusradii
Corpusradii
Margoanterior-- -- Margointerosseus
Faciesoosterior
-- Margoposteriol
/ lncisuraulnaris
- -- Faciesarticularis
carpalis
Proc.styloideusradii ---
--
Proc.styloideusradii
Fig.311 Radius,Radius; Fig.313 Radius,Radius;

ventralview (1.,50%). ulnarview(1.,50%).
\
Tuberculumdorsale
I
Proc styloideusradii
Fig.312 Radius,Radius;
* groovesand crestsfor the
extensortendons
176 trpperlimb
-
Humerus
Lig. anulareradiiI
Trcchloahumed
Collumradii; i
M. Ucepsbrachii,TendoI
Epicondylu
meorails
Circumfefgntia\ - Proc.coronoidgus
ariicularis \
-- Corpusulnae,
Faciesanterior
Fig. 314 Elbowjoint, Articulatiocubiti; Fig. 315 Elbowjoint, Articulatiocubiti;

the distancebetweenthe componentsof the 90oflexionand90osupination;
joint hasbeenenlarged; medialview (r.,55%).
ventralview (r., 55%).
Corpushumeri
/ Corpus humeri
/ Capsulaarticularis, / Capsulaarticularis
/ Mehbrana librosa
/ Epicondylus
lateralis Epicondylus- - -
lateralis
Lig collaterale-- ---(

ulnare Lig.collaterale
- Lig.collateraleradiale radiale
--
oecranon
Lig.anulareradii---
Lig. anulareradii
\
Collumradii
\
M. bicepsbrachii,Tendo
Chordaobliqua-
Fig. 316 Elbowjoint, Articulatiocubiti; Fig. 317 Elbowjoint, Articulatiocubiti;

ventralview(1.,55%). dorsalview (1.,55%).
Etbowloint, Articulatiocubiti
r17
i M. triceps brachii,
medtale
,' Caput
l N ulnaris
M brachioradialis
\.
+
Septum
H u m e r u s\ intermusculare
brachiimediale
M pronator
M extensor carPr\ teres,CaPUt
radialislongus humerale
Epicondylus Eprcondylus
\ medialis
taterails \
- / Trochlea
humeri
Lig collaterale \
radtale \
- - Sulcusnervi
ulnans
C a p i t u l u m- -
humerl -- Lig
collaterale
ulnare
Lig anulare -
radrl -- Mm
tlexores,
- Caput
Caput radii
commune
-- '1
Crista suPraePicondYlarrs radii
6 Tuberositas
- Proc
M extensor 7 Proc coronordeus
coronotoeus lateralis
carpi radialts 8 Trochleahumeri
brevls 2 Epicondyluslateralis
3 Capitulumhumeri I Olecranon
/ 4 Caput radil lO Epicondylusmedialis
M supinator/ 5 Collum radii 1'1CristasuPraePicondYlaris
/Bursa \ medialis
. /' /' brcipitoradialis M. pronatorteres'
Lrg quadratum 'M. caput ulnare
bi""oa uracnii,tendo
Fig. 319 Elbow joint, Articulatio cubiti;

Fig. 318 Elbowjoint, Articulatiocubiti;
AP-radiograPh.
frontal section;
M triceps brachii
/
Fossa olecrant \
Fossa
M triceps\ coronordea
brachii, t.
Tendo V mediana
cubiti
Bursa -
subculanea
olecranl A brachialis
M pronator
teres
- N medianus
)l
radialis
I IA ulnaris 'I Humerus 6 Radius
Trochleahumeri
2 Fossaolecrani 7 Collumradii
3 Olecranon I Caputradii
4 lncisurairochlearis 9 Proc coronotdeus
5 Ulna 10 Fossacoronoldea
Fig. 321 Elbow joint, Articulatio cubiti;

Fig. 320 Elbowjoint, Articulatiocubiti;
lateral radiograPh
sagittalsection;
medialview (1.,607").
178 trpperltmb
/ Tuberositasradii
/Tuberositas ulnae
/ Proc.coronoideus
, Incisura Lig anulareradii --

Itrochlearis
anulareradii
tLig.
trochlearis
I
/
Arliculatioradioulnaris
proximalis
Fig.323 Proximalradio-ulnar joint,Articulatio

Chordaoblioua -
proximalis;
radioulnaris
ventroproximal
view(r.,B57o).
- Radius Faciesposteriorl Faciesposterior
posterior
/ Margo
Margines
inlerossei /, Radius
- Facies
laleralis
Margo /
antenor
Membranainterosseaantebrachii
Fig. 324 Crosssectionthroughthe bonesof the

forearm;
distalview (1.,115%).
I
Articulatio radio- ,
ulnarisdistalis, Proc.styloideus
Capsulaarticularis -_
utnae
Fig.322 Connectingstructuresof the

bonesof the forearm;
the annularligamenthasbeensectioned; I Faciesarticulariscarpalis
ventralview (1.,50%). Articulalio
radioulnaris
distalis'
Fig. 325 Distalradio.ulnarjoint,Articulatio

radioulnarisdistalis;
the articulardischasbeenseparatedfrom the
radiusandpulledto the ulnarside;
dorsodistalview(r.,B5%).
manut
ossa
Hand, 1 7 9
Os scaphoideum
\
TuberculumossisscaPhoider
1
ossistrapezii\
Tuberculum
Os trapezium- -
Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum
Proc.styloideus-_ -
ossismetacarpi lll Hamulusossishamati
Basisossismetacarpi
l--
Os metacarpi
*--
Corousossismetacarpi
---
Ossasesamoidea
--- CaPutossismetacarPi
Corpusphalangis
Phalanxproximalis-
- Tuberositas
phalangisdistalis
-
Phalanx distalis-
I Pollex[DigitusPrimus]
U Index[Digitussecundus]
III Digitusmedius[tertius]
IV Digitusanularis[quartus]
V Digitusminimus[quintus]
Fig.326 Bonesofthe hand,Ossamanus;

the distancebetweenthe boneshasbeenenlarged;
palmarview (r.,70'/"1.
180 rrpperLimb
Radius\ / Ulna
\
Os lunatum\ / Caputulnae
\\
Proc.styloideusradii \
\ / Proc styloideusulnae
Os scaphoideum 1 \
Os capitatum
Tuberculumossistrapezii
Ossacarpi
Ostrapezium----
- - - Os hamatum,Hamulus
ossishamati
---
Ostrapezoirleum
Os metacarDi ---
---
Ossasesamoidea Ossametacaroil-V
Caputossismetacarpi --t
Phalanx Droximalis - -
Ossadigitorum
Caputossismetacarpi/
/
Corpusphalangis/
/
'/ /
Caputphalangis \ Ph"l"n, proximalis
/ .
Basisphalanois/
// \ Phalanxmedia
Corpusphalangis/ Fig.327 Bonesof the hand, Ossamanus;
/
/, ---
Pharanxdistalis palmar view (r., 50%).
Caput phalangis
,'l
Phalanx distalis / /
/ Fladius
Tuberositasphalangisdistalis/
,, Os lunatum
Pro" styloideus
radii
ulnae ---
Proc.styloideus ----
Os scaPhoideum
_-'
Oslriquetrum---
Os pisiforme- -
---- Oslrapezoideum
Os hamatum
- - .-
Basisossismelacarpi---- I nrti"rt"tio caroometa-
fu carpalispollicis'
\ Os capitatum
- Os metacarpiI
\ Articulatiomelacarpo-
\ \ ohalanoea oollicisr'
\ Phalanx proximalis
\ Phalanx distalis
\ Phalanx
Droximalis
Fig.328 Bonesofthe hand,Ossamanus; Corpusphalangis/

dorsalview (r.,50%). Caputphalangis/
' also called
sellar ioint of the thumb
'* also called proximal phalangeal
ioint of the thumb
Iointsof theHand,Articulationes
- Radius
Articulatioradioulnaris
distalis,Caosulaarticularis -- Ptoc styloideusradii
-
Proc styloideusulnae
Os lunatum
-
Lig ulnocarpalepalmare
Lig. radiocarpale
Palmare
Os pisiforme--
-- Lig.carpiradiatum
-
Lig pisohamalum
- ArticulatiocarpometacarPalis
Lig. pisometacargale pollicis,
- Capsulaarlicularis
Hamutusossishamali
/
Lig.carpometacarpale
oalmare l- os capitatum
Fig.329 Iointsandligamentsof
the hand,Articulationeset Ligamenta
manus;
Ossa
sesamoidea palmarview (1.,75%).
/ I
Ligg. palmaria I
Ligg. metacarpalia.
transversa prolunda
Proc.styloideus
- radiocarpale\ -
Lio. //
dorbale
--
Proc styloideusradii
Ligg.inlercarpdia
/ -/ dorsalia
- -
Os scaDhoideum
- Os triquetrum
- - - Os hamatum
dorsalia
Ligg.intercarpalia
- Os capitatum
-
Os trapezoideum
Ligg.
metacarpalia
Ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia - dorsalia
Fig. 330 Jointsand ligamentsof

the hand,Articulationeset LiSamenta
manus; Ligg. collateralia
dorsalview(1.,75%). Articulationsmetacarpophalangeao'
Cetrsulaearliculares
I82 upperLimb
Proc - -
' z styloideus
Proc
styloideus
radii radii
.- - ----Ulna
Faciesarticularis
carpails Tuberculum-
dorsale I
Froc \Tuberculum I
dorsale
styloideusulnae t^
Haotus
Fig.331 Radius,Radiusand ulna, Ulna; Fig. 332 Radiocarpaljoint, Articulatio

d i s t a lv i e w ( 1 . , 7 5 % \ . radiocarpalis;
proximal articularsurface
distalview (r.,7 5'/"\.
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Ulna \
Caputulnae \
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
\
Os triquetrum- -
carpiulnare --
Lig collaterale
Articulatiomediocaroalis --
/ / Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum- - Os lraPezium
---
- - Articulaliocarpometacarpalis
interosseum-
Lig intercarpale
Articulationes -
carpometacarpales tl r ,i--
lrI,|' * metacarpi
I
,//: ,'\: tt' ,'
;i\
1'l
I
Ligg metacarpalia interossea /
Fig. 333 Intercarpaljoints,Articulationescarpi;

section parallel to the dorsal aspectof the hand.
Finger loints,Articulationesdigitorum
183
- Os metacarpi
- -
Os metacarprpollicis
Lig collaterale\
- - Arliculatio
metacarpoPhalangea,
Capsula articularis M flexor pollicisbrevis-- / Ossa sesamoidea
-
Lrg collaterale-
-
M llexor polhcislongus -
- -f
Articulationes
interphalangeaeI Phalanx media
*- Lig collaterale
Fig. 335 Metacarpophalangeal joint ofthe thumb,

Fig. 334 Fingerioints,Articulationesdigiti;
Articulatio metacarpophalangea pollicis;
lateral view
radiopalmarview (r.).
A transverseligament betweenthe sesamoidbonesintegrates
the radial and lateral collateralligaments into a common
joint'
ligamentoussystemwhich limits the extensionof the
Cavitas medullaris
Os metacarpi
(Cartilago
articularis)
Phalanx proximalis - -
- Articulatiometacarpophalangea
Caosula articularis
Tendo - -
-
Caputphalangis
1- Artlculatiointerphalangeamanus distalis*"
- - Phalanx medra
* cliniOal:MP (= metacarpophalangeal joint)

Fig. 336 Fingerjoints,Articulationesdigiti; *' c l i n i c a l :P I P ( = p r o x i m a li n t e r p h a l a n g e aj ol i n t )
sagittalsection;lateralview. * * * clinical: DIP (= distal interphalangealjoint)
Notethat the flexor creasesdo not appeardirectlyover the joint

cavity.
I84 rrpperlimb
Proc.styloideusulnae-- - _
- - Tuberculumossisscaphoidei
- - - BasisossismetacarDill
Hamulusossishamati-
Ossametacaroi/
- Phalanx media
\ Phalanxdistalis
Fig.337 Hand,Manus;
PA-radiograph.
Notethat the pisiformboneis projectedonto
the triangularbone.
ofthertpperLimb
185
R1 forces workingon the scapula

-- forcosworkingon the scapulaandon the
Fs
apparatusholdingthe scaPula
Fsr forcesworkingon the sternoclavicular
loint
Frh for@onlhethorax
Fsa tractionforceson M. seriatusanlerior
Fig.338 whenthe arm is abducted'

Ratioofforceson the shouldergirdle
Fc lor@ olthe weight of the arm

FAb forcs of the abduclot musdes
Rr resultingforceof F6 and F16
Fs torce of the adductingmuscles
Rs resultingforce in the shoulderioinl
Fig. 339 Ratioof forceson the shouldergirdle when the arm is slightly abducted.
Fpr lorceol the flexingmuscleson the elbowjoint

Fs weightol what is heldin the hand
R5 resultingforcein the elbowjoinl
Fig. 340 Ratio of forceson the elbow joint when the arm is'flexed'
186 upperlimb
/ M trapezius
Clavicula \
-- Spina scapulae
M pectoralismajor, --
Pars clavicuiaris
- M biceps brachii,
Caput breve / M. triceps brachii
Caput laterale
Y ceghalica
" - - N intercosto-
brachialis / / Septumintermusculare
/ ,, -brachii
- - laterale
M teres major
--
N cutaneus
N medianus-- brachiimediahs
-- N. cutaneus brachii
/ posleflor
M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
V basilica-- /- M bicepsbrachii
- N cutaneus
M biceps brachii - antebrachii --- N cutaneus
medialis posterior
antebrachii
M triceps brachii,
M brachialts - Caput mediale
- M triceps
brachii -- M brachioradialis
Olecranon :
- \ Septum
N musculoculaneus,
N cutaneusantebrachii Intermusculare - Epicondyluslateralis
lateralis brachiimediale
musculi-
Aponeurosis
biciprtis
brachii \ Epicondylus
-
- M extensorcarpi
V mediana cubiti medialis radialislongus
/
M anconeus
- M extensor
digitorum
/
M flexor carpi ulnaris
-- M extensor
carpi radialis
M extensor carpi ulnaris brevts
- M tlexor carpi radialis
N radialis,- --
B superficialis M abductor
pollicislongus
-- M p a l m a r i sl o n g u s
M brachioradialis,-- - M extensor
Tendo M extensor digiti minimi / pollicisbrevis
N cutaneus-
anlebrachii
medialis - - M flexor carpi ulnaris - - Retinaculum
/ muscurorum
Capul ulnae, Proc styloideusulnae
extensorum
antebrachii /
Mm extensorescarpi radiahs,Tendines \ M extensor
- Aponeurosis pollicislongus,
palmaris Tendo
Fig. 341 Fasciaof the flexor musclesof the upper limb; Fig.342 Fasciaof the extensormusclesof the upper limb;
ventral view (r., 25"/"1. dorsal view (r., 25"/"\.
Limb
oftheuPPer
Musctes t 87
/ M spleniuscervicis
M traoezaus '-
Venterinferior
,M. omohyoideus'
M. levaior scaDulae -- / M. slernocleidomastoideus
M scalenusmedius-- - M. slernohyoideus
---
M. scafenusDostetior
- -
M scalenusanlerior -
-- Clavicula
Acromion
-l
Spinascapulae
pectoralismajor
-
M. trapezius -
M. deltoideus
-
Fasciainfraspinata
-
M. teresminor
M. pecioralismaior,Parsabdominalis
M. teresmajor --
z M. serratusantenor
'
M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
- -Arcus costalis
M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
- - VaginamusculirectiaMominis,
- Laminaanterior
dorsi
M. latissimus
-
M. obliouusexternusabdominis
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo " -
M biceos brachii
\
M. brachialis
brachiilaterale
Seotumintermusculare
-- teres
M oronator
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
- - Epicondyluslateralis
Olecranon
-- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. anconeus
- M brachioradialis
- - M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
M extensordigitorum
- - M. flexorcarpiradialis
- - M. llexorpollicislongus
- - M. abductorPollicislongus
Tendines
M extensordigitorum,
-- oollicisbrevis
M. extensor
- M. extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
- - M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
extensorum--\
musculorum
Retinaculum
- -
M. extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendo
- M. adduclorPollicis
Mm.interosseidorsales
Fig. 343 Musclesof the upperlimb,the thoraxand

the inferiorpart of the neck;
lateralview (r.,23%1.
(rpperLimb
188
I M. scalenus Acrom M. deltoideus
M. levatorscapulae\ i posterior //
\
M longuscapitis
\\ ) Clavicula
medius-.- __-
M. scalenus I
I
M. scalnusanterior- -
Ventersuprior-
M. omohyoideus,
/ M biceps
/ brachii,
M omohvoideus. ---1 CapullorEum
')
ventei inferior ,
_, -/-, --- M. biceps
brachii,
Caput breve
Mm.sternocleidom -' "{--4
astoidei - M coraco-
{ --t"'l brachialis
\\\\
M.teresmaior
- M. subscapularis
inle.ni -'
Mm intercoslales --
M serratusanlerior
- -
Mm. intercostales
exlerni M. latissimusdorsi
"
--
M senalusanlerior
M. pecloralisminor /
- M. latissimusdorsi
M. pecloralismajor // .?
- - M. rectusabdominis
Arcuscoslalis /
- - M. oblhuusxtrnusabdominis
Lineaalba /
Fig.344 Musclesof the arm,the thoraxandthe inferior Theribs are numberedI, II, IV to VII
part of the neck;
the left shoulderhasbeenretractedby a hook;
ventrolateral view (1.,30%).
f Caputlongum- * Humerus
M. bicepsbrachiiI '{J. _-
vaginatendinisinlerlubercularis
( Caput breve - -* - -
_ - Lig. coracoacromiale
Clavicula/
N suprascapularis
\\
Lig.lransversumscapulaesuprius--
Spinascapulae
Fig. 345 Shoulderand musclesofthe shoulder; ' Thesetendonsconstitutethe-so{alledrotatorycuff (compareto Fig.302).
the deltoidmusclehasbeenremoved:the end of the claviclehas

beenmadetransparent;
superiorview (r., 60%).
oftheshoulder
Musctes 1 19
Clavicula 1 I M subclavius
Proc. coracoideus \
M deltoideus
Capsulaarticularis- - -
Articulatioacromioclavicularis, Lig conoideum
li}. coracoclaviculare,
A c r o m i o n- - - - ----
Venterinleriol
M. omohyoideus,
- M. levator scaPulae
- -
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis) - M serralusantenor
- -
M octoralisminor
minor
M. rhomboideus
-.-
M biceps brachii, Caput breve
M. supraspinatus
-- ---
M coracobrachialis \ Lig transversumscapulae
ll
supenus
//
M. deltoideus/ -
/ .z M. subscapularis
Vaginatendinis / 1
interlubercularis
/ - M rhomboideus
M. pectoralismaior /
//
malor
/
M. latissimus
dorsi,Tendo
\ Margomedialis
-
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
'-j
M bicepsbrachii,
Caputlongum - M. teresmaior
M. coracobrachialis- \ M. serratusanterior
' \
/ M triceps brachii' Capsulaarticularis,
M biceos brachii, (Ricessusaxillaris)
Ciout breve Capul longum
*
Fig. 346 Shoulderand musclesof the shoulder; triangular space,Spatium axillare mediale
quadrangular space,Spatium axillare laterale
some of the superficial muscleshave been "
removed;
ventral view (r., 45%).
Venterinferior
/ M omohyoideus,
M levator
scaPulae
\ 7 Acromion
/ Bursasubdeltoidea
Angulussuperior
M rhomboideus
mlnor
M supraspinatus-
-- f.
M trapezius -
Spinascapulae -
M. rhomboideus--
malor
- - - M. tricepsbrachii'
Caput longum
-- Fascia brachii
M teresminor -
M. teresmaior -
/
Angulusinlerior -
/
//
dorsi
M. latissimus
/
/
M serlatusanterior
* triangular space, Spatium axillare mediale

Fig.347 Shoulderandmusclesof the shoulder; quadrangular space, Spatium axillare latrale
"
dorsalview(r.,45%).
190 upperlimb
Lig coracoacromiale,
, M biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo
Bursasubacromialis
\ Lig trapezoideum
/
/, Lig coracohumerale
M supraspinatus*- / M subclavius
M deltoideus \ M. oectoralis
' ,
malor
- Fascia oectoralis
\ Fasciaoectoralis.
(Hiatusvenaecephalicae)
\ Lig conoideum
\ Proc coracoideus
\
lBursa musculi coracobrachialis)
'
Capsulaarticularis M pectoralisminor
\ M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
M coracobrachialis
M teresminor*/
/ \ Bursasubtendinea
Cavitasglenoidalis
musculisubscapularis
\ M subscapularis'
Labrum glenoidale /
M triceps
brachii,
Caput /
longum
t The tendonsof these musclesconstitute the srcalled rotatorv cuff

the humeral head has been removed;
lateral view (r., 90%).
Ventralmusclesof the shoulder(Figs.344,346,348,B1B,819)

Miiegtor;ilsm1|6lr,a,i.,nr.-iiim.*n..iiiir'"tiii""'rali!un,6ioyortm*t,,i*tli*,i.,;'u.una.,oo*tl..,"tiiahrlii+horrtderg[dlemuscles,M.pds
mlnor,Ivlsubclavius,andM.subscapularls.T'later.reaches'fomlte-anteriorsufaceoflhesqqP.uIatgihurruj:.:]
Mtscld Innemation Origin Insertlon Function

1. M. pectomlis maior , Pars clavicularis: Clavicula Cristatuberculimajorishumeri Shoulderjoint:
NrLpecbmls medlattsand : ii' (sternal haif) Adduction(esp.whenthe arm
Iabmlls Pars sternocostalis: Manubrium and is elevated),medialrotation,
(Plet<tts
bmchialb,Pan Corpussterni,Cartilasocostalisof I st Parsclavicularis:anteversion
infraclavlcularb/suprrcIwtculads) to 6ih ribs Shoulder Sirdle:
Pars abdominalis:rectussheath Depression, anteversion, lifts the
'::l (anteriorlayer) upperribs when the shoulderglrdle
r:r ,r::r ,::, ,:::r, rrhr:, is fixed
Thorax:
Lifts tle sternumand enlarges
the thorax(assistsin extreme
inspiration)
.t:ii: (2nd)3rdto 5th ribs (closeto the Apexof Proc.coracoideus
scapulae Shoulder girdle:
'lr. bonecartilageborder)
Depression, lifts the upperribs when
the shouldergirdle is fixed
Thorax:
Enlargesthe thorax (assistsln extreme
inspiration)
.
3. M. subclavlus lst rib (closeto thebonecartilage Clavicula,
lateralthird,thefascia Shoulderglrdle:
N. subclavlus border) is connectedto the advenutiaof Depression (little effectivity),
(Plo.us bmchlqlis, v subclavia resistantto lateralpulling on the
Par6spmclavirzlar&] .::, clavicle
4. lll" subscapularls Facies
costalis,
Fossasubscapularis Tuberculum part
minusandadiacent Shoulderglrdle:
NtL subsg,pulares Medialrotation,abductionin the
(Plotus bmchlalls,
Parsl,rfrtclqvhulails)
:::, 313,:i:1#:Ti1['jili3lil,'.i$"1"]i:1X
underthe insertion)
scapularplane(cranialpart):
adduction in the scapularplane
lilr, :ii::. ::lilr: ::1i:: l:i::
(caudalpart)
Movementof the ShoulderJoint
T9I
longitudinalis
Retroversio
(Extensio)
Axis
transversalrs
interna
Fig. 349 Shoulderjoint; Fig. 350 Shoulderjoint; Fig. 351 Shoulderjoint;

movementin the sagittalplane. movementin the frontal plane. movementin the transversePlane
Lateral musclesof the shoulder (Figs.343,345, 347,348)

considerably
M. deltoideus influences M. supraspinatus
the surfaceanatomyof the shoulder. is founddeeper, fromit by the Bursa
separated
It runs undirneaththe Fornixhumerioler the shoulderjoint to the humerus.
subdeltoidea.
lvluscle/ Innervation Origin Insertion Function
l. M. deltoideus Pars clavicularis: Acromial third Tuberositasdeltoidea Shoulder joint:

N. axillaris of clavicle (Bursa subdeltoideabetween Pars clavicularis:Adduction (from
(Plexus brachialis, m u s c l ea n d g r e a t e rt u b e r c l e ) 60 degieesmoreandmoreabduc-
Pars acromialis: Acromion anteversion
tion),medialrotation,
Pats i nfrac lavicularis)
Pars spinalis: Inferior margin Parsacromialis:Abductionto the
o f S p i n as c a p u l a e horizontal plane
Pars spinalis: Adduction (from
60 de$ees more and more abduc-
t i o n ) ,l a t e r a lr o t a t i o n ,r e t r o v e r s i o n
all parts: support the weight of the
aIm
2. M. supraspinatus F o s s as u p r a s pni a t a , P r o x i m a lf a c e to f t h e S r e a t e r Shoulder joint:

N. suprascapularis F a s c i as u p r a s p i n a t a tubercle Abduction in the scaPularPlane
(Plexusbrachialis, to the horizontal Plane,lateral
Parssupraclavicularis) t'otailon
Dorsal muscles of the shoulder (Figs.347,348)

M- teresminor,M. teresmaior.M. latissimusdorsiis a trunk-armmusclev/ith its originon the
Fromcranialto caudalthereare:M, infraspinatus,
back,it is locatedcranialt0 M. teresmaJor.
lduscld Innervation Origin Insertion Function
1. M. infraspinatus I n f e l i o r s u r f a c eo f S p i n as c a p u l a e , M e d i a l f a c e to f t h e g r e a t e r Shoulder joint:

N. suprascapularis F o s s ai n f r a s p i n a t aF, a s c i a tubercle Cranial part: lateral rotation,
(Pletusbrachialis, infraspinata a6rluctionin ttre scaPularPlane
Parssupraclavieularis) Caudal part: lateral rotation,
aIIuctioffi the scapularPlane
2. M. teresminor C a u d a ls e c t i o no f F o s s a Distal facet of the greater Shoulder joint:

N. a,<illaris(Plexusbrachialis, , e d i a lt h i r d o f
i n f i ' a s p i n a t am tubercle Lateral rotation, adduction in the
Pars tnfracIavicularis) Ivlargolateralis s c a p u l a rp l a n e
, n g u l u si n f e r i o r
M a r g ol a t e r a l i sA C r i s t ao f l e s s e rt u b e r c l e{ m e d i a l Shoulder joint:
3. M. teres major
o f M . l a t i s s i m u sd o r s i ) ;t h e t w o Medial rotation,adduction in the
Nn. subscapularea er
N" thoracodorsalis tendons are separatedllY Bursa s c a p u l a rp l a n e
(Plettusbrachialis, s u b t e n d i n e am u s c u l il a t i s s i m i
Pars infraclavicularis) dolsi
4. M. latissimusdorsi Procc.sninosi of the 6 lotver C r i s t ao f l e s s e rt u b e r c l e( w i t h f l a t , Shoulder joint:
N. thorocodorsalis thoracii veltebrae,lumltar s p i l a l t e n d o na r o u n dM , t e r e s Lateral rotation,adduction,
(Plexusbrachialiq vertebrae(by Fasciathoracolum- m a i o r ) ;t h e t w o t e n d o n sa r e retrovelslon
Parsinfruclavicularis) b a l i s ) ,F a c i e sd o r s a l i so f t h e s a c r a l s e p a r a t e db y B u r s as u b t e n d i n e a Shoulder girdle:
b o n e ,l a b i u m e x t e r n u mo f C r i s t a m u s c u l il a t i s s i m id o r s i of the
A d d u c t i o na n d d e P r e s s i o n
i l i a c a( ( l o r s a tl h i r d ) ; r i b s 9 t o l 2 ; Scapula
often further origins from Angulus
inleriol scapulae
I92 rlpperlimb
M trapezius \
M. deltoideus -
M pctoralismaior -
-- M. t6r6sm4or
- - M. latissimusdorsi
M. bicpsbrachii - - - M. triceps bracfiii, Capul longum
M. braciialis -
- - Spftrmintermuscularebrachii laterale
M. brachioradialis -
- M. tricps brachii, Capul modial
- M. iriceps brachii,Tndo
M. extensorcarpi radialislongus - -
Eilcondylus lateralis -
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis -
Fig. 352 Musclesof the brachialregion;

view (1.,45%).
dorsolateral
MusctesoftheArm
193
/ Clavicula
-- M subclavius
-- Lig coracoclaviculate
-- P(oc.coracoideus
M supraspinatus
-- M oectoralisminor
Venlerinferior
M omohyoideus,
-- M coracobrachialis
superius
scapulae
Lig lransversum
- M deltoideus
--
M biceps brachii, Caput breve, Tendo
M subscapularls
-. -
M. pectoralismajor,Tendo
M. teresmajor -
- M biceosbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo
-
M triceosbrachii,Caputlongum
-- M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
-- M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
-
M triceps brachii,Caput mediale
Seotum intermuscularebrachii mediale
-
M brachialis -- M. bicePsbrachii' Tendo
medialis-
EPicondylus -- M brachioradialis
brachii -
musculibicipitis
Aponeurosis
- M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
-
Fascia antebrachii

ventralview (1.,40%).
* triangular space,Spatium axillare mediale
* " q u a d r a n g u l a sr p a c e S
, p a t i u ma x i l l a r el a t e r a l e
I94 rtpperlimb
// M trapezius
- M pectoralis
minor
- M. deltoideus
- Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
--- M biceps brachii,Caput breve
--- M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
\ N musculocutaneus
- M
dettoideus
\ Corpushumeri
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M triceps brachii,Caput mediale --
Septum intermuscularebrachii mediale --.
mediatis-.
Epicondylus
-- M. brachialis,Tendo
Fasciaantebrachii-
-- M brachioradialis
--
Aponeurosis brachii-
musculibicipitis M extensor
carpiradialislongus
--
M biceos brachii.Tendo
M biceps brachii --

deeplayer;the deltoidmuscleand the bicepsbrachii
muscle have been partially removed;
MusctesoftheArm
195
M infraspinatus
M. triceps brachii,
M t e r e sm i n o r- - Caput longum
- -
Collumchrrurgicum M leres mtnor
-
M biceps brachii,Caput longum'
Tendo
M pectoralismajor,Tendo --!
M teres malor
Sulcusneruiradtalis--
- M triceos brachii,Caput laterale
M biceps brachii --
-
M tricePsbrachii,Caput medlale
-- brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis-
-- M lriceos brachii,Tendo
--
M extensor carpi radialis longus
- -
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis
--
M extensordigitorum

deep layer;the deltoid muscle has been partially removed;
* triangular spa(ie,Sl)atiumaxillare mediale
- * , l u a d r a n g u l asr l ) d 't ' . s l ) a t i u ma x i l l a r el a t c r a l e
196 upperLimb
Ventralmusclesof the arm (Figs.352-354)

M. bicepsbrachiiformsthe surfaceanatomyof the ventralsideof the arm.Closeto its caputbreve(shorthead)is
M. coracobrachialis.
Thedeepestis M. brachialis.
MuscIe Origin Insertion Function
Innervati.on
1. M. bicepsbrachii Caput longum: Tuberculum radii (Bursa
Tuberositas Shoulderjoint:
N. musculocutaneus supraglenoidale,
Labrum bicipitoradialis),
Aponeurosis Caputlongum:abduction,
(Plexusbrachialis,Pars glenoidale(tendonthrough musculibicipitisbrachiito anteversion,
medialrotation
infraclavicularis) shoulderjoint) Fasciaantebrachii
Caputbreve:adduction,
Caput breve: Apex of Proc. anteversion,
medialrotation
coracoideus(lateralof
M. coracobrachialis)
BothDartstogether:support
the weightof the arm
Elbowjoint:
Flexionandsupination
2. M. coracobrachialis Apex of Proc.coracoideus Faciesanterior humeri Shoulderioint:
N. musculocutaneru (medial of Caput breve of (medialand distal of Crista Adduction,
anteversion,
(Plexusbrachialis,Pars M. bicepsbrachii) tuberculiminorisl medialrotation
infraclavicularb)
Normallythe N. muscuio-
cutaneusgoesthrough
M. coracobrachialis
3. M. brachialis Faciesanteriorof humerus Tuberositas
ulnae Elbowjoint:
N. musculocutaneus Idistal of Tuberositas Flexion
(Plexusbrachialis,Pars deltoidea,betweenthe Septa
infraclavicularis) intermusculariamedialeand
lateralel
Dorsal musclesof the arm (Figs.352,355)
M. tricepsbrachiiis the biggestof the dorsalmusclesof the arm.It is thres.headed.Onits ulnar:sideM. anconeus follows
asa prolongationof Caputmedialeandruns into the fbrearm. ::ir ri::. ,i,:'
Innervation
1. M. triceps brachii Caputlongum:Tuberculum 0lecranon(Fibresof Caput Shoulderjoint:
N. radialis infraglenoidale,
inferiorpart longum take a longitudinal Adduction(Caputlongum),
(PlexusbrachialE, of Labrumglenoidale course,thoseofCaput mediale supportthe weightof the
Parsinfraclavicularis) and lateralean obliquecourse arm
Caputmediale:Facies
Caputlongumoperates They have a common broad
posteriorhumeri(medial Elbowjoint:
twojoints; tendon)
anddistalof Sulcusnervi Extension
Caputlateraleand Caput
radialis),
Septuminter-
medialeoperateonejoint
musculare brachiimediale
Caputlaterale:Facies
posteriorhumeri(lateraland
proximalof Sulcusnervi
radialis),
proximal2/3 of
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
2. M. anconeus Epicondylus lateralis,
the Faciesposterior
ulnae,distal Elbowioint:
N. radialis lateralpartof Caputmediate of olecranon Extension
(Plexusbraehialis, musculitricipitisbrachii
Pars infraclavicularis)
of theArm, Origtnsand Insertions
Muscles
r97
M trapezius\ subclavius
tM. ,/ M. sternocleidomastoideus
M pecloralisminor\ \\ I
I
M. deltoideus\ \ - - M. oecloralismaior,
Pais clavicularis'
M. coracobrachialis \
M. biceosbrachii,
Caput breve \ Lig costoclaviculare
M. supraspinatus-- --
- M. omohyoideus,Venter inlerior
M. subscaDularis
\ M. serratusanterior
M. biceps brachii, -
Capul longum
M. latissimusdorsi -
M tricepsbrachii,- \ M. subscaoularis
Caputlongum
M. teresmajor /
M. pectoralismaior /
M deltoideus/
\ M serratusanterior
\ M. coracobrachialis
-- M brachialis
-
M. brachioradialis
, M. pronatorteres,
M articulariscubiti \ humerale
/' Caput
/
M exlensorcarpi\ , Epicondylusmedialis
radialislongus
Y-- M. flexorcarpiradialis
/ M palmarislongus
M. extensorcarPi - - M llexorcarpiulnaris,Caputhumerale
radialisbrevis - M. flexordigitorumsuperticialis'
Caouthumeroulnare
-- pronalor Caputulnare
M. teres,
M. supinalor/ -- Fig. 356 Muscularoriginsandareasof insertionon
M. brachialis
M. bicepsbrachii/ \ M flexorcarpiulnaris, the clavicle,scapula,humerusandproximalpartsof the
\ Caputulnare radiusandulna;
/ \ M. llexordigitorum
M. llexordigilorumprolundus/ superlicialis ventralview (r.).
Venterinlerior
M. omohyoideus,
t M trapezrus
M sternocleidomasloideus
\
M subclavius- / M deltoideus
M sternohyoideus-
pectoralismajor,Parsclavicularis- / M supraspinatus
M. levalorscapula M. inlraspinatus
_/
M supraspinatus/
M rhomboideus minor / - M. teres minol
- M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
M. infraspinatus/ -- M triceosbrachii,
Caoutlaterale
- M. delloideus
rhomboideusmajor
- M. brachialis
M. teresminot /
-
M tetesmaior / | - Foramen nulriclum
M latissimusdorsi!
(Origoscapularis,Var') M tricepsbrachii,CaPUtlaterale
M. lricepsbrachii,Caputmediale -
- M brachioradialis
Seotum
' intermusculare-
brachiilalerale
Fig.357 Muscularoriginsandareasof insertionon - M. extensordigitorum;.

the clavicle,scapula,humerusandproximalpartsof the M. exlensorcarPluhans
radiusandulna; \ M. anconeus
dorsalview (r.).
198 upperlimb
- M biceps brachii
M tricepsbrachii, .---
Caput mediale
Septum.intermuscula{e
-_
olacnilmedrale
- Aponeurosis
musculibicioitis
brachii
Epicondylusmedialis
- M biceps brachii. Tendo
longus -
M palmaris - M. brachioradialis
M flexor caroi radialis -
M flexorcarpiulnaris
- M. extensor
carpiradialislongus
M flexordigitorumsuperlicialis --
- M extensorcaroiradialisbrevis
-- M flexordigitorum
superficialis
-- M abductorpollicislongus
-- M brachioradialis,Tendo
M- flexorcarpiulnaris,Tendo --f
-- M tlexor pollicislongus
I
longus,Tendo --
M palmaris - M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
, \ M pronatorquadratus
Tendo --f
M. tlexorcarpiradialis,
\ Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
Fig. 358 Anterior antebrachialmuscles;

oftheForearm
I99
M brachialis
M triceosbrachii,--
Caoutmediale
brachiimediab
M. supinator
Bursabicipiloradialis
Tendo--
M. biceDsbrachii,
M. palmarislongus--
-- radialislongus
M exlensorcarpi
M flexorcarpiulnalis--
-- M pronatorteres
M. flexor caroi radialis --
--
superlicialis'
M. llexordigitorum
Caouthumeroulnare
--
superficialis
M flexordigitorum
- longus
M. abductorPollicis
M llexorpollicislongus
Tendo---
M llexorcarpiulnaris, M. pronatorquadralus
M. exlensorPollicisbrevis,
Tendo--_
M llexorcarpiradialis, Tendo
Tendo
M. brachioradialis,
M palmarislongus,Tendo--

middle layer; the long palmar muscle and the radial ttexor
muscle of the wrist have been partially removed;
ventral view (1.,50%).
UpperLimb
200
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediate- -
brachiimediale --
M brachioradialis
ri\
Epicondylusmedialis --
-- M. supinator
M pronatorteres --
-- M bicepsbrachii,Tendo
Mm llexores,
Caoutcommune- -
M flexorcaroiulnaris--
-- M oronatorteres
M flexordigitorumsuprlicialis- -
- - M. abduclorpollicislongus
M tlexorcarpiulnaris.Tendo
- - M flexorpollicislongus
M pronatorquadratus
M. flexorcaroiradialis.Tendo M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
M palmarislongus,Tendo M. brachioradialis,
Tendo

' middle layer;the superficialflexor muscleshavebeen
partially removed;
Musclesof theForearm
20r
brachiimediale--
- M brachialis
medialis
Epicondylus
- M brachioradialis
teres.CaPutulnare--
M oronator -- M biceps brachii,Tendo
A ;V interossea --
Posterlor
--- Radius.Faciesanterior
M flexordigitorum --
Profundus
M flexorpollicislongus,Caputhumerale- -
- - M. oronatorteres
M flexorcaroiulnaris--
- M tlexorpollicislongus
Caputradiale
- - M flexordigitorumsuperficialis,
prolundus,
M. flexordigitorum Tendines
- - M flexor Pollicislongus,Tendo
Tendo--
M flexorcarPiulnaris,
-- Tendo
M. brachioradialis,
Tendines --- quadratus

M Dronaior
superlicialis,
M flexordigitorum ---
-- Radius. Facies anterior
M palmarislongus,Tendo- - - ----
Tendo
M flexorcarpiradialis,
common muscular origin of the superficial flexors

Fig. 361 Anterior antebrachialmuscles; (Mm flexores,Caput commune)
deep layer; the suPerficialflexor muscleshave been PartiallY
removed;
202 IrpperLimb
M brachialis- / Septum intermuscularebrachii mediale
M extensor
carpiradialislongus-*. _- Humerus,
Epicondylus
medialis
humeri--.
Capitulum -- Lig collateraleulnare
- - Trochlea humeri
carpiradialisbrevis- -
extensor
Lig collaterale radiale /

M brachialis,
Tendo
N radialis,
R protundus
--
M pronator
teres,Caputulnare
- -
Bursabicipitoradialis
M biceps brachii,Tendo -- (Bursacubitalis
Inlerossea)
M s u p i n a t o- -r Chordaobliqua
M flexorpollicislongus
M flexorpollicislongus--
M llexor digitorumsuperficialis,Caput radiale -

-- M flexordrgitorum
profundus
leres- -
M pronator
Membrana
interossea
antebrachii
M tlexorpollicislongus--
M exlensor carpi radialislongus -- -- M flexorcarpiulnaris.

Tendo
_- M pronatorquadralus
M abductor pollicislongus - -
M brachroradialis,Tendo -- _- M llexot carpi radialis, Tendo
pollicisbrevis,Tendo- -(
M extensor -.. Retinaculummusculorumflexorum
_ - Os pisiforme
M opponens pollicis _- M a b d u c t o r d i g i tm
i inimi,Tendo
M abductorpollicisbrevis -_ -- M o p p o n e n sd i g i t im i n i m i
M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale-- M flexordigiti minimi brevis

_-
M flexor pollicislongus, Tendo --
-- M flexordigitorum supedicialis,Tendines
-
Mm lumbricales
- \
M abductor digiti miniml
M t l e x o r d i g i l o r upm
r o l u n d uTs e
, n d i n e-s- - - - / --/-/ - / -l l--
Fig.362 Anterior antebrachialmusclesand musclesof the hand;

deeplayer;the superficialflexor muscleshavebeenremoved;
ventral view (r., 45'/"1.
oftheForearm
Musctes
203
ventral muscles of the forearm, superficial group (Figs.358-360)

carpirqdialis,M' palmati$'longus,
Fromradialto ulnarthe superficialmusclesof the forearmare:M. pronatorteres,M. flexor
andM. flexor
M. flexordigitorumsuperficialis carpi ulnaris'
Origin Insertion Function.
Muscle
Innervation
Caput humerale: EPicondYlus Facieslateralisradii Elbowjoint:
1. M. pronatorteres Caputhumerale: Pronation,
N. medianus medialishumeri, Septum inter- (medial third)
muscularebrachii mediale flexion
(Plexusbrachialis,
Parstnfraclavicularis) Faciesmedialis Caput ulnare: Caputulnare:Pronation
ulnae (distalof Proc.
coronoideus)
Epicondylusmsdialis humeri, Elbowjoint: Basisof -os metacarpill
2. M. flexor carpi radialis Flexion,pronation
N. mediantn Fiscia antebrachii (often III)' palmar surface
(Plexus brachialis, Wrist joint:
Pars infraclavicularis) Palmarflexion,
radialabduction
Epicondylusmedialis,Fascia Aponeurosis Palmaris Elbowjoint:
3. M. palmaris longus Flexion
N. medianus antebrachii
(Plexusbruchiatis, Wrist joint:
Pars infraclavicularts) Palmarflexion,tensionof
(variable) palmaraponeurosis
Caput humeroulnare: 4 long tendonsto the basesof Elbowjoint: Flexion
4. M. flexor digitorum
superficialis Eficonaytus meclialishumeri, the rnedial phalangesof, Wrist joint: Flexion,ulnar
N. medianus Pioc.coionoideus fingers2-5 abduction
(Plexusbrachialis, Caput radiale: Faciesanterior Articulationes meta-
Pars infraclavicularis) radii (distalof M. Pronator carpophalangeae (II-V):
teres) Flexion,adduction
Articulationes inter-
phalangeae(Il-V):
Flexion
caput humerale:Epicondylus os piriforme,basis oJ Os Elbowjoint:
5. M. flexor carpi ulnaris
N. ulndris medialishumeri,Septuminter- metacarpiV andOshamatum Flexion
plexusbrachialis, musculare brachiimediale (byLigg.pisometacarpale and Wrist joint:
iiri iiiaiioiicrk *l pisohamatum) Palmarflexion,ulnar
caput ulnare:olecranon,
MargoPosterior ulnae(uPPer abduction
2,/3),Fasciaantebrachii
* Regardingthe wrist palmar flexion is also called flcxion; dolsal flexion is called e\tension
Ventral muscles of the forearm, deep group (Figs' 361,362)

pollicislongusand the distal quarteris
Tothis groupbelonS:mediallythe M. flexordigitorumprofundus;laterallytheM. flexor
coveredby the M. pronator quadratus.
Origin Insertion Function*
Muscle
Innervation
- M. flexor digitorum
1. Faciesanteriorulnae Basesof the distalphalanges Wrist joint: Palmarflexion
piotuttA,rs " (proximal2,/3),Membrana of fingers2-5 Articulationesmeta-
IJInarpart: N. ulnari.s, interossea carpoPhalangeae (II-V):
radial part:N. medianus Flexion, adduction
(Plexusbrachialis, Articulationesinter-
Pars infraclavicularis) phalangeae (II-V): Flexion
Wrist joint: Palmarflexion
2. M. flexor pollicis longus Caput humerale: Epicondylus Basisof Phalanxdistalisof
N. medianus medialis h u m e r i t h e t n u m D Articulatio meta-
(Plexusbrachialis, carpophalangea (I):
Caput radiale: Faciesanterior
Pars infraclavicular is) radii (distalof Tuberositas Opposition, adduction
radii) Articulatio inter-
phalangea(I): Flexion
MarSoanteriorulnae(distal MargoandFaciesanterior Radio-ulnarjoints:
3. M. pronatorquadratus Pronation
N. interosseus-anteri.or quarler) radii
(N. medianus, Plexusbrachi'
a lis, Parsinfi'acIavicular is)
' I l e g a r ( l i n gt h c \ { r i s t ( l o r s a lf l c x i o n i s c a l l c ( lc x t c n s i 0 n
l ) a l m a rf l c x i o n i s a l s r rc a l l c df l c x i o n ,
(rpperlimb
204
M. biceosbrachii-
- - M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlalerale
- Seotumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M. brachioradialis-
-- M. tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
M tricepsbrachii,Tendo
M exlensorcarpiradialislongus -
-- M. anconeus
M. extensorcarDiradialisbrevis - -- M tlexorcaroiulnaris
M brachioradialis, Tendo -
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo --
M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis.Tendo - -
pollicisbrevis
M. extensor
M. extensordigitorum
M abduclorpollicislongus -
M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo-_ / M. extensor
digitiminimi
M. extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendo -_
M. extensorcarpiulnaris
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,Tendo-- Ulna
M exlensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M. exlensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo-'
/ - Retinaculummusculorum
Radius // enensorum
Fig. 363 Antebrachial musclesandmuscles

of the distalpart of the upperarm;
lateral(radial)view(1.,45%).
Theforearmis in an intermediate positionbetween
pronationandsupination.
oftheForearm
Musctes 205
-
M brachialis
- - Seotuminlermusculare
M. brachioradialis brachiilalerale
!t' - - M. triceDs brachii, Caput mediale
- M. triceosbrachii,Tendo
- -
carpiradialislongus
M. extensor
- M. an@neus
--
carpiradialisbrevis
M extensor
- M. flexorcarpiulnaris
digitorum- -
M. oxtensor
- - M extensor carPl ulnarls
- - M. extensordigiti minimi
longus--
M abduclorPollicis
M extensor Dollicis brevis

- -- ulnaris'Tendo
M extensorcarpi
Tendines-
digitorum,
M. extensor
carpiradialislongus,Tendo-
M extensor
--
carpiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M extensor
Radius-
Fig. 364 Antebrachialmusclesand musclesof the

distal part of the uPPerarm;
dorsolateralview (1.,50%).
The forearm is in an intermediateposition between
pronation and suPination.
206 upperlimb
brachiilaterale--
_-- M tricepsbrachii,Tendo
- - M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
--- Olecranon
M extensor
carpiradialislongus--
-- - M. anconeus
Mm. extensoresdigitorumet digiti minimi--

- - M. tlexorcarDiulnaris
caroiradialisbrevis--
M extensor
-- M extensor
caroiulnaris
M supinator--
Fladius- -
teres,Tendo- -
M. pronator
M abductorpollicislongus-
I z M. extensor
digilorum,
Tendines
M. extensorpollicislongus- -
f z M. exlensorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
M. extensorindicis- -
'
z Ulna
oollicisbrevis--
M extensor
caroiradialisbrevis.Tendo- -
M extensor
M extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo- - ]
--
M. extensorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
M extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendo--1
\ M. extensor
digitiminimi,Tendo
pollicislongus,Tendo--
M extensor
Fig. 365 Antebrachial muscles;

the extensormuscleof the fingers,M. extensor
digitorum,andthe extensormuscleof the little finger,
M. extensordigiti minimi,havebeenpartiallyremoved;
view (1.,45%).
dorsolateral
Theforearmis in an intermediatepositionbetween
pronationandsupination.
oftheForearm
207
- - Olecranon
Lig collateraleradiale lateralis
Epicondylus
-
Lig anulare radii - -
carDiradialisbrevis----
M extensor
M supinator
M flexorcarpiulnaris
Corpusulnae
radii- -
CorPUs
teres,Tendo--
M pronator
M extensorpollicislongus--
pollicislongus--
M abductor indicis
M extensor
pollicisbrevis\
M extensor
Radius\ - - Membranainterosseaantebrachii
\
longus,.
M abductorPollicis
tenoo \\
-- Tendo
M exiensorcarpiulnaris,
' radialisbrevis,-- \ :
caroi
M extensor
Tendo -- Caputulnae
pollici.
M extensor - -
T#l.d -- extensorum'
musculorum
Retinaculum
musculorum
Retinaculum extensorum' - -
carpiradialislongus'--
M extensor
I enoo
- Ligg carpometacarpalia dorsalia
M extensor indicis,Tendo --
dorsalislll
M interosseus
pollicislongus,-
extensor dorsalislV
M interosseus
I enoo
dorsalisll -
M interosseus
dorsalis| /
M interosseus
/ \ M extensor digilorum,Tendines
Os metacarpi ll
extensorum nave
The tendon sheathsformed by the Retinaculummusculorum
Fig. 366 Antebrachialmusclesand musclesof the hand; been longitudinallYexPosed
deeplayer;the superficialextensormuscleshavebeen
removed;
dorsolateralview (1.,45%).
The forearm is in an intermediateposition betweenpronatlon
and supination.
208 upperLimb
Humerus\
/ Humerus
z Seplumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M brachioradialis \
- Seotumintermusculare
M brachioradialis brachiimediale
M bicepsbrachii --
N medianus
-
M. biceps brachii
R orotundus--
N radialis. Lig collaterale radiale - N medianus
- Aooneurosis musculi
Lig collalerale radiale - -- biciDitisbrachii
M bicepsbrachii,
Tendo
Aponeurosismusculi ' -
bicipitisbrachii N radialis,
R profundus
- M pronatorteres,
Caputulnare
/ -
M biceps brachii, M supinator
Tendo - M oronatorteres.
Caouthumerale
M supinator
- M palmarislongus
M pronatorteres
- M palmarislongus
M. flexor caroi radialis - M flexor caroi radialis
Membrana-
interosseaantebrachii
Radius - - Radius
--
M pronatorquadratus
-
-- M brachioradialis,
M pronatorquadralus Tendo
/
Canaliscarpi
Supinatio je,on"tio
Fig.367 Forearmin supination; Fig.368 Forearmin pronation;

ventral (palmar) view (r., 40%). elbow:ventral view; hand: dorsal view (r.,40"/'1.
The arrows mark the direction of pull generated The arrows mark the direction of pull generated
by the main supinator muscles. by the main pronator muscles.
Movementof the UPPerLimb
209
Axis rotationis
Axis
lransversalls
Extensio
Fig. 369 Elbowjoint; Fig.370 Elbowjoint;

of the hand.
turningmovements
movementin the sagittal Plane.
AMuctio radialis
Fig.371 Wristjoints; Fig.372 Wristjoints;

in the sagittalPlane. movementin the frontalPlane.
movement
Margolateralishumeri, Proc.styloideusradii Elbow ioint:

Septumintermusculare Flexion,pronation,
suPination
brachiilaterale
Margolateralishumeri (distal II,

Basisof OsmetacarPi
lateralis,
part),Epicondylus dorsalsurface
SeptumintermuscularebracNi
laterale Elbow ioint:
Flexion,pronation,
suPination
Epicondyluslateralishumeri, III,
Basisof OsmetacarPi Wrist ioint:
Lig.anulareradii dorsalsurface Dorsalflexion,radial
abduction
(rpperlimb
2I0
M. brachioradialis - /,M brachialis
M extensor carpi radialis longus \
M exlensorcaroiradialisbrevis -
-- M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,
Caoul humeroulnare
\ M. pronatorteres,
\ Caputulnare
\M
r brachialis
M. bicepsbrachii \ M flexorpollicislongus
\
M flexordioitorum
- suoerficialis. \
Caputradiale Chordaobliqua
\ M llexorcarpiulnaris,
M. pronatorteres Caputulnare
--
Membrana interossea antebrachii
M llexorpollicislongus \ M. llexordigitorum
prolundus
t-
M pronatorquadratus M pronatorquadratus
M. brachioradialis
Fig.373 Muscularoriginsandareasof insertion

on the radius,ulnaanddistalpart of the humerus;
ventralview (r.).
brachiimediale - -
Seotumintermusculare triceps brachii,Caput mediale
M. brachioradialis
M triceosbrachii:M. arliculariscubili - -
- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
---
M tricepsbrachii
- - Epicondyluslateralis
medialis---
Epicondylus --
caroiradialisbrevis
M extensor
Caoutcommune/
Mm tlexores. \ M extensor
digitorum
M anconeus -- \ M extensorcarpiulnaris
M. flexorcaroiulnaris /
profundus--
M llexordigitorum
carpiulnaris- - -
M extensor
Membrana antebrachii---
interossea
-- M pronatorteres
M extensorpollicislongus ' - - M. abductorpollicislongus
--- M extensor oollicisbrevis

M. extensorindicis --
M abductorpollicislongus
M. exlensordigitiminimi-. M. extensorpollicisbrevis
M extensorpollicislongus
M. exlensordigitorum - -
M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. extensorcarpiulnaris -'
M. exlensorcaroiradialisbrevis
Fig. 374 Muscularoriginsandareasof insertion

on the radius,ulna anddistalpart of the humerus;
dorsalview (r.).
sctesoftheForearm
2Il
Dorsal muscles of the forearm, superficial group (Figs.363-365)

To this groupbelong(fromradial to ulnar):M. extensordigitorum,M. extensordigiti minimi, and M. extensorcarpi ulnaris
Muscle/Innervation Origin Insertion Function*
1. M. extensordigitorum Epicondyluslateralishumeri, of
Dorsalaponeuroses Elbowjoint:
(communis) Ligg. collateraleradiale fingers 2-5 Extension
N. radialis and anulare radii, Fascia Wrist joint:
(Plexusbrachialis, antebrachii Dorsalflexion,ulnarabduction
Pars infraclavicular is) Articulationes meta-
carpophalangeae(II-V)/
interphalangeae (II-V):
Extension
2. M. extensordigiti minimi Epicondyluslateralishumeri, of finger5
Dorsalaponeurosis Elbowjoint:
N. radialis Ligg. collateraleradiale Extension
(Plexusbrachialis, and anulare radii, Fascia Wrist joint:
Parsinfi'aclavicularis) antebrachii Dorsalflexion,ulnarabduction
Articulatio meta-
carpophalangea(V)/
interphalangea(V):
Extension
3, M, extensorcarpi ulnaris V,
Caputhumerale:Epicondylus Basisof OsmetacarPi Elbowjoint:
N. rad.ialis lateralishumeri,Lig. dorsalsurface Extension
(Plexusbrachialis, collateraleradiale Wrist joint:
Pars infraclavicularis) Dorsalflexion,ulnarabduction
Caputulnare: Faciesposterior
Separated from ulnae(proximal2/31,
M. extensordigitorumand Fasciaantebrachii
M. extensordigiti minimi
by a distinct Septum
intermusculare
* Regardingthc wrist palmar flexion is also called flexion, dorsal flexion is called extension
Dorsal muscles of the forearm, deep group (Figs.365, 366)

Theupperthird of the radius(lateralside)is coveredby M. supinator.Distalfollow(frornlateralto medial):M. extensorpollicis
longus,M. extensorindicis,M. abductorpollicislongus',M.extensorpollicisbrevis.
Muscle/lnnervation Origin Insertion Function"
1. M. supinator Epicondylus lateralishumeri, Faciesanteriorradii Radio-ulnarjoints:
N. radialis radialeand
Ligg.collaterale (proximalanddistalof Supination
(Pla<usbrachtalis, anulareradii,Cristamusculi radii)
Tuberositas
Parsinfraclavicularis) supinatorisulnae
so-calledsupinatortunnel
for R. profundusof
N. radialis
2. M. extensorpollicis Faciesposterior
ulnae Phalanx distalis of the thumb Wrist joint:
longus (distalquarter),
Membrana Dorsalflexion,radialabduction
N. radialis interossea Articulatio meta-
(Plexusbrachialis, carpophalangea(I):
Pars infraclavicuIaris) Reposition, adduction
Articulatio inter-
phalangea(I):
Extension
3. M. extensorindicis Faciesposteriorulnae of the
Dorsalaponeurosis Wiist joint:
N. radialis (distalquarter),
Membrana indexfinger Dorsalflexion,ulnarabduction
(Plexusbrachialis, interossea Articulatio meta-
Pars infraclavicularis) carpophalangea (II):
Extension, adduction
Articulatio inter-
phalangeal(II): Extension
C o n t i n u a t i o n+ p 2 1 2
2I2r*,rlimb
-- M palmarislongus,Tendo
M. Dalmaris brevis - -
Hypothenar--(
\ Mm. lumbricales
Fig. 375 Muscles of the hand; If no palmaris longusmuscleexists(20%),the palmaraponeurosis

palmar view (1.,70%\. is proximallyattachedto the Retinaculummusculorumflexorum.
Dorsalmusclesof the forearm,deepground (Continuation)

MruscleJInnervation Origin Insertion Function*
4. M. abductor pollicis Faciesposteriorulnae, Basisof OsmetacarpiI Radio.ulnar joints:
longus Membranainterossea, Facies Supination
N. mdialis posteriorradii Wrist ioint:
(Plexusbrachialis, Palmarflexion,radial
Parsinfraclavicularis) abduction
Articulatio metacarpc.
phalangeapollicis:
Extension
5. M. extensorpollicis brwis Faciesposteriorradii, Thumb,basisofPhalanx Wrist joints: Palmarflexion,
N. mdialis Membranainterossea proximalis radialabduction
(Plexttsbmchialis, Articulatio carpometa-
Parstnfraclwicularis) carpalis poUicis:
Abduction,reposition
Articulatio metacarpo.
phalangeapollicis:
Extension
* Regarding the wrist palmar
flexion is also called flexion, dorsal flexion is called extension
heathsoftheHand
2I3
/ Vgina tendinis musculi tlexoris pollicislongi
tendinum
Vaginacommunis flexorum\
musculorum
/ VaoinatendinummusculorumaMucloris
lonii el extensorisDollicisbrevis
M flexor carDiulnaris,Tendo -- / vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis
- / M opponens
Pollicis
musculorum
Retinaculum flexorum
- M llexor oollicisbrevis
M abductordigiti minimi - - - M aMuctor Pollicis brevis
- Vagina tendinis musculi

M llexor digiti minimi brevis -
1 llexoris pollicislongi
M opponens digiti mrnimi - - M adductor Pollicis,

Caput transversum
Vaoina
- communistendinum/
musculorumflexorum
M lumbricalisI
Vaginae synovialesdigitorum manus -
I
)
Fig. 376 Synovialsheathsof the tendons,

Vaginaetendinum,of the hand;
p a l m a rv i e w ( 1 . , 7 0 % 1 .
Hypothenar muscles (Figs.375, 376, 379, 381, 382)
Tothis groupbelong(fmmoutsideto inside):M. abductordlgiti miuiml,M. flexordigfti mlnhl b$st/tqM"9rymrys dlsld nlniml
Themuscleof the skin in 68 hJpothenar regionls M. rylqarls brwis.
Innervation
L M. palnaris brode :i:iliiiii:l:lponturosispalmaris, Skin of hypothenar Tensesskin,ofhypothenar
medialmargin(occasionally
N. ttlrurts,ns,rpeffid.giii::;::;: region
(Plausbmdrlalis, :::'::',;,1;;1:f
11111
0s trapezium
)
Parctnfuclavtcularts)
(se\reral budlcs)
separated
C o n l i n u a t i o nJ l ) 2 1 4
2L4 upperLimb
Fletinaculummusculorumftexorum / Fascia antebrachii

N ulnans
N medianus
M . f l e x o rp o l l i c i s - - - - - - - - : I ,i 1;E
l o n g u sT, e n d o - * - Hamulus
Vagina lendinis musculi - -- - ossishamati
flexoris pollicislongi il--- M llexor
Mesotendineum - -
Tendines
M flexor carpi radialis, - '- -
Tendo - Vagina
communis
- tendrnumusculorum
Os trapezium .-
flexorum
Vagina tendinis musculi -'
flexoris carpi radralis 7*- - r,afrexordigilorum
prolundus
Llgg carpometacarpalia palmaria - Tendines
Os trapezoideum - \ os hamatum
Os capitatum /
Fig.377 Palmarcarpalsynovialsheathsof the tendons,Vaginaetendinum;

transversesectionthrough the carpalcanalat the levelofthe carpometacarpal
loints;
distal view (r., 175"/"\.
a 90% b 5 % 5y. c <1% d <1%
Figs.378 a-d Typicalvariationsof the palmar synovialsheaths Within thesesheathsinflammatoryprocesses may spreadrapidly,
of the tendons. thereforethey must be handledcarefullyduring surgery
Hypothenar musCles (Continuation)

Innervation
2. M. abductor digiti minimi Os pisiforme, Lig Dorsalaponeurosis
of the little Carpometacarpal joint (V)
N. uLnaris,
R. profundus pisohamatum,Retinaculu
m finger 0pposition
(Plexusbrachtalis, musculorumflexorum
Parsinfraclavicularts) Metacarpophalangeal joint (V)
Abduction
Interphalangealjoint (V)
Extension
3. M. flexor digiti minimi Retinaculum
musculoru
m Basis of the Phalanx Carpometacarpal joint (V)
breyis flexorum,
Hamulusossis proximalis of the little finger 0pposition
N. ulnaris,R. profundus hamati
(Plexusbrachialis, Metacarpophalangeal
Parsinfraclavicularis) joint (V)
(variable) Abduction,flexion
4. M. opponensdigiti minimi Retinaculum
musculorum joint (V)
OsmetacarpiV,ulnarsurface Carpometacarpal
N. ulnaris,R. profundus flexorum,
Hamulusossis Opposition
(Plexusbrachialis, hamati
Pars infraclavicular is)
- - Membrana Inlerosseaantebrachll
quadratus
pronator
--
M brachioradialis,Tendo
M flexor pollicislongus,Tendo
Lrg radiocarPalePalmare
- -
1,,4tlexor carpi ulnaris,Tendo
- -
Vagrnatendrnismusculi llexoris carpi radialis --
M flexor digitorumprofundus,Tendines
.- -
vagrna
tendinumm u s c u l o r u -m- os pisilorme
longiet extensorls
abductoris
pollicisbrevrs
- - -
Retinaculummusculorumllexorum Ni abductordlgrtlmlnlml
-- .- .-
M abductorPollicrsbrevls M llexor digitt mrnimibrevis
M flexor pollicisbrevrs, -
| M opponens digiti minimi
CaPUtsuPerficiale
-- .- Mm lumbricales
M o p p o n e n sp o l l i c i s
- -
M abductordrgitiminimi
--
M abductor Pollicisbrevis
- - - -
M tlexor pollicrsbrevis, ArticulatiometacarpophalangeaV,
Caputprolundum Capsulaarticularts
-
M flexor pollicisbrevis, - -
Caput superflciale ) M. int"roaa"idorsales
-
M adductor Pollicis,
Capul transversum
-
Vaoina tendinismusculi
-llexoris Mm/
pollicislongi interossei
dorsales
\
M. llexor digitorum
superticialis,Tendines
\
I Mm interosseipalmares
I
M flexor digitorum
supedrcialis,Tendtnes
F i g . 3 7 9 M u s c l e so f t h e h a n d ;
deeplayer;the Retinaculummusculorumflexorumhas been
seciioned;somesuperficialmuscleshavebeenpartially removed;
palmarview (r.,90%).
216 upperLimb
M tlexor digitorumprolundus,Tendines
lumbricalislV
lumbflcalislll
M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Tendines
M llexor digitorumsupedicialis,Tendines
\Z-
M llexor digitorumprotundus,Tendines /
Fig. 380 Lumbricalmuscles,

Mm. lumbricales;
palmar view (1.,557").
Thenar muscles (Figs.375, 376, 379, 3Bl, 382)

TheM. abductorpollicisbrevis,the M. flexor pollicisbrevis,the M. opponenspollicisand the M. adductorpollicisconstitutethe
superficialto deeplayersof the thenar muscles.
Innervation
1. M. abductor pollicis brevis Retinaculummusculorum Radial sesamoidbone and Articulatio carpometa-
N. medianus flexorum,Tuberositas
ossis radial sideof the basisof the carpalispollicis:
(Plexusbrachialis, scaphoidei proximalphalanxof thumb. Abduction,opposition
Pars infraclavicular is) Insertsin the dorsal Articulatio metacarpo-
aponeurosisof the thumb phalangeapollicis:
Flexion
2. M. flexor pollicis brevis Caput superficiale: Retina- Radialsesamoidboneand Articulatio carpometa-
Caputsuperficiale:N. me culummusculorum flexorum radial side of the basisof the carpalispollicis:
dianus;Caputprofundum: Caputprofundum:Ossa proximalphalanxof thumb Opposition, adduction
N. ulnaris,R profundus capitatum, Insertsin the dorsal
trapezium, Articulatio metacarpo-
(Plerusbmchialis,Pars aponeurosisof the thumb phalangeapollicis:
trapezoideumandbasisof
infraclavicularis) OsmetacarpiI Flexion
3. M. opponenspollicis Retinaculummusculorum Entirelength of the radial Articulatio carpometa-
N. medianr.sand N. ulnaris flexorum,Tuberculum
ossis borderofthe Os metacarpiI carpalispollicis:
(Plexusbrachialis,Pars trapezii 0pposition, adduction
infraclavicularis)
4. M. adductor pollicis Caputobliquum:Oscapita- Ulnar sesamoidboneand Articulatio carpometa-
N. ulnaris,R profundus tum andbasisof theOsmeta- ulnar side of the basisof the carpalispollicis:
(Plexusbrachialis,Pars carpiII, Lig.carpiradiatum proximalphalanxof thumb. Adduction, opposition
infraclavicularis) Caputtransversurn: Insertsin the dorsal
Articulatlo metacarpo-
Palmarsurface
of theOs aponeurosisof the thumb phalangeapollicis:
metacarni
III Flexion
sclesoftheHand
2I7
M pronatorquadratus\
Articulatioradiocarpalis\ / Radius
/ M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendines
Canaliscarpi\
M flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprolundum\ / M llexorcarpiradialis,Tendo
flexorum
musculorum
z Relinaculum
Os pisiforme:
/ M abductorPollicisbrevis
minimi:.
M abductordigiti
/ M flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputsuperficiale
brevis,Caputprofundum
/ M flexorpollicis
llexorum- - -
musculorum
Retinaculum
M opPonens
Pollicis
//
M opponens digiti minimi - -
M llexor digili minimi brevis -- / M abductorpollicisbrevis
:-- M. flexor oollicisbrevis,

dorsalislV --
M interosseus ii caput suirerficiate
-
M interosseus lll - -
Dalmaris M adductorDollicis
M aMuctor digiti minimi - - M. llexor oollicis

longus, Tendo
- M. inierossus
dorsalisI
- Mm.lumbricales
M flexordigitorum --
Tendo
suoerficialis. - Tendo
super{icialis,
M llexordigttorum
- Vinculalonga
l
I
Vincula / l vinculatendinum
longa
- vincutumoreve,,l
Vinculum/
breve
\ M. flexordigitorumprotundus,Tendo
profundus,Tendo/
M flexorctigilorum
Fig. 3Bl Musclesof the hand;

deep layer; the superficial and deep flexors of the
fingers and some of the thenar and hypothenar
muscleshave been removed;
palmarview (1.,70%1.
2L8 upperlimb
Canaliscarpi\ / Lig. radiocarpalepalmare
Ulna
M flexorcarpiradialis,Tendo
M flexorcarpiulnaris,
Tendo--
Retinaculum
musculorum
llexorum
Os Pisiforme-.
Retinaculum flexorum-\
musculorum / M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum
M abductordigiti minimi --
,, M adductorpollicis,Caputobliquum
M opponens
digitiminimi- _
/ M adductorpollicis,
Caputtransversum
M interosseus
palmarisll \\
M opponenspollicis
M interosseus palmarislll \ _
M. flexordigitiminimibrevis--
-- M abductoroollicis
brevis
dorsalislll .---
M interosseus
M abductor digiti minimi - - - -

M. flexor pollicisbrevis
M adductor pollicis
M interosseusdorsalislV -
M. interosseus
dorsalisI
\ M inlerosseuspalmarisI
\
M inlerosseusdorsalis
ll
Vinculalonga
M flexordigitorumprolundus,Tendo'
\
Vinculum
breve
M flexordigitorum
superficialis, \
Tendines M flexordigitorum
protundus,
Tendo
Fig. 382 Musclesof the hand;

deepestlayer; the two headsof the adductor muscle
of the thumb havebeensectioned;
palmar view (1.,70%).
of theHand
Tendons
2r9
Vaoinatendinummusculorum
5xtensorumcarpiradialium
extensorum\\
musculorum
Retinaculum
- - Vaginatendinis.musculi
carplulnarls
extensoras
Interosseus
dorsalisI
-t\*r/'
lM. Tendines
digitorum,
extensor
Fig. 383 Dorsal carpal synovial sheathsof

the tendons;
Siratum fibrosum
/ Vagina tendinis,
/',Atlicvlatiometacarpophalangeall,
/ /' CaPsula articularis
Lig collaterale \
Tendo
/M extensorindicis,
dorsalisI
/M interosseus
Lig collaterale \
- M lumbricalisI
--Os ll
metacarpi
-\.- -- M interosseus
oalmarls
I
I -- M. flexordigitorum
vinculatendinumI orofundus,Tendo
Stratum
Vaginatendinis, synovialeI
Tendo
superlicialis,
M llexordigitorum
phalangis
Tuberositas distalis
Notonlythetendonsof the properextensor musclesof the fingers

Fig. 384 Insertionsof the tendonson the index finger;
but alsothe interosseous and muscles
lumbrical insertin the
the tendons of the two flexors of the finger have been
aponeuroses of the fingers'
luxatedfrom their tendonsheaths;
lateral(radial)view (r, B5%). Notethe courseof thesetendonsin relationto the axisof the
metacarpoPhalangeal joint.
220 upperlimb
M extensordrgrtorum,Tendines
/
Retinaculummusculorumextensorum\
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis,Tendol
M extensor carpi radialislongus,Tendo \

M extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo
- *
Os trapezium
M exlensor oolhcrsbrevis,Tendo --
M- extensor pollicislongus,Tendo - -
exlensor digiti minimi
ll - -
Os metacarpi
--
M interosseusdorsahs ll
dorsalis| -
M interosseus
- Connexusinlertendinei
F i g . 3 8 5 M u s c l e so f t h e h a n d ;
d o r s a lv i e w ( 1 . B
, 0%).
Musclesand Tendonsof the Hand
221
Inlerosseus \
d o r s a l i sl l \
,/ M, interosseus
dorsalislll
M interosseus
dorsalisI
M Interosseus --
p a l m a r i sl l l / M Interosseus
-
dorsalis lV
M i n t e r o s s e u s- -
palmaris ll
Mm interossel
parmares
lumbricales,
Tendines
Fig. 386 Palmarinterosseous muscles,
Mm. interosseipalmares;
palmarview (1.,557")
The palmar interosseousmusclesalsoextend
of the fingers
int()the dorsalaponeuroses
(arrows).
Fig.3B7 Dorsalinterosseousmuscles,
Mm interosseidorsales;
dorsalview (1.'557").
Both the extensorsof the fingersand all the
lnlerosseous and lumbricalmusclesextend
into the dorsalaponeuroses of the fingers'
Muscles of the palm (Figs.375,379-387)
Themusclesof the palmdo not presenta uniformgroup.

with the tendonsof M. flexordigitorumprofundus.
The Mm. lumbricalesare closelyassociated
TheMm. interosseipalmaresand the Mm. interosseidorsalesfill the spacesbetweenthe metacarpalbones,Ossametacarpi'
Muscles Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
1. Mm. lumbricales I-IV The radialside of the tendons Runfrom radialinto the Metacarpophalan geal joints
N. medianus(1,II); I and ll as well as the sides of the
dorsalaponeuroses (r-v)
N. ulnarisAII, N) o f t h e t e n d o n sI l - l V o f fingersII-lV radialabduction
FIexion.
(Plexusbrachtalis, M. flexordigitorumprofundus Interphalangealioints (II-V)
Pars infraclavicularis) facing each other Extension
2. Mm. interossei palmares Ulnar side of the metacarpal Runinto the dorsal Metacarpophalangeal ioints
I-m boneII. radial side of the aponeuroses of the fingersII, (trr ry V) Flexion,adduction
N. ulnaris(Platus brachialis, metacarpalbonesIV and V IV anclV (in relationto themiddlefinger)
Parsinfraclavicularis) tnterphalangealj oints
(tr,ryV)
Ertension
3. Mm. interosseidorsales Thesides,facingeachother, Runintothedorsal Metacarpophalangealioints
of themetacarPalbonesl-V aponeuroses of the (II-V)Flexion, abduction(in
I-fV
N. ulnaris(Plarusbrachial$ (two-headed) fingersII-lV relationto the middlefinger)
Parsinfraclavicularis) Interphalangealioints (II-V)
Extension
LipperLimb
222
2 ' 3 4 ' 5 ' M f l e x o rd i g i l o r u mp r o f u n d u s ,
Tendines'
M flexor pollicrslongus \^ / 234 5 M- flexordigitorum superficialis,

\ Tendines*
M flexor carpr radialis ,'rr'
\
Os scaphoideum
\
M brachioradialis M flexor carpi ulnaris
,\
M abductorpollicrsbrevis
. M tlexor digiti minimi brevis
M flexor carpi radialis . \
M. opponens pollicis M abductordigiti minimi
pollicisbrevis--
M abductor
M opponens digiti minimi
M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput profundum
M adductor pollicrs,Caput obliquum -i-
M abduclor oollicisbrevis -
- M flexor digfltiminrmibrevis
M adductor pollicis.Caput transversum -
-'/- - M abductor
digitiminimi
i/
Mm Interosseidorsales -
\ M tlexor digiti minimi brevis
M flexor pollicislongus /
Mm Interosseipalmares -
M tlexor digitorumsuperfictalis-
M tlexordigitorum /
profundus
Fig. 3BB Muscularoriginsand insertionson the bonesof the hand;

palmar view (r ).
' The flexors of the fingers
insert on the 2nd to 5th fingers
Innervation of the musclesof the upper limb

N. thoracodorsalis M. latissimus
dorsi N. medianus M. pronatorteres
M. teresmajor(Var.) M. flexorcarpiradialis
M. palmarisIongus
N. suprascapularis M. supraspinatus M. flexordigitorumsuper-
M. inhaspinatus ficialis
M. flexordigitorumpro-
Nn.subscapulares M. subscapularis tundus(radialpart)
M. teresmajor M. flexorpollicislongus
M. pronatorquadratus
N. axillaris M. deltoideus M. flexorpollicisbrevis
M. teresminor M. opponens pollicis
M. abductorpollicisbrevis
N. radtalis M. tricepsbrachii Mm.lumbricales I, II
M. anconeus
M. brachioradialis N. ulnaris Mm.lumbricales III, IV
M. extensorcarpiradialis Mm. interosseidorsales
longus Mm. interossei palmares
M. extensorcarpiradialis M. flexorcarpiulnaris
brevis M. flexordigitorumpro-
M. extensorcarpiulnaris fundus(ulnarpart)
M. extensordigitorum M. palmarisbrevis
M. extensordigiti minimi M. abductordigiti minimi
M. extensorpollicislongus M. flexordigiti minimi
M. abductorpollicislongus brevis
M. extensorpollicisbrevis M. opponens digitiminimi
M. supinator M. opponens polticis
M. flexorpollicisbrevis
N. musculocutaneus M. bicepsbrachii M. adductor pollicis
M. brachialis
M. coracobrachialis
Innervation
Cutaneous
223
I
c8
T2
I J
Fig. 389 Segmentalinnervation (dermatomes)of the upper limb; ventral view
c4 c5
fa3. tl
vo
I
c8
ll I
Wlr
r!
T3 |
r2
Fig. 390 Segmentalinnervation (dermatomes)of the upper limb; dorsal view.
N radialis,N cutaneus
brachiilateralisinletiot . N. axillaris,N. cutaneusbrachii
7- lateralissuPerior
/
,, I
Nn supraclaviculares
Rr.cutaneil
anteriores I
Pectorales Nn. int"r"o"t"l",
I
Rr.cutanei I
laterales I
pectorales,/
I N intercostobrachialis
N cutaneus brachiimedialis
Fig. 391 Cutaneousnerves of the upper limb; ventral view.
N cutaneusbrachiiposterior I
N. cutaneus inferior
brachiilateralis N radialis
I I
| antebrachii
, N. cutaneus posterior,/
I )
N. musculocutaneus, ns ulnaris N radialis
I
N. culaneus digitalesdorsales/
antebrachii
N axillaris,- lateralis
N cutaneus brachii I
lateralissuperior
-- N medianus,Nn digitales
palmares propfll
Nn thoracici,- - ( - - > :
Rr cutanei posleriores \-
N cutaneusbrachiiposteriorI
N radialis.
N cutaneus brachii medialis

N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis
Fig. 392 Cutaneousnerves of the upper limb; dorsal view.

224 upperlimb
Plexus brachialis. .
Pars supraclavicularis'\
---- A axillaris
N cutaneus A. circumflexa .- -_
brachii humeri posterior
N axillaris--- medialis
A circumtlexa
N cutaneus-.- --- N cutaneus humeri anterior
brachiilateralis antebrachii
supnor medialis A orolundabrachii ---
-
N. musculoculaneus A. collateralis
e. utnans
supenor
N radialis A collateralismedia ----
A brachialis
N cutaneusbrachii
Postrior
radialis----
A collateralis
N. cutaneus brachii*--
lateralisinferior - - A collateralis
N cutaneus-- ulnarisinterior
antebrachii
lateralis
- Retearticulare
cubiti
-*
A radialis -- R anterior
R. superficialis *-
radialis---
A recurrens R posterior
R profundus
A interossearecurrens - A recurrens
ulnaris
- A ulnans
--
A int"ror"""
communrs
N. cutaneus
antobrachii --- A interossea
posterior A interosseaoosterior- anteflor
- - - R. dorsalis(N ulnaris) --- A comitans
nervimediani
A radialis -
--- R palmaris(N ulnaris)
- R carpalisdorsalis
R communicans
cum nervoulnari
(N ulnaris)
B Profundus
-_--
Nn.digitales- - ---- (N ulnaris)
R superlicialis
palmares
communes ---
Nn. digitales
patmares communes
palmares
proprii - Aa digitales
/ A radialisindicis
/
oalmares communes
Nn disitales---1<
parmares
propnl
Aa digitales
palmares propnae
Fig.393 Nervesof the upperlimb; Fig.394 Arteriesof theupperlimb;

ventralview. ventralview.
of theAxilla
LymphaticVessels
225
Vasa lymphaticasuperlicialia
/
I
V cephalica
t'
\
\
\
\
\
\ - /
Nodi lymphoidei
\ axillares
t\
(Plexuslymphaticus
axillaris)
Papilla /
mammana '11.'
Vasa /
lymphatica
supenrcralla
Vv thoraco- / V basilica -
eprgastricae
/
Nodi lymphotdeicubitales
V cephalica -
-Esg0
Fig. 395 Superficiallymphaticvessels,lymph nodes

andveins of the arm, lateralthoracicwall and axillary
reSlon;
226 rJpperLimb
intermedii
laterales
\
M deltoideus,Fascra t
.=l
A t h o r a c o a c r o m i aRl i sp ,e c t o r a l iOs - - - L
I
I
I
I
,
tM pctoralis major
V c e p h a l i c aa - - -
Rr cutanei anteriores
pectorales
+. (Nn intercostales)
/.
Fascia brachii , ,,
Nodi lymphoideiaxillaressuperficiales ,'/
/ ,'
A thoracicalaterals o /
V thoracoepigastricaa zl
M latissimusdorsi, Fascia 6 /
Br cutanei lateralespectorales
(Nn intercostales)
M serratusanterior,Fascia g /
,ru'#t"
Fig. 396 Vesselsand nerves ofthe upper arm,

shoulder and clavipectoraltriangle, Trigonum
clavipectorale;
221
postertor
Fasciculus
lateralis
Fasciculus
medialis
Fasciculus
Clavicula
ReteacromialeO a A subclavia
/
Acromion-
\
/ O V subclavia
M d e l t o i d e u s , O- - - O M subclavius
Pars clavicularis
M d e l t o i d e u s , -a-
Parsacromialis
Fasciaclavipectoralis
V cephalicaa
Nn.pectorales
medrates
O A thoracoacromialis,
Rr pectorales
- O M. Pectoralismajor,
Pars clavicularls
- a M. pectoralas
major,
Parssternocostalls
,no'*"t
Fig. 397 Clavipectoral triangle,Trigonumclavipectorale;
the clavicular part of the pectoralismajor muscle has been
sectioned;
ventral view (r., 5070).
Clavicula
I
Rete acromiale \
:----- A subclavia
R clavicularis
R acromialis /
- -
A thoracoacromialis
A axillaris /
pectorales
Fig.398 BranchesofA.thoracoacromialis,
ventral view.
(JpperLimb
228
N intercoStobrachialis OV lhoracoepigastrica
o V axillaris
I
A : V t h o r a c r c al a l e r a h sO a
L au subscapularis
M pectorallsmalor a
\ c i r c u m l l e xhau m e rpi o s t e r i o r
t I o aA rv
Papilla mammaria i i
, les
les
\ s brachialis,
Nn thoracici, \ nfraclavicularis
Nn Intercostales, \
Rr mammarii lalerales \
\

M serratusanteflor a .
\
'l
t;
\ N intercosto
brachialis
\
N axlllaris
\
3M teresmajor
l.' \aan,Vcircumflexa
scapulae
\
ar M latissimus
dorsi
t
a aA; V lhoracodorsalis
\ N thoracodorsalis
N t h o r a c i c u sl o n g u s
I Nn thoracici,Nn intercoslales,
tM obriqrr. Rr cutanei lateralespectorales
externus '
abdominis a Vv thoracoepigastricae
2!7r+oo
815<).>407
996/l
Fig. 399 Axillary fossa,Fossaaxillaris;

the fasciae of the axillary region and of the
lateral thoracic wall have been removed:
inferior view (1.,50%).
Lateral Watlof the Thoraxand theAxilla
229
Plexus brachialis,Pars supraclavrcularrs
A subclavia
N phrenicus / a
M scalenusanteflora 7 Clavicula
\
T r u n c u s t h y r o c e r u i c a l i s O \,
A vertebralisO
A carotrscommunrs
O\ 7 O A axillaris
\
Ansa ceruicalis
a --.---\----.-_
M sternothyroideus
M s t e r n o h y o i d eau s- - ; - _
__*_*
N v a g u s[ X ] -----------
V b r a c h i o c e p h a l i coa - - --3-
* M de toideus
a o -- - - - - - -
M sternocrero
Nn
intercostales,
Rr cutanei
anteriores
pectorales
-
a M Pectoralis
4.. major
\ a V cephalica
\
o A axillaris
o V axillaris
\ pectoralisminor
1M
N intercostobrachaalis
N thoracodorsalis
a a A ; V thoracicalateralis
OoA:V lhoracodorsalls
N thoracicuslongus
\ N thoracicus[T4],N ntercostalis
pectoralis
R. cutaneusldler-alis
\iM
latissimusdorsi
\
o V thoracoePigastrica
/ Rr mammarii laterales
externusabdominis
M obliquus
/
M. ser tus anleriorr
,nnlft,no'
Fig. 400 Lateral thoracic wall; infraclavicular fossa,
Fossainfraclavicularis;axillary fossa,Fossaaxillaris;
the pectoralismajor muscle has been removed;
Iateral view (1.,6070).
upperLimb
230
r Nodr lymphordercervicalesanleriores,
Nodi superficialesel protundi
i
V iugularisexterna O j| , . sq ecaa le
len l r sn um
scm
aiie
ls d i u s
I
M sternocleidomastoideusa M. splenius ceruicis
\ i i
cM levalor scapulae
I
M . o m o h y o i d e u s ,a \ Nn supraclaviculareslaterales
Venler superior
/ Nodr lymphoideicervicales
laterales.Nodi superficiales
/ / Clavicula
aM trapezrus / N suprascapularis
A , V t r a n s v e r s aa l l \ / ,,
colli, \
R superlicialis
,/ aM deltoideus
Nodilymphoidei \. -
ceruicaies
ant -* - OaA;V
cilâdi. ot nr^l
suprascapurafls
M scalenus| -- - oM pectoralis
anterior m tn o r
M s t e r n o h y o i d e*u s- -
- OV cephalica
Truncus.--
sinister
,ugularis - Nodi lymphoidei
subscapulares
Noduslymphoideus- -
lateralis,
cervicalis
Nodusprotundus -
inlerior oM pectoralis
malor
B u l b u si n l e r i o r * --
v e n a el u g u l a n s - N radialis
Ductus' - N musculo-
thoracrcus,
Pars cervicalis
cutaneus
- --
/ OA circumtlexa
V jugularis anlerior ) humefl posleflor
---
Arcus t / /,1 OV brachtahs
venosusJUgularis
;/ -
aV cephalica
Articulatio/
sternoclavicularis,
Discusarticularis -
N ulnaris
/
V jugularisexlerna| \
Nodi lymphoidei
/ axillareslaterales
T r u n csi u b c l a v i u s
et bronchomediasti-
nalissinister '
N cutaneus brachii
medialis
A subclaviao / \ a
V brachialis
/ \
M subclavius| Nodi lymphordeiintercostales
,/."qGe{
/
maior)
lvf pectoralis Costall
/ N thoracicuslongus
f ' r " * ^ ^ , ,|" . 1 OM serratusanterior

/
Nodilymphoidei N intercosto o A , V t h o r a c i cl a t e r a l r s
pectorales brachrahs
Fig.401 Axillary fossa,Fossaaxillaris;

deep layer of the neck; the clavicle has been partially
removed;the pectoral muscleshave been sectioned;
Compareto Fig. 814.
NervesoftheArm
23I
Nn suoraclaviculareslaterales
V cephalica
--
--
/ N. musculocutaneus'
/ N. cutaneus antebrachiilateralls
.- V medianacublti
N cutaneus antebrachilmedlalis,
R Posterior
--- N radialis,Ncutaneus
--- antebrachiiPosterior
N cutaneus antebrachiimedialls.
R anterior
-- V mediana antebrachil
w5$ao7
4lr
Fig. 402 Superficialveins anclnervesof the anteriorbrachial

region,Regiobrachiianterior,and of the anteriorelbou region'
Resiocubitalisanterior;r'entralvier'r(1.,35%)
-
V cephalica
V cephalica -
- - V baslllca
V basilica
- (A. brachiahs
Var )'
superJicialis,
(V mediana -
- cephalica) - (V mediana
V mediana
antebrachii basilica)
V mediana - - V basilica
antebrachil
c v cephalica -
iniections there iS
ThiS \ artation is rare llorvever,u ith regard to intravenous
Figs. 403 a-c Variationsof the superficialveins of the region r o n s i r l e r a l r lrei s k o f a ( c i d e n t a li n t r a a r t e r i ailn i e c t i o n
of the right elbow.
The veins of this regionare preferredfor venipunctureand
i ntravenousiniections.
232 upperLimb
Rete acromiale \
Nn supraclaviculareslaterales
N axrllaris.
cutaneus brachrilateralissuperior
Rr cutanei (A ; V circumflexa
humeri posterior)
N axillaris.N cutaneus brachii lateralissuoerior
f brachiiposterior-
N. cutaneus
It radialis
interior-
| ru cutaneusbrachiilateralis
V cephalica --
* N cutaneus brachii medialis
N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiiposterior --
a14O9
tr
4t2
Fig. 404 Superficialvesselsand nervesof the posterior
brachialregion,Regiobrachii posterior,and of the elltowregittn,
Regiocubitalisposterior;
d o r s a lv i e w ( 1 . , 3 5 % 1 .
Superficialveinsof the arm

The cephalic vein developson the radial side of the back the median cubital vein with the cephalicvein, whereby it
of the hand out of the Retevenosumdorsalemanus,receives usuallybecomes sffon8er.It piercesthe Fasciabrachiibelowthe
intakefrom the palmthroughthe intercapitularveins and then middleof the upperarm in the medialbicipitalsulcusandflows
runs proximally on the radial side of the forearmtowardsthe into the medialbranchof the brachialvein.
elbow.There it anastomoses with the basilic vein and then A very variabletransverseanastomosiscalled mediancubital
continues,generallyratherweaker,in the lateralbicipitalsulcus vein connectsthe basilic vein and the cephalic vein. It is
to the clavipectoraltriangle where it perforatesthe fasciaand supplied from the front side of the arm over the median
flows into the axillary vein. antebrachialvein.
The basilicvein originateson the ulnar side of the backof the The medianbasilic and the median cephalicveins form con-
hand, runs in the ulnar area of the forearm on the ventral nectionsbetweenthe basilic,cephalicand medianantebrachial
surfaceproximallytowardsthe elbowandjoins up herethrough velns.
and Nervesof theAxilla and Shoulder
Vessels
233
Lig transversum superlus\ \
scapulae Venterinlerior
r o M omohyoideus,
N suprascapularis\
Nn subscapulares -_
/ Proc coracoideus
A axillarisO : Parsinfraclavicularis'
Plexusbrachialis,
'/
medialis
Fasciculus
Plexus brachialis.Pars infraclavicularis, \ / OM pectoralisminor
posterior
Fasciculus
/ a M. deltoideus
N axillaris \
- a M coracobrachialis
A circumllexascapulae O :
/ O M biceosbrachii,Caputbreve
- Plexusbrachialis,
Parsintraclavicularis,
Fasciculuslateralis
M subscaoularisO - N musculoculaneus
- a M. pectoralismajor
- O M. biceos brachii,
M teresmaiorO - - Caput longum
O - - OA circumflexa humeri
A subscapularis
anlerlor
O - - -
A thoracodorsalis O A. circumflexahumeriposterior
- N ulnaris
N thoracodorsalis
N radialis - N medianus
dorsiO -
M latissimus - aA brachialis
N cutaneus brachii
medialis N culaneus anlebrachirmedialis
: --
o vu brachiales
O M triceps brachii, Caput longum
Fig. 405 Vesselsand nervesof the axillary fossaand the shoulder;

the clavicle has been sectioned;the arm has been removedfrom the thorax;
Clavicula \ /, a M suPraspinalus
R.acromiatiso- /=- _- o A suprascapularls
M s u p r a s p ' n a l u s\a- l/-- - - Lig transversumscapulae

supenus
scapulae Inlerius
a -
M inlrasoinatus -- a M deltoideus
Arliculatiohumen, - --
Spina scapulae
Capsula articularis
--
a M inlraspinatus
)-- lM leresminor
M deltoideusa -
- OA circumllexa
scapulae
N axillarrs - aM teresmaior
N axillaris,N cutaneus
brachii laleralissuperior \ N a x i l l a r i s . Rm u s c u l a r i s
796
A circumflexa humeri posterioro
/ \ a M tricepsbrachii,CaPutlongum lt
"7AA,ff
' 410
Fig. 406 Vesselsand nervesof the shoulder;
the deltoitland the trapeziusmuscleshavebeenpartially removed;
d o r s a lv i c w ( 1 . 6, 0 % )
234 upperlimb
Plexus brachialis,Pars infraclavicularis,

Fasciculusmedialis / o M deltoideus

Fasciculusposterior -- a V cephalica

Fasciculuslateralis -- a A circumflexahumeri
anterior
A axillarisO -- a M bicepsbrachii,
N axillaris Caput longum, Tendo
---
t M pectoralismajor
N musculocutaneus--7,
N.ulnaris
N. radialis
---- s M biceps brachii,Caput breve
Vv brachialeso/
N medianus
-
A brachialisO
/
/
A prolundabrachiiO
a
/
V basilicaO -- * M biceps brachri,Caput longum
ulnarissuoeriora -
A collateralis
-- a V cephalica
Seotum intermuscularebrachii mediale -

N musculocutaneus,
lateralis
N cutaneusantebrachii
ulnarisInlerioro--
A collateralis
N medianus
- muscullbicipitis
Aooneurosis brachii
Fig.407 Vessels andnervesof the anterior

brachialregion,Regiobrachiianterior;
235
M coracobrachialis | \
/ oM deltoideus
N axillans
taM oectoralis
major
---
M t e r e s m a j oar
- oM coracobrachialis
N radialis
- N musculocutaneus
N medianus
- aM. biceps brachii

A protunda
brachii
M triceDsbrachii,Caput longum a
N ulnaris
ulnarissuPeriot
A collateralis
--
M triceos brachii,Caput medlale Q
N. musculocutaneus,
- lateralis
antebrachii
ulnarisinleriora -
A collateralis
N. cutaneus
- aA brachialis
N, medianus
medialis
Epicondylus
- aM. brachioradialis
a/
Mm tlexoresantebrachll
Fig. 408 Arteriesand nervesof the anterior

brachialregion,Regiobrachii anterior;
236 upperLimb
M deltoideus
a -- a M l e r e sm a j o r
N axillaris,N cutaneus brachii

lateralissuperior
-- O A p r o t u n d a b r a c h rR
i, deltoideus
\ a i,4 triceps brachii,Caput longum
N radialis,N culaneus brachii posterior ' N radialis

\
\ OA prolundabrachii
\
M triceps brachii,Caput lateralea .- - O A brachialis
M bicepsbrachiro --.-
Septum intermuscularebrachii laterale .- .- .-
M b r a c h i a l i s O- - . - _
A collateralisradralisO -- --
N cutaneus brachii lateralisinterior
N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiiposterior
M triceps brachii,Caput medialea -- -- O A collalerahsulnarisInleflor
N musculocutaneus,N culaneus anlebrachiilateralis - -j
Epicondyluslaleralis- - -
M b r a c h i o r a d i a h s o- - N ulnaris
- - O Rete articularecubilr
M anconeusO -
Olecranon
M extensor carpr radrals longus rt
M extensor carpi radialis brevisa
*,#ii\ Fig. 409 Arteriesand nervesof the posterior

brachial region, Regiobrachii posterior;
dorsal view (1.,40%).
Arteriesand l,lervesof the Arm
237
, Articulattohumerl,
/'Capsula articularis
N axillaris
/
'
, | M t e r e sm i n o r
t
- o M t e r e sm a i o r
M d e l t o i d e u sa -
- - O A c i r c u mlfe x a h u m e r ip o s t e r l o l
N radralrs,N cutaneus brachiiposterrol

- aA p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i ,l l d e l t o i d e u s
-- OA brachralls
- - a i/rt triceps brachii Caput longum
-- O A P r o l u n d ab r a c h r i
M t r i c e o s b r a c h i iC a p u t l a t e r a l ea - -
N c u l a n e u sb r a c h i il a t e r a l l sI n t e r l o r
M bicePs brachii il - - - a M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i ,C a p u t l a t e r a l e
-
A collateralisradialis,(R anterior) O
M b r a c h i a l i sa - -- aA c o l l a l e r a l lm
s edla
N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachlrposterlor
- - a M triceps brachii Caput medrale
N musculocutaneus N cutaneus antebrachlrlateralis

-- aA s l n a r i sI n l e r l o r
c o l l a l e r a l iu
) --
A c o l l a t e r a l irsa d i a l i s (, R p o s t e r i o r O N ulnarls
E p i c o n d y l u sl a l e r a l r s- - - - O Rete articularecubrtl
M b r a c h r o r a d i a l ias - - - O A r e c u r r e n su l n a r l s
* -
l\,4extensor carpi radialis longus o
- -
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis a
I -- aM anconeus
Fig. 410 Arteriesandnervesof the posterior

brachialregion,Regiobrachiiposterior;
dorsalview(1.,45Y.1.
* quadrangular space,Spatium axillare laterale
trpperLimb
238
N .r a d i a l i s , N cutaneus
N. cutaneus I brachiimedrahs \
V basilica a -
brachiiposterior I /\
N radialis,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
N cutaneus Posterior
brachii
medialis - o V cephalica
N cutaneus V cephalica * -
antebrachiimedialis
N musculocutaneus
N cutaneus
antebrachii
N cutaneus lateralis
antebrachiimedialis,
R posteflor -- a V mediana
cubrti
N cutaneus - * V mediana
antebrachiimedialis, antebrachii
R anterior
N cutaneus
(V mediana s ' antebrachii
basillca) medialis,
R posterior
V b a s i l i c a* - -
N muSCUlocUtaneUs,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
N radialis,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
-- s V cephalica posterior
N radiahs, N radialis,
R supedicialis R superticialis -- V basilica
i
-
O A radralis
R palmarrs
(N ulnaris)
R palmaris
(N medianus) V c e p h a l i c as - -
B dorsalrs
(N ulnaris)
402 ,.^
lt/+tt
+
/l
423
Fig.411 Superficialveins and nerves of Fig.4l2 Superficial veins and nerves

the anterior antebrachialregion, Regio of the posterior antebrachialregion, Regio
antebrachii anterior; antebrachiiposterior;
ventral view (1.,45%). dorsalview (1.,45%1.
Vesselsand Nervesof the Forearm
239
F a s c i a b r a c h i i\ V cephalicaa\ . o A. collateralis 7 Septum
\\ I ulnaris /'intermusculare
\\ superior mediale
brachrr
I ,,
V b a s i l i c aa - _
| ,r' ToAbrachiatis
,, a M, biceps
brachii
M tricepsbrachii,a - - a M biceps
Caputmediale brachii N ulnaris
N ulnaris; - O -
A collateralis 7 N radialis
a M brachiahs
A collateralsO ulnaris inferior
ulnarissuperior / a M brachioradialis
N medianus
M b r a c h i a l i sa
Septum-
intermusculare -- - / a A collateralis
aA brachialis Epicondylus : radialis
brachiimediale medialis I
-- Aponeurosis
H u m e r u s-, -- Aponeurosis musculibicrPitis
Epicondylus musculibacipitis N rnedianus brachrl
medialis brachii - N radialis,
/ R prolundus
Fascia / --
antebrachii a M biceps -
Tendo
brachii, O M biceps
-- brachii,Tendo
r M supinator - a A radialis
\ a A radialis \ N radialis,
A ulnaris1 / -- lM pronalor
R superficialis
aM pronator teres
teres \ N radralis,
\: R profundus
gM brachio-
radralis M llexor a -
carpl \ aA recurrens
radialis radialis
\ a M extensor
carpiradialis \
M flexor a - DTEVIS M palmarisa - 1 M supinator
carpi ulnaris tongus
-
aM flexorcarpi
radialis
M flexor O -
M palmaris O - carpi ulnaris
longus
--
M flexora -
OM flexordigitorum drgrtorum
superficialis supedicialis
- O M brachioradialis,
Tendo
--- a M flexor
p o l l i c i sl o n g u s N ulnaris
- aA radialis
--- A u l n a n sa - -
OM abductor
pollicislongus
N ulnaris,
R dorsalis - a A radialis N medianus
R palmaris
- (N ulnaris)
A u l n a r i sO - - - a M. pronator
quaoralus R dorsalis
(N ulnaris)
Fascia --
, --
A u l n a r i sO
antebrachii
\,M exrensor - :3l33il:
-
Aponeurosrs p o l l r c rosr e v r s
palmaris Tendo
M palmaris| -
brevrs 407 n,n
v""
n'--
1/l
423
Fig. 413 Arteries and nerves of the anterior Fig. 414 Arteriesand nervesof the anterior
antebrachial region, Regio antebrachii anterior; antebrachialregion,Regioantebrachiianterior;
ventral view (r., 45%). ventralview (1.,45Y").
(rpperLimb
240
M bicepsbrachiie \_
/ a A collateralis
.- u l n a r i ss u p e r i o r
A brachialis
a - - O A brachialis
N ulnaris - | M bicepsbrachii
N ulnaris
N radialis a -
A collateralis
ulnaris inlerior N radialis
'
E'omi ceodnidavl liuss- - :
/ N. radialis,
/ R. 'Profundus tprconoylus - O A collateralis
medialis radialis
(R anterior)
M b r a c h i a l i sa z O A ulnaris
-t-
M b r a c h i a l i s|
u O A radialis
N medianus - N .r a d i a l i s .
H. prolunous
-- a A recurrens
radialis - a A recurrens
M pronatora A recurrensa radialis
teres, ulnaris
Caputulnare N radialis, -
R superficialis
t M biceps
brachii.Tendo
N medianus
-
i l,/ supinator - a A, interossea
M pronator t / communts
teres
\ a M brachioradialis -
| M pronator
A recurrensO / teres
ulnans \ a M pronatorteres \
Mm flexores a - O A interossea
M flexor I / antebrachii posteflor
carpi radrals
t
o A interossea
communrs A c o m r t a nas - - N interosseus
neruimediani antebrachii
- anterior
| M tlexor -
M flexor a / pollicislongus A interossea a
drgitorum anterior - a M brachioradialis,
superficialis, Tendo
Caput radiale -- OA radialis s -
A u l n a r iO
- N radialis,
R super,ficialis
N ulnaris -: - O A radialis
- N radialis,
R superficialis
-, -
M flexor t N medianus
carpr ulnans
- I M brachioradialis.
Tendo - I M brachroradialis,
Tendo
M llexor+ --
-- digitorumprofundus, - t M pronalor
aA radialis Tendines quadratus
R dorsalis (N ulnaris) - a M flexor

M f l e x o r c a r p iI --'1 \ R palmaris pollicis
(N medianus) longus
ulnaris,Tendo M flexora -
-- d i g i l o r u ms u p e r ifc i a l i s , - t M flexor
*M tlexorcarpi
R dorsalis Tendines carpi radralis,
radialis.Tendo
(N ulnaris) Tendo
/
/ -.-
OA radiahs,
M flexor*
-- --
a A radialis,
A u l n a r i s ,O / R palmaris R palmaris
B carpalis r_ superlicialis c a r P ru l n a n s ,
Tendo ._ superlicialis
dorsalis
\
* M palmaris - I M palmarrs
l o n g u s ,T e n d o longus,Tendo
408 ".. 408

"
lrt+to * I'
414/l 415/l
424 424
Fig.415 Arteriesandnervesof the anterior Fig.416 Arteriesandnervesof the anterior

antebrachialregion,Regioantebrachiianterior; antebrachialregion,Regioantebrachiianterior;
deeplayer; deeplayer;the flexor digitorumsuperficialismuscle
ventralview (1.,45%). hasbeenpartiallyremoved;
Arteriesand Nervesof theElbowRegion
24r
a \
A collateralis / a A collateralis
ulnarissuperior .t ulnarisinlerior
N medianus
Septum- -
intermusculare --
brachiimediale a A brachialis
-- o M bicepsbrachii
\ -
Epicondylus
medialis
-- e M brachialis
N ulnaris - - Aponeurosismuscull
brachii
biciPitis
- -
Olecranon
-- a M brachioradialis
I - -
f Caputhumerale
M. llexor.l N radialis
carpiulnarisI
I CaPUtulnareo *- -- ; Mm tlexores
-- antebrachii
f H .p o s t e r i o r a
A recurrens{
urnafls R.anteriora__ -- a A ulnaris
I
-- a A radialis
-- a M oronatorteres
-- N medianus
M.flexora
digitorumprolundus
Fig. 417 Arteries and nerves of the ulnar and

anterior elbow region, Regiocubitalis anterior;
the flexor musclesof the forearm have been partially
removed;
medial(ulnar)view (1.,6070)'
- N radialis
- -- a A. collateralis
(R.anterioo
radialis,
A b r a c h i a l i sO - - .- a M brachioradialis
N medianus
--- a Mm extensores
carpi radiales
N radralis,
R superficralis N radialis,
R prolundus
--
A radialisa
-.. -- t M extensol
A recurrensa digitorum
radialis
-- e M.supinator
M extensor carpiw --- N radialis,
radialisbrevis R profundus
--
a A interossea
recurrens
Fig. 4f8 Arteries and nerves of the anterior elbow

region, Regiocubitalis anterior;
the radial muscles of the forearm have been sectioned;
Iateral (radial) view (1.,60%).
upperLimb
242
z O A collateralis
.t radialis
A collateralisO --
radialis -- a A collateralis
ulnarisinferior
M b r a c h i o r a d i a l i s *- -
- N ulnaris M. brachioradialisO - N ulnaris
M extensorcarpia - - a A recurrensM extensor

radialislongus carpia -
utnafls radialislongus
- Epicondylus
medialis
Epicondylus - - a Retearticulare
lateralis
cubiti
-- O M anconeus
M extensor carpi a -
radialisbrevis - O A interossea
- | M anconeus recurrens
a -
M supinator
- a M extensor N radialis,
carpiulnaris R prolundus
N radialis,
R profundus M extensor carpia -
radialisbrevis - O A interossea
poslerior
a -
A interossea
poslenor Rr musculares
M e x t e n s oar - -
\
I
digitorum -- a M extensor
digitorum
M. abductor | -- Fl profundus
M abductorpolhcisa \ poilrcrsrongus
longus nerviradialis,
-- a M exlensor N interosseus
carpiulnaris, Membrana inlerossea -- antebrachii
M extensorpolliciso \ Tendo posterior
orevts N radialis, -- O M extensor
- a M extensor B superficialis pollicislongus
N radialis, digitiminimi, --- I M extensol
R superticialis Tendo M extensorl -
pollicisbrevis carpiulnaris,
Tendo
A interosseaanterior a - - a Retecarpale Retinaculum
musculorum
oorsale M extensora - extensorum
--
Retinaculum pollicislongus,Tendo
R dorsalis -
musculorum (N ulnaris) R dorsalis
extensorum (N uharis)
Fig.419 Arteriesandnervesofthe posterior Fig. 420 Arteries and nerves of the posterior
antebrachialregion,Regioantebrachiiposterior; antebrachial region, Regio antebrachii posterior;
dorsalview (1.,45%). deep layer;
dorsal view (1.,45%).
teriesoftheHand
243
- - A ulnaris
-- B carpalisPalmaris
-- R carpalisdorsalis
--- R palmarisProlundus
R palmaris --f-
superlicialis
Aa metacarpalesPalmares
ArcuspalmarissuPerlicialis
- - Aa digitales communes
Palmares
/
Aa digitalespalmaresproorrae
- Aa digitales
PalmaresProPnae
Fig.421 Arteriesof thehand;

palmarview(r.,70%).
c anastomosis with A. interosseaanterior(.)

Figs.422 a-d Variationsof the deeppalmar arch,Arcus
palmaris profundus. d both radial fingers are supplied by A. radialis, the three
a simple,closedArcus palmarisprofundus("textbook"case) ulnar fingers are supplied by A. ulnaris
b doubledulnar part
UpperLimb
244
N m e d i a n u s .R p a l m a r i s
N cutaneus antebrachiilateralis
N ulnaris,R palmaris
A u l n a r i sa - -
N ulnafls
palmaris
_ - Aponeurosis
M p a l m a r i s b r e vai s - -
N u l n a r i s ,R p a l m a r i s
O A p r i n c e p sp o l l i c i s
//
N medranus.Rr oalmares
N ulnaris,Rr palmares
palmares
Nn digrtales proprii
A d i g i t a l ipsa l m a r icso m m u n ias - -

Aa digrtalespalmares propriae a
Lrg metacarpaletransversum
superficiale
q),+z+
Fig.423 Arteries and nerves of the palm of the hand,

Palma;
palmarview (1.,70%).
Arteries and Nervesof the Hand
245
A u l n a r i sa O A radralts
_-
N medtanus
M tlexor carpi ulnarisa
-.- aM l l e x o r c a r p ir a d i a l i s , T e n d o
N u l n a r i s ,R p a l m a r i s -- , palmarissuperficialis
a A r a d i a l i sR
Os pisiforme N medianus, R Palmaris

- F e t i n a c u l u mm u s c u l o r u ml l e x o r u m
N ulnaris,R Protundus
- a M abductor Pollicisbrevrs
A u l n a r i sR p a l m a r i s p r o l u n d u s- -O
.- N medianus
N ulnaris R superficialis
-'- .) M flexor Pollicisbrevis

N digitalisPalmarisProprlus
a M adduclor Polllcrs
R c o m m u n i c a n sc u m n e r v ou l n a r l
N medranus,
Arcus palmaris suPerficialisI -- N digitalisPalmarls
communrs
N digitalisPalmarrscommunrs -
- -
Aa digitalespalmares communes a I
I
I
I
'
a Aa digitalesPalmaresProprrae
Nn digitalesPalmaresProprrl
nrr?o'u
Fig.424 r\rteriesantl nervesof the palm of the hand,
Palma;
deeplayer;the palmaralroneurosis has been removed;
p a l m a rr i e u ( 1 . 7, 0 % )
35Yo 13Yo
37'1n
Figs. 425 a-c Variations of the superficial palmar arch,

Arcus palmaris suPerficialis
a closedArcus palmaris superficialis ("textbook"case)
b supply to the three ulnar fingers by A. ulnaris
c supply to all fingers by A. ulnaris
246 upperLimb
/ aM pronatorquadratus
A u l n a n sO - - - / aA radialis
O R carpalis palmaris
M llexor caroi ulnaris t -
a M tlexor carpi radialis,Tendo

A ulnaris,R carpalisa)
palmaris
a R palmaris
superlicialis
N ulnaris,R palmaris Retinaculum llexorum

musculorum
- o M flexorpollicislongus,Tendo
N ulnaris,R, superficialis cM opponensPollicis
-z
N ulnaris,R prolundus ) M llexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale
-z
M abductorI ., z O Arcuspalmarisprolundus
digitiminimi
/ a M adductorpollicis
A u l n a r i sa, - -
R palmarisprofundus
_-- O A PrincepsPollicis
a M abductorpollicisbrevts
o --
palmares
Mm interossei ---
_-- a Aa digitalespalmares propriae

a - -
M adductorpollicis
--- dorsalisI
a M interosseus
Aa metacarpalesO --
palmares
Mm llexores digitorum,a --
lendtnes I
M m l u m b r i c a l e s -O-
Nn digitales
palmares proprii
416 a Aa. digrtales
#
palmares propnae
424
Fig.426 Arteriesandnervesof the palmof the hand,Palma;

deeplayer;the transverseheadof the adductormuscleof the
thumb,M. adductorpollicis,hasbeensectioned;
palmarview(1.,75%1.
241
N radialis,Rr superliciales
- OA radialis
musculorum
Retinaculum :-
exlenSorum
\,- Vaornatendtnismusculi llexorrscarpi radialis

posterior
N radials,N cutaneusantebrachii
/ alA radialis,R palmarissuperlicialis

-
Rete carPaledorsale a
- OA radialis
A radiahs,R carpalisdorsalis a -
- - pollicisbrevis'Tendo
o M extensor
M extensor carDiradialisbrevis,Tendo a
-.- -
M e x t e n s o r c a rrpaid i a l i s l o n g u s , T e a
ndo a M abductor Pollicisbrevis
A radtaliso -- - aM opPonensPollicis
e --
Tendines
M extensordigitorum,
- pollicislongus'Tendo
o M extensor
/
/
Os metacarPill - Nn digitales dorsales
-
OA digilalisdorsalis
/ - oM adductorpollicis
Aa metacarpales dorsales O
M interosseusdorsalis I a
M l u m b r i c a l ias /
N digitalispalmaris
ProPrius
O -
A digitalis Propria
Palmaris
N digrtalisdorsalis
4r9
42s#42s
l-lv' Vaoinaetendinummusculorumextensorum:
i vlEiiii teintinummusculorumabductorislongi
et dxlensorisPollicisbrevis
rr Viiirii i6-n'din'um'muscutoru m extenso.Illn.caaj radialium
lll Vadinatendinismusculiexlensorispolllcls.longl
lV Vadinatsndinummusculorumextensorisdlgltorum
et Extensorisindicis
Fig.427 Arteriesand nervesofthe hand;

lateral(radial)view (r.,65%).
24SupperLimb
N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiiposterior

I
I
V cephalica \
N radialis,Fl superficiails -
venosum oorsaremanus
/ Vv intercapitulares
V cephalica
/
Nn digitalesdorsales
Fig. 428 Vesselsand nervesof the back of the

hand.Dorsummanus:
dorsalview (1.,70%\.
Arteries and Nervesof the Hand
249
Membrana inlerossea\ / O M extensor carpi ulnaris
M extensor pollcis brevts a \ interosseaanterior

\ / aA
M abductor pollicislongus.Tendo a \\ z N. radialis,R. Profundus,

N. interosseusantebrachiiposterior
extensorum---
musculorum
Retinaculum
Rete carpale dorsale O --
- O A u l n a r i s , Rc a r p a l i s d o r s a l i s
A radialis O -
R perforans
I -- --
oA radialis,R carpalisdorsalis
A princepspollicisO - -
M extensor pollicislongus, | -
Tendo
M adductorpollicisa -
\ metacarpalesdorsales
lAa
420
xil7+
Fig.429 Arteriesand nervesof the backof the
hand,Dorsummanus;
deeplayer;
upperLimb
250
Canalis carpi
i z Fascia antebrachii
1/
i/
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo -i
/Aulnaris
N medianus
i z N. ulnaris
1/
M palmarislongus, Tendo .- )\ .-.
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum .- .- --
--- O sp i s i f o r m e
Thenar .---_
,.t----'HyPothenar
Canalis carpi - - - - Lrgg metacarpaliaPalmaria
:-
, )--- M extensor Tendo

digitorum,
Ossametacarpi
t
-:--- profunous,
M flexordigitorum
I Tendines
I
{
J--- patmaris
ooon"rrosis
---.-
M tlexordigitorum Tendines
superficialis,
----
Mr lumbricales
dorsalis)- -
(Aponeurosis
Phalanxproximalis-- -
profundus,
M tlexordigitorum Tendo
M llexordigilorumsuperficialis,
Tendines
-'i
Vaginatendinum
Fig. 430 Fasciasof the hand;

the compartmentshavebeenpartly opened;
palmar view
* c l i n i c a l :G R A Y S o Nl'isg a m e n t
** c l i n i c a l :C L E L A N Dl 'i sg a m e n t
'"" c l i n i c a l :C a n a l i su l n o c a r p a l i s( l o g ed e G U Y o N )
oftheHand
25I
interossea
Membrana
---
O A. interossea
Posterior
A. interosseaanteriora ---
--- a M extensordigilorum
'
quadratus - O M abductorpollicislongus'Tendines
M. Pronator
- pollicislongus,Tendo
a M extensor
- Radius
profundus'
M llexordigitorum '
Tendines
--- Articulatioradiocarpalis
f lexorum
musculorum
Retinaculum
-- Os lunatum
o
Tendines
superficialis, - -
M. llexordigitorum
-- o Retecarpaledorsale
- - Os caPitatum
Rete caroale PalmareO *--
AooneurosisPalmaris- -.
- - Os metacarPi
lll, Basis
A metacarpalis lll O --r
Palmaris
'
supedicialis --- -- a M. interosseus ll
Palmaris
ArcusPalmaris
-- dorsalislll
lll o ---
palmariscommunis
A digitalis
a M interosseus
-- dorsalisI
O A metacarPalis
--
M l u m b r i c a l i sl l l , T e n d oO
- -
A digitalispalmaris PropriaO
O A digitalis dorsalis
-
Phalanx oroximalis -
Vagina tendinum
- Phalanx media
\ Phalanx distalis
Fig.431 Hand,Manus;
,ulittut sectionthroughthe ulnar aspectof the middlefinger;
ulnar view .
* clinical: CLELAND'sligament
* * clinical: GRAYSoN'sliSament
upperLimb
252
N digitalisdorsalis
Fig.432 Arteriesand nervesof the index finger,Index;

lateral(radial)view (r., B0%)
Corpus phalangis \ digitorum,
N digitalisdorsalis
N drgitalisdorsalis
Peflosteum
il M tlexor digilorum prolundus,Tendo
; A digitalispalmaris propria
N digitalispalmarisproprius
\ Vagina tendinum digiti
M tlexor digitorum superficialis,fendo a /
Fig. 433 Middle finger,Digitusmedius [IIl]; s o t : a l l e dd o r s a la p o n e u r o s i isn w h i c h t h c t e n ( l o n so f t h ( ' c r t c n s o rr l i g i t o r u m

crosssectionthroughthe shaft of the proximalphalanx; m u s ( : l ea n ( l t h o t ( ' n d o n so f t h e i n t e R r s s r r r uasn d l u m l r r i r : am
l u s (l c s r a ( l i a t e
distal view.
Periosleum \
-- I A drgitalispalmarispropna
N digitalispalmarisproprius / \ Vagina tendinum digiti
lrrf flexor digrtorumprolundus fendo I /
Fig. 434 Middle finger, Digitus medius [II!; * so called dorsal aponeurosis
cross section through the shaft ofthe middle phalanx; The position of the arteries and nerves of the finSers remains constant,enabling
easy accessfor local anaesthesiaor to stop bleeding.
distal view.
CrossSectionof the Arm
253
N culaneus brachii lateralassupertor
M bicepsbrachii * r.
V cephalica o \
,/ N. cutaneus ..
,/ brachil meolalrs
/ N medianus
-' aA brachialis
-- OV brachialis
- -
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus N cutaneus
mediahs
antebrachii
H u m e r u s- N ulnaris
--
oV basilica
Fasciabrachii-
cutaneus brachrl
lateralisinferior \ {}M.
triceps brachii,
Caput mediale
N cutaneus antebrachii
posterlor
\ l M t r i c e p sb r a c h r i ,
C a p u tl o n g u m
/
Seplum intermusculare \
brachii laterale N radialis
'3"""0t"i c / N cutaneus
" lJ8::l: brachiimedialis
Fig. 435 Brat;hialregion,Brachium; \Vhenthe shaft of the humerusfractures,the radial nerve is

crosssectionthrough the mitltlleof the upperarm; enrlangerecl in its path through the radial sulcus,due to its
distal 'v'ien(r , 120'/,). p r o x i m i t yt 0 t h e h u m e r a ls h a f t
V cephalrca
-- M b i c e p sb r a c h l l
- - V brachialis
-- V basilica
M brachialis
Humerus - -
Septum intermuscularebrachii mediale
Septum intermuscularebrachii laterale

--
M triceps brachii
Fig. 436 Brachial region, Brachium; tomography (MRT)throughthe middleof the upperarm;
cross-sectionalimage obtainedwith magneticresonance distalview(r.).
IrpperLimb
254
M. palmarislongus,Tendoo I
I / O v mediana antebrachii
M flexordigitorum
a \
suoenrcralrs \
/ O A. ulnaris
N medianus \
M flexorcrpia \ N ulnaris
raorails \
flexorpollicislongusa \
\ _- a M flexorcarpiulnaris
A r a d i a l i s a\ \
N radialis
M brachioradialis o
--- o M flexordigitorum
profundus
V cephalica O --
M. extensorcarpi O --
radialis brevis
Radius --
--
o M extensorcarpiulnaris
/
Fascia antebrachii
/ \ o M. extensor
indicis;
M extensorcarpiradialislonguso M extensorpollicislongus
\ OA interosseaposterior
t N. interosseus posterior
antebrachii
\'
o M. extensordigitorum
M abductorpollicislongus
Fig.437 Forearm,Antebrachium;
crosssectionthroughthe middleof the forearm;
distalview (r., 720o/o\.
-- M paharis longus,Tendo
M flexorcarpi --
radialis
- - M. llexor
M. flexordigitorum- - carpiulnaris
superficialis
M. brachioradialis---
-- M flexor
protundus
digitorum
M. flexorpollicis- - -
longus
R a d i u s- - - - - Ulna
---
Membrana interossea
antebrachii
cross-sectional imageobtainedwith magnetic
resonancetomography(MRT)throughthe middle
of the forearm:
distalview (r.).
255
CutisI
M. palmaris
longus, \. \
M tlexordigitorum Tendines
superticialis, / Fascia antebrachii
\ i
N. medianus,R. palmaris -_ \, l / O M, flexof digitorumsuperficialis'
\.\l '\
- t. I
N medianus - / A . ;N u l n a r i s
/O
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo' 7 I M flexorcarpiulnaris
M llexorpollicislongus,Tendo*a --_ ) M flexordigilorumprolundus'
---
A r a d i a l i s o- - -
N ulnaris,R. dorsalis
N musculocutaneus. ----
N cutaneus lateralis
antebrachii quadratus
o M pronator
M abductor longus,Tendines'a - -
pollicis - - - - Articulatioradioulnaris
distalis,
Recessussaccilormis
-'
N radialis,R superficialis
V.ceohalica; a
pollicisbrevis'Tendo*a --
M extensor ----
Ulna
M brachioradialis,Tendoa / *----
- - o M. extensor Tendo'
carpiulnaris,
Mm.extensorescaroiradialesa
longuset brevis,Tendines* -
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
Radius/ - a M extensordigitiminimi'
," ,j
Fasciaantebrachii t, \oM
/ extensorindicis*
Telasubcutanea / t
I aM exrensordigitorum'
M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo*| l
I Retinaculum extensorum
musculorum
V basilicao
Fig. 439 Forearm,Antebrachium;

cross-sectionalimage at the level of the distal radio-ulnarjoint;
distal view (r., 90%).
' Thesetendons run through synovial sheaths,Vaginaetendinum, at this
level
Mm llexores-
- - Ulna,Caputulnae
- - Articulatioradio-
ulnarisdistalis,
Cavilasarticularis
cross-sectional imageobtainedwith computedtomography
(CT)at the levelof the distal radioulnar joint;
distalview (r.).
(rpperLimb
256
M palmaris longus,Tendo C \ /, Hypofienal
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum \
-l n' e\ n a r .\
\\
N medianus- -_
)
M f l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u s ,T e n d oC - - -- a A;N
'M
flexor carpi radialis,Tendo t - - _
Ostrapezium ---
M abductorpollicislongus, Tendo | --
M extensor oollicisbrevis. Tendo I -- --- * M extensor carpi ulnaris,Tendo
V cephalica a -- --
.. oahamatum
A r a d i a l i so - - t
.. * M extensor digiti minimi, Tendo
Mm extensorescarpi radiales,Tendines * -- taV
.. basitica
\
M extensor pollicislongus, Fendo * / os capitatum
t
\ ts M extensor digitorum,Tendo
/
Os traoezotdeunr \
* M extensor indicis,Tendo
' carpal tunnel syndrome:comprossionof tht: median nerve in the carpal canal
Fig.441 Carpus,Carpus; . . u l n a r t u n n o l s y n d r o m c :c o m p r e s s i o n
o f t h e u l n a r n e r v ei n t h e s o c a l l e du l n a r
crosssectionthroughthehamulusof thehamatebone,Hamulus t u n n e l{ l o g ( d
: e GUYoN)
ossishamati;thesynovial Vaginae
sheaths, tendinum,
areshown;
distalview(r.,100%).
- - - Retinaculummusculorumtlexorum
Thenar --
--- Canaliscarpi;
(Mm flexoresdigitorum)
Os metacarpipollicis,Basis - - - - - Hamulus ossis hamati
- - Hypothenar
Os trapezium- -
- - Os hamatum
- -
Os trapezoideum --*
Oscapitatum
---
(Mm extensoresdigitorum)
Fig.442 Carpus,Carpus;cross-sectional
imageobtainedwith computedtomography(CT)throughthe hamulusof the hamatebone;
distal view (r.).
palmares
a Aa digitales communes;
N medianus
Mm lumbricalesa
\ , t M. flexordigilorum
superlicialis,
Tendines
tt I
M flexor polhcisbrevis, rF . i M abductor
Caput superficiale /
/ digiti minimi
M flexor pollicis
' longus, Tendo, a -. -- a M. gPponens
Vagina iendinis olgllt mlnlml
M abductor pollicis longus t - - - - - Os metacarpiV

M opponens pollicis a - -
*- profundus,
c M tlexordigilorum
Os metacarpipollicis - - Tendines
--
M extensor pollicrsbrevis a - - e M e x t e n s o r d i g i tm
i inimi
M extensor pollicis longus, c -- -
a M interosseuspalmaris lll
Tendo, Vagina tendinrs
M tlexor oollicisbrevis. I '
\
Cad,utorofundum dorsalislV
t M interosseus
r --
M adductorpollicis \
lv
Os metacarpr
M interosseusdorsalisI a -
\ palmansll
t M interosseus
,'i o M interosseus
dorsakslll
/
,ti
Os metacarpr
lll t M extensor digitorum,Tendines
Fig. 443 Metacarpus,Metacarpus;crosssectionthrough the middle of the 3rd metacarpalbone;distal view (r., 95%).
n rFl
Ptexusbrachiatis
Z) |
Innervation patterns of Plexus cervicalis and Plexus brachialis

motor sensory
Plexus cervicalis
c 1 - c 4( c 5 )
Ansa cervicalis Mm. infrahyoidei
Radixsuperior
Radixinferior
Skin supeliolof PI'ocmastoldeus
N. occipitalis minor
Sl<inof aulicleand adjacentareas
N. auricularis magnus
Skin of antefiorneckregion
N. transversus colli
Skin of lateralneckregion,infraclavicular
Nn. supraclavicularesmediales
areaof chestand shoulder
Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii
Nn. supraclaviculares laterales
Rr. musculares M. Ionguscolli,M. longuscapitis,NI.rec-
tus capitis anteriot',Ir'[m.i ntet'transver-
salii, (M. trapezius), lvl.levatorscapulae,
M . s c a l e n um
s edius
Pleura
Anteriolpalt of pericardium,
N. phrenicus Diaphragma
diaphraginatica,peritoneumof the central
(c3)c4(c5) partsof the diaPhragm
Plexus brachialis
(c5) c4-Tl (T2)
N. dorsalis scaPulae Mm lhomlloidei
M levatorscapulae,
c4,c5
N. suprascapularis M. infraspinatus
M. supraspinatus,
C4-C6
Nn. subscaPulares (M teresmajos)
M. subscapularis,
c5-c7
N. subclavius M. subclavius
(c4)c5,c6
N, thoracicus longus M. serratusanterior
c5-c7(c8)
Nn. pectorales M pectoralismaior,M. pectoralisminor
c8-T1
N. thoracodorsalis M latissimusdorsi,M. teresmaior
c6-c8
Rr.musculares M. longuscolli,M longuscaPitis
M coracobrachialis,M. bicepsbrachii, Skin of the radialsideof the forearm
N.musculocutaneus
c5-c7 M. brachialis
Skin of the radialsideof the Palm
N. medianus (3,5fingers)
c6-T1
Skin of the ulnarsideof the hand(palmar:

N. utnaris 1,5fingers,dorsal:2,5 fingers)
c6:T1
Mm. interossei
Skin of the medialsideof the upperarm
N. cutaneus brachli medialis
TI _T2
Skin of the ulnar sideof the forearm
N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis
C8-T1
N. axillaris M. teresminor
M. deltoideus,
c5.c6
M. tricepsbrachii,M. anconeus, Skin of the dorsalsideof upperarm, forearm
N. radialis
c6-Tr M- extensorcarpi radialis and hand {2,5 radial fingers,with the
M. brachioradialis,
longus,M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis, exceptionof the terminal phalanges)
M. M.
iurrinator, extensor digitorum'
M. exiensorpollicislongus,M. abductor
oollicislongus,M. extensorpollicisbrevis,
M. extensoiindicis,M. extensorcarpi
ulnaris
258
Vv superiorescerebri
\
(Plicapetroclinoideaposterior)
\
(Plica petroclinoideaanteriorl \
\ 7 Falx cerebn
\
N trochtearis / N trigeminus
[V],Parssensoria
[tV] \ z')
N oculomotorius
Illl] \ / N tflgeminus
[V],Parsmotoria
\ \ -\
Proc clinoideusanterior \
\\
N opticusflll \ v z Tentoriumcerebelli
\ -.- Incisuratentorii
_--- N l a c i a l i s[ V l l ]
-- N veslibulocochlearis
lviltl
--- N g l o s s o p h a r y n g lexul s
---
N v a g u s{ X l
N accessorius
[Xl]
-tt***-
- --
Parspetrosa
Os temporale,
Fig. 444 Cranialdura mater,Dura matercranialis;

t h e s k u l l h a s b e e ne x p o s e rl la t e r a l l l ;
left superiorview.
* g a l ) si n t h e r u r c l l r a l
falx
The Dura mater cranialis

The Dura mater cranialis covers the cranial cavity entirely run laterally into the Plicae petroclinoideae anterior and
and adheres to the bones of the skull. The cerebrai falx juts posterior,which go to the anterior and posteriorclinoid
out at the sagittal level and runs from the Crista galli to the processes.
ridge of the cerebellar tentorium. This, in turn, spans the The cerebralfalx and the cerebellartentorium divide the
posterior cranial fossa and is attached along the transverse cranialcavityinto threespaces,
for the two cerebralhemispheres
sinus and the ridge of the pyramid. The edges of the ten- and the cerebellum. Thesespacesare not entirely separated
torial notch, Incisura tentorii, cover the mesencephalonand fromoneanother.
mater cranialis and Stnus duraematris
259
Sinus petrosus inlerior a
/ Sinus sagittalissuperror
-- Sinus sagittallsinterior
Sinus sphenoparietalis \
- - - Vv supertorescerebrl
A carotis interna -
N o p t i c u us l - _
--- V magnacerebll
. -s. - _
Sinuscavernosu
- - Sinustransversus
H y p o p h y s i-s- -
l-----
-- S i n u ss i g m o i d e u s
S i n u si n t e r c a v e r n o s-i - ----
---- S i n u sr e c t u s
---- C o n f l u e nssi n u u m
-- sinusocciPitalis
?n-
---
s i n u .m a r g i n a l i s
\ Foramenmagnum
suPerlor
Sinusoetrosus
Fig. 445 Cranialdura mater,Dura matercranialis,

and dural sinuses,Sinusdurae matris;
the skull has beenexposedlaterally;the Tentorium
cerebellihas beenpartially removed;
left suPertorvtew.
alsopage
Location of the Sinus durae matris (see 263)
posteriOrCranialfOssa
Calvaria,Falx cerebri and Anterior and medial cranial fossa
Tentorium cerebelli
SinussagittalisuPerior SinussphenoParietalis Confluenssinuum
Sinussagittalisinferior Sinuscavernosus Sinustransversus
Sinusintercavernosi Sinussigmoideus
Sinusrectus
SinuspetrosussuPerior Sinusmarginalis
Sinuspelrosquamosus SinusocciPitalis
Sinuspetrosusinferior
Plexusbasilaris
Brain,
Encephato
260
A. carotis interna.
-- Pars cavernosa
A. temporalis
- - superficialis.
A. supraorbilafis -
A opnrnar-lI
m r c aI
\ A supratrochlearis _
- A basilaris
A angularis
A sphenopalatina
A infraorbitalis - -
^ -- - A verlebralis
Pcraurd
descendens
A infraorbrtalis-
Aa temporales -
profundae --- A auricularis
posterior
A labialissuperior.--
A b u c c a l i s- -
A transversa'laciei -
A alveolarisinferior /
A maxillaris/
palatinaascendens
A labialis inlerior --'
A facialis--
A s u b m e n t a l i s- - - -- A vertebralis
-
A lingualis -
A carotis extena / /
A thyroideasuperior/
A caroliscommunis
Fig. 446 Externalarteriesof the head;

viewedfrom the left.
Internal carotid artery, A. carotis interna

Theinternalcarotidartery is dividedinto four parts.The Pars that ascendsin the Canaliscaroticoclinoideus on the medial
ceryicalis begins at the commoncarotid artery and runs aspectof the anteriorclinoidprocess.In the cavernous sinus
throughthe carotidtriangleto the baseof the skull. the internalcaroidarterygivesoff a seriesof smallarteriesto
the surroundingstructures.
Within the Os petrosum,the Pars petrosa runs in the
carotidcanaltogetherwith the (sympathetic) Making anothersharp bend, known as the "carotidgenu",
internalcarotid
plexusand the internalvenouscarotidplexus.After leaving it perforatesthe inner layer of the Dura mater cranialis,
the canalon the ventralsideof the tip of the pyramidit is only
gives off the ophthalmicartery dnd passesinto the Pars
separated by a septumof thin boneor connective tissuefrom
cerebralis.With this it arrives in the subarachnoid space
the trigeminalganglionwhichlies laterally. and divideswithin the latera-lareaof the chiasmaticcistern
into the anterior cerebralartery and the medial cerebral
The Pars cavernosapassesthrough the cavernoussinus in artery (A. cerebri media).The connectionto the posterior
a heavilykinkedS-shapedloop,the so-called
carotidsiphon.It cerebral artery is made by the posterior communicating
runs alongthe bodyof the sphenoidbonein a shallowgroove artery.
'$
of theBrain
rteries
:3 *
A c a o s o m a r g r n a-l -t -s- - - -
.-- A c e r e b r im e d r a
- A . c a r o t l sI n l e r n a .
Pars cerebralls
A cerebri anterior - - - A communlcans

---
Posterlor
--- A cerebrrPosterror
--- A i n l e r i o ra n l e r i o rc e r e b e l l l
--- A basilaris
----
A i n l e r i o r p o s t e r r ocre r e b e l l i
- A carotis inlerna, Pars Petrosa
--
A vertebralrs
I
".-:I
\.G --_
a a r sc e r u t c a l l s
A c a r o t i s i n t e r nP
\ A carottsexterna
A carotis communls
Fig.447 Intertlaa l r t e r i e so f t h e h e a t l ;
v i e n e r lt r u m t h e l e f t .
AP ratliograph,cligitalsubtractionangiography(DSA)
F i g s . 4 4 Ba , b l n t e r n a lc a r o t i da r t e r y ,A c a r t t t i si n t e r n a ;
a
(DSA)
b lateralrarliograph,digital subtractionangiography
radiographsafter injectionof a contrastmedium
(angiography).
262 Brain,
Encephato
V thalamostriatasuperior
/
parietalis
V emissaria
/
inferior
/ Sinussagittalis
/ V internacerebri
/ / Sinussagittalis
superior
)-- Y;lslr"
-- V basalis"
V ophthalmica --
supenor
V angularis-l
- - V emissaria
occipitalis
--
Confluens
sinuum
S i n u s- \ V occipitalis
cavernosus
\ V emissaria mastoidea
Plexusvenosus-
foraminis
ovalis -- /'-- Sinus sigmoideus
-
Bulbussuperiorvenaejugularis
^HIEXUS
./
plery9oideus
V lacialis
/
7l
/
/
V retromandibularis internaI
V jugularis
Fig.449 Veinsof the head;

*
G A L E N ' Sl e i n
" R o s E N T H A I ' s\ e i n
*
"' LABBf's anastomosis
Vv. emissariae- Foraminain the skull

V. emissariaparietalis- Foramenparietale., Plexusvenosuscanalisnervi hypoglossi- Canali.s
nervi
V. emissariamastoidea - Foramenmastoideum hypoglossi
V. emissariaoccipitalis- Foramenin the areaof the Plexusvenosusforaminis'ovalis- Foramenovale
Protuberantiaoccipitalisexterna Plexusvenosuscaroticusinternus - Canaliscaroticus
V. emissariacondylaris- Canaliscondylaris
inusduraematris
263
V ophthalmicasuperior \
\ / Sinussphenoparietalis
Sinus intercavernosi
Sinuscavernosus
/ meola
V meningea
Plexus basilafls \
S i n u sm a r g l n a l r s- -
Bulbussuperror
venaejugularis
- -
Sinussigmoideus
Sinus occipitalis --
- Sinustransversus
Confluens stnuum -
-
Sinus sagittalissuperror
F i g . 4 5 0 D u r a ls i n u s e sS, i n u sd u r a em a t r t s ;
the cranialvault has been removed;the venousslnuses
havebeenfilled rvith a plasticcomponent;
supenorvlew.
* L e g g i ' s a n a s t o m o s ius i t h t h e s u l ) e r f i i(a l m i d d l et ; e r e b r arle i n s '
\ r m e r l i u es u l r e r t i irr l e r r e r e l r r i
The sinuses of the dura mater, Sinus durae matris

TheSinusduraemaFisconsistof venouschannelswith no mus- The two cavernoussinuses have a central position, being
culartissueor valves,whichdrainthe brainby bridgingveins' locatedin the middle cranial fossato the right and left of the
Mostof the bloodflowsthroughthe Sinussigmoideiand the Sella turcica. They are linked by the Sinus intercavernosi
Vv.jugularesinternae.In addition,therearesomesmallervalve- and are also connecteddirectly and indirectly with most
lessconnectionsbetweenthe inha-andextracranialveins,e.g.Vv' sinusesas well as with veins in the orbits and Fossaeinfra-
ophthalmicae superiores and the very Vv.
variable emissariae. temporales.
Brain,
Encephat
264
Sinussagittalis
superior
\ / Sutura sagitlalis
V emissariaparietalis \ / Granulationesarachnoideae
- - .}
Epiderm,s
Cutrs
-- D e r m r[sC o r i u m ] , f
Lacunae laterales
\
\
\ Galea aponeurotica
Os parietale \
\_
V v d i p l o i c a e- -
L a m i n ai n t e r n a
Dura mater cranialis
Arachnoideamater subarachnoideum
cranialis
Pia mater cranialis --

, Cortex cerebri
Gyri cerebri
Spatium /
subarachnoideum
I a, ,t -a
Falx cerebri
t'/g
Substantlaalba / . N
N
Fig. 451 Cranialvault, Calvaria,and meninges,Meninges; Granulationesarachnoideae and alsovia lymphaticsheathsof

frontal sectionthrough the crown of the head. the small vesselsof the pia materand the perineuralsheathsof
In the adult the cerebrospinalfluid is mainly absorbedin the the cranialand spinal nerves.
Suturasagittalis\
/
W diploicae---(
occipitales \
Vv diploicae
temporales
anteriores
W diploicae
temporales
posteriores
Fig.452 Diploic canals,Canalesdiploici, and diploic veins, the Lamina externa of the bonesof the cranial vault has been
Vv. diploicae, of the cranial vault; removed;
dextrosuperior view.
Baseof the Skull,Internal Suface,Basiscranii interna
265
Falx cerebri
suPerror
Sinussagittalis /
Ouramatercrantalis\ a Sinus sagittalisinferior
| ,
V nasotrontalis,i* ! ,/ / aR meningeusanterior
\
A ophthalmica
O \ / OA ethmoidalisanterior
\ / a Sinus intercavernosusanterlor
M rectussupeflori \
/ N opticusl|]
M levalorpalpebrae superiorlsO \\ / aA carotisinterna
Bulbusoculi: / N ophthalmicus[V/1]
/, OA meningea media, R frontalis

N opticuslll N trochlearis
lvl
V lacrimalis6 - N oculomotorius
Illl]
N maxillaris
[V/2]
Vv crliaress - Plexuscaroticus
/ internus
V oohthalmacasupenor s --
/ Gangliontrigeminale*
/ R meningeus(V/3)
Sinus sphenoparietalis,* -
meningeamedla
/ / aA
O -
A carotisanterna / N petrosusmaior
- / OA tymPanicasupenor
$
Sinuscavernosus
N, pelrosus mlnor
Hypophysrs - O A meningea media,

R parietalis
-- 1A meningeamedla'
R petrosus
S t n u s# - N tngeminus
intercavernosus [Vl
Posterior - N tacialislvlll
- - Nveslibulocochlearis
Plexusbasilariso
lvilrl
-
Sinuspetrosusa / o SinusPetrosus superror
superlor \ N intermedius
N glossopharyngeus -\
a Sinussigmoideus
--
/ a (". meningeus)
Tentoriumcerebelli (4. occipltalls)
z \
Sinus lransversus$ O A labyrinthi
N vagus[Xl
/ 'i
\ Foramen jugulare
N accessorius
[Xl]
/
\ N abducens
[V|]
N hypoglossus[Xll]
\ N accessorius
[Xl]
\ vertebralis,Rr meningei
1A
/ t\ t
Sinussagittahsinleriorl 7 I Medulla oblongata
sinusrectus*/ / \ Falx cerebri
sinuumI I
Contluens a Sinus sagitlalissuPerior
44450',tr
454/'
Basiscranii
Fig.453 Baseof the skull (internalsurface), the roof of the left orbit and the cerebralfalx havebeen
interna,with cranialduramater,Duramatercranialis,dural removedtogetherwith the right part of the Tentoriumcerebelli;
sinuses.Sinusduraematris,andcranialnerves' Nervicraniales; superiorview.
* clinical: Glssrn's Sanglion
Brain,Encephato
266
Nn olfactoriill
A c o m m u n i c a n sa n t e r i o ra
\ / Foramrna
cribrosa
Pars oostcommunicalisa ,
A cereDrl?nle''o' pars \
precommunrcalrso / Hypophysis
\
N o p t i c u sl l l
t \. / , Canalisopticus
A c a r o t i si n t e r n a .O , \
Pars cerebralis \ I
A ophthalmicaa\ \\
A c e r e b rm
i e d i aO a a \ ,
N trochlearis
lvl ta
,
N frontalis \tt /, Proc. clrnoideus
/ Posterior
V ophthalmicasuperior O \
N lacrimalis \
i'\, ,/
/, Fissura orbitalis
supelor
N a b d u c e n s[ V l ] \
\'
N nasociliaris .
\ 7 Foramen rotundum
N o c u l o m o t o r i u !sl l l
A carotis interna,O - /aA cerebriposterior
Pars cavernosa
N maxillaris[V/2]
- Sulcuscaroticus
A communicans posteflor O --.-
P l e x u sc a r o t i c u sI n t e r n u s - Foramenlacerum
Plexus venosus caroticusinternus a - --
P l e x u sv e n o s u sa - - - _ - Foramen ovale
foramrnro s valis
N mandibulafls[V/3] --- S u l c u sa m e n i n g e a e
medrae
( earso
- - - - - Apexpartispetrosae
A. cerebri I precommunicalis
posterior'l ParsO --
I postcommunicalis -- F o r a m e ns p i n o s u m
Fl maninâilc
-- .-
A m e n i n g e am e d i a O - Canalis caroticus
N petrosus minor
A superiorcerebelli
N petrosus major --
H r a t u sc a n a l i s
A b a s i l a r i sO - - nervi petrosi minoris
\ Hiatus canalis
N t a c i a l i s[ V l l l nervi petrosi majoris
\ Porus acusticus
N v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e[aVrlilsl ] inlernus
N accessorius [Xl] \ a A labyrinthi
A meningea posterior O/
\
N vagus[X] / F o r a m e nj u g u l a r e
N glossopharyngeus
lXl \ S u c u s s i n u ss i g m o r d e i
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uos / \aA inferioranterior

cerebelli
\ Canalis nervi hypoglossi
/
./
N hypoglossus[Xl|]
\
/,// o A vertebralis
\
Medulla oblonoata / ./ / \ o A. inferrorPosterior
/ / 1 \ cerebelll
\
P i a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s/ ,' \ F o r a m e nm a g n u m
/ / \
Spatium subarachnoideum o S i n u so c c i p i t a l i s
/
A r a c h n o i d e am a t e r c r a n i a l i s
/
Duramatercranralis
Fig. 454 Sitesof l)assage of the vesselsand nervesthrough the

i n t e r n a ls u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u l l ,B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a , n r lt h e
a r t e r i a lc i r c l eo f t h e c e r e b r u mC, i r c u l u sa r t e r i o s t tcse r e b r i( \ \ I r l t s ) ;
s u r ) e n o vr l e w
Foraminaof the Baseof the Skulland CraniallYerves, Nervicraniates
267
Structures in the foramina of the base of the skull

Lamina cribrosa caroticus
Canalis
Nn. olfactorii [] Plexuscaroticus'internus(Truncussympathicus,
anterior
A. ethmoidalis GanglioncervicalesuPerius)
Plexusvenosuscaroticusinternus
opticus
Canalis A. carotisinterna,ParsPetrosa
N. opticus[II]
A. ophthalmica Meatusacusticus internus
Meninges; n. optici
Vaginae N. facialis[VII]
N. vestibulocochlearis
[VIII]
FissuraorbitalissuPerior A. labyrinthi
Medialpart: Vv.labyrinthi
N. nasociliaris(N.ophthalmicus
[V/1])
N. oculomotorius Foramenjugulare
[lll]
N. abducens [VI] AnteriorPart:
N. glossoPharYngeusIlX]
Lateralpart: SinusPetrosusinferior
N. trochlearis[lV]
N. frontalis(N.ophthalmicus
[V/1]) PosteriorPart:
N. lacrimalis(N.ophthalmicus[V/1]) N. vagus[X]
R.orbitalis(A. meningea media) N. accessorius [XI]
V.ophthalmica superior Sinussigmoideus; Bulbussuperiorvenaejugularis
A. meningea posterior ascendens)
(A. pharyngea
Foramenrotundum
N. maxillaris[V/2] Canalisnervi hYPoglossi
N. hypoglossus[XI!
Foramenovale Plexusvenosuscanalisnervi hypoglossi
N. mandibularis[V/3]
Plexusvenosusforaminisovalis condylaris
Canalis
V. emissariacondYlaris
Foramenspinosum
(N.mandibularis[V/3])
R. meningeus Foramenmagnum
media
A. meningea Medullaoblongata; Medullaspinalis
N. accessorius spinales
[XI],Radices
Fissurasphenopetrosa Sinusmarginalis; Plexusvenosusvertebralisinternus
N. petrosusminor(N.glossopharyngeus
[lX]) A. vertebralis
A. sPinalisanterior
Foramenlacerum Meninges
N. petrosusmajor(N.facialis[VII])
N. petrosusprofundus(Plexuscaroticusinternus)
Cranial nerves, Nervi craniales Function of the cranial nerves

Exit fromor entryinto the (GSE) Generalsomaticefferent(motor)fibressupplythe
brain skeletalmusculature ofthe trunk andupperand
Bulbusolfactorius lower limbs (lll, IV VI, XII)
1. Nn.olfactorii[] the
2. N. opticus[II] Chiasmaopticum (GVE) Generalvisceralefferent(motor)fibres-s-upply
cerebri,Sulcus viscera andblood vesselmusculature(III, VII' IX' X)
3. N. oculomotorius[IIl] Pedunculus
oculomotorius .(SVE) Specialvisceralefferent(motor)fibressupplythe
Dorsalto the Tectum facialandmasticatory muscles,pharynx,partsof the
4. N. trochlearis[V]
mesencephali oesophagus, M. sternocleidomastoideus, M' trapezius
5. N. trigeminus[V] Lateralmarginof thePons
- N. ophthalmicus [V/1] I
- N. maxillaris[V/2]
I Gangliontrigeminale
- N. mandibularis[V/3] )
6. N. abducens [VI] BetweenPonsandPyramis
7. N. facialis[Vll] \ Cerebellopontineangle
B. N. vestibulocochlearis
[VIll]J
(v,vll,IX, x)
Medullaoblongata, (SSA) Specialsomaticafferent(sensory) fibresofthe body:
Sulcusposterolateralis sight,hearing,senseof balance(ll' VIII)
(retroolivaris)
12.N. hypoglossus
[XII] Medullaoblongata,Sulcus
anterolateralis
Brain,
Encephato
268
Dorsum sellae
\
posterior-
\ / Neurohypophysis
Sinusintercavernosus
D i a p h r a g m a s e l l a e- - _ _
N o p l i c u s l l l-l - - - =
Sinusintercavernosus
anlenor
-
Sella turcica, Fossa hypophysialis
/
Sinussphenoidalis \
Os sphenoidale,Corpus
Fig. 455 Pituitary gland, Hypophysis[Glandulapituitarial; The pituitary gland is embeddedin the venoussinus system
median section; of the cranialdura mater.The intercavernous sinuses(anterior
viewed from the left. and posterior)connectthe right and left cavernoussinuses.
Draphragma
sellae
Sinusintercavernosi
\ \
Sinuscavernosus
\ \\ --- A carotisinlerna,
N oculomotorius
llll \ \ ---
Pars cerebralis
A carotisinterna,-- ----
P r o c c h n o i d e u sa n t e r i o r
Parscavernosa
N . t r o c h l e a rfilsV l - - * _ * _ : Inlundibulum
N a b d u c e ntsv l l - - - - - -
-- Neurohypophysisl
N o p h l h a l m i c u s[ V / 1 ] - - - - - - - : Hypopnys,s
--- ' IGlandula
--- Adenohypophysis
I bituitarial
D u r am a t e cr r a n i a l i-s- - )'
- -
Sella turcica,
Fossa hypophysialis
--
Sinus sphenoidalis
- Apexpartispelrosae
- Fissurasphenopelrosa
\ (Fibrocartilagobasalis)
Fig.456 Pituitarygland,Hypophysis (Glandula The two sphenoidsinusesare usuallyof differentsizesand the

pituitaria)andcavernous
sinus,Sinuscavernosus; septumis generallytortuous.
frontalsection;
dorsalview.
(Proc clinoideus
medius)\ _- Sulcusprechiasmalicus
t.
N opticuslll]-
-.-
A carotisinlerna,Parscerebralis--
---{.
A o p h t h a l m i c-a
Hypophysis[Glandulapituitaria]
---- N a b d u c e n[sV l l
N oculomotorius
llll -__
Fissurasphenopeirosa
N trochlearis[V]--
---
[V/11--
N. ophthalmicus A carolis interna.Pars cavernosa
IV/21--
N maxillaris
Ganglion - -
trigemrnale
Fig.457 Cavernoussinus,Sinuscavernosus; removed; the trigeminal ganglion has been pulled laterally;
the lateralwall of the sinus formedby the Dura materhasbeen viewed from the left.
l, TrigeminalNerve,Nervustrigeminus I i'i
A cerebri antenor dexlra, - -

P a r sp o s t c o m m u n r c a l i s
Inlundrbulum
Substantianigra
\ ----
\\ -16-r
N o p t i c u sI l l / ,.J -' Pedunculuce s rebri,
Cruscerebrl
A carolrsInterna, h"*-=ta - -
Pars cerebralrs :- - - - N oculomotorius
lltl
-- N trochlearis
lvl
A ophthalmica
- - (Plica petroclinoidea
anterior)
--
N t r r g e m i n u [sV ] ,
Radix motoria
N o p h t h a l m r c uIsV l l l "
- N trigeminus
- [Vl
Ganglronlrigeminale' - Radix sensoria
N maxrllarislVl2l -' \ N abducens [Vl]
-Ntacialislvlll
i..
\ N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N mandibulaflsIVl3l -'
Fig. 458 Arteriesand nervesof the pituitarl fossa,

Sellaturcica,and the cavernoussinus,Sinuscavernosus;
the Dura materhas beenpartially removetl;
superolateralview.
* r l i n i ra l :( ; ^ s s t l R
s Sanglion
Arachnordeamaler cranialis
/
\
!-- N t r r g e m i n u[ Vs ]
t-
,-.-\.
I
N m a x l l l a r l sw t z ) - - - r-= - --- t
4l )-r;
:a<-r
a+'d('Lt. \' \
\\
\ Dura mater cranialis \ (Cisternatrigeminalis)
Fig. 459 Trigeminal cistern, Cisternatrigeminalis, and

trigeminal ganglion,Gangliontrigeminale; cross sectionat the
level where the maxillary nerve branchesoff the ganglion.
Brain,Encephato
.: Tt.}
N o p t r c ulsl l \ Hypophysis Corpus Pedunculus

[Glandula piluilatia) /' mamillare cerebri
/
N o p h l h a l m i c u s[ V / 1 ]
,/
N k o c h l e a r i sl V l - _ -- N maxrllaris[V/2]
N t r i g e m i n u sI V I - _ -- N m a n d i b u l a r i [sV / 3 ]
N a b d u c e ntsv l l - - - F
N lacialis IVlll - -' - - C e r e b e l l u mF, l o c c u l u s
N v e s l i b u l o c o c h l e a r[iVs l l l ] - -
- Pyramis
N glossopharyngeusllxl //
N vagus[X] /
I I
N accessorius[Xl] / N h y p o g l o s s {uXst l l i I Sulcusanterolateralis
Fig. 460 Pointsof exit of the cranial nerves,Nervi craniales;

inferior view
t \ o l f a ( ; t o r i u (sl ) c n t e r s I n t o l h ( , r o s t r a lc n d o f r h c I r a (t u s o l l i l (t o n u s , t h c l l u l l ) u s
o l f a c t o r i u sC o m p a r ek ) F i g s 1 6 0a n r l - 1 5 {
* * c l i n i c a l :B o c l t D A r
t i K ' ss t r u c t u r ( 0' f t h c r h o r o i i ll t l e r u s
N. oculomotorius[III]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.n. III (GSE) Adjacentto the nerve . Sensitive
fibresof
. Nucl.accessorius nervi N. nasociliaris
(V/1)
oculomotorii (GVE) . Sympatheticfibresof the
-+ Ganglionciliare Plexusophthalmicus
Pointof exit frorrrthebrain lnner sideof Pedunculus
cerebri N. trochlearis [IV]
Locationin the subarachnoid Cisterna basalis,Cisterna Nuclei(qualities) Nucl.n. IV (cSE)
space interpeduncularis Pointof exit from the brainInferiorof Colliculusinf.
Pointof entry throughthe Roofof Sinuscavernosus
Duramater Locationin the subarachnoid Cisternaambiens,Cisterna
::,, r.rl:
space basalis
Pointof entry throughthe Fissuraorbitalissuperior
baseof skull Pointof entry throughthe Between Plicapetroclinoidea
Duramater ant.andpost.
Distributionarea . Motor:
- M. levatorpalpebrae Pathwayin the Duramater Lateralwall of Sinus
sup.,
cavernosus
Mm.rectisup.,med.,inf.,
M. obliquusinferior Pointof entry throughthe Fissuraorbitalissuperior
. Parasympathetic: baseof skull
- M. ciliaris,M. sphincter Distributionarea . Motor:
pupillae - M. obliquussuperior
Cranial Nerves, Nervicraniates
27 I
N o c u l o m o t o r i!ul lsl , R s u P e r i o r
Radrxsensona i / lvl obliquus
supertor
'
N n a s o c i l i a r i s jI
i
Fissura orbitalissuperior I
Tectum mesencephati --<1 -.'

--
N lrochlearis!Vl - - M rectuslateralis
-
N t r i g e m i n u s[ V ] G a n g l i o nt r i g e m i n a l e- - - : Nn ciliaresbreves
\
N abducens [Vll -- Ganglion ciliare
\ p^^. ophthalmrca
N. caroticus
t.. \
Pyramis internus Radrx parasymPathica
medullae \
Radix sympathica
oblongatae
Fig. 461 Oculomotornerve,N. oculomotoriusUIII;

t r o c h l e a nr e r r e ,\ . t r o c h l e a r i [sl \ ' ] ; a b d u c e nnt e n e ,
N . a b < l u c e n[ sV l ] ;
lateralview (r ).
* { { ) n n e t( r ) n s \ \ i t h t h c t r i g e n i n i l l g a n g l i o l l
N supraorbitalrs
I
N elhmoidalisanlerior,
l l
Ganglion -
trigeminale
\
/ n a o i xm o t o r i a- - Glandula lacnmalis
trigeminus
[V] { --
\ R a d i xs e n s o r i a tt
, communicanscum nervo zygomatico
Pons - - - .
\ N zygomaticus
N n c i l i a r e sl o n g l
Ganglion ciliare
R communicanscum ganglio ctltart
F r s s u r ao r b i l a l r s u P e r i o r
Fig. 462 Ophthalmicnerve,

N . o p h t h a l m i c u [sV / 1 ] ;
l a t e r a vl i e w ( r . ) .
N. abducens [VI]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.n. VI (GSE) Location,inthe subarachiOitt Cisternabasalis,Cavum
space trigeminale
Pointof exit from the brain BetlveenPonsandPyramis
Pointof entry throughthe Ggl.trigeminale:lateral
Locationin the subarachnoid Cisternabasalis wall of Sinuscavernosus
Duramater
space
Pointof entry throughthe upperthird of the clivus
Duramater N. ophthalmicuslY/ll
Pathwayin the Dura mater AboveApexpartispetrosae, Pathwayin the Duramatef lateral wall ofSinuscavernosus
throughthe Sinuscavernosus,
Exit throughthe baseof FissuraorbitalissuPerior
lateralof A. carotisinterna
skull
Pointof entry throughthe Fissuraorbitalissuperior
D i s t r i b u l i o n a r e a , . : t t : t , : : : l :.i : lSensitive::r,
baseof skull ,::::
: ' : : : l : : l l l : : : : l,: , : - Tentoriumcerebelli
Distributionarea . Motor: - Forehead, uPPerlid, back
- M. rectuslateralis of the nose,Sclera,Cornea
- Cellulaeethmoidales,
N. trigeminus [V] Sinussphenoidalis, nasal
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.mesencephalicusn. V cavity(anteriorPart)
andNucl.spinalisn.V Adjacentto the nerve . Parasympathetic:
(GSAandGVA) - R. communicans cumn.
. Nucl.motoriusn.V (SVE) zygomatico (Glandula
Pointof exit from the brain Lateralmarginof Pons lacrimalis)
Brain,
Encephato
27 2
Rr orbitalesI I Rr nasales posterioressuperioreslateraleset mediales
N infraorbitalis
N trigeminus[V]
Haorx sensofla
---
tsons Foramen infraorbitale
7//
/ /a . / .. R zygomaticofacrahs
Rmeningeus' 'i /,// R zygomaticotemporalis
,
/ Nn alveolaressuperiores
Ganglion pterygopalalinum
Fig. 463 Maxillary nerve, /
N pharyngeus
N m a x i l l a r i s[ V / 2 ] ; ',/
N. palalinus major
lateralview (r.)
/ Ganghon trigeminale
\- -- I
Fo'a eno,ate
t-)d 1
'*"..\-='r- ! i ,/Ganglion
olrcum
:\ Nn temporalesprofundi
/,/
N Pterygoideuslateralis
N m a n d i b u l a r r s t V -/ *3 1 /./
. , plerygoideusmedialis
,,
R meningeus- -
,/ N buccahs
Foramen sptnosum -- N lingualis
/'/
,' Rr ganglionares
N auriculolemporalis z/
z Ganglion submandibutare
A meningea media
_-- Rr linguates
/
Chorda tympani (N faciatis)
't l z'
N massetericus
// /
/
N alveolaris inlerior ,'
Fig. 464 Mandibularnerve, /
N mylohyoideus
N. mandibularis[V/3]; Plexus denlalis inlerior N mentalis
lateralview (r.).
Foramen mentale
N. maxillaris lY/Zl N. mandibularisIV/31

Pathwayin the Lateralwall of Sinuscavernosus Exit thmugh the Foramenovale
Dura rnater baseof skull
Exit throughthe Foramenrotundum Distributionarea . Motor:
baseof skull - Musclesof mastication, M. tensor
Distribution . Sensitive: veli palatini,M. mylohyoideus,
area - DuraofFossacraniimedia M. digastricus (Venteranterior)
- Cheek,lowerlid, lateralsideof nose, . Sensitive:
- Duraof Fossacraniimedia,Cellulae
upperlip
- Teethandgingivaof the maxilla, mastoideae
- Skinof the mandible,temple,cheek,
Cellulaeethmoidales posteriores,
Sinussphenoidalis, Sinusmaxillaris, auricle(upperpart),auditorycanal,
Conchae nasalessuperiorandmedia, eardrum(exteriorsurface)
- Teethandgingivaof the mandible,
Palatum, Tonsillapalatina,roofof
pharynx tongue(anterior2/3l,,Isthmus
faucium
Adjacentto the . Parasympathetic: . Sensory:
nerve - Rr.ganglionaresofGgl.pterygo. - Tongue(anterior2/3)
palatinumto Glandulae nasales,
palatinaeand lacrimalis Adjacentto the . Parasympathetic:
nerve - Chordatympani(of Nucl.salivatorius
sup.to Ggl.submandibulare: Glandu-
laesubmandibularis andsublingualis)
- Fibresfrom Ggl.oticum(Glandula
parotidea)
Nervicraniates
77 3
Ganglion geniculi - -
N facialis[Vll] --
N stapedius--
- -.
Canalis nervi lacialis -
- -
Foramenstylomastoldeum
-
cum nervovago --
R communicans Rr temporales
Fig.465 Facialnerve, cumneruoglossopharyngeo
R communicans
Rr zygomaticl
N. facialis[VII]; the facialcanal Rr buccales
(R lingualis)
and the tympaniccavitYhave
R marginalismandibularis
beenexposed;
R colli
lateralview (r.).
* c l i n i t ; a lc: e r e b e l l o p o n t i naen g l e
internus
Meatusacusticus
I
\. \ Nn.ampullares anterior)per"
lateraliset
\
N vestibularis
,' N.utricularis I !,iJ"",io|.
Fig. 466 Vestibulocochlearnerve, N.utriculoampullaris )
\
N cochlearis ,t N. saccularis \ par. inreno,
N. vestibulocochlearis[VIII]; N ampullaflsPostenorJ
N vestibulocochlearis
the membranouspart of the labyrinth lvilrl
Ganglion vestibulare
has been drawn at a higher

magnification;dorsolateralview (r.).
* clinical: cerebellopontineangle
N. facialis [VII]
Nuclei (qualities) . Nucl. n. VII (SVE) . sensory:
. Nucl salivatorius
superior(GVE) - Tongue(anterior2/3)
. Nucl.solitarius
(SVA) . Parasympathetic:
Pointof exitfrom Cerebellopontine angle Glandulalacrimalis,Glandulaenasales
the brain palatinae(viaGgl.pterySopalatinum),
Glandulae and
submandibularis
Location in thesub- Cisternabasalis, pontocerebellaris
Cisterna
sublingualis(viaGgl.submandibulare)
arachnoidspace
Adjacentto the . SensitivefromN. trigeminusto the face
Exit fromDura Fundusmeatusacusticiinterni
nerve
materand entry
into the baseof
skull N. vestibulocochlearis[VI[
Pathwayin the Canalisnervifacialis Nuclei (qualities) . Nucll.cochleares
and
bdseof skull (SSA)
vestibulares
Pointof exit Foramenstylomastoideum Point of exit from the brain Cerebellopontineangle
throughthe base Locationin the subarachnoid Cisternabasalis,Cisterna
of skull sl)ace pontocerebellaris
Distributionarea . Motor: Exit h'om Dura mater and Fundusmeatusacustici
- Mimicmuscles, Mm.auriculares
entry into the baseof skull interni
- M. digastricus
(Venterposterior),
M. stylohyoideus Pathwayin the baseof skull Tothelabyrinthof thepetrous
- M. stapedius part of the temporalbone
Distributionarea . Organof Conrt
. Organofequilibrium
t*^, Encepharon
27 $
N. glossopharyngeus[IX]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.ambiguus(SVE)
. Nucl.spinalisn. V (GVA)
:::' ' Nucl.solitarius
(SVA)
. Nucl.salivatoriusinferior(GVE)
Medulla oblongata, \ : N mandibularis
Pointof exit from Between
oliveandTuberculumcuneatum
Sulcusretroolivaris \-' i-- [V/3]
- Ganglion
the brain,
N glossopharyngeus
- .- oticum
lxl - N petrosusminor Locationrin the Cisternabasalis
jugutare'-- - - -i,\>'X
Foramen - Plexustympanicus subarachnoid space
Ganglionsuperius(lX) - - - -,-:.- -
Pointofentry Foramen jugulare
-
R . c o m m u n i c a n- s - - * - \ - - N through:,the base
cumramoauriculari t .. i.,u, tympanicus
nerurvagl of skull "r:
GanglioninleriuslVtl'y
" Distributionarea . Motor:
- Musclesof the pharynx(cranialpart),
R musculi-
stylopharyngei
/ ::r:,,,, M. levatorvelipalatini,M. uvulae,
R sinus caroticr /
' M. palatoglossus,
M. palatopharyngeus,
A carotisinterna,- \R,ringuares M. stylopharyngeus
Sinuscaroticus \ \ ' Sensitive:
\ \
Glomuscaroticum/
Rr tonsillares
\ ,:r: - Pharyngeal mucousmembrane
Rr pharyngeates
A carotis /
communis (cranialpart),palatinetonsil,tongue
(posterior
third)
- Plexustympanicus, Tubaauditiva
- Sinuscaroticus
Fig.467 Glossopharyngealnerve, .,,r . Sensory:
N. glossopharyngeus
IX];
- Tongue(posteriorthird)
lateralview (r.). ' ParasymPathetic:
Glandulaparotidea(viaGgl.oticum)
":ii - Glandulae linguales(posterior)
J j=-'
'/1 .:\
Pons --+'-- vi
. R auricularis
-
Sulcusretroolivaris - R meningeus
superius(X) - -
Ganglion
- ' _ - R .c o m m u n i c a cnus m
Fo?men jugulate nervogrossopnaryngeo
inferius(X) /
Ganglion -- Rr pharyngeales
N- vagus[X] - -- N laryngeus
supenor N. vagus [X]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.ambiguus (SVE)
- Br cardiaci ceruicales . Nucl.spinalisn. V (GVA)
N laryngeus--- - -
recurrens
supeflores . Nucl.solitarius(SVA)
--- N laryngeus
recurrens . Nucl.dorsalisn. X (GVE)
A subclavia -
2--Rt
A carotiscommunis- cardiaci Pointof exit from Sulcusposterolateralis
ceruicalesinferiores
- - -
,,thebrainii:'I
Rr cardiacrthoracici
Truncus-
brachiocephaIcus Locationin the Cisternabasalis
--- Plexuscardiacus
Arcusaortae -
subarachnoid space
- - Rr bronchiales
Pointof e4.try Foramen jugulare
- - Plexuspulmonalis
throughttiCbase
aortae -
Parsthoracica
- .-.- of skull
Truncusvaoalisanterior
-
Truncusvagalis Distributionarea . Motor:
Posterior - Musclesof thepharynx(inferiorpart),
Plexus oesophageus Hiatusoesophageus
M. levatorveli palatini,M. uvulae
: _-- - Musclesof the larynx
. Sensory:
Diaphragma - Rr gasficiposteriores
--- - Tongue(posterior third)
--- Rr coeliaci . Sensitive:
-*-
Rr, hepatici - Rr renales - Duraof Fossacranialisposterior
Truncus coeliacus - - Meatusacusticus externus(m00n-
shaped, inferiorpart)
. Parasympathetic:
- Organsof the neck,thoraxand
Fig.468 Vagalnerve,N. vagus[Xl;
bothnerves; abdomenup to the ClNnou-
BdHrrrpoint
ventralview.
Cranial Nerves,Nerv tcrantates2T5
N. accessorius[XI]
R a d i c e s c r a n i a l e s- - = _
Xucfei:(tlUli@s),: ' Nucl' ambiguusand Nucl' n' Xl (SVE)
Pointof exit from ' Radicescraniales(dorsalof the olive)
-- N vaguslxl
Truncus nerui accessorii
-- the brain ' RadicessPinales
R internus (Medullacervicalis- lateral)
Radices sOinales---
\ R externus
\ Locationin the Cisternabasalis
\ Foramen
jugulare subarachnold
spac
Pointof'Cntryin Foramenmagnum(Radicesspinales)
the baseof skull
Disribiiiiiliilarea'' Mfl
loriernocleidomastoideus
- M. trapezius
Fig.469 AccessorYnerve,
N. accessorius[XI];
lateralview (r.).
N. hypoglossus[XIII
. Nucl.n. XII (SVE)
Pointofre)dtfrom Sulcusanterolateralis
the braia r,
.I'.1A) A Location in the Cisternabasalis
Radixsuperior- -a--l subarachnoid
(Plexusceruicalis) space
Pointof exit Canalisnervi hYPoglossi
throughthe base
of skull
Distributionarea . Motor:
Radix inlerior --i - Musclesof the tongue
(Plexus cervicalis) i
- M. styloglossus,M. hYoglossus'
\:.
A n s a c e r v i c a l-i-sl - M. genioglossus
\ rR thyrohyoideus
Fig.470 HyPoglossalnerve,
N. hypoglossus [XII];
lateralview (r.).
Brain,
Encephaton
3 ? f)
Corpuscallosum,
Genu, j Septumpellucidum
Falx cerebri \
A cerebrianterior - .,
..-t
\---.--
c
Bulbusolfactorius\
Tractusolfactorius-
Chiasmaopticum -
N. ooticustlll --
Tractusopticus -
N oculomotorius
tltll .- _ _
(Plicaptroclinoidea _
anterior)
''fi+itt:--:;iiffi- --"J:ffi
;::l;
N t r o c h l e a rtitsv l - _ _ _ _ _
N a b d u c e n s t v-t-l _ _ _ _
--- Nucleusruber
N t r i g e m i n ut vs l - - _ _ _ _ _ Colliculus
superiorsinister
Tentoriumcerebelli --- _ _ _
Col[culiinferiores
N .f a c i a ltivsl l l - - - - _ _ _ _ '
N . v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e a r i-s - - - --- --l
.- tl Velummedullare
superius
[vil|] Sinusrectus
Pedunculi cerebellares
Vermis cerebelli
Ventriculus
quartus
- - - Plexus choroideusventriculiouarti
r: -- Apenura mediana ventriculiquarti
A . b a s i t a r i -s- -
Velummedullareinlerius '- ;rl;=)1f, - - - rubercurum

.r: F t::t
)=r)a\,Y;:---==->-!':l---Tubercurumcuneatum
rJf $; srac,re
\', -'_/ --- tu0er(
- --
[Xl],Radicesspinales/
N accessorius : =i \ - *--.j--i-
- - - _ Medulla spinalis
Fig' 471 course of the cranial nerves' Nn. craniales,through the left halvesof the cerebrum,cerebellumand tentorium of the
the subarachnoidspace;
cerebellum have been removed,
dorsosuperiorview (1.).
The parasympatheticgangliaof the head

Thesegangliacontain,first and foremost,perikaryaof post_
superius run through without interruption. A series of
ganglionic,parasympathetic nerve cells. preganglioniccells small branchesof the ganglionsupply the
from the accessory secretionof the
nucleusof the oculomotornerve and the lacrimalglands,as well as
the mucousmembranesor the
inferiorandsuperiorsalivatorynucleiendthere. glands of the sinuses,of the nasal cavity and the palate
Fibresfrom the accessorynucleusof the oculomotornerve etc.
(Nucleusaccessorius nervi occulomotorii), which reach the The submandibularganglion alsogetsparasympathetic
ganglionover the N. oculomotorius fibres
(Radixparasympathica), from the Nucleussalivatoriussuperiorvia facial
are convertedin the Ganglionciliare.Sensoryfibresfrom the nerve and the
Chordatympaniwhichjoin the lingualnerve.Syrnpathetic roots
nasociliarynerve(Radixsensoria)and the sympathetic fibres comefrom the ganglioncervicalesuperius.Thepostganglionic
of the internalcarotidplexus(Radixsympathica)passit without fibres
reach the submandibularand sublingualglands via
transformation.Theparasympathetic fibresgo (via short ciliary lingualnerve.
nerves)to the ciliary muscle (accommodation) and to the
M. sphincterpupillae(constriction of the pupil). Parasympathetic fibres reachthe Ganglionoticum from the
inferior salivatorynucleus over the trunk of the glosso-
Parasympatheticfibres run ftom the Nucleus salivatorius pharyngeal
nerveand the tympanicnervewhich emergesfrom
superioroverthe trunk of the facialnerveto the greaterpetrosal it.
The sympatheticroots come in turn from the Ganglion
nerve, then into the nerve of the pterygoidcanal to the cervicale
superius.The postganglionicfibres anive in the
pterygopalatineganglion. Sensoryfibres from the maxillary
auriculotemporalnerveoverthe R. communicans and go on to
nerve and sympatheticfibres from the Ganglioncervicale the parotidgland.
277
/ Capsulainterna
/ lateralis,
Ventriculus
.t cornufrontale
lateralis,-
Ventriculus / A. carotisinlerna,
Cornutemporale Parscerebralis
-:
A cerebriposterior \-
C i s l e r n a a m b i e n s :- - - - . - - - - < . -
Pedunculuscerebri
- - A oohthalmica
A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
- -
N. ophthalmicus
[V/3]
/ \
Gangliontrigeminale N maxillaris[V/2]
N mandibularisl
Iv/3]
Fig. 472 Courseof the cranialnerves,Nn. craniales,through the temporal lobe has been lifted and partially removed;
the middlecranialfossa,Fossacranii media; lateral view.
V cerebelli -- N tacialis[Vll]
I
- -
Sinustransversus
s ]- -
N t r i g e m i n u[ V
Pons-
\
Canalis nervi lacialis
-
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N glossopharyngeuslxl
- --.__E =4..t-l \
For"t"n stylomastoideum
/.
/,
N vaousIXI / i
N hypoglossus
[Xl|]' \
sinussigmoideus
N accessorius[Xl]l Duramatercranialis
Fig. 473 Courseof the cranial nerves,Nn. craniales,through the left hemisphereand the tentorium of the cerebellumhave
the posteriorcranialfossa,Fossacranii posterior; been partially removed;
dextroposterior view
Brain,
Encephato
27 8
Sinussaginalis
superior:_
Laminainterna
Granulationes\
arachnoideae \
A. meningea
media,
R frontalis
L a c u n a e- - - -
laterales
--
Granulationes
I arachnoideae
Duramater -
cranialis
\
A. meninoea media.
R. parietilis
Fig.474 Cranialdura mater,Dura matercranialis;

the cranialvault has beenremoved;the superiorsagittal
sinus and some lateral lacunas.Lacunaelaterales.have
been exposed;
suDenorvtew.
279
Sinus sagitlalis- -
suPeflor
Vv mediae-
supediciales
cerebrl
- A sulci
centralis
Vv supeflores-
cerebfl, - Rr.para-
Vv parietales centrales
- A sulci
poslcenvalis
- A parietalis
Posterior
Lacunae -
laterales - R gyriangularis
Vv superiores
cerebri,-
Vv occipitales R parietooccipitalis
Fig.475 Superficialarteriesand veins of the brain;

the cranialdura mater has beenremoved;the superior
sagittalsinus has beenexposed;
supenorvlew.
The arachnoidgranulations,Granulationes arachnoideae,
are the draining sitesfor the cerebrospinalfluid.
Brain,
Encephato
280
/ Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
/ Arachnoidea mater
cranialis
Vv superiores
cerebfl,
W parietales
\ arachnoideae*
Granulationes
Fig.476 Brain,Encephalon, with arachnoid,

Arachnoideamatercranialis;
superiorview.
* also termed PAccHroNr's
sranulations
Meninges
28I
Bulbusolfactorius\ / Tractusolfactorius
Hypophysis
\
/ N. opticuslll
- A carotisinterna
-- Cisternainterpeduncularis
-- N aMucenslvll
-- N. trigeminus
[Vl
-
+ - N. lacialis[vlll
- - N. vestibulocochlearis
tvilrl
--
N glossopharyngus
ttxl
--
N vagus[X]
--
N. accessorius
[Xl]
--
f Arachnoideamater
i cranialis
--
Pia matercranialis
\ Medullaoblongata
\ A. vertebralis
/
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Cisternacerebellomedullaris
Fig.477 Brain,Encephalon, with arachnoid,

Arachnoidea matercranialis;
inferiorview.
282 Brain,
Encephato
A. communicans
anterior\ z Bulbusollactorius
Chiasmaopticum\ \
/ A. trontobasalis
medialis
\
A frontobasalis
lateralis1 \
/ Tractusoltactorius
/ N.opticus
ul
A. cerebrianterior,\
Parsprecommunicalis ,, A.carotisinterna
lsegmentum All
posterior
/ A. communicans
Areasubcallosa\
\ N oculomotorius
// !lll
z A.cerebriposterior,
ParspostcommunicalislsegmentumP2l
/ A suoeriorcerebelli
N trigeminus[V]
,z
z A. labyrinthi
A. cerebrimedia,- - -
Parsinsularis
[SegmentumM2]
-- N facialislvlll
-'
Lobus- i-
lemporalis
-- N vestibulocochlearis
A. choroidea -- ryilrl
anterior
- Plexus
Substantia- choroideus
perforata ventriculiquarti
poslerior
A. cerebriposleaior,/
Parsprecommunicalis --
[Segmentum Pll -l N.glossopharyngeus
A. superior'
cerebelli - A inferior
A. basilaris- anteriorcerebelli
/ -
N. abducens[Vl] / Hemispherium
cerebetli
-
N. hypoglossus[Xll]
\
N vagus[X]
t
/
A vertebralis
V/454
/
/ ,' N. accessorius[Xl]
A. spinalisanterior
'
A. inlerior Dosterior cerebelli
'
Medullaspinalis
Fig.478 Arteries ofthe brain; See Fig. 482 regarding the segments of the arteries of the brain.
the temporal lobe has been partially removed;
inferior view.
/ A. communicans anterior
-- Aa centralesanteromediales
-" Aa. centrales anleromediales
A. carolisinterna,Parscerebralis: _
- - Aa.centralesanterolaterales
--- A. choroidea anlerior

- R. chiasmaticus
oosterior- - - -
A communicans
-- n, nerviouutultu(
R. ilervt oculomotorii
\--- . - A.;;i;';;;;;ri;
- R.hypothalamicus
t -- -
\ Aa.iuberiscinerei
'. -
A superiorcerebelli
\
\ Aa. centrales posteromediales
Aa ponlis- -
'Aa
mesencephalicae
A. basilaris- -
-- - A labyrinthi
A . v e r t e b r a l -i s- - A inferioranteriorcerebelli
A. soinalisantsrior- - - A inferior oosterior cerebelli
Fig.479 Arterialcircleof the cerebrum,Circulusarteriosuscerebri(Wruts).

283
Figs.480 a-g Arterialcircleof the cerebrum,

Circulusarteriosuscerebri,variations.
a-c Variationsin the anteriorpart
d-f Variationsin the posteriorpart
g Aa.vertebralesunitevery far caudal
cerebelli\
A suDerior
N trigeminus
[V] \
A labyrinthi** \ t A. cerebriPosterior,
7- Parsprecommunicalis
/ N oculomotorius
[ll|l
,- A basilaris
N vestibulocochlearis
Nilrl
N tacialis [Vlll
Aa.pontis
Ftoccutus
--- \l.-.-.-N abducens[Vl]
Plexuschoroideus
quarti'
ventriculi
--
N .v a g u s[ X ]
- --)
N glossopharyngeus [X]-.
-
[Xl],Radicescraniales
N accessorius
/
N hypoglossus [Xll] \
A inferioranleriorcerebelli
A inleriorposterior
cerebelli
lA Parsintracranialis
vertebralis,
Fig. 481 Arteries of the rhombencephalon,Rhombencephalon; passesabovethe abducentnerve, N' abducens,but in this
the midbrain has been sectioned; figure at one point it also runs beneath it
' clinical: BocHolLrK's structure of the choroid plexus
dextroinferior view. * * In about 15%the labyrinthine artery, A labyrinthi, originatesdirectly
The anterior inferior cerebellarartery usually (in about B0%) from the l-.asilararterY
3*h"4
,, Rr paracentrales
R frontalisposteromedialis--
7 R precunealis
Rr lrontales-- , Sulcusparietooccipitalis
R parietooccipitalis
--
R l r o n t a l i s- -
intermediomedialis
- - R parietooccipitalis
- - R parietalis
-- R calcarinus
*- A occipitalismedialis
lsegmentum P4l
- - R occioitotemDoralis
/
A callosomarginalis \ A occipitalislateralis
/ {Segmentum P3l
A trontobasalis
medialis
\ H corporiscallosidorsalis
/
Parspostcommunicalis
A cerebrianterior,
42] \ Parspostcommunicalis
[Segmentum A cerebriposterior,
A cerebri media. Pars sphenoidalis[Segmentum M1]r [Segmenlum P2]
A cerebrianterior A cerebrimedia A cerebriposterior

I I I
Fig.482 Arteriesof the medialandbasalsurfaces

of the SeeFig.478 regaldingthe segmentsof the arteriesof the brain.
cerebrum;
medialview.
Falx cerebri
/ A callosomarginalis
callosum,Truncus
,' /, Corpus
/ lateralis,Parscentralis
, Yentriculus
lL/
/ Fornix, Corpus
/ Plexus choroideus
/ venlflcultlateralts
Capsulainterna
/ Capsulaexterna
- Capsulaextrema
i:- \1
-\' - Aa insulares
--
/g
A cerebri media,
Rr terminales
.- -
Aa centrales
anterolaterales
.--- Corpus
amygdaloideum
V basalis/ i \ A cerebri media,

\
Plexusbasilans/ A cerebrrposterior Pars sphenoidalis
A basilaris/ Cisterna pontocerebellaris
Pons
Fig. 483 Arteriesand veins of the brain, Aa. et Vv. cerebri; the arteriesare shownon the right, the veins on the left;
frontal section; dorsalview.
MedianSecttonof theBrain
285
Adhesio interthalamica
Corpus
Truncus
Corouscallosum, I Fornix,
Plexus ctroroideus terlii
ventriculi
Foramen inlerventriculare \ | 1
\ I Tela ventriculitertii
choroidea
Septumpellucidum\ I I
pinealis
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufronlale\ / Glandula
Splenium
/ Corpuscallosum,
/, V magna cerebrl
/ A. cerebnPoslerior
A. cerebrianterior,\
Parspostcommunicalis,\
A. oericallosa
/ Sulcusparieto-
/' occipitalis
Genu - - -
Corpuscallosum,
-\: -
Corpuscallosum,Rostrum- -
t
-\:i
Commissuraanierior - -
L a m i n a l e r m i n a-l -i s- -- Sulcus
anterior- .-
A communicans calcarinus
Hypothalamus- .- Commissura
poslerior
Chiasmaopticum- / - Aqueductus
/
A. carotisinterna / mesencephali
- Tectum
mesencephali
\ Vermis cerebelli
/
A basilaris /' ,/
Thalamus/ l' \ Ventriculusquartus
Pons / ,/
- -
A vertebralis' Hemispheriumcerebelli,
Tonsillacerebelli
\ Canaliscenlralis
Medulla
Fig. 4S4 Medial surface of the hemispheres, Facies medialis oblongata
hemispherii cerebri; diencephalon, Diencephalon,

andbrainstem,Truncusencephali;
anteriorly;
mediansection,staggered
viewedfromthe left.
' Theseparts of lhe brain togetherconstitutethe brain stem,

Fig. 485 Diagramof the centralnervoussystem; Truncus encephali
mediansection.
Brain,
Encephalo
286
Fissuralonglludinalis
cerebri
Polusfrontalis
\ / Sulcusfrontalissuperior
\
\
Gyrustrontalissuperior \
/ Sulcuslrontialisinferior
Gyrusfrontalismedius -
- Sulcus precntralis
Sulq/s centralis
Gyrusangularis--
- Sulcus intraDarietalis
Lobufusparietalissuperior .'
Lobuluspariotalisinletiot /
---
Srl"u" p"rigtooccipitalis
I
I
I
Polus occipitalis t
Fig.486 Cerebrum,Cerebrum;
the leptomeninges havebeenremoved;
superiorview.
Thesizeof the gyri canvary greatly.
In this brain of an elderlypersonthe two
Gyri frontalessuperiores vary enormously
BasalSurfaceof theBrain
287
Inlundibulum
\
Sulcio.bitales\
/ Sulcusollaclorius
Gyriorbitales\
t
. Bulbusolfactorius
\
N. opticusfll \ '
, Tractusolfactorius
Hvooohvsis
Polustemporalis\
\\
Substantiaperlorata \
anterior - -
N. oculomotorius
[l] -
\
Gvrusoarahippocampalis,
'' -
ljncus
C o r p u s m a m i l l a -r _
e_ _ - Fossa
interpeduncularis
Gyrusoccipito- .- .- -
temporalis - .-i _- N. trigeminus
[Vl,
lateralis Radixmotoria
.j.
-----rt N. mandibularis
[V/31
",i31:li:
inferior
-
I
---- Ganglion
Pedunculuscerebti - - - trigeminale
G y r u -s- - - ---- N trochlearisllvl
parahippocampalis
- -----
N trigeminuslY - - Pons
N i n t e r m e d i u- s- - - ----
N.trigeminusM,
Radixsensoria
N facialis ---
tvill --
N. abducens
[Vl]
-
N vestibulo--
cochlearis - - Hemispherium
lvllll /
cerebelli
Lobus /
llocculonodularis, - -
Flocculus .' Oliva
/
Hemispherium
cerebelli \ Pyramismedullae
,// oblongatae
Plexuschoroideus/ ,/
quarti
ventriculi ,' \ Medulla oblongata,
lxl /
N glossopharyngeus / Fissura mgdiana anlerior
N vagus[Xl /
\ Tonsilla cerebelli
/ll
[Xll] /
N hypoglossus i t
.t,\
tt t Polusoccipilalis
N. accessorius[Xll / I
\ Medullaspinalis
t
nervicervicalis
Filaradicularia i
tcll t
Decussatio /
pyramidum Vermiscerebelli
Fig. 487 Cerebrum,Cerebrum,brain stem, Truncus

encephali,with cerebellum,Cerebellum,and cranial nerves,
Nervi craniales;
the leptomeningeshave been removed;
inferior view.
Brain,Encepharo
288
, Sulcuscentralis
Fissuralongitudinalis- - Lobustrontalis /
\ /Lobusparietalis
cerebri
Lobusfrontalis* Lsulcusparieto-
b. z'occipitalis
Sulcuscentralis-
Polus-
trontalis
- Polus
occipitalis
\ Lobus
Fossalateralis/ / \
occipilalis
cerebri I iLobusremporatis\ lncisura
parietooccipitalis /
Polustemporalis I prsoccipitalis
- lsulcuslateralis
LobusocciDiialis-
Polusoccipitalis/
Fig.488 Lobesof the cerebrum,Lobicerebri; Lobicerebri;
Fig.489 Lobesofthe cerebrum,
supenorvlew. lateralview.
Poluslrontalis\
Lobusfrontalis\ \
cinguli
Fissuralongitudinalis\ tGyrus
cerebri
Polustemporalis-_
Lobuslrontalis\
Fossa lateraliscerebri \ /. Lobus limbicus
Lobustemporalis- -
--- -/ Sulcusparioto-
Diencphalon occipitalis
Lobuslimticus,- - Polus-
Gyrus parahippocampalis frontalis - Sulcus
calcarinus
Sulcuscollateralis- -
- - - Polus
Sulcushippocampalis occipilalis
Mesencephalon - --
Lobrc
occipitalis
Incisura preoccipitalis /
'\
/ Diencephalon/ i! | lLobus temporalis lncisurapre'
LobusocciDitalis
// Sulcushippocampalis/ | Sulcuscollateratis
Polusoccipitalis/
Fig.490 Lobesofthe cerebrum,Lobicerebri; Fig.491 Lobesofthe cerebrum,Lobicerebri;

inferiorview. medialview.
Operculum
lronlale , Sulcuscentralis
parietalis
/ Lobus
- Operculumparietale
\ Lobustemporalis
Fig.492 Development of the bnain; Fig.493 Development ofthe brain;

modelof the brainof a 2-month-oldembryo; brain of an approximately4-month-oldfetus
mediansection. (crown-rump length,20 crn);
compareto Fig.485. lateralview.
Gyriof the CerebralHemisPheres
289
Margosuperior
\
/ Sulcuscentralis
/ Sulcusintraparietalis
/ \
Sulcuset Fossalateraliscerebri preocciPitalis
Incisura
Fig.494 Gyri,Gyri,ofthe cerebralhemispheres;

lateralview (1.).
I Margosuprior
- - lsthmusgyri cinguli
ft./ \,
-*la'Gyrustemporalisinferior
\
Margoinferomediatis
Fig.495 Gyri,Gyri,ofthe cerebralhemispheres;

medialview (r.).
Encephalon
Operculumlrontale;Operculumparietale
\
Gyrustrontalisinferior,,
Parsopercularis ',
,' ,, Gyruspostcentralis
Gyrustrontalis
superior\ , Sulcuspostcentralis
, Sulcuslateralis,R poslerior
Sulcusintraparielalis
_--
Gyrusfrontalismedius-
_ -- Gyrussupramarginalis
_-- Gyrusangularis
Polusfrontalis- >-- Lobulusparietalis

supeflor
inferior,--
Gyrusfrontalis
Parstriangularis
Gyrusfrontalisinlerior,'- parietooccipilalis
Pars
- - orbitalis
---
( Ranterior/ --.-
Sulcustemporalis
Sulcuslateralis*
- - I
t R. ascendens/ supenor
Polustemporalis,
,,
Gyrustemporalissupeior / ----
Polusoccipitalis
i
Sulcustemporalissuperior/
\ Incisurapreoccipitalis
GyrustemporalismediusI '
Sulcustemporalisinferior
Fig.496 Gyri, Gyri, and sulci, Sulci,

of the cerebral hemispheres;
lateralview (1.).
* fissure of SYLvrus
* * fissure of Ror.ANDo
insulae
/ Sulcuscircularis
Sulcuscentralis
insulae
/ Gyruslongusinsulae
/ \ Incisurapreoccipitalis
Gyri breves insulae
'
Lobuslemporalis
Fig.497 Gyri, Gyri, and sulci,Sulci,ofthe cerebral

hemispheres;
the parts which coverthe insula,Opercula,of the
frontal,parietaland temporallobeshavebeenremoved;
lateralview (r.).
Gyrtand Sulciof the CerebralHemispheres
29r
Fissuralongiludinalis
cerebri
,
Polusfrontalis\ i
Gyrusrectus \
/ Sulciorbitales
7 Tubercinereum
--- Fossalateralis
cerebri
-- Trigonumollactorium
- - Sulcustemporalis
inferior
Fossa--
inlerpeduncularis
--- Corpus
mamillare
Gyrioccipito-- -
temporales -- Pedunculus
medialiset crbri
lateralis
-- Substantia
Gyrus -- nrgra
lemporalis
inferior
- Sulcus
Substantia'-- hippocampalis
perlorata
Posterior
- Sulcus
collateralis
Gyrus /
parahippocampalis
occipitotsmporalis
lslhmusgyricinguli/
\ Teomentum
meisencephali
Gyruscinguli/
\ Tectummesenceohali,
Gyruslingualis/ ColliculussuPerior
\ Aeueductusmesencephali
\ Corpuscallosum,Splenium
' Sulcuscalcarinus
Polusoccioitafis/
Fig.49S Gyri, Gyri, and sulci,Sulci,ofthe

cerebralhemispheres;
the midbrainhasbeensectioned;
inferior view.
Brain,
Encephato
292
I
JI
Fig.499 Cytoarchitectonicallydefinedcorticalareas
of the cerebral hemispheresaccordingto Bnoou-lNN;
individual areasare numbered;the different symbols
indicate different cell types;
lateral view (1.).
20
Fig. 500 Cytoarchitectonicallydefined cortical areas
of the cerebral hemispheresaccordingto Bnoou.a.Nn;
individual areasare numbered;the different symbols
indicate different cell types;
medial view (r.).
FunctionalCorticalAreasof the CerebralHemispheres
293
Gyrusfrontalisinferior,/
ParsoDercularis
\
Gyrus temporalisttanevercusantelbl
Fig. 501 Functionalcorticalareasofthe cerebralhemispheres Theprimary acousticregionO extendsoverthe upperrim of

accordingto FoEnsrEn; the temporallobeontoits internal surface.
lateralview.
I
primarymolorar6a
I primaryauditoryarea
ffiffi
ffi
se@ndarymolor area
ffiffi scondaryauditoryarea
I
pnmarysensory area
I primaryvisual atea
secondarysensoryarea
ffiffi scondaryvisual atea
/ Gyrus precntralis
Flg. 502 Functionalcortical areasofthe cerebral

hemispheresaccordingto FoERSTER;
medial view.
,**, Encephaton
29 {
c h o r o r d e av e n t r i c u ltie r t i i
F o r n i xC, o l u m n a- - ---r-1'fela -Thalamus
--l- --
Gyrusparaterminalis - -
- S t r i a m e d u l l a r i st h a l a m i
n t e r l o -r - *
C o m m r s s uar a ------
* ---=- - S u l c u sh y p o t h a l a m r c u s
A r e a s u b c a l l o s- -at
- - - - - Commissura
Lamina t e r m i n a l i-s- habenularum
Hypothalamus - - F- - -
Becessus suoraoinealis
Recessus supraopticus - - - Recessuspinealis
B e c e s s uisn f u n d i b u-l-i - Glandula
pinealis
Chiasmaopticum- - - Commissura
postenor
-
Corousmamillare sinrstrum- - .-Tectum
- mesencephali
Cislerna chiasmatica -
l- -Tegmentummesencephali
A cerebriposterior-- - -
Aqueductusmesencephali
Sinusintercavernosus- - - interpeduncularis
Cisterna
-
Adenohypophysis -
Lobuluscenlrahs
--
Neurohypophysis -Velum medullaresuperius
A basilaris'
- Pons
Plexusbasilaris-
Fig. 503 Third ventricle,Ventriculustertius;
mediansection;
medialview.
Fornix,Corpus \ Foramen Adhesio interthalamica

Rostrum- - _
Corpuscallosum, interventriculare
/Thalamus.
Columna fornicis - -
Commissura anterior - -
- - Nucleusdorsomedialis
-=-----::--: , //, / Nucleus dorsalis

NUCIeUSOOr
.{ hypotharaml
Area hypothatamicd --.--
-- Area hyPothalamica
lateralis
N u c l e ip r e o p t i c i - - ---:_____
- - Fasciculus
Nucleusoantenor mamillothalamicus
Sulcus hypothalamicus
Tractus paraventric.ulg- ------ --_
hypophysialis Nucleusposterior
hypothalami
suprachiasmaticus ------ Fasciculus
mamillotegmentahs
Becessussupraoplrcus
--
Chiasmaopticum Nuclei tegmentales
-*--
Nucleussupraopticus ( N u c l ecio r p o r i s
N opticuslll --]-- mamillaris)
.-
Nucleus ruber
A hypophysialissuperior --
(A carotisinterna, -
Subslantiapertorata
Parscerebralis) posteflor
Tractushypothalamo- -
Nucleus ventromedialis
hypophysialis hypothalami
.--
Adenohypophysis :--
-
Nuclei tuberaleset
arcuati
- \
Vv portales
hypophysiales -
Tractus supra-
inferior(A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa)
A hypophysralis Neurohypophysis opticohypophysialis
Fig. 504 Hypothalamus;

w i t h s e m i - t r a n s p a r en ut c l e i ;
m e d i a lv i e w .
Nucleiof the Thalamus
295
Capsula
interna
t" Nucleireticulares
?/
/l
/ Nucleianteriores
k /
-
Nuclei mediales
Nuclei mediani;Adhesio
interthalamica
b left cerebralhemisphere;lateral view.
ta ttt
) Nucleusparafascicularis
\\ \
Nual"raa"ntromedianus
\
Nuclei dorsales:
Nucleus posterior;
) I 1
1 Nuclei pulvinares
I
I
I (Nuclei metathalami)
Nucleus corporis
geniculati
lateralis;
Nucleuscorporis
laleralis,/ geniculati
medialis
Ventriculus
Cornuoccipitale
transversesectionthrough the left cortical c right cerebralhemisphere;medial view.

hemisphere;superiorview.
Figs. 505 a-c Nucleiand corticalprojectionsof the thalamus.
The nuclei and the cortical areaswhich belong togetherare shown
in the samecolour.
Fibraecorticorubrales;
Fibraecorticosoinales:
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus. Fibrae
Fibraecorlicoreticularos;
Fibraelhalamoparietales
corticothalamicae:
Genucapsulaeinternae,
\
Fibraecorliconucleares
\
Thalamus
\ Badiationes thalami
\ centrales
Fibl.ae
- _-
temporopontinae
Crus
posterius
- - Radialiones capsurae
thalami tnternae
posteriores
->-- Fibrae Darieto

occipitopontinae
- -
Radiatiooptica
T r a c t u s o p t i c-u-s- - - - Radiatioacustica
Pulvinar
thalami
---
colliculussuperior
- -
inferior
Colliculus
cerebri---
Pedunculus
Fig. 506 Thalamic radiations, Radiationes thalami,

and internal capsule,Capsulainterna;
frontal section which has separated the two parts;
lateral view (1.).
29 Brain,
Encephato
6
.\s\--/-
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
.z
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornulrontare
(Cenlrumsemiovale)
.z
{:"';
Commissura
anlerior
./ N. oculomotorius
llll
Chiasmaopticum - -
N trochlearis
lvl
//
_- N trigeminus
[V]
-.- N abducens[Vl]
-- N t a c i a l i s[ V l l ]
-- - N vestibulocochlearis
[Vltll
- ----.-
Plexuschoroideus ouarti -
ventriculi N. glossopharyngeus
[tX]
- N. vagus
[X]
/
cerebelli -
Hemispherium
- N accessorius
[Xt]
Medulla oblongata /
\ N hypoglossvs
[Xtt]
Fig. 507 Anteriorrostralcommissure,
Commissura anrenor,
andbrainstem,Truncusencephali;
the basalpartsof the cerebrumhavebeenpartiallyremoved;
inferiorview
Chiasmaopticum- - -- N. oplicusflll
Inlundibulum- -- Trigonum
olfactorium
-----/'
. |yl
.'/t
t u o e r c t n e r e u m- _ _ _
>-1 N a |
-- SubstantiaDerlorataanterior
, - tt,''
C o r p u s m a m i l l a r- e
___., l. r, ii.-- - /
SubstantiaperforataDosterior /- Tractusopticus
\ Aqueduclus
mesencephal
Fig. 508 Midbrain, Mesencephalon, and diencephalon, the midbrain has been transversely sectioned:
Diencephalon; inferior view
Mesencephalon
Midbrain,
297
Glandulapinealis*\
Colliculussuperior\ / Teclummesencephali
Stratagriseacolliculisuperioris\
Brachiumcolliculiinlerioris\ \
Aqueduclusmesencephali-- mesoncephali
' Tegmentum
Substantiagriseacentralis- -
--
Formalioreticularis
Pedunculus
compacta cerebri
fPars
Substantia
I
nr9ra
lpars reticularis
- Cruscetebri
Nucleusruber /
I
Fossainleroeduncularis
Fig. 509 Midbrain,MesencePhalon;

crosssectionat the levelof the superiorcolliculi;
inferiorview.
* also termed cerebral ePiPhYsis
/ Stratagriseacolliculisuperioris
medialis
Fasciculuslongitudinalis
/ Nucleusaccessoriusnervi
/ oculomolorii
Nucleusmotoriusnervilrigemini
- Nucleusnervioculomotorii
- Corpusgeniculatummedial
Lemniscusmedialis- - Nucleusnber
-/ Tegtnontum..
mesencpna[
- Fi paristo-
pontinae;
Fibraetemporo-
pontinae
- Fi cortico-
Einals;
corti@nu
(FilaradbularianeNi
oculomotorii)
Fibraelronlopontinae
Fig. 510 Nucleiand fibres of the midbrain,

Mesencephalon;
schematiccrosssecdonat the lenelof the superior
colliculi.
298
Ventriculus
tertius\ / C o m m r s s u r ap o s l e r i o r
Recessus
suprapinealis
\\
\
Trigonum habenulare : / / Stra lermrnairs
.l ,'
/7
G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s - _ /
/ // - Iaeniachoroidea
4;
- - Thalamus,
P u l v i n a rl h a l a m i
- -
Brachiumcolliculiinferroris --- -I Metalhalamus,
Corpus geniculatummediale
- -
- M"t"th"r"rrr,
Trrgonum
lemniscilateralis Corpusgeniculatum
laterale
- -
- -
Frenulumveli medullarisSuperiorlg - Colliculus
superior
-
- Colliculus
inlerior
N trochtearis[tV] -
-
Pedunculus
cerebeltaris
medius
Pedunculus suoerror--
cerebellaris
-
Fossa rhomboidea,Eminentia medialis'
Velummedullare
superius
Fig. 511 Midbrain,Mesencephalon,

and pineal body,
Glandulapinealis;
dorsosuperiorview.
Septumpellucidum\ / Venlriculus
laleralis,
Cornufrontate
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus1 / / Fornix,Columnae
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caput -_._ (Recessus
triangularis)
-- \-- //
ForamenInrerventriculare
-- - / Commissura
anterior
Tuberculumanterius lhalami --
/ Ventriculus
tertius
.-.--+_
Striaterminalis
-- Btachiumcolliculi
superioris
Laminaaflixa +--a
T a e n i a c h o r o i d e a- - - -' Colliculus
superior
Trigonum habenulare --- .'.- Corpusgeniculatum
mediale
- -
posteiot -
Commissura
---
G l a n d u l a p i n e a l-i-s- B r a c h i u mc o l l i c u liin f e r i o r i s
Corpusgeniculatum
lalerale
Thalamus, Pulvinarthalami /
-
Colliculusinterior
cerebri/
Pedunculus -
Frenulum
velimedullans
supenons
N trochlearis / -
flVl Vermis cerebelli,Lingula cerebelli
-
Pedunculuscerebellarismeotus
-
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
\ - Froccurus
.
\
Tela choroidea ventriculiquarli / \1 \
Pedrnculra cerebellarisintenor
Fossa rhomboidea,Sulcus medianus / tt ta t
Peduncutus
floccculi
/ \1 \
Aperturamedianaventriculi
quart Ap"rtrr" lateralis quartl
ventricutr
tt \
cuneatum/
Tuberculum /i
Plexuschoroideus quarti
ventricuti
\
Fasciculus / 1 gracile
Tuberculum
cuneatus
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s gracilis
Fasciculus
Fig. 512 Brainstem,Truncusencephali;

the Corpuscallosumand the majorpartsofthe cerebellum have
beenremoved;the Telachoroideaof the fourth ventriclehas been
split in the midlineandfoldeddownon the right side;
dorsosuperiorview.
BrainStem,Truncusenceqhali
299
- - Frenulum
veli
Brachium colliculiinferioris -- medullarissuPerioris
Fig. 513 Rhomboidfossa,Fossarhomboidea;
v i e w o f t h e f l o o r o f t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c l e ; C o l l i c u l u si n l e r l o r - - - - - Velummedullare
superlus
the cerebellarlteduncleshavebeenremoved;
dorsosulleriorvien'. ce
Pedunculu s r e b r i- - - -- Locuscaeruleus
N t r o c h l e a r i s l l v-l- - Eminentia
--
medialis
- Colliculus
lacialis
PedunculuscerebellarissuPeflor
- - FoveasuPerior
Pedunculuscerebellarismedius
Sulcuslimitans
-
Pedunculuscerebellarisinlerior
\ Aperturalateralis
-
Sulcusmedianus quarti
ventriculi
\ Areavestibularis
quarti /
ventriculi
Striamedullaris
/ \
Velum medullareinferius Fovea inferior
/
Trigonum nervi hypoglossi
Trigonum nervi vagi

\ cuneatum
Area Postrema Tuberculum
\ Funiculus
lateralis
Glandula Pinealls medullae oblongatae
\
\
Brachium colliculisuPerloris \ Tuberculumgracite
Corpus geniculatummedrale \ / \ Fasciculus

Sulcusintermedius
Posterior cuneatus
Sulcus medranus \ Fasciculus
gracilis
Brachium colliculiinlerioris \
\
Corpusgeniculatum- -- P u l v i n a rt h a l a m i
lalerale
sR-
Tractusopticus - - - - Colliculus
suPerior
- - Colliculus
inferior
cerebrr - -
Pedunculus
-- N trochlearis
{lvl
Pons
-- suPerrus
Velummedullare
Radrxmolorra
N. trige-i
minus[V] [ Rad* sensoria -- Pedunculuscerebellarlssuperror
-- P e d u n c u l u sc e r e b e l l a r i m
s edrus
N l a c r a l r s{ V l l l - - - ; - - PedunculuscerebellarrsInlerior
--
N v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e a rIiVs l l l ]
-- --
Pyramis medullae oblongatae Fossa rhomboidea Sulcus medianus
N glossopharyngeusllX)-',
N hypoglossus ---
lxtll
N vagus[X] - --
cuneatum
Tuberculum
. I Radices craniales -
Tuberculumgracile
N accessoflus l
fYil
' "' I( RadrcessPtnales
F i g . 5 1 4 B r a i ns t e m ,T r u n c u se n c e p h a l i ;
obli(luevieu of the floor of the fourth ventricle;
Radix anterior
I
N c e r v r c a | s[ C 1 ] I
the cerellellar[)eduncleshavebeenremoved;
I Rad,, posterior lateralvieu.
Walls of the tburth ventricle

Roof/anterior wall VelummedullaresuPerius
Floor Fossarhomboidea
Roof/posteriorwall Velummedullareinferius;Plexuschoroideus
Openings Aqueductus mesencephali<- VentriculusIII
Aperturae -+
laterales basalis
Cisterna
Aperturamediana+ Cisternacerebellomedullaris
Canaliscentralis
Brain,
Encephato
3 00
Nucleus accessorius
nerui oculomolofli
- Nucleus mesencephalicusnerui trigemini

f
nervitrigemini- - -1-
Nucleusmotorius - - -
'.
Nucleus nervrabduce'rlrs I
Nucleus nervi lacialis - - -'- -
N u c l e u ss a l i v a t o f l u s u p e r i o r- - - -----
- Nucleus cochlearisposterior
Nucleus salivaloriusinlerior
t
Nr.l"u. vestibularissuperror
/t. l
. \
Nucteusvestibutaristateralis I Nuclei
- -
N u c l e uasm b i g u u s- \ Nucleus veslibulaflsInferior vestrbulares
- I
\ Nucleus vestrbulaflsmediahs )
Nucleusdorsalisneruivagi
\ Nucleus spinahsnervi lrigemini

Nucleus nerui hypoglossi /
\ Nucleus solilarius
Nucleus nervi accessorii /
F i g . 5 1 5 C r a n i a ln e r v e s N
, e r v ic r a n i a l e s ; Efferentnuclei on the left, afferentnucleion the right.
topographicpositionof the nuclei; ' ( l i n i ( a l : \ u r l e u s s t ' n s o r r u sp r i n t : r p a l i sn c r \ i l r i g e m r n i
dorsal view.
general somalic elferent nuclei (GSE) general and special viscero-atlereninuclei (G/SVA)
general vrscero-etferentneuclei (GVE) general somalic atlerent nuclei (GSA)
special viscero-etlerentnucler (SVE) special somatic atferentnuclei (SSA)
S u l c u s m e d r a n-u- s- - l
vil.tx.x
vil,tx.x
v, vil,tx,x, xl
ilt rv vr xtl
Fig. 516 Cranialnerves,Nervi craniales; demonstratingthe nuclei.

diagrammaticcrosssectionthroughthe rhomboidfossa, Seealsothe tableon p. 267.
Nucleiof theCranialNerves
301
- - Glandula Pinealis
Nucleusruber
- - Nucleusaccessorius
neruioculomotorii
Pedunculuscerebn. Crus cerebrl

-- Nucleusneryroculomolorll
-- N trochlearis
[lV]
Nucleus nervi trochlearts
- - Nucleusmesencephalicus
nervi
trigemini
- .-
N trigeminus
tvl - - (Nucleus
pontinusnervitrigemini')
-
nervi
Nucleusmotorius
Nucleusneruiabducentis
Nucleivestibulares
-
Nucleus nervi lacialts suPerior
Nucleussalivatortus
--
N abducens [Vl] - - Nuclercochleares
- -r
.?
-
N lacialis [Vll]
/
-/ - - - interior
Nucleussalivatorius
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N glossopharyngeus[lX] -- Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi

N vagus [X]
r' ll\
NucleusnervihyPoglossi
/.)r
-4:-:
N hypoglossusLxttl
Nucleussolitarrus
N accessorius
[Xl]
Nucleusspinalisnervltrigemini
- -
Nucleus nerui accessorti
generalsomaticeflerentnuclei(csE) generaland specialviscro-afferentnuc{ei(G/SVA)

I
nuclei(GVE)
generalviscero-efferent goneralsomaticafterentnuclei (GSA)
nuclei(SVE)
spcialviscero-efferent somatic
spcial (sSA)
nuclei
aftrent
ffiffiffi
Fig. 517 Cranialnerves,Nervi craniales;

topographicpositionof the nuclei;
medialview.
' clinical:principalsensorynucleusof triSeminalnerve,
Nucleussensoriusprincipalisnervi trigemini
302
Plexus choroideusvenlriculitertii Ventriculuslertius
I I
Adhesiointerrhatamica\
| I Thalamus / Tela choroidea ventriculitertii
F o r n i x , C o l u m'n\ \a \ | | /
Forameninterventriculare\ \ i I F o r n i x .C r u s _- C o r p u cs a l l o s u m
/
Corpus callosum. \
{ffi_..::":"",:
Hostrum -_
Commissura
anterior\
-
L a m i n at e r m i n a l i s- _
Hypothaldmus - .-
-- #-- - - Tectummesencephatl
C o r p u sm a m i l l a r e- _ _ - Cumen
C h i a s m ao p t i c u m _ - -
R e c e s s u si n t u n d i b u l -i - -
Fossa interpedunculais - - -
-
- --
Hypophysis - - Lobulus centralis
Tegmenlum-"
mesencephali ----
Lingulacerebelli
F a s c i c u l u sl o n g i t u d i n a l i -s- - ----
Foliumvermis
medialis
A rrasilaria-" - .-
Velum medullaresuperius
- Fasttgtum
- -
Tuber vermis
S u l c u sb u l b o p o n t i n u sz / .'
- Plexus choroideus
Fossa rhomboidea . ,, ventflculiquarti
\ Pyramis vermis
\
U v u l av e r m i s
\ Nodulus
Fig.5lB Thirrlantlfourth,,,entrir;le,\'entriculi
t e r t i u sa n ( l( l u a r t u s ;
m e r l i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e b r a i ns t e m ;
merlialr,ierr.
Tectum.mesencephali.
Lamrnatectalis
Aqueductus / Fissura prima

mesencephali
----- Declive
7-- F o l i u mv e r m i s
Lobus cerebelll
Posterror
Tuber vermrs
tt : - - pyramis vermis
M e d u l l as p r n a l i s U v u l av e r m i s
I
- N o d uu s LOOUS
lloccLrlonodulafls
Fig. 519 Parts of the cerebellarvermis, Vermis cerebelli;

median section.
cerebeuum
303
Lobulus cenlralis \ z Lobulusquadrangularis
anterlor
/ L r n g u l ac e r e b e l l l / Parsantenor
C u l m e n- -- F i s s u rpar i m a
- L o b u l u ss i m p l e x .
L o b u l u sq u a d r a n g u l a r r s
posleflor
-
Declive
- - Lobulus semilunarisinferior
F o l i u mv e r m i s
Tuber vermis
F i g . 5 2 0 C e r e b e l l u mC, e r e b e l l u m ;
dorsosuperiorview.
vermts
Hemispherium
cerebelli cerebelli
Ala lobuli centralis \
L o b u l u sq u a d r a n g u l a r iasn t e n o r \
a r i m a- - \
F i s s u rp
l,u
Lobulus simplex. .- .-
Lobulus quadrangulafls
I
postefior I
LOOUS
a--- T u b e r v e r m i s cerebelli
posterior
L o b u l u ss e m i l u n a r i si n f e r i o r- - ---- Pyramrsvermts
L o b u l u sg r a c i l i s - - -
L o b u l u s b i v e n t e- r- -
Fissura secunda - - ( Frssuranodulolloccularrs)

Tonsillacerebelli -
--.- Lobus
Flocculus / Nodulus
flocculo-
nodulans
Fig. 521 Cerebellum,Cerebellum;

the cerebellarcortex has been spread out.
Brain,
Encephato
304
lDeclive
Velummedullare
superius
,
quarti
Tegmenvenlriculi \
ta
Velummedullare
inlerius\
Hemispheriumcerebelli -- / - Pedunculuscerebellarissuperior
-t- Pedunculuscerebellarismedius
-
_- Flocculus
\ Fissura honzontahs
Recessuslaleralis'-
quani
ventriculi
- Fissuraposterolateralis
Hemispheriumcerebelli -
flocculi
Pedunculus
\ \ Nodrlra
Valleculacerebelli I uvuravermis
Fig.522 Cerebellum,Cerebellum;
the cerebellarpeduncleshavebeensectioned;
ventralview.
Lobulussemilunaris
superior- - Tubervermis
PYramisvermis
_--
-
Fissurahorizontalis
- - Uvulavermis
_- Nodulus
Lobulussemilunaris- -
inlerior
- Hemisoheriumcerebelli
-
Tonsillacerebelli
dorsoinferiorview.
cerebetrum
305
,, Laminatecti
/ Pedunculuscerebellarissuperior
Lingulacerebelli
z/
z Plexuschoroideusventriculiquarti
- Nucleusdentatus
-- Corpusmedullare
. cerebelli
Hilumnucleidentati-
- Cortexcereblli
Nodulus-
Velummedullareinlerius-
Tonsilla cerebelli -
/
Medulla oblongata /
Cerebellum;
Fig. 524 Cerebellum,
frontalsection;
dorsalview.
quartus
Decussatiopedunculorum superiorum\
cerebellarium / Ventriculus
/ 7 Velummedullaresuperius
medialis\ -
Fasciculuslongitudinalis Lingula cerebelli
/
superior- -
Pedunculuscerebellaris
Coriex cerebelli--_
Stratummoleculare\
-
Stratumgranulosum
(Laminae albae) -
--
Hilumnucleidenlati
Fissurae -
cerebelli
CorDusmedullarecerebelli
t
Nodulus
obliquesectionthroughthe superiorcerebellarpeduncles;
dorsalview.
Brain,
Encephoro
3 06
Granulationesarachnoideae -
/ Pars centralis
Cornu frontale \
z Srnussagitlalissuperior
-
Crslernapeflcallosa \ P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
\ /\ - - -- v e n t r i c u llia t e r a l i s
\-
S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m- -
z' P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
- _-
* - r ventriculrlertii
Foramen interuentriculare
---Cornu occipitale
Ventriculustertius - -
--- C o r n ut e m p o r a l e
Cisternachrasmatica * *
--- V magnacerebri
Cisierna interpeduncularis- -
--- S i n u sr e c t u s
Aqueductus mesenceohali
- - - Ventriculus
quartus
C r s t e r n ap o n t o c e r e b e l l a r i .s- -
--
C o n f l u e nssi n u u m
Fig.526 Ventricles ofthe brain, Ventriculi
- Plexuschoroideus
encephali,and subarachnoidspace,Spatium quarti
ventriculi
subarachnoideum;diagram of the circulation of .- - .-
Apertura mediana ventricuilquanl
the cerebrospinalfluid, Liquor cerebrospinalis, ... \
Crsternacerebellomedullarisposterior
from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space. \
Apertura lateralis
* clinical: Foramen of MoNnoe
*' clinical: cerebral
aoueduct of Syrvrus
P a r sc e n t r a l i s
G r a n u l a t i o n eas r a c h n o i d e a e-
Pia maler cranials : / F oramen inlerventriculare
S i n u ss a g i t t a l i sr n f e r i o r\ / S r n u s a g i t t a lsi su p e r i o r
\
Arachnoideamater cranialis - / Plexus
/ chorordeus
( S p a t i u ms u b d u r a l e )- - ventriculi
tertii
Conu
S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m- . -
- - temporale
D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s , * - - - Cornu
Falx cerebrl occ prtale
Cornu tronlale - - -.- Spatium

subarach-
noideum
Cisterna pericallosa - -
-- v magna
cerebri
Ventriculuslertius - -
- - Sinus
Cisterna chiasmalica - - reclus
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Crsternapontocerebellaris
- Aqueductus
Fig.527 Ventricles of the brain, Ventriculi encephali, mesencephall
and subarachnoid space, Spatium subarachnoideum;
\ Ventriculus
quartus
median section; medial view.
- Cislerna cerebellomedullarisposterior
- C a n a l i sc e n t r a l i s
Cerebrospinal fluid, Liquor cerebrospinalis

The cerebrospinalfluid, Liquor cerebrospinalis, is proclucedby In the areasof the lymphaticsheathsof the small vesselsof the
the entire lining of the inner ventricularcavities,the ependymal pia mater,of the perineural sheathsof the cer-ebrospinal nerves
layer, especiallyfrom the region of the Plexus choroidei It and over the arachnoidgranulations(PncctttoNr) the fluid is
flows throughboth of the foraminainterventricularia(Mor.rnoe) reabsorbedinto the venous bloodstream.
into the third ventricleand from there through the Aqueductus The bottlenecksof the ventricular systemsare in danger of
mesencephali(Svt"vrus)into the fourth ventricle and into the obstruction:Foraminainterventricularia,Aqueductusmesen-
central canal of the spinal cord. The Apertura mediana cephali,Aperturae medianaand laterales.If they becomeob-
(Mnceuorus)and the Aperturaelaterales(l,uscHxn)of the fourth structeddue to a developmental disturbanceor inflammation,it
ventricleare the only connectionsto the externalsubarachnoid can lead to a hydrocephalus internus.A dilationof the Spatium
spaces,the Spatiumsubarachnoideum. subarachnoideum, e.g.secondaryto an atrophyof the brain, is
The fluid moistensthe entire brain and the soinalcord. known as hydrocephalus externus.
ltentriclesol' the Brain, Ventricttliencepholi
I V e n t n c u l u st e r t l u s
I / V e n t rc u l u sl a l e r a l l sP a r sc e n t r a l l s
l/
,z Recessus suPrapneal s
z'b, RecessusPrnealrs
.-
-- AqueductusmesencePnall
V e n t n c u l u sa t e r a l t s- - -
--
V e n t r i c uu s a t e r a l l s
C o r n uo c c l P l l a l e
-- V e n t n c u l u sl a t e r a l l s
C o r n ul e m P o r a l e
C o l l r c u l u lsa c t a l t s: V e n t n c u l u sq u a r t u s
/ Fastrgrum
S t f l a em e d u l l a r e s- -
v e n t rc u l lq u a r t t )
- - R e c e s s u sl a t e r a l r vs e n t r l c u lql u a n
t,-""olr-'qT
- A p e r l u r ar e d r a n d v e n l ' r c . l 'o u a n
-
C a n a ls c e n t r a l i s
Fig. 52tt \ e n t f i ( i ( ' so f t h t ' l r t ' t t i n\ .( ' l l t l i ( t l l i e n t e p h a l i ;

c 0 t r o s i 0 t tc a s t s l l c t i t l l t ' n ;
r i t ' u e r l r t l r l i r l r t t ' l rl t o l r t h e l t ' l t
Pars
cenlralrs
p e l l u cd u m
Cornu
o c c r p r t a l e V e n t rc u l u s
l a l e r a sl
Foramrna Cornu
n t e r v e n l n c u l aar lemporale
C o r nu
lrontale
Ventflculus
l e r l r us
- c s l e r n aa m b t e n s
- C r s t e r n at o s s a e
l a l e r a l l sc e r e b r r
Fig. 529 Ventriclesof the brain, Ventriculi encephali,and The basal cisterns and the subarachnoidspaceof the spinal
subarachnoidspace,Spatium subarachnoideum; cord are shown.
three-dimensionalreconstructionfrom data obtainedwith
magnetic resonancetomography (MRT) in a living subject;
sinistroventralview.
Bratn,Encephato
308
, Sulcuscentralis
I
/ Lobusparietalis
Foramenintervenlriculare
\
z Parscentralis
Cornufrontale \
Ventriculus
tertius
Lobusfrontalis -\ / Cornuoccipilale
Lobusoccipitalis
///
Sulcuslateralis- -
Lobustemporalis- -
I
Cornutemporale/
Pons /
Fig.530 Ventriclesof the brain,Ventriculiencephali;

projectionontothe surfaceof the brainandskull;
lateralview.
Lobusfrontalis \
/,Cornufrontal
/, Fo@menintervenlriculare
/ Parscenlralis
Sulcuslaleralis \ Ventriculus.
terlius
\ //
/ Aquoductusmesencephali
Lobustemporalis\\\
/ Cornutempotale
Pons --_ quarlus

, Vntriculus
- -
Aoerturalateralis
Cerebllum
- -
Medullaoblongata // Canaliscenlralis
Fig. 531 Ventriclesof the brain, Ventriculiencephali;

projectionontothe surfaceof the brain and skull;
ventral view.
corpuscauosum
3 09
Polusfrontalis longitudinaliscerebri
\
Gyrusfrontalis
superior-__
/ Gyruscinguli
A. cerebrianlerior,
/ - A. oericallosa
Strialongitudinalis'\
mediatis
I tndusium
gnseum
StrialongitudinalisI
lateralis )
Polus occiPitalis / I Fissuralongitudinalis

cerebri
#*
Fig.532 Corpuscallosum, CorPus
callosum;the superiorPartsof the
cerebralhemisphereshavebeenremoved;
superiorview.
Brain,Encephoron
310
Gyrus cinguli -
- Corpus callosum, Genu
Ventnculuslateralis,Cornu lrontale _ -- Corpus callosum, Rostrum
-- N u c l e ucsa u d a t u sC a p u t
_-- V t h a l a m o s t r i a tsau p e r i o r
I n s u l al l o b u s I n s u l a n s l - _ __ ----- S t r i at e r m i n a l i s
-------/-
Ependymum
V e n t r i c u l u lsa l e r a l i s , - - - - - C o r p u cs a l l o s u mT,r u n c u s
Pars centralis
F o r n i xC, r u s --- P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
v e n t n c u l li a t e r a l i s
Fimbna hippocampi
Hippocampus - - Glomus choroideum
Trigonumcollaterale
- .-
Gyrus fasciolaris
\ Tapetum
S u l c u sc a l c a r i n u s /
Fig. 533 Lateral ventricles,Ventriculi laterales;

the superior parts of the cerebralhemispheres
have been removed;
superior view.
Walls of the lateral ventricles

Cornu frontale Pars centralis
Anterior wall Corpuscallosum,
Genu Roof Corpuscallosum,Truncus
Roof Corpuscallosum,
Truncus Medialwall Fornix,Crus;Septumpellucidum
Medial wall Septumpellucidum Lateral wall Nucleuscaudatus,Corltus
Lateral wall Nucleuscaudatus,Caput Floor Striaterminalis;
Laminaaffixa,
FIoor Corpuscallosum,Rostrum Plexuschoroideus;Fornix,Crus
Opening Foramen -+
interventriculare
Ventriculus
tertius
ventricutitaterates
Ventricles,
3 I I
V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a l r sP, a r s c e n l r a l i s\ )
u so r p u s- . -
N u c l e u s c a u d a tC
F o r n i xC, r u s
I n s u l al L o b u sI n s u l a fsl]
- - Calcar avis
Fossa lateralis
.-\
P o l u sl e m p o r a l i s
-- Ventriculuslateralis,
C o r n uo c c i p i l a l e
ventriculuslateralis cornu temporate-

-/
ffi.t '
'-_,,-t /' I / \
,
,G_-L/_
/ \ Hippocampus,
Fimbria hippocampr/ Alveushippocampi
;
E m i n e n t i ac o l l a t e r a l r s '
53s#
Fig. 534 Lateral ventricles,Ventribuli laterales;

the superior parts of the cerebral hemispheres have
been removed;
left oosteriorview
Walls of the lateral ventricles

Cornu occipitale Cornu temporale
Roof/lateral wall Tapetum (Radiatiocorporis callosi; Roof/lateral wall Nucleuscaudatus,Cauda;
Radiatiooptica) Tapetum(RadiatiocorpopiScallosi;
Radiatioacustica)
Medial wall Calcaravts
Medial wall Fimbria hippocampi;Plexus
Floor Eminentia choroideus
l;if,1:H1,..,'aterale;
Floor Eminentiacollateralis;Alveus
hippocampi
n,oin,
Encephaton
3I/
Hippocampus
Alveushippocampi
j*. --r
--.-
Trigonumcollaterale
- - Sulcushippocampalis
\ Gyrusdentatus
--
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Sulcuscollateralis
Fig. 535 Temporalhorn,Cornutemporale, of the lateral

ventricle,Ventriculuslateralis;
frontalsection;the roofhasbeenremoved;
dorsosuperiorview (1.).
- Plexus choroideusventriculilateralis
Ependymum
\ -l
--
Ventriculus
lateralis,- ---,1
Cornutemporale -
/ Fimb(ia hippocampi
--\_
Alveushippocampi - Sulcushippocampalis
Peshippocamp
- -i_
grisea ---
Substantia
alba *-
Substantia -_
Sulcuscollateralis
medialis -
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
---____/
Fig. 536 Temporalhorn, Cornutemporale,ofthe Iateral

ventricle,Ventriculuslateralis;
schematicfrontal section.
taterates
Lateral Ventricles,ventricuti
3 1 3
Genu
- Corpuscallosum,
G Y r u sc r n g u l i \>//'
Ventticuluslateralls, -'
Cornu lrontale l l- , -- C o r p u sc a l o s u mR. o s t r u m
,7 ------'
Cavum sePti Pellucidi /\
CaPUt
Septum Pellucidum - - - Nucleuscaudatus,
F o r n i x ,C o l u m n a
Foramen interuentrlculare
CaPsulainterna
Stria termrnalls
Ventriculuslateralrs,
Pars centralls
Fornix,CorPUs
Insula ILobus insularis]
F o r n i xC. r u s - -
Plexuschoroadeus
lateralis
ventriculi
--
FimbriahippocamPr
-- .-
- Tela choroideavenlriculiterlii
Hippocampus--
collaterale--
Trigonum
Calcar avis -
Ventflculuslateralis, /
Cornu occipitale
Fig.537 Lateralventricles,Ventriculilaterales;
t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r ahl e m i s p h e r easn d $4x
the Corpuscallosumhavebeenremoved;
suoertorview
Fissura longiludinaliscerebrr \
EPendYmum
--
- Ventriculuslateralis,Pars centralls
lateralis- .-
ventricuk
Plexuschoroideus
Nucleus caudatus.CorPUs - - - -- V thalamostriatasuperiol
Laminaatlixa ---,
-- F o r n i xC, o r P u s
* - Plexus choroideusventriculiterlrl
lnatainus -
Tela choroidea ventriculitertli /
Fig. 538 Centralparts,Partescentrales,of the lateralventricles'

Ventriculilaterales,and the third ventricle,Ventriculustertius;
schematicfrontal section.
Brain,
Encepharon
3I4
F o r a m e n- - - - I - - -
inlpruanlrr.r rlr /a
ILobusinsularisl
------
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
Cauda -. -
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Fornix,Crus - --
Tela choroidea ventriculitertii
.--.
Hippocampus
-
Trigonumcollalerale --- V interna cerebri
- Glandula pinealis
lateralis,--
Ventnculus - V magna cerebri
Cornuoccipitale
- Vermis cerebelli
4s+r
537/l
Fig.539 Lateralventricles,Ventriculilaterales;
the Corpuscallosumand the columnsof the fornix
havebeendissected;
supenor vlew.
-- Fornix,Columna
_- Forameninterventriculare
Taenia fornicis \
\\ / Taenialhalami
Taenia choroidea \\
- - (Fissuratelodiencephatica)
_ _
Fig. 540 Taeniae

ofthe Plexuschoroideus
ofthe
cerebrum;
superiorview.
Lateral Ventricles,Ventriculilaterales,anrl Ventricle.Ventriculustertius
V e n t r i c u l u lsa l e r a l r s ,
C o r n uf r o n t a l e
C a v u m s e p t rp e l l u c r d l
,n
S e p t u mp e l l u c r d u m- - - ----j I
! -- - N u c l e ucsa u d a t u sC,a P U t
F o r n r xC o l u m n a
F o r a m e n n t e r v e n l r i c u l a r e- - -
i'
supenor
V, - - - -' Adhesro intenhalamica'
V thalamoslilata
T a e n t at h a l a m l
S t f l at e r m t n a l t s
Taenia chorotdea
Aqueductus mesencePhala
N u c l e u sc a u d a t u s C a u d a Commissura Posterior
Recessus Pinealis
P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
v e n t ( c u l rt e r t i i Commissura habenularum
- -
G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s
Tela chorordeaventflcullterlrl
-
V magna cerebrl Recessus supraplnealls
V Inlernacerebrl
l./
Fig. 541 Lateral ventricles,Ventriculi laterales,and the 5ggll

third ventricle, Ventriculus tertius;
parts of the cerebralhemispheres,Corpus callosum,fornix,
choroidalplexus and Tela choroideaof the third ventricle
have been removed;
superroruew.
* Adhesio interthalamica has been sectioned in the median plane
The walls of the thl rd ventricle

Roof Telachoroideaventriculitertii;Plexuschoroideus
Anterior wall Fornix,Columnae;Commissura anterior;Laminaterminalis
Recessus Recessus
triangularis; opticus
Lateral wall Thalamus;Striamedullaris thalami;Adhesio Sulcushypothalamicus;
interthalamica;
Hypothalamus
Posteriorwall Commissura habenularum; Commissura posterior
Recessus Recessus
suprapinealis; pinealis
Floor infundibuli
Recessus
Openings Foramina <- Ventriculilaterales
interventricularia
mesencephali
Aqueductus -+ Ventricultts
quartus
Brain,Encepharon
3g*
V internacerebri Sinus sagittahsinleriol V magna cerebri
\ / I Vv. internae
Foramen \ \ - _-
Inlerventnculare'\ V magna cerebri cerebri
/
\
/, Sinussaginalis
/ c,^..^ ^^-'-
\
\ ,/ supeflor
,\ \
/ V superiof
/ vermis
_ - V. choroidea
I / Vv.superiores inferior
i--
cereorl
-L -'- - Sinus
/l r , rectus
V basalis/
\. \ conrluens
\
/ \ \\ sinuum
/ \ Sinustransversus )
V jugularis/ \ Sinr" sigmoroeus
Fig.542 Deepveins of the brain, Venaeprofundae Fig. 543 Deepveins of the brain,Venaeprofundaecerebri;
cerebri,and dural sinuses,Sinusduraematris; dorsolateralview.
drawn from a phlebogramof the sinuses;
lateralview.
Foramen Interuentriculare
a
- V antenor septr pellucidi

V thalamostriatasupeflor \
'{
,/
rharamus 1
-- V choroidea superior
f\
Vv internae cerebri
-_J.-,/.-)
L'
Fig. 544 Deep veins of the brain, Venaeprofundaecerebri;

the superiorlamellaof the Telachoroideaof the third ventricle
has been removed;
superior view.
ssetsoftheBratn
3I7
A frontobasalismedialis \
A cerebrianterior \\
/ Ventriculuslateralis,
/ cornu fronlale
/ z V. anteriorseoti
pellucidi
A cerebri media \ \ / Lamina atlixa
-- V interna
cereorl
-
Tela
choroidea
ventriculi
tertii
R choroideus /
posterior
/
Glomuschoroideum
\
Falx cerebri
I
I superior
Sinussagittalis
Fig. 545 Arteriesand veinsof the brain, Arteriae

et Venaecerebri;
Corpuscallosum
parts of the cerebralhemispheres,
and fornix havebeenremoved;
superiorview.
Brain,Encephaton
318
7 Slriae I
./ longitudinales I
ou laterales I
Fornix,Corpus-_ /.' I
V L lndusium
Foramina -
interventricularia
(Parslibera)-t
f
Fornix,
Columna
j \ ---
\ (Parstecta)\ Fornix,commissura
- -
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Pars anlerior
Commissura --
anterior Gyrusfasciolaris
Pars posterior
Fornix.Crus
- Taenra
fornicis
/
Corpusamygdaloideum
/ -
Corpusmamillare/ Fimbria hippocampi
\
Gyrusdentatus
Pes hippocampi /
Fig. 546 Both fornices,Fornices,and anteriorcommissure,

Commissuraanterior;
th reedimensional diagram;
sinistrodorsalview.
Sulcuscinguli\ /, Corpuscallosum,Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium\ / Septumpellucidum
Fornix,Crus\ - Fornix,Columna(Parslibera)
Sulcusparietooccipitalis - F oamen intervenlriculare
\
- Corouscallosum.
Genu
Cuneus\
Sulcuscalcarinus
- - Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
- Polusfrontalis
- Bulbusolfactorius
--
Commissura
anterior
Tractusollactorius
- a, \N opticusul
Thalamus-
\ Lamina
terminalis
Fimbria hippocampi // ,
\ Fornix,Columna(Parstecta)
/
Gyrusdentatus/
Corpusmamillare
Fasciculus mamillothalamicus / I Gyrusparahippocampalis,
Uncus
Fig.547 Fornix,Fornix,
the Corpuscallosumand the anteriorcommissurehave
beensectionedin the medianplane;the inferior part of the
diencephalonand parts of the medialaspectof the
parahippocampal gyrus,Gyrusparahippocampalis, have
beenremoved;
inferomedialview (1.).
/ Gyrusrectus
Bulbusollactorius--
Tractusolfactorius--
/ ChiasmaoPlicum
olfactorium--
Trigonum
Fornix.Columna-- us opticus
Corpus--
mamillare
amygdaloideum
Uncus --
Gyrus--
parahippo-
campalts
Gyrus --
dentatus -- Corpus
callosum,
Truncus
Fornix,Crus --
- Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Fonix, '
Commissura
/
Gyrusfasciolaris
Fig.548 Fornix,Fornix;
the basalparts of the brain havebeenremoved;
inferior view.
TheFissuralongitudinalishasbeenpulled apart somewhat
and the Lobusfrontalis appearsshortened.
Brain,
Encephato
320
Frbrae arcuatae cerebri \
Cingulum
\
uncinatus--
Fasciculus
Fasciculuslongitudinalisinletrct /
Fig. 549 Associationfibres,Neurofibraeassociationrs:

projectiononto the left cerebralhemisDhere:
viewed from the left.
Badiatio I
corporis callosi
Commissura /
posterior
i
Commissura I
habenularum
Fig. 550 Commissural fibres,Neurofibrae

commis-
surales;
three{imensionalview;mostof the Corpuscallosumhas
beensectionedin the paramedianplane;singlefibres of
the Corpuscallosumare shown;
fl ramidal Tract,Tractuspyramidalis
32r
Corpuscallosum,Truncus\
Gyruscinguh\ s
Sutcuscorpo.isca,,"t,...
Genu.
Corpuscallosum. tr )-.\; / Gyrusprecentralis
J:Tatr
/ SulcusParietoocciPitalis
--- CorPUscallosum,
, Splenium
- -
Caosulainterna,Crusanterius-
--- Corpusgeniculatum
Caosulainterna,Genu - laterale
---
Sulcuscalcarinus
/
Tractusopticus/
/
Pedunculus cetehti /
-- medius
cerebellaris
Pedunculus
--
Tracluspyramidalis,Fibraecorticospinales
/
Pyramrs
Fig.55l Projectionfibres;Neurofibraeprojectionis; Tractus pyramidalis,have been exposed;

the internalcapsule,Capsulainterna,and the pyramidaltract, viewedfrom the left.
Gyrusprecentralis** Sulcus centralls

/
Radiationesthalami
- -
centrales
-
Tractustrontooontinus Fibrae parietoPontinae;
- - FibraeoccipitoPonlinae
Medulla oblongata -
lateralas
- - Tractuscorticospinalis
\ Tractuscorticospinalis
anterior
* fibres running to the Lamlna quadrigemina and to the nuclei ofthe

Fig. 552 Internalcapsule,Capsulainterna,and pyramidal
rhombencephalon
tract,Tractuspyramidalis; *' perlkarYa of the Pyramldal bact
'**
functionalaspects; perikarya ofarea 6 and 8 (premotorcortex)
viewed ftom the right.

Brain,
Encephato
322
/, Nucleuscaudalus,
Caput
/ Radiationes
thalamianleriores
Capsula Interna,Crus anterius
/\ / Tractustrontopontinus
/l
/ Mm bulbi
Mm larYngis
." ..
Capsulainterna,Genu - .- .- Mm PharYngis
-.t ---
Globuspalliduslateralis;.- - Mm palati et faucium
otoousirirriJuimeoLtG
Mm masticatorii
Capsulainterna,Crusposterius_ L4m linguae

--- Mm laciei
-- Mm colli
- - Mm digilorum manus
Capsulaextrema -- Mm manus
*- Mm antebrachii
l n s u l al L o b u si n s u l a r i sC] ,o n e x- - ' -
----
i/m brachii
--
M m c i n g u l ip e c t o r a l i s
--
Mm thoracis
--
Mm abdominis
A - -- -- - t M m .m e m b n[ r " . , ,
- --- [ | .f,j"
Intenons
. ,J [ ;";
: \ Mm droitorumoedis
\ -\
Mm vesicae urinariae:Mm recti
' tnatamus
'Fibrae corticospinales,Fibrae curticorubrales;Fibrae

corlicoreticularest
Fibrae corticothalamicae;Fibrae thalamoDarietales:
Radiationesthalami centrales
Radiatioacustica Radiatiooptrca
F i g . 5 5 3 I n t e r n a lc a p s u l eC
, a p s u l ai n t e r n a ;
functionalorsanisation.
Organisation of the internal capsule and its arterial supply

Supplyingartery
Crus anterius
Radiationesthalami anteriores*
I A. centralisanteromedialis
Tractus ftontopontinus
J (A.cerebrianterior,Parsprecommunicalis)
Genu
Fibrae corticonucleares
Crus posterius
(Parsthalamolentiformis)
Fibrae corticospinales
Fibrae corticorubrales
Fibrae corticoreticulares
Fibrae corticothalamici Aa.centralesanterolaterales
Fibrae thalamoparietales* (A.cerebrimedia,Parssphenoidalis);
Radiationesthalami centrales* A. choroideaanterior
Pars sublentiformis (A.carotisinterna,Parscerebralis)
Radiatiooptica
Radiatioacustica
Fibrae corticotectales
Fibraetemporoponti nae
Pars retrolentiformis
Radiationesthalami posteriores*
Fibrae occipitopontinae
* Togetherthese fibres are called the
Coronaradiata.
323
cerebri
\
Gyrusfrontalissuperior\ ,,
Truncus\
Corpuscallosum. Nucleussubthalamicus
/
parietalis
Radiatio corporis callosi \ / Lobus
lateralis.\
Ventric_ulus
Hars cenlrails
,7: t /. capsulainterna
Nucleuscaudatus,\ / Nucleuslentiformis
uapur
Ventriculus
tertius\ ,i'4 /
, lamiq3medullaris
tateralts
Globuspallidus- Ir ,'' / Capsulaexterna

lateralis
.1 ,,
Gyriinsulae- - - Claustrum
- - Caosulaextrema
Sulcuslateralis-
-- Laminamedullaris
Putamen- medialis
- - Nucleuscaudatus,
Globuspallidus-
mediahs Cauda
-
lateralis,
Ventriculus
Cornutemporale - Tractusopticus
- -
Pes hippocampi / Lobustemooralis
Corpora mamillaria / \ Substantia

nigra,
T Parscompacta
Pedunculuscerebellaris /
meorus
ll 4
i,c, \ Pedunculuscerebri,
- , /',{$ Cruscerebri
N facialis z
lvill
/, ri, \\
medialis
longitudinalis
Fasciculus
N, vestibulocochlearis[Vllll / \ Flocculus
ilXl /
N glossopharyngeus Plexuschoroideusventriculiquarta
/
N vagus[Xl / \ Hemisoheriumcerebelli
///
Nucleusolivarisinlerior/ i \ Fossainterpeduncularis
/./'/ I
Hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris/ 1
/
/
pyramidum
Decussatio
Fig. 554 Pyramidaltract,Tractuspyramidalis,and basal

nuclei,Nucleibasales;
obliquesectionwith differentdepthon eachsidethroughthe
posteriorcrus of the internalcapsule,the cerebralpeduncles
and the Medullaoblongata;
ventralview.
l-lll = thalamic nuclei, Nuclei thalami:
| = Nuclei mediani
ll = Nuclei antoriores
lll = Nuclei ventrales
Basal nuclei, Nuclei basales

')
Nucleuscaudatus -
striatum' '
cornus
lentiformis
I P"tt'*t J
Nucleus l pu11i6ut,
I Ctolus palliduslateralis/medialis(-
Claustrum
CorPusamygdaloideum
324
Gyrus lrontalissuperior
\ / Margo supenor
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri r \t '
\ , A c e r e b r i a n t e r i o r , Ac a l l o s o m a r g i n a l i s
Sulcus crnguli . t\
G y r u s c i n g u l i- t. ./ /, Corpuscallosum,
Truncus
// Seglun Pellucidum
,t
_--' v . m e d i a.
supentctatts cerebrl
-.--
Fossa lateralis ---t-- A cerebri media
cerebrl
_1 --
Gyn insulae -- Cisterna pericallosa
-
Area subcallosa
- -
A. cerebri anterior,
Pars postcommunicalis
--*-
Margo inferolateratis
Tractusoltactorius/ G y r u sr e c t u s -*-
-*-
|
Margo inferomediahs
Fig.555 Brain,Encephalon; frontal section

through the anteriorpart of the frontal horns
of the lateralventricles;
dorsalview.
Gyrusirontalissuperior\ / Margo superior

FissuraIongitudinalis
cerebri1 / A callosomarginalis
Sulcuscinguli:_ '-
,, Cisterna pericallosa
Gyruscrngu
Qorpuscallosum,
Truncus
,z
Gyruslrontalismedius .- - --
Radialio corporis callosi
//
Sulcuscorporis
callosi--__ .//
/: Septum pellucrdum
//
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout - ///
/-/ / - - Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornu frontale
- - Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
-.- Capsulaexlerna
Sulcus circularisinsulae - -
Sulcuslateralis--+ -- Corpuscallosum,
cereorl Roslrum
Claustrum --
: Capsutaextrema
'i insulae
Gyri insulae
Gyru
lemporali
'/\
suoerior
Cisternatossae / communtcans
laleralis
cerebri
Gyrusparaterminalis/
lGyrus
Gyrustemporalisinlerior/ rectus
/
pericallosa; '
Crsterna Traclusollactorius Margo inferomedrahs
Cisternalaminaeterminalis
F i g . 5 5 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o nf r; o n t a ls e c t i o n
through the posteriorpart of the frontal horns
dorsalview.
FrontalSectionsof the Brain
325
G y r u sl r o n t a l i ss u p e n o r\ , Fissura longitudinaliscerebrl
Gyrus cingulit ,/ a callosomarornalls
z/,
Claustrum I "l.\
\ --- C a p s u l ea x t e r n a
'.,,. t .ri. -:____._-i--- capsulae\lrema
clsre.larossae,alp.ascereo.r_.,'--_^ -t--'
k
nylrurrrdrdrrrus
iemporales rrahippo- /
Gyrus parahippo- \ Recessus \ Recessus supraopticus
campalrs /,/A c o m m u n i c a n s p o s t e r i o r inlundibuli
Fig.557 Brain,EncePhalon;
frontal sectionthroughthe interventricularforamina;
dorsall'ien'
Gyrus lrontalis suPerlor\

-. Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri . /
Gyruscinguli\
\ ,' , SePtumPellucidum
Gyrus lrontalis medius \ ,/ Ventriculuslateralis,Pars centralrs
Fornrx.
Corpus\
/
- Plexus choroideus
NucleuscaudatusCorpus\ /' ventriculilateralis
\
Tela choroidea
Stria terminalis\ /' venl.icult ledii
Plexus choroideus
Putamen \ / / ventnculrlentl
. t - / /
Stna medullaristhalami
Gyrus frontalisinlerior - --
extrema
--.* -\ - .- CaPsula
G v ' r n s u t -a{e_ _ 1 '',
_k -i't.t (,('lr-t'--__--' _-f _-- ventncutuslerrrus
o2"' t'Y
I Cornu lemPorale
Hippocampus. |
: - N o c u l o m o t o r il ul l sl
^tl tt."'
', \.
Gyruo- ; i I
occipitote'p?llii' :i I i cisternainrerpeduncularis
lateralis Thatamus/ 1 i \ 'aris,(cisternapontrs)
t
G y r u s o c c i p iIltoetm
emp oproarlai sl im
sme deidarlai sl rl s l !I ! \.
':H y p o t h a l a m u s \ A b a s i l a r i s
G y r u sp a r a h i p p o c a m p a l i s /
F i g . 5 5 8 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l t t n ;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m a m m i l l a r yb o d i e s ;
dorsalview.
326
Gyrusfrontals superior
\
F i s s u r al o n g i t u d i n a l icse r e b r i: / I n d u s i u mg r i s e u m S t r i a el o n g i t u d i n a l em
s e d i a l i se t l a t e r a l i s
\
G y r u s f r o n t a l i sm e d i u s\ 7 C o r p u cs a l l o s u m
Truncus
,, Ventriculuslateralis.Pars centralis
z P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
/ v e n l n c u l li a t e r a l i s
/ S t r i at e r m i n a l i s
- Lamina affixa
cyrus - --
trontatrs'",",,o, 5: ::::1fi)': :
-.- F o r n i x .C r u s
fi
- - Plexus choroideus
S u l c u sl a t e r a l r s-
- - Stria medullaristhalami
InsulalLobusrnsrlarisl- -[- - - - ] - -Y-
G y r u st e m p o r a lsi su p e r i o- r- _-L--' \ .,
- caPSUlaexterna
--::--]
i se d i u s- -
'Sr.S-t+r-;;''1*[;it'"
G y r u st e m p o r a lm 1___- - C a p s u l aI n t e r n a
-4i -ff
C o r p u s g e n l c u l a t u m l a t e- -r V
a t;e- _ - - - - t
1
:;v:T-+------=w-'.--'
o,/
""H1",:';11:il:
Ventriculuslateralis -
Cornu temporale
: +'dr \r. --.
l'<)\:* -
Arveus
h,ppocamp,
K
Gyrus temporalisinlerior / t
N u c l e ursu b e r/
/
\\. \.
ii;,p,hd_
-'-* \ : :ll?11.llo?"."'o'
G y r u sd e n l a t u s
' '4. \
Gyrus occipitotemporalislateralis/ ta \
A . c e r e b r rp o s t e n o r
,/' // t..
Gyrus occipitolemporalismedia|s / / t
c,""r""}o'"n.
Gyrus parahippocampalis / t (Tr""lus
/ . cerebellorubrarrs)
\
Ventriculuslertrus / Tractus pyramidalis
\ pons
Fig.559 Brain,Encephalon;
t tt4edulla
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i r l r l l eo f t h e t h i r r l r e n t r i r ; l e ; oblongata
rlorsalr ien
l n m a n l c a s e st h e r i g h t a n r ll e l t t h a l a m u sa r e t r a n s \ e r s e l \
c r t n n e c t eat lt t h i s l e \ e l l r r t h e , \ r l h e s i ri )n t e r t h a l a m i ( . a .
G y r u sp r e c e n t r a l i \s / I n d u s r u mq r i s e u m ,
/' Stflae long-itudrnales medialiset lateralis
G y r u sc i n g u l r\
Crsternapeflcallosa \
7 CorpuscallosumTruncus
,, Ventriculuslaleralis Pars centralis
Gyruspostcentralis
\ / Plexus chorordeusventflculrlateraIs
v thalamostriataSuperror:
_
Gyrus postcentralis\
Nucleus caudatus Corpus .-
Cisternalossae-
laleralis
cerebri
T h a l a m u-s
superior-
Gyrustemporalis
mesencephali
P u t a m e n-
- P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
t se d i u s- -
G y r u st e m p o r a lm ventricul laleralis
.l:--II-- --
A l v e u sh i p p o c a m p i
Nucleus caudatus. Cauda - --
F i m b r i ah i p p o c a m p i
-
inleror /
Gyrustemporalis V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a l i s
C o r n ut e m p o r a l e
G y r u so c c i p i t o t e m p o r a lliast e r a l i s- - Cisterna
ambiens
\
A cerebrrposterior
Gyrus occipitolemporalismedialis /
\Venlncutus
Gyrus parahippocampalis/ f tenrus
/
Cerebellum
\
frontal section through the posterior F u n r c u l u sp o s l e r r o r
wall of the third ventricle;

dorsal view.
FrontalSectionsof theBrain
327
----
Gyruspostcentralis
cerebri
z Fissutalongitudinalis
/ A callosomarginalis
Lobulusoarietalisinlerior\
Gyruscinguli- - / Ventriculus
/ velu,vvrve lateralis,
rql
/ Parscenlralis
z Corpuscallosum,
Cisternaoericallosa- Splenium
/ Plexuschoroideus
lateralis
ventriculi
Gvrus: \
supramarginalis -- Fornix,Crus
A. cerebrimedia--
Cisternafossae- -,
- - V thalamostriala
tairiiiiiicereori supenor
-
Nucleuscaudatus. - Capsulainterna
Cauda
- FimbriahippocamPi
- - ' ventriculilaleralis
Cislernaambiens
--
superior--
Colliculus Gyrusdentatus
Gyrustemporalisinlerior \ Ventriculuslateralis,
" - -
Gyrusparahippocampalis ,'' ./ L Cornutemporale
'
lateralis
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis \ v internacerebri
,'
medialis/
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis //
/
Flocculus /
Vermiscerebelli/ /
Fig.561 Brain,Encephalon; Oliva/
\ Ventriculus
quartus
frontal sectionthrough the pineal
body,Glandulapinealis,and the
fourth ventricle;
dorsal view.
Lobulusparietalis
supeflor\\ grisea
/ Substantia
R. precunealis
:
/ Substantiaalba
- -
Sulcussubparietalis
Lobulusoarietalisinlerior-
/ CislernaquadrigeFinalis
- -
Precuneus
-
SulcUsoarieloocciDitalis Tapetum
- Corouscallosum,
Gyrusangularis - - Ventriculus
lateralis,
- Cornuoccipitale
Sulcustemporalis
supeflor
Calcaravis-
- A. occipitalismedialis
Gyrustemporalis-
medius
- --
Sulcuscalcarinus V magnacerebri
'
Gyrustemporalisinlerior
-
GyrusoccipitolemPoralis
talerails - -
Vermiscerebelli
\ Nucleusdentatus
/
Hemisoheriumcerebelli
\
Tonsillacerebelli
frontal sectionthrough the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles;
dorsal view.
Bratn,
Encepnoio
328
cerebri
I
Gyrusfrontalissuperior\ Arachnoidea
matercranialis
\
Gyrusfrontalismedius \
- A. cerebrianterior.
R fronlalisoosteromedialis
- Gyruscinguli
Gyrusprecentralis-
Sulcuscentralis--
-- A cerebrianterior.
Gyruspostcentralis-- A. callosomarginalis
- Coronaradiata;
Radialiocorporis
Gyrussupramarginalis- callosi
Sulcuslateralis,/ --
Ramusposterior A. cerebrianterior,
R. precunealis
-- A. occipitalis Rr parietales
medialis,
horizontalsectionjust abovethe Corpuscallosum;
superiorview,
Thesubarachnoidspaceappearssomewhatenlargedin
Figs. 555 to 577,especiallyaround the sulci of the brain,
becauseserial sectionsof old individuals havebeentaken
as a basisfor thesefigures.
HorizontalSectionof theBruin
329
r Fissuralongitudinaliscrebti
Gyrusfrontalissuperior A. caltosomarginalis
\ i t A. cerbrianterior,
Sulcuscinguli\ / Corpus callosum, Trunqrs
Gyruscinguli\
Corpuscallosum,Fo minor
Venfictlus I is, Comu

Nucleuscaudatus,Caput\ / z lrontale
- ,z Sotum oelhr*lrn,
Cawm doptiP.kJcid
Gyrusprecenlralis-
Sulcusceniralis -
-- Yqtlr
Pars
Gyrus Postcentralis-
- V.thalant
supofpr
-- Striateminalis
Lobulusparietalis -- Corpr.Bcarosum'
inferior Truarcus
atfixa
Nucleuscaudalus, --
Corpus Pbxus
wntirti b
Gyrusangularis-- \ Fomix, Crus
\ colpus callosum'
Gyruscinguli // Forcepsmaitr
Corpuscallosum, um
(Gyri occipitales) / Sulcussuboarietalis
I \ Precuneus
I
I
I Cuneus \ Sulcusparietooccidtalis
Fig.564 Brain,EncePhalon;
horizontal secflonthrough the cenhal part
superlor view.
Brain,Encephato
330
Fissura longitudrnaliscerebri
I A cerebri anlerior,A callosomarginalis
,. I /
uyruscrnguil\
i /, Indusiug
mr i s e u m
G y r u st r o n t a | sm e d i u s 1
7 Corpus callosum,Genu
Cislerna pericallosa \
/, Ventriculuslaleralis,Cornu fronlale
Seplum pellucidum
//
/ Venlriculuslateralis
/ Pars centralis
Gyrusfrontalis
inlerior- _
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput- / Plexus choroideusventriculi
/ lateralis
F o r n i xC o l u m n a
\ b*
\. / Stria terminalis
Gyrusprecentralis
\
S u l c u cs e n t r a l i :s
Gyruspostcentralis
\
-
InsulalLobusinsularis]
,.
-
Claustrum
Putamen- -
r ._ _ , Rr terminales
T h a l a m u-s - Telachoroidea
fossae-.-
Cisterna -
lateraliscerebri Fissuratransversa
cereorl
G y r u s t e m p o r a l i s- -
supeflor - Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
laleralis
N u c l e ucsa u d a t u s- ,
Cauda - Fornix,Crus
-
Corpus callosum, - -
Splenium
Hippocampus
* Ventriculus
lateralis,
S u l c u tse m p o r a l -i s- Bulbuscornusoccipitalis
supenor
- Tapetum
Corpuscallosum,
-
Gyrus crnguli
t -.
-
Sulcus subparietalis
(Gyri occipitales) -- I
-
Precuneus
- t
3ulcuslunatus-- Sulcus parietooccrpitalis
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri' UUNEUS
horizontalsectionthroughthe floorof the centralpart
superiorview.
HorizontalSectionof theBrain
cerebri
I Fissuralongitudinalis
Polusfrontalis
\
I t A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis
Gyruscingulil \ | ! /lndusiumgriseum
7 Corpuscallosum,Genu
Gyrusfrontalisinlerior\
t-, \ lateralis,Cornufrontale
/ Ventriculus
V. anteriorseptiPellucidi\ 7 SePtumpellucidum
/ Fotnix,Columna
Nucleuscaudalus,Capul: Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
,, Plexuschoroidous
/ ventriculilaleralis
-z $Porilt
V. thalarnostsiatra
Gyruslronlalisinlerior- -z Capsulaintema,
InsulalLobusinsularis]- -- Capsulaextrema
-- Foramenint riculat
Cisternalossae- -
laleraliscerebri - Capsulaexlrna
Claustrum -
-- Capsulaintoma,
Putamen- Crusposterius
- - Ventriculus
tertius
Recssugsuprifinealis
Telachoroidea - C
ventriculitertii intorna,
R optis.
Nucleuscaudatus, --
Cauda FimHh hlrpocaflpi
-- --
Sulcustemporalis Plexuschoroideus
supnor ventriculilatefalis
--
Fornix,commissura
\ Hippocampus
Gyrustemporalismedius
\ Ventriculuslateralis,
Gyruscinguli Cornuoccipitale
Corpuscallosum,
Forcepsmaior
\ calcaravis
(Gyrioccipitales)
\ Corpuscallosum,Splenium
\ Sulcuscalcarinus
cerebri
Fig. 566 Brain,EncePhalon;

horizontal sectionthrough theupper part of
the third ventricle;
superiorview
Bratn,
Encephato
332
Poluslronlalis
I I Fissuralongiludinalis
cerebri
Gyruscinguli\ I 7
A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis
Cisternapo.icallosa
/, Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor
Gyrusfrontalisinferior\
cerebri\ / Ventriculuslateralis,Cornutrontale
Nucleuscaudalus, Caput \
\ / Corpuscallosum,Rostrum
Cistema pericallosa\
/ Catrsulainlema, Crus anterius
- Arasubcallosa
Cisternatossaelateraliscerebri-
z- Laminaterminalis
Commissuraanterior\
-- Fornix,Columna
lnsulalLobusinsularis]-
Capsulainlema, Genu
Claustrum\\ laminao msdullares
medialiset lateralis
Gyrus temporatrssuperior - -
- Vonlriculustertius
-
Adhesiointerthalamica
- Capsulaextrema
sulcus temporalissuperior - Capsulaextema
- Capsula intema,
Globi pallidi -
msdialis el lateralis Cnis posterius
Thalamus- - Hypolhalamus
Gyrustemporalis- - Commissura
medius posterior
'-. Habenula
Cistema ambiens -
\ Capsulaintema,
Nucleuscaudatus-- Radiado@tica
\ Fimbdahippocamd
Rocsssuspinealis/
\ Alvushippocampi
Glandulapinealls/
Plexuschoroijeus
vs'|tric1rlilatoralis
Gyrus parahippocampalis/
Trigonumcollato.ale
Calcar avis \ ventriculuslateralis,
Comu occipitale
/ \ sulcuscollalralis
lsthmusgyri cinguh/
/ I \ A, crobri poslerior
Sulcuscalcarinus/ I
I V. magnacerebri
I
/
Sulcuslunatus I \ Vermiscerebelli
I I
I I
I
Polusoccipitalis I Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Flg.567 Brain,Encephalon;
horizontal secdonthrough the central part ofthe third
ventricle at the level of the Adhesiolnterthalamica;
superior view.
HorizontalSectionof theBmin
333
corebri
I Fissuralongitudinalis
Gyruscinguli
Cistema pericallosa \
/ Gyrus parattminalis
Capsulainlema,Crusanterius
Gyrusfrontalisinferior\
,, Laminateminallg
Nudeus ceudatus,caput Gommissuraanlerbl

.z
Cistemafossa lateraliscerebri :- -zFomix, Columna

Putamen-
Fasciculus
-/ rawtuutu!
- -z
Gyrus tmporalissuperior - mamillothalamicus
Claustrum - - Sulcushypolhalaryriors
SulcustemporalissuPtbr -
- Capsulainterna'
Hypothalamus- Crus poclerius
Gyrustemporalis
meotus
Nodeus ruber -
Corporagenidjlala - Fimbrbhhpcamfr
lateralel mediale
- -- Alveus hlttpocampi
Nucleuscaudalus,
Cauda
*-
- Plexuschoroileus
Gyrus temporalis vonlticuli la|oralis
m60tus
\ Eminenliacollateralis
/
Hippocampus
/ Ventrio.rluslderalis,
Cistema ambins Comu temporal
/
t \ Gyrusdentatus
Gyrus parahippocampalis
\ SulcushippocamPalis
/
Sulcuscollateralis \ n. poeterlot
""rebri
\ m mesencephali,
Collbulus suprior
(Gyrioccipitalos)
\ Aouaduatr. t""encoPhali
\ vermis cerebeili
I Fissuralongitudinaliscorebri
Fig.568 Braln,EncePhalon;
horizontal sectlonthrough the third ventricle at the level of the
beginning ofthe aqueductofthe midbrain, Aqueductusmesencephali;
superior view.
Brain,
Encephato
334
Gyrusrectus Fissura longiludinaliscerebri

I I
Gyri orbitales \ I I n
C;i^s t e r ncah i a s m a t i c a
I i t
t/
A cerebri anterior
\
A c o m m u n i c a n sa n t e r i o r\
/ Lamina terminalis
A cerebri anterior \
/ Recessus supraopticus
Cisterna fossae lateralrscerebri - - Recessus inlundibuli
A cerebri media - _ - Ventriculustertius

G y r u s p a r a h i p p o c a m p a l i-s _ - Tractusopticus
Gyrus occipitotemporalis- - C o r p u sm a m m i l l a r e
lateralrs
- Corpus amygdaloideum
A c o m m u n i c a n sp o s l e r i o r- - t s -
\- - ( G y r u sa m b r e n s )
---
Hypothalamus Crus cerebri
- -
Fossainterpeduncularis
- Pes hippocampi
- .-
Cisternainterpeduncularis
- Hippocampus
Substantia nigra --
:-- ) .- Ventriculuslateralis
A cerebri posterior -- Cornu temporale
- - E m r n e n t r ca o l l a t e r a l t s
N u c l e u sr u b e r -
--E
Cisterna ambiens - \ S u l c u sh i p p o c a m p a l i s
Tegmentum / \ S u l c u sc o l l a t e r a l i s
mesencephali
- Hemispherium
Tectum mesencephali / cerebelll
C o l l i c u l u si n f e r i o r
\ A q u e d u c t u sm e s e n c e p h a l i
F r e n u l u mv e l i m e d u l l a r i s u p e r i o r i s/
\ V e r m i sc e r e b e l l i
G y r u sl i n g u a l i/s
staggeredhorizontalsectionthroughthe floor of the third
ventricleat the levelof the mammillarvbodies:
supenoruew
of theBrain
SagittalSections
335
Foramenintervenlriculare interthalamica
I Adhesio
Gyruslrontalissuperior I
Sulcuscinguli \ |
Hypolhalamus\
Gyruscinguli \ \
/ Thalamus
Truncus 1
Corouscallosum, 'l
\ 7 Commissurahabenularum
Septumpellucidum:_
/ Commissura
Posterior
Genu :
Corouscallosum, / Glandula Pinealis
Rostrum -
Corouscallosum. SPlenium
/ Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusparaterminalis- V. magnacerebtl
..
/ Sulcusparietooccipilalis
Commissuraanterior - -
Laminalerminalis-
- Tectum
A cerebraanterior --
anterior -
A communicans
1l
N o p t i c u lsl l - - - I
A carotisinlerna /
Hypophysist
i-,r..
/
Corpusmamillare ).
posierior/
A communicans I + - - Vermiscerebelli
A. basilaris'
I L-- cerebelli
Hemispherium
pon"iI --
i!
Pons Ventriculus
ouartus
---
Fig. 570 Brain, Encephalon; I
mesencephati
Tegmenrum I Pleruschoroideus quarti
ventriculi
--
median section; / I Aperluramediana quarti
ventriculi
n. vertebraris
viewed from the left. i \ Canaliscentralis
Medulla oDlonoala
Ventriculuslateralis.ParscentralisI , Plexuschoroideusventriculilateralis
V thalamostriata superior\ 1 | , Thalamus
t:
Corpuscallosum,TruflcuS1 N^ 7' 7 GYruscinguli
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput \ Sulcuscentralis
\ /
Capsulainterna\\ Tela choroidea ventriculi tettii
/ -/
7 Forntx,Crus
lateralis,--.
Ventflculus Fornix,Commissura
Cornutrontale
Corpuscallosum,Splenium
Genu --
Corouscallosum, / Sulcusparietooccipitalas
Commissura anterior- -
- - N. trochlearis[Vl
Corouscallosum.Rostrum -
-- Sulcuscalcarinus
- - -
Pedunculuscerebllarismedius
Pons / ,/
t
Fig.571 Brain,Encephalon; \, Aperturalateralisventriculiquarti
, \ ru lacialis[Vll]
/
sagittalsectionthroughthe left N. glossopharyngeus
[X] \
I \ N
hemisphereat the levelof the N. vagus[X] ' accessorius[Xl]
Caputnucleicaudad;
Brain,
Encephato
336
Nucleuscaudatus,Corpus\
Capsulainterna,Crusanterius\
Globuspalliduslateralis\
/ Sulcuscentralis
/ Thalamus
/ Venlriculuslateralis,Parscentralis
Plexuschoroideusventriculi
latoralis
z Fornix,Crus
- Hippocampus
- Sulcuscalcarinus
- ,z/ zX
Gfobuspallidusmedialis- ,r' )
A. carotisinlerna / ,/
Hemispherium
cerebelli
pons / I
7/ I
/ I Nucleusdentatus
A. cerebri posterior
I
I
Gyrusparahippocampalis I
I
Pedunculuscerebllaris medius
sagittalsectionthroughthe left hemisphereat the
levelof the Corpusnucleicaudati;
CapsulainlernaI
Globuspalliduslateralis\ / Sulcuscentralis
I
Globuspallidusmedialis1
\ / Nucleuscaudatus,Cauda
/ Glomuschoroideum
Trigonumcollalerale
Tagelum
,z
/ / Ventriculus
lateralis.
Cornuo@ioitalo
lnsula[Lobu9 --
Insuransl
anlenot -'
a:^mtnissura
A. cerebrimdia -'---
-
Cistemalossaelateraliscerebri --
Corpusamygdaloideum
" /
Plxuschoroideus venlirculilareralis / r)
/
Gyrus parahippocampalis
t
Hippocampus ,' I
/
Fimbria
lo rhippocampi
ilPPrrudrrPr
I/
/
A. carebriposterior
-ncephalon;
Fig.573 Brai-
sagittalsectionthroughthe left hemisphereat the
levelof the Corpusamygdaloideum;
of theBrain
SagittalSections
337
lnsula[Lobusinsularisl--
Claustrum--
Cisternalossaelateraliscerebri/
A. cerebrimedia /
/
Putamen/
/
Hippocampus
at the
sagittalsectionthroughthe left hemisphere
levelof the cornu temporale;
/ Sulcuscentralis
Cislernafossaelateraliscerebri/
Insula[Lobusinsularis]/
A. cerebrimedia/
cerbglli
Hemispherium
sagittal sectionthrough the left hemisphereat the
level of the Insula;
Brain,
Encephat
33 8
Sulcuscentralis
Cisternalossaelateraliscerebri /
A cerebri media /
sagittal section through the left hemisphereat the
level of the Polus temporalis;
Cisterna fossae lateraliscerebri /
Flg.577 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittalsectionttrroughthe left hemisphereat the
levelof the Fossalateraliscerebri:
HorizontalSections oftheBrain
339
- - C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
B u l b u so c u l i ' - -
N o p t i c u lsl l - -
.. Chrasmaoplicum
V e n l f l c u l u sl a t e r a l r s ,
C o r n ut e m p o r a l e - -
Cisterna interpeduncularls
.- .-
-' Pedunculuscerebri
Hippocampus
-
Tegmentummesencephali
- -
Vermrscerebelli -
AqueductusmesencePhali
- .- \
S u l c u sc a l c a r r n u s Tectum mesencephali
Fig.57B Brain,Encephalon;
horizontalsectionalimageobtainedwith magnetic
resonance tom0graphl'(N{RT)throughthe midbrainand the
579
i n f e r i o rh o r n so f t h e l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e s ;
580
sul)enor\ le\\ 578
- -- V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a l r s. - - -
Cornu lrontale
-- N u c l e u s c a u d a t u sC a P U t
--- ----
S e p t u mP e l l u c r d u m
F o r n r xC o l u m n a
-
I n s u i al L o b u si n s u l a r i s-]
V e n t r i c u l tuesr t i u s- - -
-
Thalamus -
F O r n r xu, r u s
\ -
Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornu occipilale
- Fissura longitudinalis-
cerebrl
Fig.579 Brain,Encephalon; Fig.5B0 Brain,EncePhalon;

horizontal sectionalimage obtainedwith magnetic horizontal sectional image obtained with magnetic
resonancetomography (MRT) through the floor of resonance tomography (MRT) through the third
the central parts of the lateral ventricles; ventricle and the beginning of the inferior horns
supenor vlew. of the lateral ventricles;
superior view.
Brrtin,L'ncclthctlon
C o r p u sc a l l o s u m F l o s t r u m\ G y r u so n g u 1 Sepllm i
\ I Forarnen l Fornx* / C o r p u sc a l l o s u mz . S u l c u sc e n l r a l t s
pe lucldlm- Inlerventflculare/ Un C U S
i I
C o r p u sc a l l o s u m G e n u :
V e n t f l c u l u tse r l i u s
Thalamus*
V e n l rc u l u sl e r l t u s \ / C o r p u sc a l l o s u m ,
Hypothalamus Splenrum
- Su cus paletooccipttalts
C o r p u sm a m r l l a r e-
C h r a s m ao p l r c u m . . -
-- Tentoflum cerebelll
-
C r s t e r n ac h a s m a t t c a- S u l c u sc a c a n n u s
-
S i n u ss p h e n o r d a l i s- G l a n d u l ap r n e a l r s
T e c t u mm e s e n c e p h a l l
H y p o p h y ss - -
V e r m i sc e r e b e l l l
C i s t e r n ai n t e r p e d u n c u l a r r- s
Ltn9ua \
A q u e d u c t u sm e s e n c e p h a l l
P a r s n a s a l r sp h a r y n g r s
\
V e n t r r c u l uqsu a r t u s
\
P a r s o r a l r sp h a r y n gs / Epgtoilrs P a r s l a r y n g e ap h a r y n g r s
\
M e d r l l as p , n a l , s
\
Crslerna cerebellomedullafls
Fig.5til Brain,[:nr;epharon;
mediansectionalimageobtainedwith magneticresonance
tomography(MRT)
* The contours
of thesc strurtLtr()sare somcwhat falsified due to the
"l)artial volumCoffi'|t "
- S i n u ss a g t t a ls s u p e ro r
,,,I - G y r u sc n g u l l
- - C o r p u sc a l l o s u m T r u n c u s
V e n l n c u l u sl a t e r a l r sC o r n u l r o n l a l e
- N u c l e u sc a u d a t u s C a p u l
I n s u l aI L o b - s ' n s u r a r . s ]
-
C a p s u l ar n l e r n a
C r s l e r n al o s s a el a t e r a l t sc e r e b r l -
S e p t u mp e l l u c r d u m
C h r a s m ao p t r c u m -
-
N u c l e u sl e n t r l o r m r s
A c a r o l r sn t e r n a
S i n u ss p h e n o r d a l i s
-
S r n u sc a v e r n o s u s
frontal sectionalimageobtainedwith magnetic
resonancetomography(MRT)throughthe ventralpart
of the third ventricle.
spinatis,
SpinalCord,llteclutlu spinales
antlSpinalNerves,l',lervi
34L
- - Ganglion.sensorlumnervl
sprnallsll
- Inlumescentiacervrcalls
/t
Os occipilale _ - - Ganglia sensorlanervorum
\ sprnallumcervlcallum
a,/
Bt'
r\ r.
,tt
Nn lhoracici Radices posteriores /
\
I t
t /
t /
Z
/ l
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s/ '
t
f
t
T
-./,/ Alaossisilium
Cauda equina /
,
I
Fig. 583 Brain,Encephalon, spinalcord,Medulla

spinalis,and spinal nerves,Nervi spinales;
the brain and spinal cord in a neonate;the posteriorwall
of the vertebralcanaland the spinaldura materhave
been removed;the intervertebral foramina have been
exposed;
dorsal view.
In the newborn, the spinal cord extendstwo vertebral
segmentsfurther caudallythan in the adult.
342 SpinolCord,Medulla spinalis
N glossopharyngeus / Pons
lxl \
N vagus [X] \ \
- Fossa rhomboidea / Medullaoblongata
- Obex N
N hypoglossus
[Xlll \ nypogrossus -- N accessorius
[Xl]
lxill
Arcusanterior
- / atlantis -- Decussatio
pyramidum
- -
Fissura mediana
anterior
Nn cervrcales - Sulcusanterolateralis
lc 1-c 8l - Ganglia sensoria
neryorum spinahum
7\ Radix posterior
- Arcusvertebrae (c 8)
-4 Vll
cervicalis
8-
Radix posterior
t\ - Arcusvertebrae (r 1)
I
lhoracicae
2-
- C o s t al l l Duramater
sprnalis
- CostalV
4-
5- S e g m e n t -a- - - l
thoracica[1-1 2] - Dura maler sprnalis
Sulcus = Pars thoracica
6-
posterolateralis
7-
Sulcusmedianus
posterior
I --:
- - Radix
Arcus vertebrae posterior
thoracicaeXll (r 12)
-- -
Arcusvertebrae
l u m b a l iIs Radix posterior /
( L1 )
Nn lumbales
lL 1-L 5l
A/ Caudaequina /
- F i l u mt e r m i n a l e
5/
- Gangliasensoria
1/
nervorumspinalium
(s 1-5)
/,
--
os sacrum
Nn sacrales
Parsduralis
ls 1-s 5l J
i
\ Filumterminale, Fig.58s
I Parsduralis
5/
/)* I
| t - os coccygis
/ ./
N coccygeus / / [Vertebraecoccyqeae l-lv]
Fig.584 Spinal cord, Medulla spinalis, and spinal nerves, Fig.585 Spinalcord,Medullaspinalis,and spinal
Nervi spinales; nerves,Nervi spinales;
the spinal cord after exposure of the vertebral canal, the the vertebral canal and the subarachnoidspacehave
intervertebral foramina and the subarachnoid space; been exposed;dorsal view.
dotsal view.
As the segments of the spinal cord are numbered according Fig. 586 Spinal cord, Medulla spinalis, and spinal
to the spinal nerves, and the uppermost spinal nerve is counted nerves,Nervi spinales;
as the first cervical nerve, there are B cervical segments. the vertebral canal and the subarachnoidspacehave
been exposed;ventral view.
Segmentsof the SpinatCord,Segmentame'dullaespinalis
343
M. tricepsbrachii: C7 C6-CB
M brachioradialis C5_C6
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus C5 C7
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis C5-C7
M. supinator LJ _UO
Segmenta cervrcalra[1-8] M. pronatorteres C6-C7

-l-6-] M. flexorcarpiradialis c6-c7
M. flexorpollicislongus C6_CB
M. abductorpollicislongus C6-CB
@ M. extensorpollicisbrevis C 7- T 1
M. extensorpollicislongus C6_CB
M. extensordigitorum C6-CB
M. extensorindicis C6-CB
M. extensorcarpiulnaris C6_CB
S e g m e n t at h o r a c i c a[ 1 - 12 ] M. extensordigitiminimi C6.CB
M. flexordigitorumsuperficialis wl - I t
M. flexordigitorumProfundus C 7_ T I
M. flexorcarpiulnaris C7.TI
M. abductorpollicisbrevis C7-T1
M. flexorpollicisbrevis C7-T1
M. opponens pollicis C6_C7
M. flexordigiti minimi C 7_ T 1
S e g m e n t al u m b a l i a[ 1 5 ] M. adductorpollicis CB_T1
M. abductor digiti minimi: CB CB_T1
Mm. interossei:CB C B- T 1
S e g m e n t as a c r a h a[ 1 - 5 ]
Segmentacoccygea l1-31 Segmentalinnervation of the muscles of the legs'

muscles of important diagnostic value
l ea n d S c H I - t a c x )
( a c t ; o r t l i ntgo l U u n t N r u , q .R
M. iliopsoas: Ll, L2 T12-L3
M. tensorfasciaelatae L4-15
M. gluteusmedius L4_S1
M. gluteusminimus L4-S1
l5l M. gluteusmaximus L4_S2
J--\/
l)\ M. obturatorius internus L5_S1

L5_S1
\7 M. piriformis
M. sartorius L2-L3
M. pectineus L2-L3
M. adductorlongus L2-L3
',,: L2-L4
M. quadriceps:L3
M. gracilis L2-L4
M. adductorbrevis L2-L4
\ M. obturatorius externus L3_14
M. adductormagnus L3-14
M. semitendinosus L 4 - S1
Fig. 587 Segmentsof the spinalcord,Segmentamedullae
M. semimembranosus L4-S1
spinalis; L4_S2
M. bicepsfemoris
schematicmedian section;the different regional segmentsare M. tibialis anterior: L4 L4 L5
shown in differentcolours; M. extensorhallucislongus L4_S1
viewed from the left. M. popliteus L4_S1
M. extensordigitorumlongus L4-S1
M. soleus:L5 L4.52
Segmental innervation of the muscles of the arms, M, gastrocnemius: I,.5 L4-52
muscles of important <liagnostic value 'r
M. fibularislongus ,' Lf,_)I
( a c c r l r d i n gt o N ' l u u en I l t A l t , Ra n t [ S c t t t . t . t c H ) M. fibularisbrevis :,: : L5-S1
M. supraspinatus C 4 -C 5 M. tibialis posterioi:S1 L5_S2
M. teresminor M. flexordigitorumlongus L5_S3
M. deltoideus:C5 C5_C6 M. flexorhallucislongus Lf,_JJ
M. infraspinatus C4-C6 M. extensorhallucisbrevis L4_S1

M. subscapularis cs-c6 M. extensordigitorumbrevis L4_SI
M. teresmajor C5_C7 M. flexordigitorumbrevis L5_S1
M. biceps:C6 C5_C6 M. abductor hallucis L5-S1
M. brachialis cs-c6 M. flexorhallucisbrevis L5_S3
M. coracobrachialis LD_U,/ M. adductorhallucis s 1- s 2
344 Spinal Cord,Medulla spinalis
Fissura mediana anlerior

Fissuramediana
/ antenor
,/ Dua malel
spinalis
-- - Nn lumbales
Lig denticulalum
\ Conusmedullaris
Radix posterior, /
Fila radicularia
\ F i l u mt e r m i n a l e
Arachnoidea z
mater spinahs - Duramater
. spinalis
Cauda equina /
Ouramalerspinahs
\ N coccygeus
Fig. 588 Spinalcord,Medulla.spinalis,
and F i g . 5 8 9 S p i n a lc o r d ,M e d u l l as p i n a l i s ;
spinal meninges,Meningesspinales; inferior part with the Caudaequina;the subarachnoid
the subarachnoidspacehas beenexposed; spacehas beenexposed;
dorsalview. ventralview.
/ Duramatersprnalis
Figs.590 a-c Rootsof the spinalnerves,

Nervispinales,Radices;
typicalcoursewithin the subarachnoid
space.
a cervicalsegment,
Segmentum cervicale
b thoracicsegment,Segmentumthoracicum
c lumbarsegment,Segmentum lumbale
345
Truncusneruisoinalis,
R communicans
Truncus nerurspinalis,R anteflor \
nervispinalis
sensorium
- Ganglion
-
Epineurium
R posterior-
Truncusnervispinahs,
- - Duramatersoinalis
spinale--
Ganglion
-- RadixPosterior
N spinalis,
-
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
- -
(Spatium
subdurale)- Piamaterspinalis
Duramaterspinalis/
/t nr""nnoto"amaterspinalis
Spatium
' epidurale;Plexusvenosus/ ./
veriebralis
rnlernusoosteriot /
/
Periosteum
Fig. 591 Contentsofthe vertebralcanal,Canalisvertebralis;

horizontalsectionthrough the fifth cervicalvertebra;
suDenorvlew.
posterius
Lig longitudinale
\
/ Filum termrnale
Plexus venosus verlebralisinternusanterior
\
R meningeus
Truncusnervispinalis, \
7, Cauda equina
Ganglion trunci sympathicr - -
r' - N spinalis,Radix anteriol
Truncusneruispinalis. - -
R communicans
Truncusnervispinalis,
R
.'
Truncusnervisoinalis.R ooslerrclr \ N spinalis,Radixposterior
/
R lateralis / tt tt. \ Arachnordea
matersPinalis
/
R medialis /
/ ,,'(Spatiumsubdurale)
Pia mater spinalis , I \ Duramaterspinalis
I
Spatium subarachnoideum/ Spatiumepidurale
I
Lig tlavum/ Periosteum
Fig. 592 Contentsof the vertebralcanal,Canalisvertebralis;

horizontalsectionthroughthe third lumbarvertebra;
superiorview.
346 spinatcord,Med
/, Corpus vertebrae
Truncussymoathicus,
Ganglion
truncisympathici
1
/ M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
R c o m m u n i c a n s1
R meningeus 1 \l Radix anlerior

' ,z
G a n g l i o ns e n s o r i u mn e r u is p i n a l i s
T r u n c unse r vsi p i n a l i -s- - - -

/
i
J
l-oramen Intervertebrale
R p o s t e r i o-r- - ----
F l a d i xp o s l e r i o r
.-.
N Intercostalis -
---
C a n a l i sv e r l e b r a l i s
Costa ----
Araraverlebrae
R lateralis
-.---
proc spinosus
R medialis
'---
Mm dorsi
(R
- (F culaneus medialis)
F i g . 5 9 3 S p i n a nl e r r e ,\ e r r u s s g r i n a l i s ;
t h o r a c i rrre g i o n ;
(liagram.
G a n g l i o ns e n s o r i u mn e r u is p i n a l i s_ _
_
Plexus venosus vertebralis - - --M quadratuslumborum

internus
posterior
Fl poslerior-- - - Proc articularis
superior
Arachnoideamater spinalis - _
S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m- -
Pia mater spinalis - -

--V s p i n a l i sp o s l e n o r
Duramaterspinalis- -
C a u d ae q u i n a - -
Truncus nervi sptnalts. - -

R anlerior - - M interlransversaflus
N s p i n a l i s *, - - laleraltslumborum
Radix anterior
N s p r n a l i s .- -
Radrx poslenor
-- Lig iliolumbale
Fig. 594 Contentsofthe vertebralcanal,Canalisvertebralis;

lumbar and lumbosacral part; the vertebral arches have
been removed;
dorsal view.
Arteries of the SPinal Cord
347
A soinalisposterior
A spinalisanterior - -
Fig. 595 Arteriesof the spinalcord,Medullaspinalis;

diagram.
A spinalisanteflor --
A cervicalisascendens - - -
Pars ascendensaortae - -
R spinalis
A intercoslalisposlenor
A spinalisanteflor - - - Pars descendens aonae
N spinalis,
Radix anteraor
Aa intercostales postefl ores
Ganglion- -
nervispinalis
sensorium
Truncusneruispinalis--
(A radicularismagna)*
Cauda equina
Fig. 596 Arteriesof the spinalcord,Medullaspinalis;

diagram.
' clinical: AoA.}fitEmcz's artery
348
Lig longitudinaleposteflus
I
(V basivertebralis) PIexusvenosusvertebralis
\ externus
anlerior
\ ,'"
Plexusvenosusvertebralis- - -
posterior
Internus -- V lumbalis ascendens
Plexus venosus vertebralis - - -

externus oosterior
Fig. 597 Veinsof the vertebralcanal,Canalisvertebralis;

demonstrationof the venousplexus.
OiscusInlervertebralis,
Anulusfibrosus\
-- Lig longitudinaleanterius
Lig longitudinaleposterius ---- R meningeus

_--
_-- Ganglion lrunci sympalhici
--- R communicans griseus
Capsulaarticularis -*- R c o m m u n i c a n sa l b u s
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R posterior I Trrncusneruispinalis
(R medialis)
Ganglion sensorium
(R lateralis) nerui spinalis
Fig. 598 Nervesof the vertebralcolumn,Columnavertebralis;

somaticand vegetativeinnervation.
andNervesof the vertebralcolumnand thespinal cord
vessels
349
,/ Duramaterspinalis
N spinalis,Fila radicularia \
materspinalis
Arachnordea
,, ,,
O A spinalisanterior, anlerior
R radicularis
superior\\
Proc articularis -/
Lig denticulatum --
Truncusnerutspinalis,
R posterior
Ganglion sensorium nervrsprnalrs Truncusnervispinalis,
R anterior
'Spatium
subarachnoideum
Arcus verlebrae - -
1-- Arachnoidea
matersPinalis
Rr.sPinalesO
------ R. meningeus
(A inlercostalisposterior)
-- o Plexusvenosus
vertebralis
internus
anterior
- -
Fovea coslalis orocessus transversi
Lig. longitudinale
Truncussympathicus,
, poslerlus
Rr communicantes --: - - - - - Corpusvertebrae
Fovea costalissuperior\\
\
exlernusa \
M intercostalis
--- L i g .l o n g i l u d i n a l e
Costar antenus
\l / o V hemiazygos
-t / Fascia
,' endothoracica
s a --
A : V i n t e r c o s t a l iO -
/ Pleura Parietalis,
,ffi*--/ Parscdstalis
/ Plexus
aorlicus
lnoracicus
endothoractca - O Pars
- -;' lnoractca
M rntercostalls - aonae
Truncus
vagails
postenor;
Plexus
oesopnageus
Truncus O Aa oeso-
sympathrcus phageae
N splanchnicus
ma)or
a -
Oiaphragma,
Centrum
lenolneum
\/',
V azygoso -
ha^2ri.2o a /
/ ,\, i
t
I
N . p h r e n i c u s : AV..; a a ' V cavainlerior
oencardtacopnrenlca
Fig.599 Contents of the vertebralcanal,Canalisvertebralis;

the thoracicpart hasbeenexposed stepwise;
ventralview
posterior
Sulcusmedianus \ gracilis
Fasciculus
7 rrnicutusooste,io,
posterior
Sulcusintermedius \
\ 7 Fasciculus
cuneatus,i
)
-( gelatinosa
/ Substantia centralis
sutcusposterotale,"b) \' 1 -?;*'>,--
-\
eE f / Radrx posteflor Fila radicularia
13
," substantiaseratinosa
:::::
rti
'!
'j ll '
I '{'\
\ \
Sulcusanterolateralis
\ pi,
materspinalis
Fissura mediana anterior
posterior
Sulcusmedianus \ // Radix posterior
/ Funiculus
posterior
;\
Substantiagelatinosa\ '/ Columnaposterior
\ Cornuposterius
- Funiculus
lateralis \ columna
- posterior,
Substantia Cornu
gelatinosa postenus
cenlralis
/ *41
Cofumnaanterior,
Cornuanterius /
Commissura / Columna iniermedia,
albaanterior Cornu laterale
I \
Funiculus substantia
anterior gelatinosa
centralis
c I
Fissuramedianaanterior
I Sulcus medianus posterior

I
/ ColumnaposteriorC ornuposterius
/
- grisea
Substantia
- gelatrnosa
Substantia centralis
/ \
Columnaanlerior,
Cornuanlerius Canaliscentralis
Fissura mediana anterior
Figs.600a-d Spinalcord,Medullaspinalis;
horizontalsections;the myelin sheathshavebeenstained.
a cervicalpart, Parscervicalis
b thoracicpart, Parsthoracica
c lumbarpart, Parslumbalis
d sacralpart, Parssacralis
Nuclei and Reflexesof the Spinal Cord
351
/ Nucleus marginalis
Substantiagelatinosa \ /
- Columnaposterior
Nucleusproprius\ Cornuposterius
- - Nucleusthoracicus
posterior
-
Columna intermedia,Cornu Iaterale
Nucleus
-
Columna anteflor
,'\7 ! r Cornu anterius
tx' I' r
c a n a l i sc e n t r a l i s \
, Nuctei
(Substantiagrisea intermediacentralis)
Fig. 601 Spinalcord,N'letlulla spinalis;

laminar organisationof the gret matteraccordingto
r\ toarchitectural features(asdescribetlbr Rlxr:o, 1952);
a t h o r a c i cs e g m e n (t T 1 0 )i s s h o u n a s a n e r a m p l e .
T h er l e v e l o p m e natn d n u m b e ro f t h e l a m i n a er a r f i n t h e
rlifferentsectorsof the spinalcord.
'1=
spinal ganglion
2 = interneurons
3 = motoneuronof venlral horn
4 = skin
5 6=motorendplales
7 = m u s c l es p i n d l e
Fig.602 Reflexes of the spinalcord;

left sideofthe picture:monosynaptic reflex(bineural,proprio
ceptive;e.g.patellartendonreflex,Achillestendonreflexetc.);
right sideofthe picture:polysynaptic reflex(polyneural,
exteroceptive;e.g.abdominalwall reflex,cremastericreflex,
plantarreflexetc.).
Fasciculus
septomarginahs"
\
Fasciculus
inlerfascicularis'
\
t\\ tl
\\ t\ t s posterior*
/ Tractus sprnocerebellafl
I
Fasciculi \
propriiposteriores t\t t I
.. I \t\ I
t
lr\
a\ tl
proprii--
Fasciculi
lalerales -)<.---=<'*. \\ t
\
Tractus--
corticosprnalis -f-ZJ
\\l
(pyramidalis) \rta
lateralis I
't
Tractus- tl
rubrospinalis I
\'l
\t. ,
- at
Tractusreticulospinalis .-7 I ' T -
J-r/ -
Tractusspino-
thalamicuslateralis
\ Tractusspinocerebellaris
- anteflor""
Fibrae olivospinales \
Tractusspinoolivaris
Tractusreliculospinalis; / \
Tractustectospinalis Tractusspinothalamrcus
antenor;
Tractusvestibulospinalis
medialis Tractusspinotectalis
(pyramidalis)
Tractuscorticospinalis anterior propriianteriores
Fasciculi
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
Fig. 603 Spinal cord, Medulla spinalis; In the areasmarked+, ++ and +++dss6sndlng
collaterals
schematicorganisationof the white matter; an inferior cervical of the posteriorfuniculuscanbe found.
segment is shown as an example.Afferent (= ascending)tracts
are colouredblue, efferent (=descending)tracts red.
' clinical: FLEcHsrc'sbundle + ScHULTzE'sbundle (Pars cervicalis)
clinical: Gowens' bundle ++ FLrcssrc's oval field (Pars thoracica)
**
" clinical: GoLL's tract +++ PurLrppr-Gor.,rBAuLTtriangle (Pars lumbalis; Pars sacralis)
'* * * clinical: BURDACH'S tract
Cellular structure of the spinal cord

Root neurons
Efferentrootneurons(perikaryain the greysubstance, grisea,axonsin the anteriorradix)
Substantia
- multipolarmotorrootcells(motoneurons)
- multipolarvisceralrootcells(CB-L3:connection
to the sympathetic
trunk; 52-S5:connection to the pelvic
parasympatheticganglia)
Afferentrootneurons(perikaryain the spinalganglia,axonsin the posteriorradix)

- pseudounipolarsensoryrootcells(formingthe Funiculusposterior, connectionsto the anterior,Iateraland
posteriorcolumns)
Interneurons
Interneurons(multipolarcellsin the greysubstance, grisea)
Substantia
- interneuronsin the strictsense(homolateral
connections)
- commissural cells(contralateral
connections)
- association
cells(shortsegmental in the Fasciculiproprii)
connections
Columncells(multipolarcells;perikaryain the greysubstance, grisea,longascending

Substantia axons
or descending
formthe tractsof the funiculi)
n Fnr
cord
thespinat
J ) J
, GyrusPostcentralls
Gyrusposlcentralis
\\
-.--
Fibrae thalamoparietales Fibrae thalamoparietales
- -
Lemniscusmedialis Thalamus
'
N trigeminus[V] /
Nuclei nervi trigemini /
/ \-\
lemniscorum
Decussatio t-
/ - lateralis
N u c l e ucsu n e a t uzs ; Tractusspinothalamicus
Nucleusgracilis - anterior (Fasciculus
Tractusspinothalamicus
- TractussPinoreticularis anterolateialis)
cunealus-
Fasciculus - TractussPinotectalis
- Tractusspinoolivaris
gracilis/
Fasciculus
4
,l
sensorium
Ganglion
neruispinalis
Fig. 604 Tractsof the epicritic (blue)and protopathic(green)sensibility;

ovcrvlew.
Long tracts within the sPinal cord
Afferenttracts
Pathwayof epicriticsensibility(tactilepathway)
(exactdifferentiati0nof touch,pressure, vibrati0n,andsenseof position)
1. Neuron(uncrossed)
Fromreceptors (exteroceptors)of the skin andmucousmembranes, thejointsaswell asfrommusclespindles
of the periosteum,
etc.to the cuneatenucleusandgracilisnucleusin the Medullaoblongata: iuneatefasciculusandgracilisfasciculus(rootcells,
perikaryain the spinal ganglia);
descending (see
collaterals Fig.603)
2. Neuron(crossed)
Fromthe Medullaoblongata (cuneate nucleus,gracilisnucleus)to the thalamus(mediallemniscus, perikaryain the cuneate
nucleusandgracilisnucleus).Branchingoff of fibresto the cerebellum (Fibraecuneocerebellares)
Fromthe thalamusto the cortex,especially gyrus(thalamocortical
to the postcentral fibres,perikaryain the thalamus)
Pathwayof protopathic sensibility(painpathway)
(pain,temperature,generalpressureperception)
Fromreceptors(exieroceptors) of the skin,the mucosaetc.to the centralnucleusof the posteriorfuniculus,laminaeI' IV' VII
andVIII (roots perikarya
cells, in the spinalganglia)
2. Neuron(crossed, somefibrespossiblyuncrossed)
Fromthe posteriorhornto the thalamus,in the reticularformationandto the tectumofthe mesencephalon (anteriorandlateral
spinothalimictract,spinoreticular tract;perikaryain the posteriorfuniculi)
tract,spinotectal
Fromthe thalamus,amongothers,to the cortex,especialiy gyrus(thalamocortical
to the postcentral fibres,perikaryain the
thalamus),alsoto partsof the medial geniculatebody,corpus geniculatummediale
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
Vermiscerebelli
-
Pedunculuscerebellarisinlerror
/ ftaclus spinocerebellaris poslerior
/ f .actus spinocerebellansanlerior
Cornuposterius
N spinalis\ / Nucleus thoracrcus
/ posterior
\
Ganglion sensorium
nerui spinalis
Fig. 605 Tractsof the unconscious

d e e ps e n s i b i l i t y ;
overvlew.
Long tracts within the spinal cord (continued)

Afferent tracts
Tract of unconscious deep sensibility
(unconscious but exactspatialdifferentiationas a basisfor the coordinationofmovementby the cerebellum)
To the anterior lateral cerebellospinaltract
From receptors(proprioceptors)in muscles,ligaments,and in the connectivetissue t0 the thoracic nucleus of the posterior
column (rootcells,perikaryain the spinalganglia)
2. Neuron(mainly crossed)
From the posteriorhorn to the cerebellum,particularlyto the anteriorpart of the cerebellarvermis throughthe superior
cerebellarpeduncle(anteriorspinocerebellar tract,perikaryain the thoracicnucleus)
To the posterior cerebellospinaltract
From the end organs(proprioceptors) in muscles,ligamentsand in the connectivetissuet0 the nuclei of the posteriorand
anteriorcolumns(rootcells,perikaryain the spinalganglia)
2. Neuron(probablyuncrossed)
From the posteriorhorn to the cerebellumthrough the inferior cerebellarpeduncle(posteriorspinocerebellar tract,perikarya
in the posteriorhorn)
AFF
cord
thespinat
J ) )
Gyrusprecentralis
-
Fibrae corticospinales - -
Corpus striatum --
-
Thalamus - - Nucleusruber
- (Tractus
cerebellorubralis)
nigra-
Substantra
-
Nucleipontis
-
Fibraepontocerebellares
- Tractusrubrospinalis
- TractusreticulosPinalis
- TractusvestlbulosPinalis
etc \
Tractusbulboreticulospinalis - Tractustectosplnalls
Cornuanterius
Radix-anterior \
lmolonal \
N spinalis
Fig. 606 Tractsof the motor
:llill;Ji"llliL,,on,u,
n"^
",
Long tracts within the spinal cord (continuedl
Efferenttracts
(motor end pathway) is .
The motor system consistsof a large number of nuclear areasand tracts.The "final common pathway"
- despitethe extraordinary complexity- the traditional schemeofdescription
formed by the motoneurons.For didactic reasons and
has beenmaintainedhere.
(so-called) Pyramidal tract
1. (Central)neuron (crossed)
and posteriorcolumns
From the c0rtex through tire internal capsuleand the cerebralpeduncleto the interneuronsof the anterior
(lateral corticospinaltiact, anterior corticospinaltract, perikarya in the precentralgyrus)
bulbi)
and Fibraecorticonucleares
branchingoffoifibres to the nuclei ofthe cranialnerves(Fibraecorticonucleares
2. (Peripheral)neuron (motorend pathway,cx-motoneurons)
horn)
From the anterior horn to the mbtor endplatesof the skeletalmusculature (motoneurons,perikarya in the anterior
(so-called)Extrapyramidal motor system
1. Centralneurons(crossedand uncrossed)
nucleiofthe
From the cerebralcortex,particularlyto the precentralgyrus anclthe corticalareasin front of it includingthe
thalamus,iubthalamic nucleus,red nucleus,Substantianigra, cerebellum etc' and the developmentof
telencephalon,
vestibulartracts,
regulatingfeedbackto the interneuronsof the anteri0rcolumn (rubrospinaltract,medialand lateralspinal
reticulospinaltract,tectospinaltract)
2. Peripheralneuron (motorend pathway,c-motoneurons)
From the anteriorhorn to the motor enclplatesof the skeletalmusculature(motoneurons, perikaryain the anteriorhorn)
Eye,Organumvisus
(Sulcuspalpebralis
superior)
I
Commissura palpebrarum
lateralis I i
;Supercrlrum / Supercilium
I
- Tunica
conjunctiva
bulbi
Angulus oculi --
lateralis; -
Commissura Caruncula
lalerahs lacrimalis
parpeorarum
- A n g u l u so c u l i
Flima -
palpebrarum medialis
Clliae -
\
commissura
inferiort
Palpebra i Sulcussclerae/ lrrs' medialis
,t'
/
(Sulcuspalpebronasalis) | /, l ! parpeDrarum
P u p iillllaa ' Ii
Angulus
ocuhmediahs,
Commtssura palpebraruml
medialis P a l p e b rian l e r i o r '
/
Lrmbuspostenor palpebrae I Papilla lacrimalis(inlerior)
Limbusanteriorpalpebrae'
Fig.607 Eyelids,Palpebrae; F i g . 6 0 8 E y e ,O c u l u sa, n d e ) e l i d s P

, alpebrae;
lids closed; l i d so p e n ;
ventralview (r.). v e n t r a lv i e w ( r ) .
' lighrr('fl('\
Limbus posteriorpalpebrae Limbus anteriorpalpebrae

r imh,,c .hto,i^, ^.r^6hr.. I
surcus
screrae
\'t \r *-
\t'":3li:ll':11"?11""11:" Tunica
-;;D;6;il;
coniuncriva I
'r Pupirta ;i i
rns\- \ '\ \ Ii",ffi";i \ \
\. \ I i \ t 1
, Caruncula
,,' lacrimalis
/ Commissura
medialis
parpeorarum
- Angulusoculi
medialis
- Plica
semilunaris
conjunctivae
parpeorae ^,,su,usuLu,,
I I i I t\\
plicasemilunansconruncrii?i,(î"..'
,/- z
,r'
t' ; I
| \Punctumtacrimate;
punctumlacrimale/ ' / I | | .",,:*i$i1,,"*, tI
commissuralaterahs' \ 't
Papillalacrimalis (inferioo
! lli i l Paloebrarum i I i
P a p i l l a l a c r i m a l i s ( i n f e r i o-0 ' ! i I Lacustacrimatis/ I ;
' ( S u l c u sp a l p e b r a li insf e r i o ,
Caruncula lacrimalis ' / I Limbusanteriorpalpebrae
I i Limbusposterior
palpebrae
C o m m i s s u r a m e d i a l i s p a l p e b r a !r u m r
A n g u l uosc u l m i edialis'
Fig.609 Eye,Oculus,andeyelids,Palpebrae; Fig.610 Eye,Oculus,andeyelids,Palpebrae;

the palpebralfissureis wide openbecausethe eyelids the upperlid hasbeeneverted;the gazeis orientated
havebeenpulledapart; inferiorly;ventralview(r.).
the gazeis orientatedsuperolaterally; It is sometimes difficultto evert(ectropionise)
the upper
ventralview (r.). lid dueto the stiffnessof the superiortarsus(* *). This
. liSht reflex
procedureis necessaryto removeforeignbodiesfrom the
conjunctivae andit is bestaccomplished usinga small
hook(.) with a roundend.
Musculifaciei
OrbitatCavity,Orbita,andFacialMuscles,
35?
lrontahs' / Os frontale, Faciesorbitalis
Parsorbitalis,
Margosupraorbitalis
\
\
Foramen
supraorbitale'\ | Incisura
Ala minor..
Os sphenoidale, I z Fdvea trochlearis
\ \
I
\ / z Canalis oplicus
Fossa glandulae lacrimahs\ \
\ \,| Fotamenethmoidaleposlerius
//
Os trontale,
Proc zygomaticus
\_
-- Foramenelhmoidaleanterius
-- Margo medialis
- - Os lacrimale
- - Sulcus lacrimalis
Proc frontalis--
Os zygomatrcum, - - Crisia lacrimalis anlerior
- -
superior-
Fissuraorbitalis Fossasaccilacrimalis
\-]-.i
t... - -
posterior
Cristalacrimalis
/
Faciesorbrtalis
Os zygomaticum, )./
\ Maxilla,Proc frontalis
/
Foramenzygomaticolaciale \ Inciguralacrimalis
\ Os ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis

Fissuraorbitalisrnleior /
\ Os palatinum,Proc orbitalis
/
Sulcus infraorbitalis:Canalis infraorbitalis
lFor"r"n \
Margo inkaorbitalis' inlraorbitale Maxilla,Facies orbitalis
Fig.611 Orbitalcavity,Orbita; In the orbital cavitythe followingwalls canbe distinguished:

ventrolateralview (r.). Pariessuperior,Parieslateralis,Pariesinferior and Paries
' Thesestructurescan be presentas foraminaor fissures. medialis.
M occipitotronlalis.Venler frontalis\ M depressor

supercilii M procerus supercilii
/, M corrugator
I /
I
- Os nasale
M orbicularisoculi,\
Pars palpebralis \ palpebrale
- ,- Lig.
mediale
oculi,
- - M. orbicularis
M levator \ Parsorbitalis
labri superiofls
alaeque nasi
-- M levatot
labiisuperioris
alaequenasi
M orbicularisoculi.- \
Pars orbitalis \
- M. nasalis
M levator --
-- M levator
labii superioris
labiisuperioris
-- M zygomaticus
malor
--
M zygqmaticus
mrnor
M levalor anguli oris z
Fig.612 Facialmuscles, Mm.faciei,in the

neighbourhoodof the eye;
ventralview.
Eye,Organumvisus
-
Tunica conjunctivapalpebrarum
- - Tarsussuperior
>-- G l a n d u l at e
arsales*
+- - Faciesposterior
palpebrae
Facies anterior
parpeorae
- Cilia
- Limbus posterior
parpeorae
\
M orbicularios culi
Pars palpebralis
L i m b u sa n t e r i o rp a l p e b r a e
F i g . 6 1 3 U p p e rl i r l ,P a l p e l r r sau p e r i o r ;
p h o t o g r a l J(h) li l m i ( r r ) s{() l r i ts ; r e irm e n :a z a ns t a i n :
s a g i t t asl e c t i o nl;o u m a g n i f i c a t i 0 n
* r l i n i ra l : \ l t , t E o r i a ng l a n ( i s
/ G l a n d u l a et a r s a l e s
Angulus oculi lateralis \
/ A n g u l u so c u l rm e d r a l i s
.-
C o m m i s s u r am e d i a l i s
parpeDrarum
/
Commissura
lateralis
parpeorarum
/
Rimapalpebrarum
/ G l a n d u l a et a r s a l e s
-Ia/r s u sr n l e f l o r
Fig.6l4 Eyelids,Palpebrae;
excretoryductules of the tarsal glands;
dorsalview (1.).
-orou,
orbita
cavity,
3 59
/ Septumorbitale
Septumorbitale\
/ TarsussuPerior
/ Lig. palpebralemediale
- Os nasale
- Maxilla,Proc.trontalis
Septumorbilale -
\ Tarsusinlerior
Os zygomaticum
Fig. 615 Orbital entrance,Aditus orbitalis, has been exposed;the tendon of M. levatorpalpebrae
with eyelids,Palpebrae,and lacrimalgland,Glandula superioris has been sectionedlaterally in order to make
lacrimalis; the palpebralpart of the lacrimal gland visible;
ventralview (r.).
the orbicular muscle has been removed;the orbital septum
M. levatorpalpebraesuPerioris\
IncisurasuPraorbitalis
/
Tendo
suPerior,
- M obliquus
Fornix \
conjunclivae --
superlor t\
- Corpusadiposumorbitae
Glandula lacrimalis, - -
Pars orbitalis Lig. Palpebrale mediale
--
Tarsussuperior-- Saccus lacrimalis

- -
(Raphepalpebralis--
Lig.
lateralis): --
Lig. Palpebrale mediale
palpebralelaterale
--
Rimapalpebrarum
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
/
Os zygomaticum
/ --
Forameninfraobilale
Tarsusinlerior/
M obliquusinferior/
Fig. 616 Orbitalentrance,Aditusorbitalis,with eyelids'

Palpebrae;
the orbital septumhas beenremoved;the levator muscle
of the uppereyelidhasbeensectioned;
ventralview (r.).
Organum
Foramina ethmoidalia
anterius et ooslerius
Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis
Fissuraorbitalissuperior
I
Canalis opticus I I
'J
Ossphenoidale. --
Alaminor ---: - Os nasale - Margo lateralis
- Os lacrimale - Foramen zygomalicoorbilale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major - Maxrlla, .-= - Fissuraorbitalis
suoerior
Proc frontalis
-
Fissuraorbitalis- Canalis
interior nasolacrimalis
FOSSa
pterygopalatina
\ Fissura orbitalis inferior

Os sphenoidale, .
proc \
Fissura pterygomaxillaris
pterygoideus .
i. \ Maxilla, Facies
\ orbitalis
1 eroc.l Sinusmaxillaris \
'l Pyramidalis
Ospalatinum Sinusmaxillaris
\
\ Proc.orbitalis Canalis intraorbiialis
Fig.617 Medialwall, Pariesmedialis,of the orbital Fig. 6lB Lateralwall, Parieslateralis,of the orbital
cavity, Orbita; cavity, Orbita;
the wall has beenexposedby a vertical sectionthrough the wall has been exposedby a vertical sectionthrough
the axis of the orbital cavitv: the axis of the orbital cavitv:
lateral view (r.). medialview (r.).
/ N lacrimalis
/ A lacrimalis
Glandula Parsorbitalis\
lacrimalis,
cumneruozygomaiico
/ R communicans
_z Suturasphenozygomatica
- M rectuslateralis
z N oplicus[|l]
- -
Os sphenoidale,Ala majol
cumnervozygomatico t'
R communicans
- Fissuraorbitalis
inferior
\
N inlraorbitalis
/
Foramenzygomaticoorbitale \ N zygomaiicus
Fig. 619 Innervationof the lacrimalgland,Glandula the lateralwall ofthe orbitalcavityhas beenexposedby a vertical
lacrimalis; section;
medialview (r.).
Lacrimal apparatus,Apparatuslacrimalis
The Glandulalacrimalissecretsa fluid, tears,via the Ductuli The nasolacrimal canalis about20 mm long and 5 mm wide
excretorii into the conjunctivalpouch. It is spread over the and containsthe nasolacrimalduct.It startsat the Fossasacci
corneaby blinking and is collectedin the lacrimal lake,Iacus lacrimalisand ends,protectedby the Plicalacrimalis,in the
Iacrimalis,alongthe backedgeof the lowerlid. By immersing nosebelowthe Conchanasalisinferior.In the newbornthe nasal
the lacrimalopeningin the lacrimallakethe lacrimalductscan openingof the nasolacrimalduct may still be obstructedby a
transport the lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal sac, Saccus membrane.
lacrimalis,partly through capillaryattractionand partly by
sucking.
LocrimolApparatus,Apparatuslacrimalis
F o r n r xc o n j u n c t r v aseu p e f l o r\
lacrimalis uperror
/ Canaliculus
G l a n d u l al a c r i m a l r sD u c t u l ie x c r e t o r i \i / L 4 o r b i c u l a r i os c u l i
I Fonix sacci lacrimalis

,/
I
I
- Carunculalacrimalis
- - Saccus lacrimalis
- - Canaliculuslacrimalisinferiol
7),. -- P a p i l l al a c r i m a l l s i
Punctum lacrimale
- - Concha nasaltsmedia
-
T u n i c ac o n j u n c t i v ab u l b r -*-
D u c t u sn a s o l a c r i m a l i s
- ---
Fornlx conjunctrvaetnlelor P l i c al a c r i m a l i s
/ - - -
T u n r c ac o n i u n c t i v ap a l p e b r a r u m Meatus nasi inferlor
- - Concha nasalis inferiol
/
/
N inlraorbitalis
S r n u sm a x i l l a r s T u n t c am u c o s a
F i g . 6 2 0 l . a c r i m aal l ) l ) a r a t u sA,l ) l ) a r a t ulsa c r i m a l i s ;

t h t :e r e l i t l sh a l e l t e e nl ) u l l e (al \ \ a \ f r r t mt h e e l e b a l l ;t h e
n a s o l a c r i m at llt t t ; th a sb e e ne r p t t s e rt l o w nt o i t s o r i f i c e
i n t o t h e i n f e r i o rn a s a lm e a t u s ;
\ e n t r a l\ i e \ \ ( r )
P a p i l l al a c n m a l r s Canalrculus
P u n c t u ml a c r t m a l e lacnmalrs upeflor
S a c c u sl a c r t m a l r s A m p u l l ac a n a l i c u llia c r i m a l l s
C a r u n c u l al a c n m a l r s I
\
'\
uanalrculus Lrg palpebrale !
t.'
, Caruncula lacrimalis
'\ meorate
l a c r m a l r ss u p e l o r ! / Pal?ebta
\
| ,t // supenor
l /"
Fornrx\ t/
sacct \
lac(malrs
L,g .
palpebrale
meorale
Saccus
lacnmalrs
Maxilla ---'
Proc
lronlalrs
ta \ Patpebra
\ Inlenor
\ M o r b r c u l a r ios c u l t
n a s oa c n m a l r s lacrimalls \ P a p i1 al a c rm a l i s :
InJenor
P u n c l u ml a c f l m a l e
M oblrquus tnlerror
Fig. 622 Lacrimalapparatus,Apparatus lacrimalis;

Fig. 621 Lacrimal apparatus,Apparatuslacrimalis;
the orbicular muscle has been partially removedfrom the the nasolacrimalduct and the lacrimal canaliculi
maxillarybone;the medialpalpebralligamenthas beensectioned; have been exposed;
ventrolateralview (1.). ventrolateralview (1.).
aEa Eye,Orgonum
visus
J0 L
M obliquussuperior,Trochlea
M rectusmedialis
- - - M. obliouusinlerior
M. rectusinferior
--- M rectussuoerior
M. obliquus
superior
M. levatorpalpebraesuperioris -- M rectuslateralis
Anulustendineus
communis
Fig. 623 Extraocularmuscles,Mm. bulbi;

superiorview (r.).
The axis of the eyeballis sagittally orientatedwhereas
the musclesof the eye are orientatedalongth'eaxis of the
orbital cavity.
/ M. reclus / M orbitalis
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris\ / supenor
obliquus
superio'\ - Os frontale
_ - - Fissuraorbitalis
superiot
N o p t i c u s t l l-l -
-:- Lacerlusmusculirectilaleralis
M. rectusmedialis--
- -
Alamajor
Os sphenoidale,
Cellulae ethmoidales -
N opticus!ll, Vaginaexterna/ \ M recluslateralis
M reclus inletiot /
Periorbita/
Fig.624 Extraocularmuscles,Mm. bulbi;

demonstrationof the origin on the commonannular tendon;
frontal sectionthrough the orbital cavity;the optic nerve
has beensectioned;
ventralview (1.).
Nervesupply of the extraocularmuscles

N. oculomotorius [IIl]
M. Ievatorpalpebraesuperioris N. trochlearls FYl, ,, ,,
M. rectussuperior 'M. obliquussupeditt
M. rectusmedialis
N abducens [VIJ :i:,
M. rectusinferior
M. rrctus lateralis
M. obliquusinferior
Musculibulbi
Muscles,
Extraocular
363
- M reclussuDerior
/ M rectusmedialis
/
M rectuslateralis I
,q. I \
' t '
\ . /
'! M obliquusinferior
'/ bulbi
Tunicaconiunctiva
/\
cornea/ ht - M rectusinferior
Fig.625 Extraocular muscles,Mm.bulbi;

the partsof the muscleswhichinserton the eyeballhavebeenpulledawayfromthe eye;
ventralview(r.).
M rectussuperior
superior,\
M obliquus
tenoo \
\ / N opticus[ll]
/ M roctuslateralis
\ M obliquusinferior

havebeenpulledawayfromthe eye;
whichinserton theeyeball
the partsof the musctes
dorsalvievr'(r.).
M rectuslateralis
obliquusinlerior
\ N oPticus[l|]
M rectusinlerior/

the parts of the muscleswhich insert on the eyeballhavebeenpulledawayfrom the eye;
dorsosuperior view(r.).
Eye,Organumvisus
M levator palpebrae superiofls \ / Marco suoraorbitalrs
M o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o rT e n d o - _ - - - Os lrontale Proc zygomaticus
--- G l a n d u l al a c r i m a l r s
M reclus medialis,Tendo -_ Pars orbitalis
- - - i,4 rectus lateralrs Tendo

Tunica conjunctivabulbi - -
- Margo laleralrs
M a r g om e d i a l i s - -
--
M o b l i q u u si n t e r i o rT e n d o
M obliquus inletor -'
---
M o b l i q u u si n l e r i o r
Margo inlraorbitalis -
- \
\ \
Forrr"n inlraorbitale \ Os zygomaticum
F i g .6 2 8 E r t r a o c u l a m r u s tl e s ,\ l m . l r u l l r i ;
t h e e l e l i t l s ,t h e o r b i r ; u l am
r u s c l ea n r lt h e o r b i t a ls e l ) t u m
h a v eb e e nr e m o r e r lt;h e e l e b a l li s a l r t l u r t e rml t ' r l i a l l r l
r e n t r a lr i e n ( l ) .
M levalor palpebrae supenons

/
Os lronlale -
, M rectus supeflor
:-\-
ft5f,\v' / Butbus
ocutl
/ M rectus lateralrs
Periorbita - -
A n u l u st e n d i n e u s
-:t communrs
- N o p l i c u sl l l
!
M a r g o r n l r a o r b i l a l i -s
-':'-
i-\
\ Os sphenordale
\
M obliquus inletiot / M r e c t u sr n l e r i o r
\ Fossa inlratemporalis
Maxilla /
\ F i s s r r ao r b r l a l i sr n l e r i o r
S r n u sm a x r l l a r r s/
Fig. 629 Extraocularmuscles,Mm. bulbi;

the lateral wall of the orbital cavity has been removed;
lateral view (1.).
fuIusculibulbi
ErtraocularXIuscles,
s u p e ro r , T r o c h l e a
/ M obliquus
o D i l q u u s\
/ , B u l b u so c u l l
supenor \
Tendr lI,/
/, M ..lev3lol
/ patpeDtae
. +of, supeflofls
N/ levator
palpebrae
--a'2
s u p e ro n s
M obliquus
suPeflor
Tendo
G l a n d u l a-
tacflmals
P a r s o r b r t ar s Os sphenordale
A a malor
-
C o r P u s-
ororlae
-
M o b l i q u u s-
supenor
M rectus'-
alerails
- M r e c t u ss u p e r i o t
- M o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o r
\\
A n u l u sl e n d r n e u s/ i,4 levator palpebrae superiorls
communts
' N optrcus
C h r a s m ao p t r c u m/ - \ lll
Irig.630 l : r t r a o t t t l a l 't t t t t s tl e s , \ l n t l t t t l l r i ;
t h e 1 9 6 l s9 t l r o t h 9 r ' | i t i r l ( a \ i t i e s I t a r t ' l r e e n r e n r o \ ( ' ( l ;t h e o l ) t i ( ( l a n a l sh a \ e l t e e n e r p o s e t l ;
t h e l e r a t o l n 1 s ( l ( ' o f t h e u l r p e l e r t ' l i r lh a s l r t , t , np a r t i a l l yf e l n o \ e ( lo n t h e r i g h t s i ( l e ;
sul)eftot\ l('\\
- L o b u sf r o n t a l i sG
, y r io r b i t a l e s
e v a l o rp a p e b r a es u p e ro r s
- P a r i e ss u p e r t o r
M r e c t u ss u p e n o r
- P a r i e sm e d i a l i s
i\,4oblrquussupenor
--t -
N o p t r c u sl l l Paries lateralis
M r e c t u sl a t e r a l r s - C e l l u l a ee t h m o r d a l e s
lM rectus med alrs .- Paries Inleflor
|\.4rectus Inier or ' - S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s
.- Cavrlas nasl
I r i g .6 3 1 l : r t | a o u r l a t m u s (l e s ,\ l m l r u l b i ;
' ot l, o r l r i t a( a
f l o n t u ls c r t i r r n ai nl r u g t ' t h r o u g h l h ( , ( ( ' n t r (t h l \ i t \ { ) l ) t a i n (r' r( il t h m a g n e t ir(e s o n a l l ( o t o m o g r a l r h l ' ( I I R ' l ) ;
\ e n t r a l\ i ( ' \ \
Lens - - P a n e sm e d t a l t s
B u l b u so c u l C o r p u sv t t r e u m - - C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
N,4rectus laleralrs -
- P a r i e sl a t e r a l r s
N o p tc u sl l l - -
- C a n a l i so p t r c u s
M rectusmedalrs - .-
- L o b u si e m p o r a ls
Fig. 632 Eyeball,Bulbusoculi,and extraocular muscles,Mm bulbi;

transversesectionalimage through the optic nerve obtainedwith
magneticresonancetomography(MRT);
supenorvlew.
Eye,organum
366
Axisexternus bulbi
Polusanteriorbulbi
Epitheliumanterius\ /Verlexcorneae;
/ . Polusanteriorlentis
Cameraanteriorbulbi;Humoraquosus. '
/ '.
Laminalimitans anlerior'
Faciesanterior \ > /
LaminalimitansDosterior"
r^-i-^riair^^^^^-.,
nn I
'''- \ / .Ins.
l.Faciesposterior. t"l
/ Limbus corneae
Cornea-_
irgi"iriJocorneatis
Reticulumtrabeculare\ ,r',
\ / Sinusvenosussclerae**'
Tunicaconiunctivabulbi --- _ - Tunicaconiunctiva
-- Fibraecirculares)
Cameraposteriorbulbi; - -
Humoraquosus .4
\- ;i:Ift?""",".
J'''"'"'''
Orbiculusciliaris- -
, sphincterpupillae
\
".
posterior/' i
Facies
M. rectus
medialis
Camerapostremalvilrealbulbi;Corpusvitreum
Axis inlernusbulbi
\
Discusnerviopticil
I \ Choroidea
Spatiumperichoroideum
-'
Sclera-'
Excavatio disci --
Laminacribrosascleraez' \ Maculalulea,Foveacentralis
\ Polusoosteriorbulbi
Vaginaexternanervioptici/
--
Spatiumintervaginale
subarachnoidale
Fig.633 Eyeball, Bulbusoculi; * clinical: BowMAN's membrane

** clinical: DESCEMET'S membrane
schematic horizontalsectionthroughthe siteof exit of the * * * clinical: ScHLEMM'scanal
optic nerve.
Size of the eyeball

(Averagedataderivedfrom the anatomicaland ophthalmological
literature)
24,0mm 1 3 , 0m m
7,8mm
59 diopters
43 diopters
19diopters
6 1- 6 9 m m
and Tunicsof theEYe
Vessels
Cornea
I
I
S i n u sv e n o s ussc l e r a e '
I iridismalor
, Circulusarteriosus
anterior
/, V conjunctivalis
/ A conjunctivalisanteflor
I
/ A ciliarisantenol
l-
Circulusarteriosus
i r i d i sm i n o r
Ora serrata -
-- V ciliaris
anteflor
- M rectus laleralis
- A ciliarisposteriorlonga
V a s a s a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e
\
Choroidea \ - V vorticosa
) \:
Lamina choroidocapillaris
\ **
L a m i n av a s c u l o s a
\ Sclera
V centralisretinae
\. \ V episcleralis
\ A episcleralis
A centralisretrnae -
\ A ciliarisposlerior longa
ciliarespostenoresbreves
F i g . 6 3 4 B l o o t vl e s s e l so f t h e e i e b a l l ,B u l b u so t : u l i ;
diagram.
:.:llll:li, "u'''""'
:llll'
Tunics of the eye, Tunicae bulbi
External fibrous tunic, Tunica fibrosa bulbi Internal tunic (retina),Tunica interna bulbi
- cornea (transparent,pronouncedcurvature) - blind part,Parscaecaretinae(fromthe Margopupillaris
- sclera(lessercurvature,opaque,in childrenbluish-white,in iridis to the Oraserrata)
older individuals yellowish-white) heavily
iridial part,Parsiridicaretinae(singlelayered,
pigmented)
ciliarypart,Parsciliarisretinae(singlelayered,
unpigmented)
Intermediate vascular tunic, Tunica vasculosa bulbi - opticpart,Parsopticaretinae(multFlayered)
- iris with a centralround opening,the pupil, Pupilla
1st neuron:photoreceptors (rodcells- darkandbright
- ciliary body,Corpusciliare,with the ciliary muscle,ciliary -
vision;cone cells colourvision)
process,Zonulaciliaris with Fibraezonularesand Spatia
2nd neuron:bipolarneuronswithin the retina(Ganglion
zonularia
- choroid retinae)
3rd neuron:multipolarneurons(Ganglion opticum); their
longaxonsform the N. opticusandprovidedirectinforma-
tionvia theTractusopticito thevisualcentreof thebrain
,n"f
}B
"t1
;.
r,
i
Eye,Organumvisus
I Cornea I
M sphinctep
r upillae
Camera anterior \
I
I - - Maroo
Slroma iridis pupiltafls
Faciesposterior, posterius\
Epithelium
Faciesanterior,
Epithelium
anterius\\
propriacorneae\
Substantia
Sinusvenosussclerae'.
Angulus iridocornealts\
- Pars iridicaretinae
Reticulumtrabeculare -.-.-
- -
Cameraposterior
: \ . /--_
1-
i
l' F
- . r. o r a e \ -
upalta
zonulares zonularia
M ciliaris
I
l Z o n u l ac i l i a r i s . *
Corpusciliare
Fig.635 Eyeball,Bulbusoculi,
schematichorizontal section through the
centre of the pupil.
* clinical: ScHr-EMM's
canal
** clinical: ZrNN'szonule
ciliares
Lens,Faciesanterior lNn / lris,Margopupillaris
\
Lens, \ '\ / Reticulumtrabeculare

Polus anlerior
M c i l i a r i s\ lris, Facresanterior
Thering-shaped suspension appartusof the lens,
Zonula ciliaris (Zinn's zonule), consists of
Nn ciliares - _
fragilerigid fibres,whicharekeptundertension
by the elasticiryof the lens and alsoby the M.
ciliaris.
The intraocular fluid or aqueous humour,

Humor aquosus,is producedby the epithelium
of the Procc.ciliaresin the posteriorchamber
and flows through the iris into the anterior
chamber, whereit drainsinto Sculrnu's canalin
tsilcaetnots ' the area of the iridocornealangle. Here the
\
Reticulumtrabeculare(alsocalledLig. pectina-
Choroidea
I
tum) formsa densemeshworkwith fissures,Spa-
A n u l u si r i d i sm i n o r l tia anguli iridocornealis.
Any narrowing0f the
iridocorneal angleor otherinterference
with the
resorptionof the aqueoushumour may result
Fig. 636 Iris, Iris andpupil,Pupilla;
in increasedintraocularpressure,known as
the scleraandthe corneahavebeendetached;
glaucoma.
ventralview (400%).
Iris
Plicae iridis \ / Anulusiridisminor
Margopupillaris- - z Anulusiridismalor
)- - Feticulum
lrabeculare
\
Margo ciliaris
/
Lens.Faciesanterior
\ Parsiridicaretinae
F i g . 6 3 7 l r i s ,I r i s ;
the scleraandthe corneahavebeendetached;
ventralview(500%).
/ Parsciliarisrelinae
Procc ciliares \
Spatiazonulana
- Fibraezonulares;
Plicae ciliares \
Cornea,FaciesPoslenor
-
Corpusciliare-
ciliaris/
Orbiculus
\ Plicae iridis
lris, Faciesposterior/
Fig.638 lris,Iris;
alongits ciliary margin;
the iris hasbeendetached
dorsalview(300%).
/ lris,FaciesPosterior
O r a s e r r a t -a- - - ( E(--
\ Plicae iridis
\ Procc ciliares
\ Plicae ciliares
Fig.639 Iris, Iris;
sectionof Fig.638;
dorsalview (700%).
,_
? liqit
'4
E}
Eye,Organumvisus
*
/ Aequalol
Facresanterior Polusanterior / Axis

\ I
lPolusoosterior lFaciesposterior
Fig.640 Lens,Lens; Fig.64l l.ens,Lens;

ventralview (600%). viewedfrom the equator(6007").
Under certainopticalconditionsa star with multiple
rays can be demonstrated(in adults),whereasin the lens
of the neonatea star with three rays is found.
Aequator -+
\\
I \\ lPolusposterior
Capsulalentis/ \Coaexlentis \ Nucleuslentrs
Faciesanterior Substantia
lenlis
FIg.642 Lens,Lens; Fig.643 Lens,Lens;

the lens hasbeensectionedalongthe meridian; schematicdemonstrationof the fibres of the lens in
the capsulehasbeenpartially retracted; the neonate;
viewedfrom the equator(600%). viewedfrom the equator(800%).
Thereis a displacementof 60obetweenthe anterior
and the posteriorstar.
OcularFundus, FundusocutiSTI
Venulamacularis
supeflor\ / Arteriolatemporalisretinaesuperlor
/. Venulatemporalisretinaesuperlor
/ Venulanasalisrelinaesupenor
macularis
Arteriola superior--
/ nasalisretinaesuperior
Arteriola
- Discusnerviootici
Fovea centralis.Foveola - - - (Venulamedialisretinae)
- (Arteriola medialis retinae)
Arterlola macularis inle(io( / \ nasalisretinaeinferior

Arteriola
\ Venulanasalisrelinaeinlerior
/
Venula macularis inlerior
I
\ Venula temporalrsretinaeinlerior
/
Arleriolatemporalisretinaeinlerior
Fig. 644 Bloodvesselsof the retina,\rasasanguinearetlnae;

view of the ocularfundus;
ventralview (r.,,100%).
ArteriolalemDoralisretinaesupenor
*
Macula lutea, Fovea centralts \
- Venulatemporalisretinaesuperior
- Discusnervioptici"
- Venulatemporalis
retinaeinlerior
\ ArteriolaternDoralis
retinaeinferior
Fig. 645 Ocularfundus,Fundusoculi; t clinical: yellow spot

*' clinical: blind spot
ophthalmoscopic imageof the centralregion;
ventralview (r.,600%).
Eye,Organumvisus
lExcavatio disci
lLaminacribrosasclerae
I
Laminafuscasclerae /
- \Substantia propria
$EF.
lzi'.r - , sclerae
i]':': ''
- - -'- - Vagina externa nerui optici *
-- Vagina inlerna nervi optici **

Lamina/
episcleralis
A.; V. centralisretinae/
I $ii
N opticus!|]
Fig.646 Opticnerve,N. opticus[I]; The cranialdura mater* as well as the cranialarachnoidand

horizontalsectionthroughits siteof exit fromthe eyeball; Pia mater cranialis * * accompanythe optic nerve to the eyeball,
(1000%). Bulbusoculi.
Vagina externa nervi optici r
/ Spatium interuaginalesubarachnoidale
- Vagina interna nervi optici
A : V centralisrelinae /
Fig.647 Opticnerve,N. opticus[II];

crosssectioncloseto the eveball:
(1500%).
OpticNerve,Nervusopticus
VagrnaInternaI
Periorbita
N . o p t i c u !sl ] , \
Parscanalis \ Anulus tendineuscommunrs\ M levator palpebrae
supeflofls
Dura mater cranials I
N o p t i c u lsl l , : M rectus superior
Parsintracranialis\
- -
Hypophysis
N opticus !ll,
Pars orbitalis
Traclusopticus- -
A ophthalmica
orbitae
Corpusadiposum
)\,
A c a r o t i si n t e r n a ,- -
Pars cerebralis --
M recluslaterahs
-
Sinus cavernosus - -- M rectusinferior
Fig. 648 Optic rrerve,N. opticus[II];

t h e o p t i cc a n a l ,( a n a l i so p t i c u sh, a sb e e ne x p o s e d ;
lateralvilr 100%).
s f t h e o p h t h a l m i ca r t e r y ;
F i g s .6 4 9 a , b V a r i a t i o n o
s u p e r i o rv i e w ( r . ) .
-- M levatorpalpebrae
suPenorls
-- M rectussuperior
- - orbitae
Corpusadiposum
vvr u,,,d, q - -
PUJ
-- N o p t i c u lsl l
Palpebrasuperior - -
-- M rectusinferior
..
Camera anterior -
-- Sinussphenoidalis
Palpebra inferior -
Bulbus oculi Camera --- S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s

postrema [vitrea] "'
I
Fig. 650 Orbital cavity, Orbita;
vertical sectionalimage along the optic nerve obtainedwith
magneticresonancetomography (MRT);
lateral view (r.).
Bulbusollactorius\
7 B u l b u so c u l i
/ Aa ciliarcs
Gyri orbitales \
/ A centralis
retrnae
_-- N o p t i c uIsl l l
Tractusolfactorius
-- A ophthalmica
,-- A c a r o t i si n t e r n a
- A choroidea anterior
-.- Tractus opticus
.- .- Tractusopticus
R a d i xm e d i a l i s
- - Tractusopticus
Radixlaleralis
- - Corpus
genlcutatum
mediale
Aqueductus - - Corpus
mesencepnall genrcuratum
laterale
- Radiatiooptica
Tectum .--
mesencephali,
Colliculus
superior
\ Plexus choroideus
ventriculilalerahs
V magnace(ebri
\ Brachium colliculisuperioris
S u l c u sc a l c a f l n u s
'R
calcarinus
(Area striata)
F i g .6 5 1 C e r e l r r u mC, e r e b r u ma, n ( l\ i s u a ll ) a t h \ \ a ) ;
t h e m i r l b r a i na n ( lt h e l x ) n sh a \ e b e e ns e c t i o n e ot lb l i t l u e l l ' ;
t h e l e f t t e m p o r aal n d o c < ; i p i t l lo l r e sh a v eb e e np a r t i a l l l
rem0r'erl;
i n f e r i o rv i e u
Visual pathway
lst neuron: rod andconecellsofthe retina
2nd neuron: bipolarneuronsof the retina(perikaryain the Ganglionretinae)
3rd neuron:multipolarneuronsof the retina(perikaryain the Ganglionopticum).Theaxonsof the Ganglionopticumreach
primarilythe Corpusgeniculatum somefibresalsoenterthe Corpusgeniculatum
laterale(Radixlateralis),however,
mediale(Radixmedialis),the hypothalamus andgo directlyto the cortexof the brain.Theyrun via the N. opticusto
the Chiasmaopticum,wherethe fibresof the nasalpart of the retinacrossto the contralateral
side.In eachTractus
opticusthosefibresarefoundwhichtransportthe informationfromthe contralateral halvesof the visualfield.
4th neuron: theseaxonsmainlyrun from the Corpusgeniculatum
lateraleto areas17and 18ofthe cerebralcortexin the area
aroundthe Sulcuscalcarinus(Areastriata).
rIFT P
visuatPathwav
5 / f
1 visual field of the lett eye

2 common visual field
3 visual lield ot the righl eye
N o p t i c uIsl l l - - \
Ganglion ciliare\
A carotis interna,A ophthalmica\ -

\
Chiasmaopticum
Ganglion --
ceruicale
superius
T r a c t u s o p t i c -u-s-
llll --
N oculomotorius
^\L
R a d i a t a o o p t i c-a- - - - - -
4(1
- - - -
Collicufusrrr"rror - -
sutcuscatcarinus
\{7:
---J
J\
Fig. 652 Thevisualpathway;schematic drawing; Thecentral,areaof the visualfield occupiesan disproportionately

the medialsurfacesof the occipitallobesareshownin an largeareaof projectionon the visual cortex.The'coloursreferto
atypicalposition; the quadrantsof the visualfield'
* plane of refraction of light
superiorview.
Eye,Organumvisus
/ oA supraorbitalis
G \ / lateralis
N supraorbitalis,R
><
{EM levatorpalpebraesuperions
!..'\-. /-,-
N supraorbitalis,
R medialis -__
Lr',
, ..t z Glandulalacrimalis,
N supratrochlearis \ N r1}-^$
Pars orbitalis
Corpusadiposum
orbitae\\
M reclus superior
anteriorO \
R meningeus
\
\
A ethmoidalisanterior O \- OA lacrimalis
M obliquus
superior
N lacrimalis
N nasociliaris
A o p h t h a l m i c aO - -
N frontalis -- :s---
- N aMucens[Vl]
N trochlearis
lvl
N ophthalmicus[V/1]
N maxillaris[V/2]
Canalisopticus
N. opticus[ll] --G'i-1
--sc-
A ophthatmica.
A carotis interoa O --
N mandibularis
[V/31,
R meningeus
N oculomotoriusllll
N mandibularis
[V/31
N trochlearis
lvl
N. abducens[Vll Ganglion
trigeminale
R tentorius
N trigeminus
[Vl
654
Fig. 653 Arteriesand nervesof the orbital cavity,Orbita;

the roof of the orbital cavityhasbeenremoved;the superior
orbital fissurehasbeenexposed;
superiorview (r.).
and Nervesof theOrbttalCavity
Muscles,Vessels
3?
- lateralis
N suoraorbitalis,R
, a M. levatorpalpebraesuperioris
O *-
A supraorbitalis
Parsorbitalis
lacrimalis,
- Glandula
R medialis
N supraorbilalis,
M rectus superlor
N supratrochlearis
N lacrimalis
O/
A ophthalmica
a M rectus lateralis
M obliquussuperioro- Ganglion ciliare
N. abducens[Vll
illll, R superior
N oculomotorius
N. nasociliaris
N ophthalmicus
[V/11
N.opticus
ul N maxillaris[V/21
A ophthalmicao -
N mandibularis
[v/31
A carotisinternao -
N oculomotolius
illll - Ganglion lrigeminale
N trochleafls[Vl -i-
N trigeminus[Vl
N abducens
[Vll
+/'/655
6$tr
Fig. 654 Arteriesandneryesof the orbitalcavity'Orbita;

the roof of the orbital cavityhasbeencompletelyremoved;
the frontal nervehasbeenpartially removed;the superior
orbital fissurehasbeenexposed;demonstrationof the
ciliary ganglionby retractingthe levatormuscleof the
uppereyelidandthe superiorrectusmuscleof the eyeball;
superiorview (r.).
Eye,Organumvisus
M obliquussuperior,
Tendoa \ / il M levator palpebraesuperioris
/ ll M rectussuperior
A supratrochlearisO \
/ Glandula lacrimalis,
/ Pars orbitalis
M obliquussuperiora \
A dorsalsnasiO 1
R meningeus anteriora \
M reclus medialis I
N infratrochlearis
t- N lacrimalis
A ethmoidalisanterior O
--- a A lacrimalis
N ethmoidalisanterior
'---- a M rectuslateralis
N nasociliaris
A elhmoidalisposterior O -
N ethmoidalisposterior
O Aa ciliares
N ciliarislongus
N abducens [Vl]
M o b l i q u ussu p e r i oI r - - - ' 7
-'--) N oculomotorius!lll, R inlerior
N t r o c h l e a nl tsv l
N oculomoloriusll|]. Ganglion crhare

H. SUOeflOr
Radix parasympathica
- [oculomotoria](lll)
M levator palpebrae *
supenofls
Radix sensoria (V/1)

M rectussuperiorI
Radix sympathica
/ (N caroticus Internus)
N opticus [ll]
A . o p h t h a l m i c aa
..., N o p h t h a l m i c u s[ V / 1 ]
A c a r o t i si n t e r n aO /
/o
N o c u l o m o t o r i u lsl l l -
N trigeminus
[V],Radixsensoria
N trochlearis /
lvl N abducens
[Vl]
654x
Fig. 655 Arteries and nerves of the orbital cavity, Orbita;
the roof of the orbital cavity has been removed;the superior
orbital fissure has been exposed;the levator muscle of the
upper eyelid, the superior rectus and the superior oblique
musclesof the eyeballhave been partially removed;the lateral
rectus muscle has been retractedlaterallv:
superior view (r.).
t rtrul,\'ervesof the OrbitalCa+'iA'
.\luscles,I ?s.sc1s
zlM levator palPebraesuPeriorls
a M rectus superior
/lM rectuslateralis
--
M o b l i q u u ss u p e r l o r ,t
Trochlea
-- retinae
- O OA ; V centralis
M obliquus superior Tendo a
-- Vagina externa neryl opllcl

--
M o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o r*
-
N opticus[ll]
-
R meningeusanlerior O
-- sM obliquusinlerior
-- tM rectusinferior
N inlratrochlearis
-
A ethmoidalisanterior O
N ethmoidalisanterior
-
A ethmoidalisPosteriorlt
-
N zygomaticus
N ethmoidalisPosterlor
--
on infraorbrtalis
- -
M rectus medialis *
-- N infraorbitalis
A ophthalmica a
--
M o b l i q u u ss u P e r i o rI -
Illl]' R interior
N oculomotorius
--
M levator palpebrae a
superlorls -
lM rectuslateralis
M rectussuperiorl'
N abducens
[Vl]
N o p t i c u Isl l ]
N maxillaris
[V/2]
-
Canalis opticus
\
N ophthalmicus[V/1]
A o p h t h a l m i c aO
N mandibularis[V/31
N o c u l o m o t o r i u lsl l l
N a b d u c e n s[ V l ]
\
N t r i g e m i n u[ V
s1
655#
Fig. 656 Arteries and nerves ofthe orbital cavity, Orbita;

the roof of the orbital cavity has been removed;the superior
orbital fissure and the optic canal have been exposed;the
optic nerve and the extraocular muscles (with the exception
of the inferior oblique muscle) have been partially removed;
superior view (r.).
Eye,Organum vis
Os lrontale - - - - S q| *.'. \ -----=--

-*i.i- -\ / N. lrontal
N. nasocrlrars
M levalorpatpebraesupenons - -'.+-.- ll--:.-\ / M obliquus
ol supenof
z
M rrectus
M e c t u ssuperior
superior -"'
N rrochlearis
lvl
A. ophthalmica
)hthalmrcaa
M. rectus medialis
N.. l aaccrri immaal ilsi s
N
-- - - - t ' l - ' L f ri 't---L # ' - - l,4eatus
M nasi
e a l l r sn a s i ssuperior
lroprio
N o c u l o m o t o r i u lsl l l ] , R
n s
s uuPp
eef f ur fi o r
-AAq
V. ophthalmr.a qtnarior - 4\
zy9omalrcum
llll, B. inlerior
rectus Inler
M. recIUS
M. infer N infraorbilalrs
/rl)l
I -L;--
( V ) ; A . i n l r a o r b i t a l i s' a - ' Sinusmaxillaris
Fig.657 Orbitalcavity,Orbita;frontal sectionthrough the middleof the extracranialcourseof the optrcnerve;

v c n t r a lv i e w ( r ) .
Os lrontale .- .--
/, O A supraorbltalis
- jfi)=----7:-t
superioris N supraorbitalis
M obliquus superior
- M rectus medialis
- -- Os ethmoidale
_- Meatus nasi superior
-
o , u i t a e- - - ! l.l \t -\ -r.
c o r p u sa d i p o s u m C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
\1
- - C o n c h an a s a l i sm e d i a
- Periorbita
a-
N intraorbitalis
Fig. 658 Orbitalcavity,Orbita;frontal sectionthrough the posteriorpart of the eyeballl)ehin(lthe tendinousinsertionof the inferior
o b l i q u em u s c l e v; e n t r a lv i e w ( r . )
M epicranius ,, Os lrontale
/^
/ 7 renorolla
/ t N trontalis
Supercilia - - / M levator palpebrae superions

i
M orbiculario
s culi
/ M rectussuperior
Fornix conjuncttvaesuperior .- _
Palpebra superior - - ,, a A ophthalmica
i - Vagina externa nerui optlci
Palpebra inferior - -
M reclus inferior
-
Tarsus inferior -
-
Fornix conjunctivaeinfelor -
-
Sclera - M o b l i q u u si n t e r i o r
- -
Septum orbitale
Corpus adiposum orbilae -'

.*:-, N infraorbilalis
--.-.-
Maxilla - S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s
Fig.659 Orbitalcavity,Orbita;verticalser;tionthroughthe eyeballand the optic nerve;lateralvierv(l )

oftheEar
vervtew
3 8 1
Os temporale
Ossicula auditus
I
/, Cavitastympani
vestibularis
- Labyrinthus
LabYrinthuscochlearis
Fig.660 Ear,Auris;
semi-schematicdrawing; the external acousticmeatus,
the tympanic cavity,the auditory tube and parts of the
temporal bone have been exPosed;
Parts of the ear,Auris

Auris externa Auris interna
Auricula Labyrinthusmembranaceus
Meatusacusticus
externus - Labyrinthusvestibularis
- Labyrinthuscochlearis
Auris media Labyrinthusosseus
Cavitastympani - Vestibulum
Membranatympanica - Canalessemicircularesossei
Ossiculaauditus - Cochlea
Tubaauditiva - Meatusacusticus internus
Partsof the membranouslabyrinth, Labyrinthus membranaceus(Figs.694,695)

Labyrinthus vestlbularis Labyrinthus coohlqaris
Spatiumperilymphaticum SpatiumperilYmPhaticum
Utriculus - Scalatympani
Ductussemicirculares - Scalavestibuli
- Ductussemicircularis
anterior Aqueductusvestibuli
- Ducfussemicircularis
posterior Aqueductuscochleae
- Ductussemicircularis
lateralis Ductuscochlearis
Ductusutriculosaccularis
DuctusendolymPhaticus
Saccus endolymphaticus
Sacculus
Ductusreuniens
Ear,Auris
382
Helix -
Scapha - Cruraantihelicis
-
Fossatriangularis Cymbaconchae
(Tuberculum - -
auriculare) Crushelicrs
Antihelix - Incisura
anterior
Helix -
Cavitasconchae
Tragus
Concha auriculae -
Cavitasconchae
Helix /
Incisuraintertragica
Antitragus/
Lobulusauriculae/-
Fig. 661 Auricle,Auricula;

lateralview (r.).
, r u sh e l i c i s
H e l i xC
Scapha-
/ Spina helicis
A n t i h e l i x\ - Os temporale Pars squamosa
/ Incisuraecartilaginismeatus acustici
/
/
//
Incisuraintertragica /
/
/
meatusacustici/
Cartilago
stylordeus
/
Proc mastoideus
Fig. 662 Auricularcartilage, Cartilagoauricularis,

with parts of the temporal bone;
all soft tissues have been removed:
oblique ventral view (r.).
Musculiauriculares
AuricularMuscles,
383
/ M helicismajor
M helcis minor
_-
--- M tragrcus
C a u d ah e l i c i s
rM anlitragicus
Fig. 663 Auricular muscles;\'lm. auriculares;

ventralvierv(r.).
/ M obliquus auriculae
Lig auriculare
superius-__
--- M transversusauflculae
Meatusacusticus ' - -
externus
\ Lig aurrcularepostertus
; l m .a u r i c u l a r e s ;
F i g . 6 6 4 A u r i c u l a rm u s c l e sN
tlorsalr ierr (r.)
Sensorynervesupplyof the auricle,Auricula

N. vagus[X], R. auricularis: N. mandibularis [V/3]' N. auriculotemporalis,N. meatus
baseof the externalacousticmeatusandposterior acustici externi and Rr. membranaetympani:
sickle-shapedpart of the externalsurfaceof the tympanic anteriorroot-of the auricle,floor,anteriorwall
membrane androofof the externalacousticmeatus'aswell
as a largepart of the tympanicmembrane
N. auricularis magnus,R. posterior(Cz/C3lt
posteriorsurfaceof the auricle N. facialis [Vtr], N. auricularis posterior, R. auricularis:
all auricularmuscles
N. auricularis magnus,R. anterior lC2/C3):
anteriorsurfaceof the auricle
Liar,Auris
384
Capul mallei
/ Lig malleisuperius / Os temporale
Becessusepitympanicus
\
/ , R"""".r.
,. epitympanicus,Pars / Mealus acusticus externus
'i
- --.
,!' 'l)/ z Cartilagoauriculae
-- Porusacusticus
externus
- Meatusacusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Membranatympanica -
Bulbussuperior-
venaejugularis
Os occipitale-
Arliculatio- \
atlanlooccipitalis Carlilago
auriculae
Cellulae mastordeae
Fig.665 Externalacousticmeatus,Meatusacusticusexternus;
tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani,and cochlea,Cochlea;
frontal section;
dorsalview (r.).
Plica mallearisposterior \
Pars flaccida*
Meatusacusticus /
externus,
(Pariesposterior)
/ Plica mallearis
/ anletio(
Pars -
tensa
Anulus /
fibrocartilagineus
Fig. 666 Tympanicmembrane,Membranatympanica; Fig.667 Tympanicmembrane,Membranatympanica;

otoscopicimage; diagramshowingits quadrants;
obliquelateralview (r.,600%). lateralview (r.).
'
clinical: SHRAPNELL'smembrane
*t
typical light reflex
for betterorientation.Thelongerdiameteris 10-11mm and the

shorterdlqmeterabout9 mm in the adult.
A bright:hiangular'coneoflight" reflectedfrom the otoscope
is usuallyseenin the anteroinferiorquadrant(II).
385
Caput mallei -
(Facies articularis).- _ .-
Proc lateralis- -
Proc lateralis- -
Proc anterior/
/
mallei
Manubrium
M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i-
F i g .6 6 8 M a l l e u s M
, alleus; F i g .6 6 9 M a l l e u sM , alleus;
lateralview (r, 700'ln) v e n t r a lv i e $ ( r . ,7 0 0 % ) .
Corpusincudis\
, (Faciesarticularis)
Crusbreve--__
(Facies
\ Proc lateralis
- Proc lenticularis
Manubrium mallei
Fig. 670 Malleus,Malleus; Fig.67l l n c u s ,I n c u s ;

d r l r s a vl i e u '( r , 7 0 0 % ) . lateralview (r.,700%).
- Corpusincudis
CrusPoslerrus
--- Crusbreve _--
BasrsslaPedis
Fig.672 Incus,Incus; Fig.673 Stapes,StaPes;

medialview (r.,700%). superiorview(r.,700%).
386 Ear,Auris
C a p um
t allei
Proc lateralis
C r u sl o n g u m
Proc anterior /
Articulatro"l
ncudostapedialis
C r u sa n t e r i u s-
- Basis
slapedis
Fig.674 Auditory ossicles,Ossiculaauditus;

natural position;
s u p e r o m e d i av li e w ( r , 6 0 0 % ) .
Lig mallei superius Lig incudissuperius

I I
I
I
_ - Lrg Incudis posterius
--[
t$
Lig mallei anterius - - _ - Chorda tympani
-- A tympanica posterior
M tensor tympani,Tendo - -
- - - Membrana stapedialis
Fig. 675 Iointsandligamentsof the auditoryossicles,

Articulationesand Ligamentaossiculorumauditus;
coveredby a mucousmembranein situ;
superomedial view (r.,800%).
TympanicCavity,CavitastYmpani
387
L r g m a l l e rs u p e i l u S\ \ C a p u t m a l l e iI / P a r e s t e g m e n t a l i sB, e c e s s u se p i t y m p a n r c u s
- -
F l e c e s s u sm e m b r a n a e-
t y m p a n i c a es u p e ro r
-
C h o r d at y m p a n
M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s-
qtiâc /
t
Umbo membranae lympantcaeu
Membrana lympanca/
l : i g . 6 7 6 T t n r ; r a n i r . a irt r , C a ri t a st r m p a n i ;
f l o n t a ls e t ; t i r t n l
r e n t r a lr i e * ( t ' )
Bountlaries of the tympanic cavity, Cavitas tympani

Name Constituents Neighbouring organs Specialfeatures Clinical
complications
Paries tegmentalis Recessus epitympani- Fossa
craniimedia, Vascularcanaliculiin Meningitis,
(roof) cus,Tegmen tympani Meninges, the Tegmenand in abscessof the temporal
l0c tpm nnra lp\ Lobustemporalis the suture:route of lobe
Suturapetrosquamosa infection
Pariesjugularis Prominentiastyloidea Fossajugularis, Variableform and size Septicthrombosis of
(floor) Bulbussuperiorvenae of the Cellulae the V. jugularis interna
jugularis tympanicae,bony (pyaemia)
laminaemay be
partiallyabsent
Parieslabyrinthicus Promontorium,Fenes- Labyrinthusmembra- Infectionof the
(medialwall) tra cochleae,Fenestra naceus,N. facialis Iabyrinth(deafness),
vestibuli,Prominentia lvrrl facialparesis
canalisfacialis,
Membranatympanica
secundaria
Pariesmembranaceus Membrana tympanica, Meatusacusticus tympanic membrane
(lateralwall) Manubrium ma]lei externus,
Articulatio (e.g.byoverzealous
(Chordatympani) temporomandibularis cleaning)
Pariesmastoideus Antrum mastoideum, N. facialisfVIIl, Variable pneumati- Mastoiditis,sinus

(posterior
wall) Cellulaemastoideae, Sinussigmoideus, sationof the Cellulae thrombosis,meningitis,
Prominentiacanalis Fossa craniiposterior, mastoideae cerebellarabscess,
semicircularis Iatera- cerebellum facial paresis
lis, Prominentia
canalisfacialis
Pariescaroticus Ostium tympanicum Canalis
caroticus, Apical pneumatisation Auditory tube:
(anteriorwall) tubae auditivae, Sinuscavernosus, of the pyramids route of infection of
Canalismusculo- N. abducens[VI], (Cellulaetympanicae) the apicalCellulae
tubarius Gangliontrigeminale pneumaticae,
abducensparesis,
otitis media
Ear,Auris
388
/ Plicamallearis
anterior
i/t tensor lympani. Tendo
I
Proc cochlearilormis \
, Recessus
epitympanicus
M tensor tympani \
- - C a P U tm a l l e i
- - - L i g m a l l e is u p e r i u s
---
L i g i n c u d i ss u p e r i u s
----
Corpusincudis
Septumcanalis-
musculotubarii
- Chorda tympani
/
Tuba auditiva / - Incus, Crus breve
/
Ostiumtympanicum' \ L i g i n c u d i sp o s t e r i u s
tubaeaudilivae
/
// \ Fossa Incudis
Canalis caroticus t-
\ I n c u s ,C r u s l o n g u m
Anulustibrocarlilagineusz
\ Plica mallearisposteriof
/ \
M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i / \ N facialis
t IVI|]
I
Membrana tympanica / Proc lenticularis
Fig. 677 Lateralwall, Pariesmembranaceus, of the

t v m l ) u n i((a v i l ) ,( d v i t a st ) m l ) a n i :
s a g i t t asl e c t i o nm
; o s to f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b ea n d t h e f a s c i ao f
the tensormuscleof the t)'ml)anonhavelleenremove(l;
m e d i a lv i e w ( r . ,1 0 0 % )
Malleus, Proc lateralis

I
I
Spina tympanica minor
\ \
I C o l l u mm a l l e i
/
Meatusacusticus\- / S p i n a t y m p a n i c am a j o r
externus /
- Plica malleans antenor.Chorda tympanl
- - - M tensor tympani,Tendo
- -
Plica mallearisposterior: -
---- Manubriummallei
Chorda tympani
-.--
M tensortympanl
Eminentiapyramidalis /
- Slapes
Incus,Cruslongum/ \ Incus Proc lenticulans

I
I
Fossula lenestrae cochleae I \ Promontorium
I
M stapedius.Tendol \ A n u l u sl i b r o c a r t i l a g i n e u s
Fig. 678 Tympanic cavity, Cavitastympani;

the tympanic membrane has been removed;
TympanicCavi$, CavitastYmPani
389
Cellulae mastoideae \
Feneslra vestibull
\ /
/ Canalis nerui facialis
/ Proc cochlearilormis
- - lmpresslo
trigeminalis
--- Ostiumtympanicum
tubae audrtivae
--- Canaliscaroticus
-
Fossula leneslrae vestibuli
\ -
Promontorium
ta t
srlcra promonlorrl
Canalis nervi facialis /
\
I Fossulafenestrae cochleae
z'
Foramen stylomastoideum/ / \
Fenestracochleae
/ \
Psrrgs ls[yrrnthicus subiculumpromontorii
Fig. 679 Medial wall, Paries labyrinthicus, of the tympanic

cavity, Cavitas tympani;
the lateral wall and the adjacent parts of the ventml and superior
walls have been removed; the Canalis nervi facialis and Canalis
caroticushave been exposed;
ventrolateralview (r., 170%).
Antrum masloideum
\
/ Feneslra vestibuli
,
,' - Canahs nervi facrafts
.- ' Proc. cochlearitormrs
-
_-zi'-
C e l l u l a e-
masloroeae
- --
Septum canalis
Pafles - musculotubarii
masloroeus - '-
Ostiumtympanicum
- tubaeauditivae
F o s s ai n c u d i s - - -
Srl"us promontorii
S i n u sp o s t e r i o-r- - -
( Promontorium
Meatusacusticus- \ cellulaetympanicae
externus
f \ Fossulalenestrae
cochleae
Sinustympani/ \ Sulcus'tympanicus
/
promontorii
Subiculum
\ Proc stylordeus
Proc mastoideus /
Fig. 680 Medialwall, Parieslabyrinthicus,of the tympaniccavity,

Cavitastympani;
verticalsectionthroughthe longitudinalaxis of the petrosalbone;
Ear,Auris
390
- Os palatinum,Lamina
I horizontalis
I
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major,
Facies temporalis
Foramen ovale -
Sorna ossis sohenoidalis - -

- - Os temporale,
Prrc natrâ,
- Condylus occipitalis
Fig. 6Bt Cartilageof the au<litorll u l r e ,C a r t i l a g ot u l r a ea u t l i t i ra e :

e x p o s e da t t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u l l ;
inferior view (r.).
M uvulae
\ d,:
M t e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n i
Aponeurosispalatina
pteryg0roeus
/ Foramen lacerum
M tensor veli palatini / F o r a m e no v a l e
- M tensor veli palatinr,Origo
- L a m i n al a t e r a l i \s
M levator veli paiatini - I Cartilagotubae
I audilivae
- Lamina medialis,/
- Fossa mandibulafls
Cartilagotubae auditivae - - Semicanalistubae auditivae
- M levator veli palatini Origo
- Canalis caroticus,Ape(ura externa
F i g . 6 8 2 P a l a t i n em u s c l e sM , m l e \ a t o re t t e n s o rr e l i p a l a t i n i ,
a n d c a r t i l a g eo f t h e a u d i t o r l t u b e ,C a r t i l a g rt )u l ) a ea u ( [ i t i v a e ;
on the leftthe musculao r r i g i n sa r e s h o w n ;t h e s o f t p a l a t e( \ e l u m
l)alatinunr) has been pulled forwartl;
inferior vielr.
Auditory Tube,Tubaauditiva
391
- - Dura mater cranialis
--il.
c
M tensortympani-
- Semicanalismusculi
tensoristympanl
,t
- -
Septumcanalis
musculotubarii
semjcanar'|stubae
#;" aud'tivae
,'lrt'
,lr.
'Tunica mucosa
683
l 684
t., 685
Fig.683 Audikrry(pha11ngotympanic)tube,
T u b aa u d i t i v a ;
crosssectionthrough its osseouspart;
l a t e r a vl i e w ( r , 1 5 0 0 % )
l m p r e s s i ot r i g e m i n a l t s
/
D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s
L
D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s\
tubae auditivae,
', Cartilago
Lamina lateralis
Facies posterior-
partis petrosae
Pl"t*.
Canahs caroticus 4!.--
/ loraminis
-
Os temporale - -h-:- ovalis
P a r sp e t r o s a // ",-"
I - N mandibularis
lv/31
- Foramen
ovale
- Tuba auditiva
\ M tensor veli
pala!nl
\ Tuba audiliva,
Pars cartilaginea,
Lamina membranacea
- M tensor pharyngeus/
Recessus \ M levalor veli palatrni
velipalatinl
- - M levalor veli palatrni - tuba6 auditivael
Cartilaoo
Lamtna medlalls
Fig.684 Auditory(pharyngotympanic)tube, Fig.685 Auditory(pharyngotympanic) tube,

Tuba auditiva; Tuba auditiva;
cross sectionthrough its lateral cartilaginouspart; crosssectionthroughits medialcartilaginouspart;
lateral view (r., 400%). lateralview(r.,400%).
Ear,Auris
392
7 Cochlea
N cochlearis\ Canalissemicircularis
anterior
-
N vestibularis - Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] / -
Canalis semicircularis
posterior
'
Porusacusticus
internus
Fig.6B6 Internaleaq Auris interna,and vestibulocochlear The axis of the cochlearuns from medialdorsal-sur)erior
to lateral-
nerve,N. vestibulocochlearis
[VIII]; ventral-inferior.
castmodelsprojectedin their natural positiononto the petrosal
bone;
suDenorvlew.
Foramenrotundum--
.qS\,
A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
Foramenlacerum
N petrosusmajor --
Synchondrosis
sphenopetrosa
Cochlea
Porus acusticus internus

N facialis[Vll],
Gangliongeniculi
N facialis[Vll]
Ductussemicircularis
anterior
N cochlearis
N vestibulo-
cochlearis[Vlll] lateralis
Duclussemicircularis
N vestibularis
Foramen jugulare Sulcussinussigmoidel
posterior
Ductussemicircularis
Fig. 687 Internalear,Auris interna,with facialnerve,

nerve,
N. facialis[VII], and vestibulocochlear
N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII];
projectioninwards;
superiorview (r.).
osseus
Labvrinth,Labyrinthus
Osseous
393
anteriof
,/ Canalissemicircularis
Ampullaosseaanterior
I
I
7 Crusosseumcommune
Maculacribrosasuperiorl j
I
\ \
Cristatransversa / Crusosseumsimplex
- posterior
Canalissemicircularis
Area cochlearis- -- lateralis

Canalissemicircularis
- Amoullaosseaoosterior
\ labyrinthi
uocnrea Vestibulum
Macula cribrosa media Fenestra

cochleae
Fig. 6BB Osseouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusosseus;

the osseouscoveringof the membranouslabyrinth has
beenmilled out of the petrosalbone;
dorsosuperiorview (r.,300%).
/ Canalis semicircularisanterior
/ Ampulla ossea anterior

Crusosseumc o m m u n e\
7/7 Ampulla ossea lateralis
- Cupula cochleae
C a n a l isse m i c i r c u l a-r i s-
lateralis
Vestibulumlabyrinthi
-
Canahs semicircularis-
Posterior
/
/ \
Ampullaosseaposterior Basis cochleae
/
cochleae
\
Fenestravestibuli
Fenestra
Fig. 689 Osseouslabyrinth,Labl'rinthusosseus;

the osseouscoveringof the membranouslabyrinth has
beenmilled out of the petrosalbone;
ventrolateralview (r.,300%).
, Canalis semicircularisanterior
Cristavestibuli
q
Recessus
ellipticus
\
\
Canahs semicircularis.- --
lateralis / scalatympani
/ Lamina modioli
Macula cribrosa mgdia - - - Hamuluslaminae

spiralis
posterior-
Canalissemicircularis - - Lamina spiralisossea
- -
Lamina soiralissecundaria
't
/ | ,"."r.r. cochlearis
/ I cristafenestrae
Fossula fenestrae cochleae / cochleae
Fig. 690 Osseouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusosseus;

the hollowspaceshavebeenmilled out;
Ear,Auris
394
.- -- Cellulaetympanicae
Canalis nerui facialis -- -
- - Canalis semicircularis
anterior
- - Canalis semicircularis
ovale .---
Foramen lateralis
-- Crusosseumcommune
Apexpartispetrosae -. --
- -
Canalis semicircularis
Meatusacusticus- - Posterior
internus - -
Aqueductusvestibuli
Synchondrosis - - - -
petrooccipitalis Sulcus sinus sigmoidei
Sulcussinuspetrosi- -
inferroris .--
Foramen jugulare
-- Semicanalistubae
Synchondrosis .--- auditivae
sphenopetrosa
Sulcusnervipetrosi-- _ - Cavitas tympani
maJons
- .- Cochlea
Foramenlacerum- -
-- -- Canalis nervi lacialis
Canaliscaroticus- -
.- - Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
S y n c h o n d r o s-i-s
sphenopetrosa -- Vestrbulum
Apexpartispetrosae-- - - Fenestravestibuli
Meatusacusticus- - - - Canalis semicircularis

internus anterior
rf/
Figs.691 a, b Osseouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusosseus;
6- milled out of the petrosalbone.
a dorsosuperiorview (r.,300%)
b s u p e r i o rv i e w ( r , 3 0 0 % )
6 9 1a
Lamina spiralisossea Tractusspiralisloraminosus

Scala vestibuli / \
\
Cupula cochleae
,, ./
i ! " 1t t t , -z!,
X:i..-- h",ill3f,
L a m r n a- Modiolus
cocnreae
secunoana
Canalis
spiralis
modioli
Scala /
tympani
Canalis
longitudinalis
modioli
Tractussprrahs
loraminosus \ Fundusmeatus
\ Meatus \ Area cochlearis
acusticiinterni /
acusticus Meatusacusticus Fundusmeatusl
Inlernus internus acusticiinterni
Fig.692 Spiralcanalof the cochlea,Canalisspiralis Fig.693 Internalacousticmeatus,Meatusacusticus

cochleae; internus,and its floor,Fundusmeatusacusticiinterni;
milled along the axis of the modiolus; the posteriorwall has beenpartially removed;
superiorview (1.,40070). medialview (r., 500%).
membranaceus
Labyrtnth,Labyrinthus
Membranous
395
antelior
semicircularis 7 AmPulla
lateralis
Nn ampullares el anterior\ Utriculus / Ductus membranacea
u.
I / anleltol
I
N utricularis\ !.'
\\ h, -/
/Ampulla
\\ -/ membtanacea
.t lateralis
N sacculans \
\ / - Crus
membranaceum
commune
N utriculo-:
ampullaris - -
- Ductus
semicircularis
Posterior
Ductus / -- - - Ductus
cochlearis endolymPhaticus
- - - Duclus
/
N cochlearis semicircularis
lateralis
/ --
N vestibularis - _
Crua
membranaceum
simplex
-- AmPulla
N ampullaris/ memDranacea
posterior
Posterior
Ouctuscochlearis ' Sacculus
vestibularis
membranaceus;
Fig. 694 Vestibulocochlear [Vlll], and mornbranouslabyrinth,Labyrinthus
nerve,N. vestibulocochlearis
semi-schematic drawing;
dorsal view (r., 7 00"/"\.
Amoullamembranacea / Os temporale'Parspetrosa'
\ Saccusendolymphaticus
Ductusendolymphaticus \ I antarior ,,' Faciesposteriorpanlspelrosae
\\ \\ l/
/ Ductus
cranialis .' utriculosaccularis
Utriculus\
- Crus
-' membranaceum
commune
Sacculus-
vestibularis --
\
Cupula - _ Caecum
cochleae vestibulare
C a e c u m- - -
cupurare
Duclus '-'
cochlearis
Scala -'
vestibuli
// F:/
Duclus /
reuntens Duclus
semicircularis
.tt, Posterior
/ .t/l
Scala tympani /
.t ,r staoes , -:
/l
/ \ Fenestra Ampullamembranacea
Fenestracochleae / vestibuli
Canahculuscochleae / posterior
Fig. 695 Membranouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusmembranaceus'

396 Ea,;Auris
Cupula cochleae
\
Scala lympani -
/ Ductussemicircularis
/ lateralis
;!.
..i..iil
it::,ri.
'l - - Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
/
Ductuscochlearis/ ---
A m p u l lm
a embranacea
lateralis
I -\-
N utricularis
- -
I Ampulla membranacea
N saccularis / anlenor
7
I \
N ampullarisposterior / Utriculus
/ - - - Canalis semicircularisanterior
Sacculus /
vestibularis
\ Ductus
semicircularrs
anrerror
Fig. 696 Vestibulocochlear nerve,N. vestibulocochlearis
[VIII],and membranouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusmembranaceus;
schematicdrawing;the corticalbonehas beenpartially
removed;
superiorview (r.,300%).
Ductuscochlearis\ S c a l av e s t i b u h
\ _--
Ductuscochlearis,-
Pariesexternus -- - Duclus cochlearis.
Paries vestrbularis**
Striavascularis\
--
Organumspiralet,-
Membranareticularis - - - Membrana tectoria
- --
Prominentia
spiralis- _ -
- Sulcus spiralis internus
_
_ - - Labium limbi vestibulare
Sulcusspiralisexternus- _ --
- .- - Lamina spiralisossea
C r i s t a b a s i l a r-i-s-
--- (R nervicochlearis)
D u c t u s c o c h l e a r-i s- -, ---- G a n g l i o ns p i r a l ec o c h l e a e
Pariestympanicus
b a s i t a r i -s- - -
Lamina
\ Limbus spiralis
\ Labium limbi tympanicum
\ Scala tympani
Fig.697 Cochlea,Cochlea,and spiral organ,Organum

spirale;
schematiccrosssectionthroughoneofits turns;
(2000%).
* clinical:organof Conrr
** clinical:RDrssNrn's
menbrane
Auditoryand VestibularPathwaYs
397
Auditory path\'vay
(mainlycrossed
fibles)
C o l l i c u l u- \s .
inferior lst neuron:bipolarcells of the Ganglion
spirale cochleae.The fibres form the
Corpus- N. cochlearisof the N. vestibulococh-
\- learis.Fibresfromthe basalpart of the
mediale
cochleareach the Nucleuscochlearis
posterior,and those ftom the aPical
part the Nucleuscochlearis anterior.
Nucleus \ 2nd neuron: multipolar neurons of the
lemniscilateralis \ The fibres from the
Nucleicochleares.
- L e m n i s c u sl a t e r a l r s Nucleus cochlearis anteriormainlypass
Nucleus \ (partlyform-
o l t v a f l ss u p e f l o r - - _
in theCorpustrapezoideum
. , N. vestibulo
\ / c o c h l e a r i sl V l l l l , ing synapses with a further neuronin
\
N u c l e u s- / N. cochlearis the Nucleuscorporistrapezoidei) to the
o l i v a r i si n f e r i o r
oppositesideand form the Lemniscus
Nucleus lateralis,whichconnects to the Collicu-
cochlearisposterior
lus inferior.Very few fibres join the
Lemniscus lateralisof the sameside.
Nucleus cochlearis anletiot / The fibres of the Nucleuscochlearis
G a n g l i o ns p i r a l e/ posteriorcross the Fossarhomboidea
cocnleae
Nucleus corporis lrapezotdei / superficiallyand enter the Lemniscus
Labyrinthus/ lateralisof theopposite side.
cochlearis
3rd or 4th neuron:from the Colliculusin-
ferior connectionsto the Colliculussu-
perior,to the cerebellumbut predomi
nantlyto theCorpusgeniculanrm mediale.
4th or 5th neuron:the Radiatioacustica
F i g .6 9 8 Auditorlpathway connects the Corpus geniculatum
mediale with HrscHr's transverse
gyrus and WrRucxE's centre of the
temporallobe.
T h a l a m u s-
Vestibular pathway
lst neuron: bipolar cells of the Ganglion
N u c l e u s- - F -
vestibulare: The fibres form the N. neruroculomolofll
vestibularisof the N. vestibulocochlearis N u c l e u s- -
on the floor of the internal acoustic nervi trochlearis
meatus. They pass to the Nuclei vesti-
bulares. >
/
. Ganglion
I veslibulare
2nd and following neurons:from the Nucleus Nucleusvestibularrs- - - i
SuPefiOr
vestibularis lateralis (DeIrrns' nucleus)
fibres run to the Formatio reticularis, to Nucleus vesttbulans-
the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves lateralrs
III, IV and VI (via the Fasciculus N u c l e u sz /

longitudinalis medialis), to the Nucleus v e s t i b u l a r iisn l e r i o r
ruber and as the Tractusvestibulospinalis N u c l e u s/ Labyrinthus/
into the anterior column of the spinal nerui abducentis vestibularis
/
cord. N u c l e u s/ I N veslibulo-
From the Nucleus vestibularis medialis v e s l r b u l a r im
s edralis cochlearis[Vlll],
N vestibularis
(ScHwarer's nucleus) and the Nucleus
N u c l e u sc u n e a t u s/
vestibularis inferior (Rorrrn's nucleus)
parts of the Tractus vestibulospinalis
and connections with the Formatio
reticularis are formed.
The Nucleus vestibularis superior Fig.699 Vestibular
(BecurenEw'snucleus) provides some pathway.
* connectionswith the cerebellum
fibres for the cerebellum.
Ear,Auris
398
Antrum
mastoideum
I
Emrnentia
arcuata
/, Stapes; Fenestravestibuli
Promontorium
\
Fenestracochleae
Foramen slylomastoideum/ \ C"n"l,. nervi facialis
Fig.700 Petrosalbone,Os temporale,Parspetrosa;

verticalsectionin the longitudinalaxis;
ventralview (r.).
* p r o b ei n t h e c a r o t i dC a n a l
Canalis semrcircularislateralis Canalis nerui facialis / Feneslravestibull
/ Cavitastympani
- Fissurapetrotympanica
Sulcussinussigmoidei\
_
- Parstympanica
.qit
!: CJF J,
Canalis nervi lacialis /'
* - Fissuratympanomastordea
- Vagina processus styloidei
.tl
Cellulae mastoideae z/
{,,
/
Proc mastoideus
Fig.701 Temporalbone,Ostemporale;
the internal spacesand the groovefor the sigmoid
sinushavebeenexposed;
lateralview (r.).
399
(N vagus)
R auricularis
\
Chordatympani\
\ tympanicus
lN
I Plexustympanicus
I
internus)
(Plexuscaroticus
i-i ,'';-;";il;;;
i -| N caroticotympanicus
&j-i o"'T"::L::
,'" ,, N petrosusminor
/A carotisinterna
inferius(lX)
- Ganglion
- - Plexuscaroticusiniernus
- N canalispterygoidei
(Radixfacialis)
\/
\/
posterior
auricularis /
(N facialis)
(N vagus)/
R auricularis
\chordatympan'
Fig.7O2 Facialnerve,N. facialis[VII],

glossopharyngeal UXl, and
nerve,N. glossopharyngeus
vagalnerve,N. vagus [X];
the petrosalbonehas beenpartiallysectioned;
the nervesare shownsemi-transparent here;
ventralview (r.).
Crurastapedis\ M tensor tympani, Tendo Proc cochleariformis

/
/ N petrosusmalor
Ductus semicircularislateralis- r-
/ M tensortympani
Canalis semicircularis- - - Semicanalismusculi

lateralis tensoristympani
- - Seotumcanalis
musculotubarii
- -
Semicanalis tubae auditivae
--
pyramidalis
Eminentia
- - Promontorium
M stapedius,Tendoz/
\ N tympanicus
Caputstapedis/
\ Cavitas tympani
N tacialis[Vll]/
\ Sinus tympani
Canalisneruifacialis/
Fig. 703 Facial nerve, N. facialis [VlI] and

tympanic cavity, Cavitas tympani;
vertical section along the longitudinal axis of the petrosal bone;
the facial canal has been exposed;
ventral view (r.).
Ear,Auris
400
N maxillaris
[V/21
N petrosus
major N mandibularis[V/3]
N ophthalmicus[V/1] Chorda tympani

/
Ganglion geniculi /Md
Ganglion trigeminale
\
N oculomotorius
llll .. )
A carotis interna O \
N trigeminus
[V]
N facialis[Vll]
N abducens [Vl]
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] . /'
Stapes/
N, glossopharyngeus /
[X]
/ -:
Proc mastoideus
N vagus[X]
-: R digastricus
N accessorius
[Xl] -\
I M stylohyoideus
Sinustransversus / Canalis \
a B stylohyoideus
nervl
facialis \ I M digastricus,
Venterposterior
/
Foramenstylomastoideum
N facialis[Vll]
Fig.7O4 Facialnerve,N. facialis[Vll] in the petrosal

bone,Os temporale,Parspetrosa;
the petrosalbone has beenpartiallymilled;the facialcanal
and the tympanicr;avityhavebeenexposed;
dorsalview (r.).
Cochlea Apexpartas
petrosae Tuba auditiva
I
Cavitas tympani; Ossicula auditus Cochlea
I , Os occipitale, \
Porusacusticus
externus I Clivus Caputmandibulae
, \
ll
\\
/ \ Porusacusticus
I rt | !
lOsoccipitale,Clivus
celutaemastoideae i \ inrernus Cellulaemastoideael i I i
lateralisI
Canalissemicircularis I Canalissemicircularis
posterior Cavitastympani;| | | Porusacusticus
internus
Ossiculaauditus iI -
poslerior
Canahssemicircularis
Figs.705a,b Petrosal bone,Ostemporale,

Parspetrosa;horizontalsections,obtainedwith
high-resolutioncomputedtomography(HRCT);
inferior view (r.).
a at the levelof the Canalissemicircularislateralis
b inferior to the Canalissemicircularislateralis
Index
Index
The numbersin bold type indicatepages
wherethe terms appearin the figure legendsor tables
A An3d. Arcus Arteria(ae) cerebri

- subclavia25, 156 - aortae 16,20, 25, 144,156,160, - m e d i a2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 6 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4 ,
A b d o m e n2 , 6 - tendinis(M digastricus)l13 274,347 317,322,324,327,330,334,
Abdominalaorta+ Parsabdominalis Antebrachium2-3, 164-165, - cartilaginiscricoideae124-127, 336-338
aortae 174 175,178,187,198-2lL, 1 3 0 ,1 3 4 ,1 4 1 1, 6 0 - - posterior260,261,266,277,
Abdominalwall reflex 351 238-242 c o s t a l i s1 8 7 - 1 8 8 282-285, 294,3r7,325-326,
Abductio - crosssection254,255 - dentalisinferior 97-98 332-334,336
- (Articulatiohumeri) 191 - cT 255 - - superior 97-98,107 - cervicalisascendens152-155,
- radialis (Articulatioradiocarpalis) - fascia 186 - ductusthoracici21 162-163,347
209 _ MRT 254 - palatoglossus 95, 107-108 - - protunda 155-156
- ulnaris (Articulatioradiocarpalis) - muscles210-211 - palatopharyngeus 95, 107-108, - - superficialis152-153,155
209 Anteversio 1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 6 0 - choroideaanterior 282, 317,322,
A-cells 10 - (Articulatiohumeri) 191 - palmarisprofundus224,243,243, 374
Achillestendonreflex 351 Antihelix 382 l+t - ciliares 374,378
Acromioclavicularjoint Antitragus 382 - - superficialis224,243,245,251 - - posterioresbreves 367
- lateral+ Articulatio Antrum mastoideum387,389, - posterioratlantis 36 - ciliaris anterior 367
acromioclavicularis 398 - superciliaris 50 - - posteriorlonga 367
- medial+ Articulatio Anulus - venosusfugularis 146,148,157, - circumflexahumeri anterior 224,
sternoclavicularis - fibrocartilagineus 384,386-388 1602 , 30 233-234
Acromion19,143,168,170-173, - fibrosus 348 - vertebrae342,346,349 - - - posterior224,228,230,
187-190,227 - iridis major 368 369 - zygomaticus34, 45,59,78-79, 232-233,237
ADAMKrEwrcz's artery + Arteria(-ae) - - minor 368-369 86-87,94,102,137 - - ilium protunda 18
radiculariamagna tendineuscommunis362, Atea - - scapulae228,251
Adductio 3 6 4 - 3 6 53, 7 3 - cochlearis381,393-394 - colicadextra 18
- (Articulatiohumeri) 191 - tympanicus48-49,384 - hypothalamicalateralis 294 - - media 18
Adenohypophysis268, 294 Anus 13 - nervi facialis 394 - - sinistra 18
Adhesiointerthalamica 276, 285, Aorta 158,347 - postrema 299 - collateralis media 224,237
294-295,302,307,3r5, 326,332, - abdominalis+ Parsabdominalis - striata 374,374 - - radialis 224,236-237,239-242
335 aortae - subcallosa282, 294,321,324, - - ulnarisinferior 224,234-237,
Aditus - ascendens+ Parsascendens 3 3 2- 3 3 3 239-242
- laryngis 109,131 aortae - vestibularis299 - - - superior224,234-235,
- orbitalis 359 - branches18 - - inferior 394 239-241
Aequator366,370 - descendens + Parsdescendens - - superior394 - comitansnervi mediani 224, 240,
Afferent neurons 352 aortae Arm + Brachium 254
Afferent tracts 354 - thoracica+ Parsthoracicaaortae ArteriaCae) - communicansanterior 266, 282,'
Ala Apertura - alveolarisinferior 72, 80,85-88, 285,324,334
- cristaegalli 43, 56 - externacanaliculicochleae63 116,122-127,260 - - posterior260,261,266,287,
- lobulicentralis303-304 - - canaliscarotici390 - - superiorposterior80,86 325,334-336
- m a i o r 3 3 ,3 6 ,4 5 ,4 8 ,5 7 - 6 1 , 7 1 , - lateralis298-299,306,307-308, - a n g u l a r i s7 1 , 8 0 , 8 3 - 8 8 , 2 6 0 - conjunctivalisanterior 367
357,360,362,365,390 335 - auricularisposterior18,80, - coronariae 18
- minor 33, 42-43,58,60-61,93, - mediana276,298,302,306, 83-88, 147,r52,260 - digitalesdorsales247,251-252
3sz 360 3 0 7 - 3 0 83, 3 5 - - profunda 86 - - palmarescommunes224,
- nasi 89 - piriformis 32, 52 - axillaris 16,141,153-155,224, 243-245,Z5r-252,256
- ossisilium 341 - sinusfrontalis 50, 55 227,229,233-235 - - - propriae224,243-247,
- vomeris 54, 160 - - sphenoidalis55,60 - basilaris260-261,266,276, 251-252
Alveolidentales41,58, 113 - thoracissuperior 158 281 28s,294,302,325,335,347 - dorsalisnasi 88,378
Alveushippocampi311-312, - vestibuli63 - brachialis16,177,224,233-237, - pedis 16
326-327,332-333 Apex 239 241,253 - epigastricainferior 18
Amiculumolivare 323 - (Cornuposterius)350 - - superficialis23[ - episcleralis 367
Ampulla - cuspidis99 - b u c c a l i s8 0 , 8 5 - 8 8 2
, 60 - ethmoidalisanterior265,267,
- canaliculilacrimalis361 - l i n g u a e1 0 8 ,1 1 0 - 1 1 1 - caflosomarginalis 261,279,284, 376,378-379
- m e m b r a n a c e a a n t e r3i o9r5 - 3 9 6 partispetrosae41,63, ll9, 266, 324-325,327-332 - posterior378-379
- - Iateralis395-396 268,392,394,400 - carotiscommunis16,18,25, - f a c i a l i s1 8 ,7 2 ,8 0 , 8 3 - 8 8 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5 ,
- - posterior395 radicisdentis 99 79-80,87,tzl, 135,139-141,144, 122-123,139,141,151,153-154.
- osseaanterior 393 Aponeurosis 149 1501 , 5 1 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 91, 6 2 - 1 6 3 , 157-158,260
- - lateralis393 d o r s a l i s2 9 , 2 5 0 229,260-261,274 - femoralis 16
- - posterior393 - linguae 109 - - e x t e r n a1 6 ,1 8 ,8 0 , 8 0 ,8 5 - 8 6 , - fibularis 16
Angleof iris 368 musculibicipitisbrachii 186, 8 8 ,r 2 l , 1 3 e 1 , 4 e l,5 t - 1 5 4 ,1 5 9 , - frontobasalislateralis 282
AngulusCi) 193-194,198,208,234,239,241 260-261 - - m e d i a l i s2 6 1 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4
acromii 168 - p a l a t i n a1 1 9 , 3 9 0 - i n t e r n a1 6 , 1 8 , 7 3 , 8 08,5 ,8 8 , - gastricasinistra 18
- frontalis 64 - palmaris 186,212,212, 239, 244, 1 0 6 ,r 3 9 - 1 4 01, 5 3 - r 5 4 1 , 59, - gluteainferior 18
- inferior 168,189 250-251 258 260,260,261,261, - - superior 18
- i r i d o c o r n e a l3
i s6 6 , 3 6 8 Apparatuslacrimalis360-361 -
265 266,267,268-269,274, - hepaticacommunis 18
- lateralis168 Appendixvermiformis13,22-23 277,281-282, 285,294,322, - hypophysialisinferior 294
- mandibulae35,47,66-68,73, APUDsystem 15 335-336,340,373-378, - - superior294
119 Aqueductus 391-392,399-400 - ileales l8
- mastoideus64 - mesencephali 285,291,294, ---DSA26l - iliaca communis 16,18,20, 25
- occipitalis64 2 9 6 - 2 9 73, 0 2 ,3 0 6 ,3 0 6 ,3 0 7 - 3 0 8 , - - - radiograph(ap) 261 - - externa 16,18,20
- oculilateralis356,358 315,326,333 33s, 339-340, 374 - centralesanterolaterales282,284, - - interna 16,18,20
- - medialis356,358 - vestibuli381,394 322 - iliolumbalis l8
- sphenoidalis33,64 Arachnoidea - - anteromediales 282,322 - inferior anteriorcerebelli 261
- superior 168,189 - matercranialis 122-123,264,266, - - posteromediales282 266,282-283
- venosus2l 269,280-28r,306,324,328 - centralisretinae 122,367,372, - - posteriorcerebelli 266,
Ansa - - spinalis 344-346,349 374,379 282-283
- cervicalis26, 26, 87,135,142, Arcus - c e r e b rai n t e r i o r2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 6 , - infraorbitalis 80, 84, 86-87, 260,
1 4 9 ,1 5 l - 1 5 41, 5 7 - t 5 82, 2 9 , 2 5 7 , - alveolaris(Mandibula)66-67 269, 276-27 7, 282, 284- 285, 309, 379-380
275 - anterioratlantis 36, 47, 160,342 317,322,324,328-335 - insulares 284
&uX rndex
Afterta@e) Arteria(te) Articulatio(-nes) .4xis
- intercostalis(-es) posteriores155, - subclavia 16,18, 25, l4O, 144,149, - cricoa$enoidea 124,132 - transversalis(Articulatiocubiti)
347,349 1 5 2 - 1 5 51, 5 5 ,1 5 6 ,1 5 8 - 1 5 91, 5 9 , - cricothyroidea126,127 209
- - suprema155 227,229-230,274 - - axisofarticulation127 - - (Articulatiohumeri) 191
- interosseaantetior 224, 240, 242, - - branchesl8 - cubiti 165.166.U6 - - (Articulatioradiocarpalis)
249,251,254 - subfascialis29 - - axes 209 209
- - -communis 16,224,240 - sublinglalis 87,ll8, 120-121 - - frontal section 177
- . posterior201,224,240,242, - submentalis80,86-82 115, - - radiograph(ap) 177
251,254
- - recurrens 224,241-242
152-t54,260 - - radiograph,latenl 177 B
- subscapularis233 - - ratioofforces 185
- intramuscularls 29 - sulci centralis 279 - - sagittalsection 177 Basalganglia 323
- intraseptalis 29 - - postcentralis279 - digiti 183 Baseof the skull ll9
- jeiunales 18 - - precentralis 279 - fibrosa l0 - extemal surface 44,45
- labialisInferior 80,84, 260 - superiorcerebelli 266, 282-283 - humer[ lq.Ms, 166, l7O-172, - foramlna 267
- - superior80,84,260 - supraorbitalis 84, 122,260, 190,233,237 - internalsurface42,43,265,
- labyrinthi 265-266, 267, 376-378,380 - - axes l9l 266
282-283,392 - suprascapularis 149,153-155, --cT173 Basion40,65
- lacrimalis 122,360, 376-378 227,230,233 - - radiograph(ap) l73 Basis
- laryngeainferior 131 - supratrochlearis84-86, 260, 378 - - ratioofforces 185 - cochleae393
- - superior lll,ll5,120-121, - temporalespmfundae 260 - - section(scapularplane) lO, - (Cornuposterius) 350
127- 128, l3t - 132, 137,140, - temporalis 73 172 - cranli 119
1 4 9 ,1 5 1- 1 5 3 - - media 80.86-88 - humeroradialis 165,166 - - externa 44-45
- l i n 8 u a l i s1 8 , 8 0 , 8 5 , 8 7 - 8 81, 1 5 , - - profundaanterior 80, 86 - humeroulnaris 165,166 - - interna 42-43,265-266
118,120-123, 139,t5t - 152,260 - - - posterior80,86-87 - incudomallearis386 - mandibulae 35, 66, ll9, l4l
- lumbales 20 - - superficialis18,72,77,79-80, - incudostapedialis386 - ossismetacarpi 179,184,251
- masseterica86,88 83-88,260 - interphalangeae manus 166, 183, - phalangis(Manus)179-180
- maxillarls 18,72, 80, 86, 86-87, - testicularis 16 220 - stapedls385-386
88,260 - thalamotuberalis282 - - - distales29, 165,183,183 B<ells 10
- meningeamedia 80, 86-82 260, - thoracicainterna18,144,153-152 - - - p r o x i m a l e s1 6 5 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 3 BEoHTEREW'S nucleus 397
265-266,267,27 2, 278,376 226 - laryngis 126 BIcur's fat-ball+ Corpus(ora)
- - posterior 139,266,267 - - lateralis 154,226,228-230 - manus 181 adlposumbuccae
- mesencephalicae282 - - superior227,230 - mediocarpalis165,166, 182 Bifurcatio
- mesentericalnferior 16,18,20, 25 - thoracoacromialis 149,152-154, - membri superioris 166 - aortae 16,18,20
- - superior 16,18,20,25 226-227,229 - metacarpophalangea(-ae) 165,166, - carotidis80. 121
- metacarpalesdorcales 247,249, - - branches 227 t81,183,215,219 Blind spot+ Discusnervi optici
251 - thoracodorsalis228-229, 233 - - pollicis 180,183 BoCHDATEK'S structureof th choroid
- - palmares 243,246,251,256 - thyroideainferior 131,135-136, - ossea 10 plexus 270,283
- nasopaladnall8 139-140,153-155 - ossiculorumauditus 386 Bones
- nutricia 7 - - superior18,80,82121,134,139, - radiocarpalis 165,166, 182,182, - longe,structure 7
- obturatoria 18 149,151-154,158,160,162,260 217,251 - ofthehand180
- occipitalis18,72,80,83,85-88, - tibialis anterior 16 - radioulnarisdistalis 165,166, 178, - o f t h es k u l l 3 3 , 3 5 , 4 1 , 4 8
140,147-149,153-154,260 - - posterior 16 178, tBt-182,208,255 Bowtrl,cN's membrane+ lamina
- - lateralis 284 - transversacolli 149,152,154,158, - - proximalis165,166,178,VA limitans anterior
- - medialis 284,327-328 229-230 - stemoclavicufarisl4l, 166-167, Brachium2-3, 164-165,169,
- ophthalmica 260, 260, 261, - - faciei 80,83,86,122,260 168.226.230 186- 187,192- 197,231, 234-237
265-266, 267, 268- 269,271, - tuberis cinerei 282 - synovialis 10 - arteries 224
276 - 277, 373, 37t, 374-380 - tympanicaanterior 86-87 - temporomandibularis 68,68-71, - colliculiinferioris 297-299
- ovarica 16 - - posterior 386 78-79,86, 119,137,145 - - superioris 298-299,374
- palatinaascendens80,8Z 118, - - superior 265 - - radiograph 70 - crosssection 253
1311 , 39,260 - ulnaris 16,177,214,224, 239-241, Associationfibres 320 - fascia 186
- - descendens 80,260 243-246, 249-250, 254-256 Associationneurons 352 - lymphaticvessels 225
- - major 107,118 - umbilicales18,20 Asterion 34 - MRT 253
- pancreaticoduodenalisinferlor 18 - vertebralis18,72,135,153,155, Atlas 36, 144,160,347,384 - muscles186-222
- parietalisposterior 279 155, 156,156, 162-163,229, Atrium - surfaceanatomy 164
- pricallosa285,309 260-261,?65-266,267,281-283, - cordisdextrum 20 Brain + Encephalon
- pericardiacophrenica349 285,302,335,347 - - sinistrum 20 Brain stem 285, 287, 296, 298,
- pharyngeaascendens18,80, 139, - vesicalisinferior 18 Atrophyof the brain 306 299
267 - zygomaticoorbitalis80, 83, 85-86 Auditorypathway 397 Bregma38,40
- pontis 282-283 Arteries Auricula 381,382 BRoDM^NN'S cortical areas 292
- poplitea 16 - brain 282 - innervation 383 Bronchipfincipales 13
- princepspolllcis 224,243-244, - harld 243,247 Auris 381 Bulbus(-i)
246,249 - head 26O,261 - externa 381 - aortae 18
- protundabrachll 16,224, 234-237 - systemiccirculation 16 - interna 381,392 - cornusoccipitalis 330
- - femoris 16 - upper limb 224 - media 381 - inferior venaejuSularis 139-140,
,- - linSuae ll8, 121 - vascularsystem 16 Autonomicnervoussystem 152.230
- pudendainterna 18 Arteriola(-ae) - parasympatheticpart 25 - oculi 265,339,363-365,
- pulmonales 20 - macularisinferior 371 - sympatheticpart 25 365-368,373-375, 378,380
- radialis 16, 177,224, 238-241, - - superior 371 Axes - olfactorius 91,276,281-282, 287,
243, 245- 247,249,254- 256 - medialisretinae 371 - elbowjoint 209 318-319,335,374
- - indicis 224,243-244 - nasalisretinaeinferior 371 - humanbody I - (Rhombencephalon) + Medulla
- radicularlsmagna 347 ---superior3Tl - shoulderjoint191 oblongata
- rectalismedia 18 - temporalisretinaeinferior 371 - wrist toints 209 - superiorvenae jugularis 139-140,
- - superior 18 ---superior3Tl Axilla 164,165,224-225, 225,228, 262-263,267,384,387
- recurrensradlalis 224.239-241 Articulatio(-nes) 229,229-230 Bunolfir's tract + Fasciculus(-i)
- - ulnarls 224.237.240-242 - acromioclavicularis165,166, 168, Axillary fossa+ Axilla cuneatus
- renalis 16,20,25 1 7 0 ,1 7 3 ,1 8 8 - 1 8 9 Axis 36 Bursa(-ae)
- sacraleslaterales l8 - atlantoaxialislateralis 144 - externusbulbi 366 - bicipitoradialis 176-177,199,202
- sacralismediana18 - - m e d i a n a9 6 , 1 6 0 - internus bulbi 366 - cubitalisinterossea202
- scapularisdescendens155 - atlantooccipitalis384 - (Lens)370 - infrahyoidea125,130,134,160
- sitmoideael8 - carpi 182 - longitudinalis(Articulatiohumeri) - musculi coracobrachialis
- sphenopalatina80, 87,260 - carpometacarpalis(-es) 165,166, l9l 1 8 9 -1 9 0
- spinalisanterior 267,282,347, 182 - ofrotation,joint ll - pharyngealis 160
349 - - p o l l i c i s1 6 6 , 1 8 0 - 1 8 2 - opticus 366 - subacromialisl7l-172, 189-l9O
- - posterior 347 - cartilaginea 10 - rotationis(Articulatiocubiti) 209 - subcutaneaacromialis 226
- splenica 18 - cinguli membri superioris 166 - sagittalis(Articulatiohumeri) 191 - - olecrani 172 186
- stylomastoidea80,86 liberi 166 - - (Articulatioradiocarpalis)209 - subdeltoidea189,195
CapsulaarticularE Cartilago(ines) Cervix
Burca(te) - (Cornuposterius) 350
- subtendineamusculisubscapularis - - (Articulauotemporo- - arytenoidea 124-128,132-133,
162 - dentis 99
1 7 0 ,1 9 0 rnandibularis) 68- 69,71,,73,
- synovialis 170 7 8 - 7 9 , 1 1 9 , 1 3174,5 - auriculae72,382,384 Chiasmaopticum 93, 268-269, 276,
- - (Columnavertebralis) 348 - corniculata 124,126-128,130, 282, 285, 287,291,294,296, 302,
- - cricoarytenoidea 126 1 3 3 ,1 3 6 307,325, 339-340, 365,373-374,
c - - cricothyroidea125-128
- externa 294, 322-326,330-332
- costalis 167
- cricoidea 120,124,1?9, 134,146,
374,375
C h o a n a4 9 , 6 8 , 9 8 ,1 3 6
Caecum13 - extrema 284, 322-326, 330-332 161-t62 Chordacae)
- cupulare 395 - fibrosa(Glandulathyroidea) 135 - cuneiformis128,130,136 - obliqua 176,178,197,270
- interna 277,284, 295, 311, - epiglottica 47, 109,124, 125-126, - tympani 82, 87,106,272, 273,
- vestibulare395-396
3 1 3 - 3 1 43,2 1 ,3 2 1 ,3 2 2 - 3 2 7 , 130,134,160 276,384,386-388,399-400
Calcaneus,development8
Calcaravis 310-311,313-314,322 3 2 9 - 3 3 33, 3 5 - 3 3 63, 5 5 - laryngis 126 Choroidea366-367,567, 368, 372
3 3 1- 3 3 2 - - arterial supply 322 - meatusacustici 382 Cilia356,358,380
- - organisation322 - nasi72,89 Cingulum
Calvaria39,264,264 - (Cerebrum)320
- lentis 370 - - accessoriae89
Calx 5 - membri inferiorls + Cingulum
C a p u t2 - 3 , 6 , 3 0 - 3 1 - - lateralis72,89,91,160
Camera
- anteriorbulbi 366, 368, 373 - breve(M bicepsbrachii) 186, - seDtinasi89-90 pelvicum
- posteriorbulbi 366,368 - thyroidea l}g, 111,120-121,124, - - superiorls+Cingulum
188-189,793-194,196, 197,
- postremabulbi 366, 373 233-234 125-128,130-132,r34, 136-137, pectorale
- vitrea + Cameraposhemabulbi - commune(Mm. flexores) 777,2OO, 141,146,158,160-162 - pectorale 6, 165'168
- tracheales125-128,130,134-135, - - ratioofforces 185
Canaliculus(-i) 201,210 - pelvicum 6
- cochleae395 - (Cornuposterius) 350 t37. 16l
- lacrimales 360 - humerale(M. flexor carpi ulnaris) - triticea 125-128,134 Circulation
- lacrimalisinferior 361 - tubaeauditivae119,140,390,390' - fetal 20
20s,.24r
---superior361 - - (M. flexor pollicis longus) 201 391 - postnatal 20
- mastoideus45 - - (M.pronatorteresl177,797, Caruncula Circulus
- lacrimalis356,361 - arteriosuscerebri(Wus) 266,
Canalls(+s) 203,210
- analis 13 - humeri 19,169,172-173 - sublingualis 96, 116-117,ll7, 120' 2A2-283
- caroticoclinoideus260 - humeroulnare 197,199,2O3, 160 - - iridis maJor 367
- caroticus 36, 45, 63, ll9, 144,260, Cauda ---minor367
210
266,267,387,3A7,388, 389. - inferius 71,73 - equina 341-347 Circumferentia
- - helicis 382-383 - articularis (Radlus) U5-176, U8
390-391,394 laterale (M. tdceps brachii)
- carpi 208,217-218,250 - (Nucleuscaudatus)298,315,323, - - (Ulna) 174
t86-187, 189,192,195,196, r97,
- cenFalis 285,302,306-308,335, 204-205,236-237,253 925-327,330-331,333,336-337 Clsterna
- longum (M. bicepsbrachii) caudalis(=inferior) 1 - ambiens 27O,277,281,307,
350-351
- condylaris 36, 43, 45, 65, 119, 170-173, 188-190,193-195,196, Cavitas(-tes) 326-327.332-335
- articularis (tuticulatio cubiti) 177 - basalis 270-271, 273-275
267 197,234
- diploici 264 - - (M.tricepsbrachii)171-172, - - (Articulatiohumeri) 10, 171 - cerebellomedullaris281,306,
- i n c i s i v u s4 1 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 9 01, 1 8 186-182 189-190,192-194, - conchae382 340
- infraorbitalis 57,57, 58, 102,272, - coronae99 - chiasmatica260, 281,294, 306,
196, 197,233-237,253
357,360 - mallei 384-388 - cranii 122-123 334,340
- longitudinalismodioli 394 - mandibulae47, 66-67,69-71,73, - dentis 99 - chyli 21
- mandibulae 97, lO2, 104,106 - glenoidalis 168,172-173,l9O - fossaelateraliscerebri 281,307'
400
- musculotubarius63, 144,387 - mediale(M. hiceps brachii) 172 - infragloftica 130,134 324-327,330-334,336-338,340
- nasolacrimalis52,360 - medullaris Z 183 - interpeduncularls 27O, 281, 294,
t86- 187,192-195,196,198-199,
- nervi facialis 106, 273, 273, 277, 204- 206, 2lO, 235-237, 239, 253 - nasi 13,46, 55,57,68,72,91,94' 306,325,334,339-340
- 365 - pericallosa 306,324, 326-327,
389,389,394,398-400 (Nucleuscaudatus) 11,284,298,
- - hypoglossi36,41,43,44,45, 310,313-315,322-325,329-333, - oris 13,95-96, l07-l08,ll7, 3 3 0 ,3 3 2 - 3 3 3
122-123 - pontocerebellarls273, 281,284'
45, 61, 65, 68, r44, 266,267, 335,339-340
275,275 - obliquurn(M. adductorpollicis) - - propria 13,108 306,325
- nutricius 7 - pharyngis 132 - quadrigeninalls 327
218,272
- opticus43, 57-58, 61,266,267, - ossismetacarpi179-180 - synovialis ll - trigeminalis 269,269
357,360, 365, 373, 376, 37I - phalangis(Manus) 179-180 - t y m p a n i1 0 6 , 3 8 1 , 3 8 4 , 3 8 2 Claustrum 284, 322-323, 323,
- palatinusmajor 44,58 - profundum(M. flexor pollicis 387-389, 394,396, 398-399, 399, 324-326,330-333,337
- posterior 400 brevis) 215,217- 218,222, 256, 400,400 Clavicle+ Clavicula
- pterygoideus58,60, 106 257 Cawm Clavicula 6, 19,l4l, 743,145,149,
- radicisdentis 99 - radiale 199,2O3,210,240 - septipellucidi313,315,329 154-155,158,163,165,167,167,
- semicircularis(s) - tudii 175,177,201 - trigeminale 271 168,170-.173,186, 188-189.
381,400
- - anterior 392-394,396 - stapedis385,399-400 Cellulae r92-r94,227,?30
- - lateralis 392-394,396, - superficiale 202, 215,217,246, - ethmoidales46-47,56-57,59,72, CtEuND'sligament 250, 251
398-400,400 256,257 92, 122,27l, 339, 362, 365, 380 Clitoris 14
- - posterior392-395,400,400 - s u p e r i u s7 1 , 7 3 - - anteriores91,93-94 Cliws ,S3,55,68, 90, 136,138,400
- spiralis cochleae394 - transversum(M. adductorpollicis) - - mediae 93 Coclilea 381, 384, 392-394,396,
- - nodioli 394 213,215,218,222 - - posteriores91,93-94,272 400
- ulnocarpalis 250 - ulnae 174,180,182,186,207,220, - mastoideae46-47,106,136,138, Colliculus(-i)
- vertebralis 345,346,346, 272, 384,387,389,398,400 - (CartilaSoarytenoidea)124
255
- ulnare (M. flexor carpi ulnaris) - pneumaticae391 - facialis 299,307
348-349 - inferior 2i6, 295, 298-299, 327,
- - veins 348 197,203,210,241 - tympanicae389,394
CANNoN-B0HM point 274 - - (M. pronatorteres) 172 Cementum99 334,397,3q7
- superior 291,295,297-299, 327,
Capitulumhumeri 169,176-177, 20L- 202, 203, 208, 210,240 Centralnervoussystem 24
202 Carotidgenu 260 Centrum 3 3 3 . 3 7 5.
Capsula Carotidsiphon 260 - semiovale296,309 collum 2-3,,6,30-31, 157-158,
- articularis (Articulatio Carpaltunnel syndrome 256 - tendineum 349 160-163
joint of the thumb Cerebellopontine angle 273 - anatomicum 169
atlantoaxialislateralis) 144 Carpometacarpal
- - (Articulatiocubiti) 176 Cerebellurn24, 270, 285, 287, 288, - chirurgicum 169-17O,189,795
+ Articulatio carpometacarpalis
- - (Articulatiohumeri) 10, 303-305,308,321,326,333,341, - mallei 385,388
pollicis
355,387 - mandibulae 67,69,71, ll9
1 7 0 -t 7 1 ,1 8 9 -1 9 0, 2 3 3 , 2 3 7 Carpus 165
- - (Articulatiointerphalangea - crosssection256 Cerebralhemisphere290 - radii 175-178
- cT 256 - corticalareas 293 - s c a p u l a e1 9 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 3
distalis)29 - sensoryinnervation 82
- - (Articulatiometacarpophalan- - joints 182 - gyri 289-291
gea) 181,183,215,219 Cartilaginousjointl0 - sulci 290-291 Colon 22-23
- - (Articulatioradioulnarisdistalisl Cerebrospinalfluid + Liquor - ascendens13
Cartilago(-ines)
- alaris(-es) cerebmspinalis - descendens13
1 7 8 ,l 8 l , 2 0 8 maior 72,89,91,160
- - (Articulatiosternoclavicularis) - - minores 89 Cerebrum 24, 286-287, 288, 341, - sigmoideum 13
- 374 - transversum 13
167,230 articularis Z l0
Index
Columna(-ae) Corpus(tra) Crtsta(te) Diencephalon285,288,296

a n t e r i o r3 5 0 - 3 5 1 amygdaloideum 284,3lB 319, - t u b e r c u l i m a j o r i1s6 9 - 1 7 0
- ( F o r n i x )2 9 4 ,2 9 8 , 3 0 23, 1 3 - 3 1 5 , Digestivesystem,ventral view 13
3 2 3 , 3 2 5 , 3 3 4 , 3 3 63,3 6 - m i n o r i s1 6 9 - 1 7 0 Digitusti)
3 1 8 3 1 9 ,3 2 3 ,3 2 5 , 3 3 0 - 3 3 33,3 9 callosum276,284-285,2BB,291, - anularis 164,179
- i n t e r m e d i a3 5 0 - 3 5 1 vestibuli393
2 9 4 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 2 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 1 3, 1 3 3 l s , - zygomaticoalveolaris 36, 51,59 - (Manus) 165
- p o s t e r i o r3 5 0 - 3 5 1
3 1 8 - 3 2 13, 2 3 -3 2 7 ,3 2 9- 3 3 2 ,3 3 5 , Crus(-ra)2-3 - medius(Manus) 164,179,2i2
- vertebralis6,348
340,374 anterius(Capsula interna) 295, - minimus(Manus) 164,179
- - nerves 348 - cerebelli305
3 2 1 - 3 2 2 , 3 2343, 1- 3 3 3 ,3 3 6 - primus(Manus)+ Pollex
Commissura - ciliare 366,367,368-369,373 - - ( S t a p e s3) 8 5 - 3 8 6 - quartus (Manus)+ Digirusfi)
- albaanterior 350 - antihelicis382
claviculae 167 anularis
- anterior 285,294,296,296,Z9g, - (Fornix) 284-285,294,313, - b r e v e3 8 5 - 3 8 6 , 3 8 8 - quintus (Manus)+ Digitus(-i)
302,307,315,318,319-320, 325, 3 1 8 - 3 1 93,2 5 ,3 3 0 ,3 3 5 - cerebri 269,296-297,.301, 323, mlnlmus
332-333,335-336,350 - geniculatumlaterale 296-299, 3 3 4 ,3 3 9 - secundus(Manus)+ Index
- epithalamica285 - ( F o r n i x )3 0 2 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 3 - 3 1 4 ,
321,326,333,374,374,375 - tertius (Manus)+ Digitusci)
- ( F o r n i x )2 9 4 ,3 1 O , 3 1 8 - 3 1393,1 , - mediale296,298-299,326, 3 1 8 - 3 1 93,2 6 - 3 2 73, 2 9 - 3 3 0 , medius
335 333,353, 374,374,375, 397, 335-336,339
- habenularum294,298,315,320, DIP (distalinterphalangealjoint) lB3
397 - helicis 382 DipIoE39,47,264
335 - humeri 7, 19,169,176-177, 194 laterale(Cartilagoalaris major)
- lateralispalpebrarum356,359 - incudis 385-388 Discus
- medialispalpebrarum356,358 89,91 - articularis (Articulatioradioulnaris
- linguae 108,110 l o n g u m3 8 4 - 3 8 6 , 3 8 8
- posterior 294, 298, 3tS, 320, 332, distalis) 178,182
mamillare270, 285,287,29l, 294, - mediale(Cartilagoalaris major) - - (Articulatiosternoclavicularis)
335 296, 302,318-319,323,325,325, 89-90,160
Comrnissuralfibres 320 159,167,230
3 3 4 3 3 5 ,3 4 0 , 3 7 4 - membranaceum commune395 - - (Articulatiotemporo-
Commissuralneurons 352 - mandibulae33, 35, 46,66,72 - - simplex 395
Concha(-ae) - maxillae 47 mandibularis)69-7 l, 71, 73
-- osseumcommune393-394 - intervertebralis156,348
- auriculae382 - medullare305 - - simplex 393
- nasalisinferior 33, 46,i2,5i,57, - nervi optici 366,371
- ( N u c l e u s c a u d a t uZs9)S , 2 9 8 , 3 n , posterius(Capsula interna) 295, distal 98-99
72, 90, 90, 91,93, 122 123,136, 313-315,325-326, 329,336,336 322,331-333
- (Oshyoideum)47,96,110,113, distalis 1
361 - - (Stapes)384-386 Divisiones
media 33,46, 55-57,72, 90-91, 1 2 7- 1 2 8 ,1 3 4 - stapedis399 - anteriores(Plexusbrachialis) 26
93, 136,272,361,380 - (Ossphenoidale) 36, 54 55, 59, Cryptae - posteriores(Plexusbrachialis) 26
superior 55, 91,136,272 6 0 , 6 8 ,1 6 0 ,2 6 8 , 3 6 0 - linguales108
- sphenoidalis60 Dorsalaponeurosis218,252
ossismetacarpi179 - tonsillares108 dorsalis 1
Condylus - p h a l a n g i(sM a n u s )1 7 9 - 1 8 0 , 2 5 2 CT (computedtomography)
- humeri 169 Dorsum 3
- pineale+ Glandulatae) pinealis - Antebrachium255: - linguae 72, 95, 107-108,108,110,
- occipitalis35-36,4b, 65, flg,137, ^ radii 175-176,207 - Articulatiohumeri 173
- s t r i a t u m3 2 3 , 3 5 5 1181, 40
390 - Carpus256 - manus 4,164,248-249
Conecells 367,374 - trapezoideum397 - Metacarpus256 - pedis 4-5
Confluenssinuum 259,259, - ulnae 174,176,207 - shoulderjoint173 - sellae41,43, 54, 60, 68,90,93,
262-263,265,276,306,316 - unguis 29 Cubita 165 r38,258,268
Coniotomy146,160 - Yertebrae 162-163,346, 349 Culmen 302-304 Ductuli excretorii(Glandula
Connexusintertendinei219-220 - vitreum 365-366 Cuneus 289, 291,318,329-331 lacrimalis)359,360, 361
Conus Cortex Cupulacochleae
- elasticus 125-126,126, l2B, 1gO, 393-396 DuctusCus)
- cerebelli 305 Cuspisdentis 99 - arteriosus
134 - cerebri 264 [BoTALLo] 20
Cutaneousinnervation,upperlimb - cochlearis381,384,395-396
- medullaris 341-342, 344 - lentis 370 223 - deferens 14
Cor 15-17,22-23 Conrt'sorgan+ 0rganum spirale Cutis 29,253-255,264 - endolymphaticus
Corium + Dermis 381,395
Corticalareas Cymbaconchae382 - lymphaticusdexter 21
Cornea363-364,366-367,367, - cerebralhemispheres293 - nasolacrimalis
368-369,374,380 - c)'toarchitectonically 91,360, 361
defined 292 - parotideus72, 75, 78-79, 83,
Cornu - accordingto FoERSTER
- anterius (Medullaspinalis) - functional 293
293 D 114-115,122,137
- r e u n i e n s3 8 1 , 3 9 5 - 3 9 6
350-351,355 Costa(-ae) 6, 19,144,154-156, Deciduous teeth 103,105 - semicircularis(s)
- frontale 277,285, 295-296,Z9g, 381
158-159,763,230,341-342,346, Declive302-304 - - anterior 381,392,395-396
306-308,310,313-315,324-325, 349 Decussatio(-ones) - - lateralis381,392,395-396,399
329-332,335,339-340 Cranialcavity 122,123 - lemniscorum353 - - p o s t e r i o 3r 8 1 , 3 9 2 , 3 9 5
- inferius (Cartilagothyroidea) Cranialnerves 24, 267, 27O, - pedunculorum cerebellarium - sublingualis(-es) major 116,120
t 2 4 - 1 2 8 ,r 3 1 276-277,301 superiorum302,305 - - m i n o r e s1 1 6 , 1 2 0
- laterale(Medullaspinalis) 351 - tunctions 267 - pyramidum 287,321,323, 342 - submandibularis 87,115-116,120,
- m a j u s 7 3 , 9 6 ,1 1 0 - 1 1 11,1 3 1 , 16, - nuclei 300,301 Deepsensibility,subconscious 354 122-123
rr8, 125-128,131,134,136_138, - - motoric 355 DErrERs'nucleus - thoracicus 21,230, 349
397
140 cranialis(=superior) 1 Dens(-tes) - utriculosaccularis
- m i n u s 9 6 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 11,1 3 , 1 2 5 - 1 2 7 , 381,395
Cranium 6, 32-38, 40-41, 46-49 - axis 36,46 - venosus[ARANrn]20
134 Cremastericreflex 351 - caninus 97-98,100,102-103,102
- occipitale295,306-308,310, D u o d e n u m1 3 , 2 2
CristaCae) 116-lt7 Dura
3 1 1 ,3 1 3 - 3 1 43, 2 7 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 ,3 3 6 , - arcuata124 - d e c i d u i4 8 , 9 9 ,1 0 3 ,1 0 4 ,1 0 5 - matercranialis122-123,
339 - basilaris396 - incisivi 46, 95,97-98, 99, 100,
- posterius(Medullaspinalis) 258-259,264-265,265,266,
- choanalisvomeris 54 102-103,107,116-117, 167 268-269,277,278,279,306,373,
3 5 0 - 3 5 13, 5 4 - conchalis(Maxilla) 53 - molaris(-es)57,72, 97-98, 99, 1O0,
- superius(Cartilagothyroidea) 391,39s
- ethmoidalis53,55 102-103,107,116-117, - - spinalis 160,162,342,
122-123
124-128,131,134,136 - fenestraecochleae393 - - I t 9 7 - 9 8 , 1 0 0 , 1 0121 6 - 1 1 7
- temporale277,284,296,306-308, 344-346,349
- frontalis 39,43 - permanentes99-101, 104 Duralsinuses+ Sinusduraematris
3tt, 323,325-327,333-334,332 - galli 41,46, 54-57,90,365 - premolares97-98, 100,1O2,104,
337,339 - infratemporalis 36, 45, 60,7l 107,116-117
Corona - lacrimalisanterior 51,57-58,357 - serotinus+ Dens(-tes)
- clinica 99 - - posterior57-58,357
molarisIII E
- dentis 99 Dentinum 99
- musculi supinatoris 174 Dermatomes223
- radiata 322,328 Ear 381
- nasalis(Maxilla)41,90 Dermis 264 Ear-Eye-Line 32,34
Coronalplane+ frontal plane - - (0s palatinum)41 DEScEMET's membrane+ Lamina Efferentneurons 352
Corpus(-ora) - occipitalisexterna 3Z 65 limitansposterior
- adiposumbuccae 72, 75, 78, 114, Efferenttracts 355
- - interna 43,61,65 Desmodontium+ Periodontium Elbowjoint + Articulatio cubiti
123 - sphenoidalis54,60 Diaphragma22-23,257,274,349
- - orbitae 122,359,365,373,376, Eminentia
- supracondylarislateralis 169,177 - sellae268 - arcuata63,398
380 - - medialis 169,176-177 Diaphysis - collateralis311,333-334,337
- - preepiSlottictm 125-127,130, - supramastoidea62 - (Radius)9 - cruciformis61,65
160 - transversa393-394 - (Ulna) 9 - hypothenaris+ Hypothenar
Index
'lri!
Eminentla Facies Fasciculus(t) FLEcHSTG'S bundle+ Tractus

m e d i a l i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 - cerebralis{Ossphenoidale) 60 - muscularisaccessorius138 . sDinocerebellaris posterior
- p y r a m i d a l i3 s 8 8 - 3 8 93, 9 8 - 3 9 9 - - (Ostemporale)63 - posterior(Plexusbrachialis)26, dreirisrc's ovalfield+ Fasciculus(-i)
- thenaris+ Thenar - contactus99 2 6 ,2 2 4 ,2 2 7 ,2 3 3 - 2 3 4 septomarginalis
Enamelum99 - costalis(Scapula)168 - propriianteriores352 Flexio
Encephalon285,325,330,339-340, - distalis 99 - - laterales352 - (Articulatiocubiti) 191,209
341,34r - externa(Osfrontale) 50 - - posteriores352 - (Articulatiohumeri) 191
- arteries282 - - (Osparietale)64 - septomarginalis 352 - (Articulatioradiocarpalis)209
- atrophy 306 - inferiorlinguae 109,111,117 - transversi212,244 Flocculus27O,283,287,296, 298,
- cT 339 - infratemporalis51 - uncinatus320 303-304.323.327
- development288 - interna(Osfrontale)54, 58 Fastigium 302,307 Foliumvermis302-303
- frontal seclion 324-326,327 - - (Osparietale)64 F e m u r2 - 3 , 6 , 3 2 2 Folliculilinguales118
- horizontalsection328-329, - lateralis(0s zygomaticum)56 - development8 Fonticulus(-i)
331-3333 , 34 - - (Radius)175,178 Fenestra - anterior 48-49
- mediansection335 - lingualis 99 - cochleae387,389,393,395,398 - mastoideus48-49
- MRT 339-340 - maxillaris(Ospalatinum)53 - vestibuli387, 389,393-395,398 - posterior48-49
sagittalsection335-337,338 - - (Ossphenoidale) 60 Fetalcirculation 20 - sphenoidalis48
- ventricle308 - medialishemispheriicerebri 285 Fibrae Foramen(-ina)
Endocrineorgans 15 - - (Ulna) 174,178 - arcuataecerebri 320 - alveolaria51,59
Ependymal layer 306,310,312-313 - mesialis 99 - circulares366 - apicisdentis 99
Epicondylus - nasalis(Maxilla)53 - corticonucleares 295,297,322, - baseoftheskull 267
- lateralis(Humerus)169,176-177, - - (Ospalatinum)53 JCC
- caecumlinguae41,43, 108-109,
186- 187,192,201,205-207, 270, - occlusalis99 - - bulbi 355 160
2 3 2 ,2 3 4 , 2 3 6 - 2 3 72,4 2 - orbitalis(Maxilla)51,352360 - corticoreticulares 295,322, - - (Osfrontale) 93
- medialis(Humerus)164,169, - - (Osfrontale)50, 357,360 322 - cribrosa 41,43, 51,54-56, 90, 266
176- 177, 186,193- 194, 198- 199, - - (Ossphenoidale) 33, 57-58,60, - corticorubrales295,322, 322 - ethmoidaleanterius 50, 57-58,
202,204,210,239-242 357 corticospinales 22, 295,297,321, 352 360
Epicriticsensibility(tactilepath) 353 - - (OszySomaticum) 56-52 352 322,355 - - posterius57-58,357,360
E p i d e r m i s2 9 , 2 6 4 360 - corticotectales 322,322 - incisiYum 36, 41,44-45, 52
Epididymis14 - palatina 53 - corticothalamicae 295,322,322 - infraorbitale 33, 36, 48, 51,57,94,
Epiglottis 108,127- 128,131,133, - posterior(Cornea)368-369 - cuneocerebellares 353 272,357,359,364
1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 6 1 , 3 4 0 - - (Humerus)169 - frontopontinae297 - interventriculare 262, 285, 288,
Epineurium345 - - (Iris)366,368-369 - meridionales366 294,298,302,306,306, 307-308,
Epipharynx 140 - - ( L e n s )3 6 6 , 3 7 0 - occipitopontinae321,322 3 1 0 ,3 1 3 - 3 1 63,1 8 , 3 2 53, 3 1 ,3 3 5 ,
Epiphysisdistalis 9 - - palpebrae358 - olivospinales352 339-340
Epitendineum11 - - partispetrosae391,395 - parietopontinae 292 321 - intervertebrale4z 346
Epithelium - - (Radius)175,178 - pontocerebellares355 - jugulare 36, 43-45, ll9, 139,
- anterius(Cornea)366,368 - - (Scapula)168 - temporopontinae295, 297, 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 6,72 7 4 ,2 75 , 3 9 2 , 3 9 4
- posterius(Cornea)368 - - ( U l n a )1 7 4 , 1 7 8 321-322,322 - lacerum 36, 43-45, 266, 267, 390,
Eponychium29 - sensoryinnerYation 82 - thalamoparietales295, 322, 322, 392,394
Eru'spoint 148 - temporalis(Osfrontale) 50 353 - linguale 67
Ethmoidbone+ Osethmoidale - - (Ossphenoidale) 60,390 - zonulares367,368-369 - Luscgrur+ Apertura lateralis
Excavatio disci 366,372 - - (Ostemporale)62 Fibrocartilagobasalis 268 - M,rcrxorr+ Apertura mediana
Extensio - - (Oszygomaticum)56 Fibrousjoint l0 - magnum 36, 43, 45, 49, 61,65,
- (Articulatiocubiti) 209 - vestibularis 99 Fibula 6 259,266,267
- (Articulatiohumeri) 191 Falx - developmentI - mandibulae 36, 66-67,98, 113
- (Articulatioradiocarpalis)209 - cerebelli259 fibularis 1 - mastoideum36-37, 41,43, 45,
Exteroceptivereflex 351 - cerebri 122-123,258, 258, Filum(-a) 62-63
Extraocular muscles362-363, 264-265,276,284,306,317 - radicularia(N.spinalis)287,299, - m e n t a l e3 3 , 3 5 , 4 8 ,6 6 , 7 5 , 9 7 - 9 8 ,
364-365 Fascia11 344,349-350 102,104,113,272
- innervation 362 - antebrachii186,192-195,205-206, - -- nervi oculomotorii 297 - MoNnor+ Forarnen(-ina)
Extrapyramidal motorsystem355 2r2, 2r4, 239,244,250,254-255 - terminale 342,344-345 interventriculare
Extremitas - axillaris 225-226,228 Fimbriahippocampi310-313, - nutricium 167,174-175,197
- acromialis19,167,170-171 - brachii 226,239,253 3 1 8 - 3 1 93,2 6 - 3 2 73, 3 1- 3 3 3 ,3 3 6 - ovale(Cor) 20
- distalis(Humerus)7 - cervicalis75, 77-7 8, 96, ll4-115, Final commonpathway 355 - - ( O ss p h e n o i d a l e3 )6 , 4 3 , 4 5 , 5 9 ,
- proximalis(Humerus) 7 134-135,141,145,145,146, Fingerjoints + ArticulationesdiSiti 61,266,267,272, 272, 390-392,
- sternalis143,167 160-16t Fissura(-ae) 394
Eyeball366-367,368 - clavipectoralis 141,226-227 - antitragohelicina382 - palatinaminora 52,98
- size 366 - endothoracica349 - cerebelli305 - palatinummajus 36,44-45,
Eyelidmuscles 74 - infraspinata 182 192 - horizontalis(Cerebellum) 5 2 - 5 3 ,9 8 , 1 0 7
- masseterica 78,114-115,145 303-304 - parietale37-38, 41,64
- parotidea77,78,114 - longitudinaliscerebri 280, - rotundum43, 58,60-61,266,267,
F - pectoralis190,227 286-288,291,296, 309,313-314, ?72,272,392
- pharyngobasilaris 137-138,140, 323-334,339 - singulare 394
Face,sensoryinnervation 82 160 - medianaanterior (Medulla - sphenopalatinum36, 55, 58
Facialmuscles 74-75, 76,77-78, 357 - t e m p o r a l i 7s 8 , 8 5 , 8 8 oblongata)287 - spinosum 36, 43, 45, 59, 61,266,
Facialskeleton 57-59, 104 Fascias - - - (Medullaspinalis)342,344, 267,272,392
Facies - o f t h e h a n d2 5 0 350 - stylomastoideurn45,63, 106,
- anterior(Cornea)368 - of the upperlimb 186 - nodulofloccularis 303 136,138,273, 273, 277,389,398,
- - (lris) 366,368 Fasciculusfi) - orbitalisinferior 33, 36,45, 57,59, 400
- - (Lens)366,368-370 - anterolateralis353 357,360,364 - supraorbitale33,48, 51,357
- - (Maxilla)51 - cuneatus298-299,350,352-353, - - s u p e r i o r3 3 , 4 3 , 4 6 , 5 7 , 6 0 - 6 1 , - transversarium 36
- - palpebrae358 353 266,267,270, 27l, 27l, 357, - zygomaticofaciale36, 56-57, 59,
- - partispetrosae43 - gracilis 298-299,350,352,352, 360,362,376 357
- - (Radius1 ) 75-176,178,20r 3 5 3 ,3 5 3 - petrooccipitalis43-44, 400 - zygomaticoorbitale 56, 58,360
- - (Ulna) 174,176,178 - interfascicularis 352 - petrosquamosa 36, 43,62 - zygomaticotemporale 56
- anterolateralis (Humerus)169 - lateralis(Plexusbrachialisl26, 26, - petrotympanica 36,62-63, 398 Forceps
- anteromedialis (Humerus)169 224,227,233-234 - posterolateralis 304 - m a j o r3 2 0 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 1
- articularisacromialis167 - longitudinalis inferior 320 - prima 302-303 - minor 320,329,332
- - (Articulatiotemporo- - - m e d i a l i s2 9 7 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 5 , 3 2 3 , - pterygomaxillaris 36,360 Forearm+ Antebrachium
mandibularis)137 352, 397,397 - secunda302-303 Formatioreticularis292 350,353,
- - arytenoidea124 - - superior320 - sphenopetrosa 44,267,268,391 s97
- - c a r p a l i s1 7 5 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 2 - mamillothalamicus 294,318,323, - telodiencephalica 314 Fornix 276,284-255, 294, 298, 302,
- - clavicularis168,172 - transversacerebri 330 310,313-315,318,318,319,319,
- - sternalis 167 - medialis(Plexusbrachialis)26, - tympanomastoidea36, 62, 398 323,325-327,329-333,335-336,
- - thyroidea124-125,127 26, 154,224,227,233-234 - tympanosquamosa 36 339-340
, Index
Fornix Funiculus Glandula(ae) Gyrus(i)

- conjunctivae inferior 356,359, lateralis(Medullaoblongata)299 parathyroidea inferior 15,131, - occipitotemporalislateralis 282
3 6 1 ,3 8 0 - - (Medullaspinalis)350 1 3 4 - 1 3 61,3 8 1, 4 0 2 8 9 , 2 9 13, 2 5 - 3 2 7 , 3 3 4
- - s u p e r i o r3 5 9 , 3 6 1 , 3 8 0 p o s t e r i o 3r 2 6 , 3 5 0 s u p e r i o r1 5 ,1 3 1 1, 3 8 - - medialis289,291,312,325-327
saccilacrimalis361 - parotidea13,72, 75, 78, 114,ll4, - orbitales287,289,291,324,334,
Fossa(-ae) 1 1 5 1, 3 6 ,1 3 8 ,1 4 1 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 7 , 1 5 1 , 365,374
- axillaris + Axilla 157-159,272,274,276 - parahippocampalis
- canina 51
G 287-289, 291,
a c c e s s o r i7a2 , 7 8 ,l l 4 - l l 5 312,318,318,319,325-327,
- cerebellaris61,65 ualeaaponeurouca/ 5, / / - /e, - pharyngeales136,138 332-334,336-337
- cerebralis65 83-84, 122-123,264,27I pinealis 15,276,285,294,297, - paraterminalis289,294,324,333,
- condylaris 65 G,q.LEN's vein + Vena(-ae)magna 298, 299,301 302,314-315,327, 335
- coronoidea169,177 cerebri 3 3 2 ,3 3 5 ,3 3 9 - 3 4 0 - postcentralis286,289-290,293,
- craniianterior42 Ganglion(-ia) - pituitaria+ Hypophysis 309,326-330,353,353
- - m e d i a4 2 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 7 , 3 8 7 - cervicalemedium25, 139-140, salivariaemaiores13,115,120 - precentralis286,289-290,293,
- - p o s t e r i o 4r 2 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 7 , 3 8 7 1 5 4 , 1 5 6t,6 2 - sublingualis\3, 87,96, 115-116, 3 2 1 ,3 2 6 , 3 2 8 - 3 3 03,s 5 ,3 5 5
- cubitalis4 - - s u p e r i u s2 5 , 1 3 9 - 1 4 0 , 1 5 4 , 2 6 7 , tl6, 120- 123,272-27 3, 276 - r e c t u s2 9 1 ,3 1 9 3, 2 4 , 3 3 4 - 3 3 5
- digastrica66-67 276,375 - -
submandibularis13,72, 78, suprarnarginalis 286,289-290,
- glandulaelacrimalis50-51,357 - cervicothoracicum 25, 135, 8 6 - 8 7 ,1 1 5 1, 1 5 ,1 1 6 i,l 6 , 1 2 0 ,1 3 6 , 327-328
- hypophysialis 42-43, 47, 54, 61, 1 3 9 -1 4 0 ,1 5 6 1 3 8 ,1 4 1 1, 4 9 ,1 5 1 - 1 5 31, s Z1 5 9 , - temporalisinferior 289-291,
68,90,93,268 - ciliare 27O,271,276,374 -375, 272-273,276 324-327
- incisiva44,90 3 7 7 , 3 7,73 7 8 - suprarenalis15 * - medius 289-290,325-327,
- incudis 388-389 - coeliacum25 tarsales358 3 3 1- 3 3 3
- infraclavicularis 186,229 - Glsseru+ Ganglion(-ia) - thyroidea15,22, 120,l2O, 121, - - superior289-290,324-327,
- infraspinata 168 trigeminale l2l, 131,134,134,135,r35, 330-333
- infratemporalis59,364 - geniculi 82, 106,273,392,400 1 3 8 - 1 4 11,4 3 ,1 4 6 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 31, 5 8 , - - transversus anterior 293
- interpedunculais 287,291,297, - impar 25 161
302,323,334 - inferius(N.glossopharyngeus) 82, - tracheales126,135
- jugularis 45, 63, 144,387 139,274,399 - vesiculosal4
- lateraliscercbri 288-289,291,
H
- - (N.ya8us)139-140,274 Glaucoma368
3 1 1 3, 2 4 , 3 3 8 - lumbalia 25 Globus Habenula332
- mandibularis36, 45,47,62-63, - opticum 367,374 - palliduslateralis284,322-323, Hamulus
69-71,73,137,390 - oticum 82, 272,272,274,274, 323,325,332,336 - laminaespiralis 393
- olecrani 169,177 276 - - m e d i a l i s2 8 4 , 3 2 2 - 3 2 3 , 3 2 3 , - ossishamati 179-181,184,214
- poplitea 5 - pelvica 25 - pterygoideus36, 41,45, 54-55,
3 2 5 ,3 3 2 , 3 3 6
- pterygoidea41,60,90 - pterygopalatinum 82, 106,106, Glomus 58-60,68, 73,90,96, 107,119,137,
- pterygopalatina58, 59, 360 272,272-273,276 - caroticum 274 390
- radialis 169 - retinae367,374 - choroideum310,313 Hand,joints + Manus,joints
- rhomboidea298, 299, 302, 342 - sacralia25 G n a t h i o n3 2 , 3 4 H e a d3 0 , 3 1
- saccilacrimalis 59, 357,360 - sensorianervorumspinalium342, Go['s tract + FasciculusCi) - arteries260,261
- scaphoidea36,60 3 4 4 - 3 4 63, 4 8 - 3 4 93, 5 3 - 3 5 4 gracilis - parasympatheticganglia 276
- subarcuata43,63 ----cervicalium34l Gonion34 - regions30,31
- subscapularis168 ----lumbalium34l GowrRs'bundle+ Tractus - veins 262
- supraclavicularisminor 30-31, ----sacralium341 spinocerebellaris anterior Helix 145,382
141,145 - sensoriumnervi spinalis 24 Granulationesarachnoideae264, Hemispherium
- supraspinata 168 - spiralecochleae273,396-397, 278,279,280,306 - cerebelli 277,281-282, 285, 287,
- supratonsillaris 108 397 GMYSoN'S ligament250, 251 296, 303-304, 323,327,334-338
- triangularis 382 - stellatum+ Ganglion(-ia) GSA(generalsomato-afferent nuclei) - (Cerebrum)341
Fossula(-ae) cervicothoracicum 267,300,301 H e p a r1 3 , 2 0 , 2 2 - 2 3
- fenestrae cochleae384,388-389, - submandibulare 82, 87,115,120, - N trigeminus[Vl 271 HESCHL'S transversegyrus 397
393 272,272-273,276 GSE(generalsomatofferentnuclei) Hiatus
- - vestibuli 389 - superius(N glossopharyngeus) 2 6 7 ,3 0 0 , 3 0 r - canalisneM petrosimajoris 266
- petrosa45,63 274 - N abducens[VI] 271 minoris 266
- tonsillares(Tonsillapalatina) 108, - - (N.vagus) 139,274 - N hypoglossuslxlll 275 - maxillaris 53, 55
136 - sympathicum accessorium154 - N. oculomotorius[III] 270 - oesophageus274
Foveafae) - thoracica25 - N trochiearistI\ 270 - venaecephalicae190
- articularis 175 - trigeminale106,106,265, GUYoN's compartment(Canalis Hilum
- centralis366,371 268- 269,269, 271,271, 272, 277, ulnocarpalis)250,256 - nucleidentati 305
- costalisprocessustransversi 287,376-377,387,391,400 GVA(generalviscero-afferent nuclei) - - olivaris inferioris 323
349 - trunci sympathrci 24, 345-346, 267 Hippocampus 284,310-313,318-319,
- - superior349 348 - N. glossopharyngeus 325-326, 330-334,336-337,339
- inferior 299 UXI 274
- vestibulare272,397 - N. trigeminus[V] 271 Humerus6, 165,169,fi f -fi 2,
- oblonga 124 G a s t e r1 3 ,1 5 , 2 2 - 2 3 - N. vagus [X] 274 176-177, 188-189,202,208,239
- pterygoidea66,71 Gastrointestinalsystem,APUD- GVE(generalvisceroefferentnuclei) Humoraquosus366,368
- sublingualis 67 system 15 2 6 7 , 3 0 03 , 01 Hydrocephalus
- submandibularis 66-67 Geniculumnervi facialis399 - N. facialis[VII] 273 - externus 306
- superior299 Genu - N glossopharyngeus - internus 306
- triangularis 124 [IX] 274
- (Capsula internal 295,319, - N. vagus [X] 274 Hyoid bone+ Oshyoideum
- trochlearis50,357 3 2 1- 3 2 2 ,3 2 2 ,3 2 5 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 Gyrus(-i) Hypogastrium+ Regio(-nes) pubica
Foveola(-ae) 371-372 - (Corpuscallosum) 276,285, 310, - angularis286,289-290, 327,329 Hyponychium 29
- granulares 39 313-315,318,320-321,330-33t, - brevesinsulae 290 Hypopharynx 140
- suprameatica62 3 3 5 ,3 4 0 - cerebralhemisphere289-291 Hypophysis15,258-259,265-266,
Frenulum Germanhorizontalplane 32,34 - cerebri 264 268,268, 270, 281,285, 287,302,
- Iinguae 109;111.;117 Gingiva98, 98,116-117 - cinguli 288-289,291,309-310, 3 2 5 ,3 3 5 ,3 3 9 - 3 4 03, 7 3
- veli medullarissuperioris Glabella 50 3 1 3 ,3 1 9 3
, 2 1 ,3 2 4 - 3 3 33, 3 5 ,3 4 0 Hypothalamus15,285, 294,302,
298-299,305,334 Glandula(-ae) - d e n t a t u s3 1 2 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , 3 2 6 - 3 2 7 325,332-335,340
Frons 32 - buccales95 - f a s c i o l a r i 3s 0 9 - 3 1 0 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 - semi-transparentnuclei 294
Frontalbone+ 0s hontale - bulbourethralis 14 - frontalis inferior 289-290,293, Hypothenar 164,212,214, 250,256
Frontalplane 1, 1 - labiales95-96 324-326,330-333
Functionalcorticalareasaccording - lacrimalis 122-123,271,271-273, - - medius 286,289-290,309,
to FoERSTER 293 3 5 9 , 3 5 9 , 3 6 03, 6 0 ,3 6 1 ,3 6 4 - 3 6 5 , 324-326,328,330 I
Fundus 3 7 6 - 3 7 83, 8 0 - - superior 286,289-290,309,
- meatusacusticiinterni 273,394, - laryngeales 132 323-326,328-329,335 Ileum 13,22
394 - linguales 109,120,274 - insulae 323-325 Impressiotnes)
- oculi 371 - nasafes90,272-273 - lingualis 291,327,333-334 - gyrorum 43,93
Funiculus - pafatinae72, 96, 107,lO7, - longusinsulae 290 - ligamenticostoclavicularis167
- anterior 350 272-273 - occipitales329-331,333 - trigeminalis389,391
'
Index ', ,,,1. l:,. ,
'rl'
i, ,ill: ,rl
Incisura(-ae) Labyrinthus L e n s3 6 5 - 3 6 9 . 3 7 0 . 3 7 3 Ligamentum(4)

- anterior 382 - cochlearis381.381.397 Leverarmofmuscl1 e1 - thyrohyoideum laterale 125-127
- cartilaginismeatusacustici - e t h m o i d a l i5 s1,55-56 Lien+ Splen - - medianum120,125,127,130,
382 - membranous395,396 Ligamentum(-a) 1 3 4 .1 4 1 1. 6 0 - 1 6 1
- ethmoidalis50 - membranaceus381. 387. 395-396 - acromioclaviculare170-172, 190 - transversumatlantis 160
- frontalis 50,57,357 - osseous393,394 - anulareradii 176-778,207 - - scapulaeinferius 233
- interarytenoidea 131,133,136, - o s s e u s3 8 1 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 4 - - stapediale386 - - - superius170,188-189,193,
140 - v e s t i b u l a r i3s 8 1 . 3 8 1 . 3 9 7 - anularia 125-127,134 233
- intertraSica 382 Lacertusmusculi recti lateralis 362 - apicisdentis 96, 160 - trapezoideum170,172,189-190
- jugularis(Osoccipitale)61 Lacrimalapparatus 360' 361 - auriculareanterius 145 - ulnocarpalepalmare 181
- l a c r i m a l i s5 1 , 3 5 7 Lacrimalgland+ Glandula(-ae) - - posterius145,383 - vestibulare125,134
- mandibula6 e6,70 lacrimalis - - superius383 - vocale 124-126,726, 132,134,
- mastoidea37,45,62-63 Lacuna(-ae) laterales264,27I -279 - carpi radiatum 181 162
- nasalis51 Lacuslacrimalis 356, 360, 361 - carpometacarpalia dorsalia 181, Limbus
- parietalis62-63 tamMa 40 207 -208 - anteriorpalpebrae356, 358
- preoccipitalis 289-290 lamina(-ae) - - palmaria 181,214 - corneae 366
- pterygoidea41,60 - affixa 298,310,313-315,326,329 - collaterale - posteriorpalpebrae356, 358
- radialis 174,176 - albae 305 - - carpi radiale 182 - spiralis 396
- scapulae168,170 - anterior (Vaginamusculi recti ---ulnarel82 Limen
- sphenopalatina 53 abdominis)187 - - radiale 176-177,202,207-2OB - insulae 290
- supraorbitalis50-51,359 - arcusvertebrae36,346 - - ulnare 176-177,202 - nasi 9l
- tentorii 258 - basilaris396 - collateralia(Articulatiometa- Lineofaction,muscle 11
- thyroideainferior 124 - cartilaginiscricoideae 124-126, catpophalangea) 181,183,219 Linea(-ae)
- - superior 124-127 1 3 0 ,1 3 2 ,1 6 0 - conoideum 170,172,189- l9O - alba 188
- trochlearis 174,176-178 - choroidocapillaris367 - coracoactomiale 170-172, - axillaris anterior 1
- tympanica388 - c r i b r o s a4 1 , 4 3 , 5 15, 4 - 5 6 , 9 0 , 2 6 7 1 8 8 -1 9 0 - - posterior I
- ulnaris 175 - - sclerae366,372 - coracoclaviculare170, 172, 189, - epiphysialis7,10
I n c u s 3 8 4 - 3 8 5 , 3 8 53, 8 8 - dextra (Cartilagothyroidea) 193 - innominata 46
lndex 164,179,252 1 2 4 - 1 2 s , 1 2 8 , 1 3143, 7 - coracohumerale170-172,190 - medianaanterior I
- episcleralis372 - costoclaviculare747,167,197 - - posterior 1
Indusiumgriseum 309,313,318,
3 2 6 ,3 3 0 - 3 3 1 - externa39,47,264,278 - cricoarytenoideun 125-126 - medioclavicularis1
- horizontalis36, 45, 49,52-55,98, - cricopharyngeum125-126 - mylohyoidea36,66-68
Infrahyoidmuscles 142
Intundibulurn(Hlpophysis) 390 - cricothyroideumrnedianum 121, - nuchalisinferior 3Z 45,65
- interna 39,47,264 - - superior37,45,65
268-269, 285,287,296, 339 125,127,130,134,141,160-161
Inion 40 - lateralis(Cartilagotubaeauditivae) - cricotracheale125-126,134 - - suprema 65
Insertion,muscle 11 390-391 - cruciformeatlantis 160 - obliqua (Cartilagothlroidea) 124,
Insula(-ae)282,284,288,310-311, - - (Proc.pterygoideus) 36,41,45, - denttculatum344-345,349 127
s 2 , 5 4 , s 8 ,6 0 ,6 8 , 1 1 91, 3 73, e 0 - flava 345-346 - - (Mandibula) 66
3 1 3 - 3 1 43,2 2 ,3 2 6 ,3 3 0 - 3 3 2 ,
336-337,337,339-340 - limitansanterior 366,368 - glenohumeraleinferius 170 - parasternalis I
- pancreaticae15 - - posterior 366 - - medium 170 - paravertebralis 1
Internalear 392 - medialis(Cartilagotubae - - superius170 - scapularis 1
auditivae)390-391 - hyoepiglotticum125, 127,l3O, - sternalis 1
Interneurons351-352
Inter?halangealioints + - - (Proc.pterygoideus) 36,41,45, 160-161 - ternporalisinferior 35,38,64
52,54-55, 60, 68,96, 119,390 - iliolumbale 346 - - superior35,38,64
Articulationesinteryhalangeae
Intestinuml5 - medullarislateralis(Nucleus - incudisposterius386,388 - hapezoida 167
- crassum13 lentiformis) 323, 325, 332 - - superius386,388 Linesoforientation,human body I
- t e n u e1 3 , 2 3 - - medialis(Nucleuslentiformis) - intercarpaleinterosseum 182 Lingua 72, 87,94, lO9, ll8, l2O-121,
Intima 10 323,325,332 - intercarpaliadorsalia 181 122-123.136,340
Intumescentia - membranacea391 - interclaviculare747,160,167 Lingula
- cervicalis 341-342 - modioli 393-394 - laterale(Articulatiotemporo- - cerebelli 294,302-305
- lumbosacralis341-342 - orbitalis 35, 56-59,352 360 mandibularis)68,78-79, 86, ll9, - mandibulae 66-68
- parietalis(Pericardiumserosum) t37 - sphenoidalis 43,60-61,392
Iridocornealangle 368
Iris 356,366,367,368,368, 369, 349 - longitudinaleanterius 156,160, Liquorcerebrospinalis306
369 - perpendicularis (Osethmoidale) 348-349 Lobulus(-i)
Isthmus 41,51,68,90 - - posterius160,345,348-349 - auriculae 382
- aortae l8 - - (Ospalatinum)53-52 59 - mallei anterius 386 - biventer303-304
- faucium 107 - pretrachealis96, 134-135,141, - - laterale386-387 - centralis 294,302-304
- glandulaethyroideae 121,130, 145-146,160 - - superius384,386-388 - gracilis 303
- prevertebralis135, 146,160 - manus 181 - paracentralis289
1 3 4 - 1 3 5l,5 Z 1 6 0 , 1 6 3
- gyri cinguli 289, 291,332 - protunda(Fasciatemporalis) 78, - metacarpaletransversum - parietalisinferior 286, 289-290,
78,88 profundum 181 327,329
- sinistra (Cartilagothyroidea) 124, ---superficiale244 - - superior 286,289-290,327
126-128,131- 132,134,137 - metacarpaliadorsalia 181 - quadrangularisanterior 303
I - spiralisossea393-394,396 - - interossea 182 - - posterior 303
- - secundaria393-394 - - palmaria 181,250 - semilunarisinferior 303-304
I e j u n u m1 3 , 2 2
- superficialis(Fasciacervicalis)75, - nuchae 159 - - superior303-304
lugumCa)
- alveolaria(Mandibula)66,97 7 7- 7 8 , 8 5 ,1 1 4 - r 1 51, 3 5 ,1 4 5 - 1 4 6 , - ossiculorumauditus 386 - simplex 303
- - (Maxilla)51,97 1 6 0 -1 6 1 - p a l m a r i a1 8 1 , 1 8 3 Lobus(-i)
- sphenoidale61 - - (Fascia temporalis)78,78,85 - palpebralelaterale 359 - anterior (Hypophysis)+
- tecti 302,305 - - mediale75,78,357,359,361 Adenohypophysis
- terminalis 276,285, 294,302, 318, - pectinatum 368 - cerebellianterior 302-303
- pisohamatum 181 - - posterior 302-303
L 325,332-335
-
- tragi 145,382 - pisometacarpale181 cerebri 288
's anastomosrs262-263 - vasculosa367,367 - pterygospinale68,68,119 - dexter (Glandulathyroidea)
LA.RBf
Iabium Iaryngopharynx 140 - quadratum 177 120-121,134-135, 138
- inferius 95, 108-109 Inryngoscopy 133 - radiocarpaledorsale181 - flocculonodularis287,302-303
- limbi tympanicum 396 larynx 13,lll, 120-121,125-128, -, - palmare 181,215,218 - frontalis 288,290,308, 365
- - vestibulare 396 130-132.134.140 - sphenomandibulare 36, 68,68,73, - inferior pulmonis 13
- majuspudendi 14 - innervation 274 8 8 .9 6 . 1 3 8 - insularis+ Insula
- minuspudendi 14 - m u s c l e s1 2 9 , 1 3 1 - sternoclaviculare anterius 167 - limbicus 288
- superius95, 108 Lateralventricle+ Ventriculus - sternocostaleradiatum 167 - mediuspulmonisdextri 13
lateralis - stylohyoideum36,96, 111,113, - occipitalis 290, 308, 318
labrum
- acetabuli173 lateralis 1 1 1 9 r, 3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 3 ,1 4 5 - parietalis290,308,323
- articulare10 Lemniscus - stylomandibulare68, 96, 119, - posterior(Hypophysis)+
- glenoidale172,190 - lateralis353.397.397 136 Neurohypophysis
- medialis297,353 - thyroepiglotticum125,130,160 - pyramidalis120,134
Labyrinth + labyrinthus
Index
Lobus(i) Md.rgo Mesopharynx140 Musculus(i)

sinister(Glandulathyroidea)121, - parietalis(Osfrontale)50 Mesotendineum 11,214,252 adductorbrevis 343
1 3 4 - 1 3 51, 3 8 ,1 4 3 ,1 4 6 - - (Ossphenoidale) 60-61 Metacarpalia + Osfsa)metacarpale/ - - longus 343
- superiorpulmonis 13 - - (Ostemporalel62-63 - - magnus 343
metacarpi
- temporalis282,290,308,323, posterior(Radius)175,178 - pollicis 187,213,216,217-218,
Metacarpophalangeal joints +
3 6 5 ,3 8 7 - - (Ulna) 174,178 Articulatiotnes)meta- 222,222, 245- 247,249,256,
Locuscaeruleus299 - pupillaris 368-369 carpophalangeae 257,343
Longbone,strucrure 7 - sagittalis64 Metacarpophalangeal joint of the - anconeus186-187,195,796,197,
Longitudinalaxis 1 - sphenoidalis62-63 thumb + Articulatio(-nes) 204-207,210,222,236-237,242,
Lowerjaw + Mandibula - squamosus (Osparietale)64 metacarpophalangea pollicis 257
Lowerlimb - - (Ossphenoidale) 60-61 Metacarpus165 - antebrachii322
- ossification 8 - superior(Cerebruml 289, 324 - crosssection256 - antitragicus383
- ossificationcentres I - - partispetrosae42-43, 63 - articulariscubiti 197,210
Metaphysis 7
Lunula 29 - - (Scapula)168 - distalis(Humerus)7 - arytenoideus obliquus 127-128,
LuscHr,c.'s foramen+ Apertura - supraorbitalis (Orbita)357,364 - proximalis(Humerus)7 129,131-132, 134,140
lateralis - - (os fronrale)33,46, 50-51 Metathalamus296,298 - - transYersus127-128,129,13O,
Lymphatc tracts,ventral view 2l - zygomaticus60 Metencephalon285,288 132,140,160-161
Lymphaticvessels Masticatory muscles71, 75, 78, 119 Modioluscochleae394 - auricularis(-es)273, 383
- arm 225 - hontal section72,73 - - anterror 74,77
Monosynapticreflex 351
- axilla 225 - horizontalsection 72 - - posteflor74,77,85
MoNRoE's foramen+ Foramen(-ina)
Matrix unguis 29 interventriculare - - superior74,77,145
Maxilla 33, 36, 45,47-49, 51,52-53, MoRGAGNI's ventricle+ - biceps [1
M 5 3 ,5 4 - 5 5 ,5 7- 5 9 ,7 2 ,8 9 - 9 1 ,9 3 , Ventriculusti) laryngis - - brachii 164,170-t73,176-178,
9 7 , 9 8 ,t O 5 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 8 1
, 6 0 - 1 6 13,5 7 , Motoneuron90,351 1 8 6 - 1 9 01, 9 2 - 1 9 5 , 1 9 6 ,
Macula 3 5 9 - 3 6 13, 6 4 ,3 8 0
- cribrosamedia 393
Motor end path 355 197-202, 204,208,210,222,
- panoramicradiograph 102
- - superior 393
Motor end plate 351 226,233- 237,239- 241,253,
Maxillary sinus 52, 122 MP (metacarpophalanSeal ioint) 257,t43
- flava 130 Meatus - - femoris 343
- lutea 366 183
- acusticusexternus 36,45-47, MRT (magneticresonance - bipennatus 11
MAGENDTUS' foramen+ Apertura 62- 63, 70, 102, 137,381,38r, tomography) - biventer 11
mediana 3 8 3 - 3 8 43, 8 4 ,3 8 7 3, 8 7 ,3 8 8 - 3 8 9 - Antebrachium 254 - brachialis ll, 177,186-187,
Malleus 385,385, 388,400 - - - cartilagineus79,86,88, 384 - Brachium253 192-195,196,197-202, 204-205,
Mandibula6, 33, 35, 47-49, 66-67, - - i n t e r n u s4 1 , 2 6 7 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4 , 3 8 1 , - Encephalon339-340
210,222, 235-237,239-241,253,
87,96,97 -98, 109,110-I 11,113, 394,394 Musclespindles351 257,343
1 1 81, 3 8 1
, 43,145,160 - nasiinferior 46, 55, 57,72, 90, 93, Muscles - brachli 322
- panoramicradiograph 102 361 - Antebrachium 203, 209-210, - brachioradialis164,172
Manubrium - - m e d i u s4 6 , 5 5
- mallei 385-382 387,388
211 186- 187,192-t9 5, 197-202,
- - s u p e r i o r4 6 , 5 5 , 7 2 , 3 8 0 - bicipital 11,11
- sterni 155,160,167 204- 206, 208, 209, 210,215,
- nasopharyngeus160 - bipennate11,11 222,222, 235-237;239- 242,
Manus 2-3, 165,179,181,183-184, medialis 1 - biventer 11 254-255,257,343
212-222, 243-249, 252,256 Mediansagittalplane I - Brachium 196 - buccinator72, 75,76,78-79,
- arteries 243,247 Medulla - caput ll
- bones 180 84-88,95-96, 107,114,122,137
- oblonSata24-25,265-266,267, - digastric 1l - bulbi 322,362-765
- compartments250 275, 281,285, 287- 288,296, - eyelid 74 - chondroglossus
- joints 181 110-111, 112
298-299,308,321,326,335, - facial 74,76,76 - ciliaris 27O,276,366,367,368,
- - axes 209 341-342,353 - fascia 11
- - distal 166 368
- ossiumflaYa 7 - flat 11,l1 - cinguli pectoralis 322
- - proximal 166,182 - - rubra 7 - Insertio 11 - colli 141,143-144,322
- ligaments 181 - spinalis 24, 162-163,267, 276, - larynx 129,131 - constrictorpharyngisinferior
- muscles 212, 215,217-218,220 282,287- 288,299,302,323, - leverarm 11
- muscularorigins and insertions 79, 111,115,120, 132,134,
340- 341,347-342, 344, 346,347, - l i n e o f a c t i o n1 1 137,137, 138-139,141,143,
222 350-351,352 - multi-headed11,11 161-162
- nerves 247 - - afferenttracts 354 - origin ll - - - m e d i u s1 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 , 1 3 2 ,
- radiograph(ap) 9, 184 - - cellularorganisation 352 - parallelfibres l1
- synovialsheathsof tendons 213 1 3 7 , 1 3 71 ,3 8 - 1 3 9 , 1 6 1
- - efferenttracts 355 - prevertebral 144, 145 - - - s u p e r i o r1 0 21 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 1 3 6 ,
- - do5al 219 - - long tracts 353, 354-355 - rotationalaxis11 137-140, 154,161
Margo Mnnou'sglands+ Glandula(-ae) - single-headed1l - coracobrachialis 173,188-189,
- anterior(Radius)175,178 tarsales - strap 11
- - (Ulna) 178 193- 194,196,197,222, 226,233,
Membrana - with tendinousintersections 235,257,343
- ciliaris 369 - atlantooccipitalis anterior 96, 144, -- corrugatorsupercrlrr74, 75,
1l
- frontalis (Osparietale) 64 160 - Tendo 11
- - (Ossphenoidale)61 7 8 - 7 9 ,3 5 7
- fibrosa(Capsulaarticularis) 10, - of the tongue+ Musculusfi) - cricoarytenoideus
- gingivalis 99 lateralis
176 linguae t27-128,129,134
- inferolateralis 289,324 - intercostalis externa 159 - types ll - - posterior127-128,129,
- inferomedialis289,324 ' interosseaantebrachii 178,202, - unipennate11
- infraorbitalis(Maxilla) 51 131-132,140
207-208, 210,215,242,249,251, - u p p e rl i m b 1 8 8 - 2 2 2 - cricothyroideus 120-121,127,127,
- - (Orbita)33,56,357,364 - - innervation222
- insularis + Insula 128,r29,134,137,141
- quadrangularis 134 venter 11 - deltoideus141,143,149,152-154,
- interosseus (Radius)175,178 - reticularis396 Muscularorigins and insertions 164,173, 186-190,191,192-195,
- - (Ulna) 174,178 - stapedialis386,399 - hand 222
- lacrimalis51,53 1 9 72, 2 2 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 72,2 9- 2 3 0 ,
- sterni 226 - upperlimb 197,210 2 3 3 - 2 3 7 , 2 5, 73 4 3
- l a m b d o i d e u3s8 , 6 1 , 6 5 - synovialis(Capsula articularis)l0 - depressoranguli oris 75, 76,
Muscularsystem,ventral and dorsal
- lateralis(Humerus)169 - tectoria(Ductuscochlearis)396
- - (Orbita)357,360,364
view 12 77-79, 114,137
- thyrohyoidea 96, 110-111, 120-121, Musculus(-i) - - l a b i i i n f e r i o r i s7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 - 7 9 ,
- - (Osfrontale) 51 125- 127,134, 137,l4l, 143 - abdominis322
- - (Scapula)168,173 95
- tympanica381,381,384,384, - abductordigiti minimi (Manus) - - s e p t i n a s i7 4 , 7 5 , 3 5 7
- - (Unguis) 29 3 8 6 - 3 8 23 8 7 , 3 8 8 202,213,2r4, 215,217- 218,222, - - s u p e r c i l i7i 4 , 7 5 , 7 7 - 7 9 , 3 5 7
- liber (Unguis) 29 - - secundaria387 - d i g a s t r i c u 7s 2 , 7 8 - 7 9 , 8 58, 7 - 8 8 ,
222,246,256,257,343
- linguae 108 Membrum - hallucis 343
- mastoideus61,65 9 6 ,1 1 3 1
, 1 5 - 1 1 61,1 9 - 1 2 0 ,
- i n f e r i u s2 - 3 , 6 - - p o l f i c i s b r e v i2s 0 2 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 5 , 122- 123,136- 141,142, 143- 145,
- medialis(Humerus) 169 - s u p e r i u s2 - 3 , 6 , 1 6 5 2 1 6 ,2 1 7- 2 1 8 2
, 22,222, 149-153,157-159,272-273, 400
- - (Orbita)357,364 Meninges264,387 - digitorum manus 322
245-247,343
- - (Scapula)168,189 - spinales344 - - - longus 186-182198-200, - - pedis 322
- occipitalis(Osparietale) 64 Mesencephalon277,285, 288, - dorsi 346
202, 204,207,210,212,217,
- - (Ostemporalel 62-63 296-297,298,298,374 - epicranius74, 75, 77-79, 85, 88,
222, 239,242,247,249,2s1,
- occultus(Unguis) 29 mesial 98-99 254-256,257, 343 147,380
Index
Musculus(t) Musculus(i) Musculus(i) MLtsculus(i)

extensor 343 - hyoglossus87,96, 110-111, ll2, - omohyoideus 73,79, 115,120,137, -, semispinaliscapitis 77,79, 119,
- - carpiradialisbrevis 177, '
115-116,118,120-121,137,,141, 141,142,143,145,148-150, 143,159,162
t86- 187,192- 193,t95, 197- 19I, 151,157-158,275 152-154,157-159,162-163, - semitendinosus 343
202,204-207,209,210,220, - iliocostalis cervicis 159 187-189,193,197,229-230,233 - serratusanterior 141,159,
222, 236- 237,239,241- 242, - - thoracis 159 - opponens digiti minimi (Manus) 187 -t89, 197,226,228 230,257
2 4 7 , 2 5 42 5 6 , 2 5 7 , 3 4 3 - iliopsoas343 202,213,214,215,217-218,222, - - posteriorsuperior 159
- - - - longus 177,186-187, - infrahyoidei 79, 135,142,257 222,256,257 - soleus343
192-195,197-202, - infraspinatus171,173,188-190, - - pollicis 202,213,215,216, - sphincterpupillae 270, 276,366,
204-207,209, 210,220, l9l, 195, 197,222, 233,257,343 2 1 7- 2 1 8 ,2 2 2 ,2 2 2 ,2 4 6- 2 4 7 , 368
2 2 2 , 2 3 6 - 2 3 7 , 2 4214 2 , - intercostales externi 141,159,188, 2 5 6 , 2 5 7, 3 4 3 - spinalis 162
247,254-256,257,343 349 - orbicularisocnli 72, 74,75, 77-79, - spleniuscapitis77,79,119,
- - - ufnaris 186,197,204-207, - - i n t e r n i 1 5 9 ,1 8 8 , 3 4 9 8 5 ,8 8 ,3 5 7 - 3 5 83, 6 1 ,3 8 0 143-t44,148-150,153,159,t62
210, ztt , 220, 222, 222, 242, intercostaliscervicis 144 - - oris75,76,77-79,85,88, - - cervicis 141,159,162,187,230
2 5 4 - 2 5 6 , 2 5, 374 3 - interossei dorsales(Manus) 187, 95 96,137,161,357 - stapedius106,273,386,388,399
- digiri minimi 186,204-206, 215,217,2t9-220, 221,222,222, - orbitalis 362 -- sternocleidomasaoidelJs 75, 77-7 9,
211,211,220,222,242, 246-247,249 2 ,5 1 ,2 5 6 , 2 5 7, 3 4 3 - palatl 107,322 8 5 ,9 6 ,1 1 4 1, 1 9 1, 3 5 ,1 4 1 1, 4 1 ,
255-256,343 - - palmares215,217-219,221, - p a l a t o g l o s s u1s0 7 - 1 0 81, 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 143-145,147-153,157-158,
- - digitorum 186-187,195,197, 221,222,222, 246,251,256, ltz, 118,274 162-163,187-188,t97,226,
204- 207,210,ztl, 219- 22r, 2 5 7, 3 4 3 - palatopharyngeus 107-108,138, 229-230,275
222, 24t-242,247,250-252, - intersectus11 140,274 - sternohyoideus 73, 79, 111,115,
254-256,257,343 - intertransversarii 257 - palmarisbrevis 212,213,222, 1 2 0 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 7 , 1 4 1r 4, 2 , t 4 3 , 1 4 5 ,
---brevis343 - - anteriorescerYicis 144 2 3 9 ,2 4 4 , 2 5 7 149,154,158-159,162- 163,187,
---longus343 - lateraleslumborum 346 - - longus 186,197-201,203,208, 197,229-230
- - hallucisbrevis 343 - - pbsteriorescervicis 144 210,272,222,239-240,250, - sternothyroideus79, 120,
---longus343 - laryngis 127-129,322 254-256,257 134-135,141,142,149,1.54,
- - indicis 206 207,210,211,219, - latissimusdorsi 164,187-189, - pectineus 343 159-160,162-163,r88, 229
2 5 4 - 2 5 6 , 2 5, 374 3 r 9 r , 1 9 2 ,1 9 72, 2 2 ,2 2 6 ,2 2 8- 2 2 9 , - pectoralis major 141,143,149, - styloglossus 79, 87,96, ll0-111,
- pollicisbrevis 186 187,199, 233,257 152-154,157-159,186-190,190, 1 1 2 ,1 1 5 1, 1 8 - 1 2 11,3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 5 ,
2 0 2 , 2 0 4 - 2 0 72,t 0 , 2 1 2 ,2 2 0 , - l e v a t o r a n g uol ir i s 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 8 - 7 9 , 192,195,197,226-230,233-235, 275
222,239,242,247,249, 95, 137,3s7 257 - stylohyoideus79, 85, 87-88, 96,
2 5 4 - 2 5 6 , 2 5, 37 4 3 - - l a b i i s u p e r i o r i 7s 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 - 7 9 , - - minor 141,152-154,188-190, 1131 , 1 5 1, 1 9 - 1 2 01,3 7 - 1 3 81, 4 1 ,
l o n g u s1 8 6 - 1 8 7 , 2 0 4 , 8 5 , 9 5 ,1 3 7 , 3 5 7 190,193- 194,197,229-230, 742,143,145,151-152,157,159,
206- 207,210,?tl, 220,222, .- - - alaequenasr75,76, 233,257 273,400
242,247,249,251,254-256, 77-79, 137,357 - pennatus11 - stylopharyngeus 96, 110-111, 119,
257,343 - palpebrae superioris122-123, - pharyngislll, 118,132,137,322 137-138,r38, 139,143,274
faciei 75, 77-79, 322,357 265,270,359,362,362, - piriformis 343 - subclavius141,159,188-190,190,
- faucium 322 3 6 4 - 3 6 53, 7 3 ,3 7 6 r 3 8 0 planus ll 197,227,230,257
- fibularis brevis 343 - - scapulae 79,141,143-144, - popliteus 343 - subscapularis 770-171,173,
- - longus 343 147- t48, 150,153,159, - procerus74,75,77-78, 137,357 188-190,190,193-194,197,222,
flexorcarpiradialis 186-187, 162-163,187-189,197,230,257 - pronatorquadratus198-202,203, 2 3 3 ,2 5 7, 3 4 3
197-202, 203, 208,210,214, - - v e l i p a l a t i n i7 2 , 9 6 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 9 , 208, 210,215,217,222, 239-240, - supinator 177,197,199-202,
217 218,222,222, 239-240, 1 3 6 -1 3 8 2
, 7 4 , 3 9 03, 9 0 , 3 9 1 246,251,255,257 206-208, 210,zrl, 222, 239-242,
245- 246,2s0, 254-256, 257,343 - linguae 110-112,322 - teres 172 187,197,199-202, 257,343
- - - ulnaris 186,197-202,203, longissimus capitis 119,144,159 203,206-208,210,222, - suprahyoidei79, ll3, 142
204-208, 210,213,215,218, - - cervicis 159 239 247,254,257,343 - supraspinatus163,170-172,
222,222, 239-241,245-240, longitudinalis inferior 109-111, - pterygoideus lateralis70-71,71, 188-190,tgt, 192-193,197,222,
2 4 9 , 2 5 4 - 2 5 5 , 2 5, 374 3 t12 72 - 73 , 8 6 - 8 7 9 , 6 , 1 1 9 1, 3 8 2 3 3 ,2 5 7, 3 4 3
- - diSitiminimi 257,343 - - superior 109,112 - - m e d i a l i s7 1 , 7 1 , 7 2 - 7 3 , 8 6 - 8 8 , - temporalis71,72-73,79, 85-88,
- - - - b r e v i s ( M a n u s2)0 2 , 2 1 3 , - longuscapitis 72, 96, ll9,141, 9 6 , 1 0 6 ,l l 5 1 1 61, 1 9 1 , 3 6 ,1 3 8 , 1'19,122
2 1 4 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 72 1 8 , 2 2 2 144,144,156,188,257 141 - temporoparietalis74, 75, 77-7 8,
- - digitorum brevis 343 - - colli 135,145,156,162 163, - quadratuslumborum 346 85
- longus 343 257 - quadriceps femoris 343 - tensorfasciaelatae 343
- - - protundus29,197,201-202, - lumbricales(Manus)202, rccti 322 - - t y m p a n i1 0 6 , 3 8 4 , 3 8 6 - 3 8 8 ,
203, 210,214 219,222,222, 2 1 ?- 2 1 3 ,2 1 5- 2 1 72, 1 9 2 , 21, - rectusabdominis188 391,399
240 241.250-252,254 256, 22r-222, 246,247,250- 251,256, capitisanterior 119,144,144, - - velipalatin9 i 6,112,119,137,
2 5 7, 3 4 3 257 257 1 4 0 , 2 7 2 , 3 9 03,9 0 ,3 9 r
superficialis197-202, 203, - m a s s e t e7r1 , 7 2 7 3 , 7 5 , 7 87 9 , - lateralis119,144 - t e r e sm a i o r 1 8 6 - 1 8 91, 9 1 ,
2 1 0 , 2 1 42 1 9 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 2 , 8 5 - 8 6 ,8 8 , 1 1 4 -1 1 5 1 , t 9 ,1 2 2 -1 2 3 , ---posteriormajorll9 192- 193,195, 197,222,228,233,
239 240.250-252,25+.256, 141,143,145,159 - - minor 119 235-237,257,343
2 5 7, 3 4 3 - m a s t i c a t o r7i il - 7 2 , 7 5 , 7 8 - 7 9 , - - i n f e r i o r1 2 2 - 1 2 3 , 2 7 O , 3 6 2 - - minor 171,187,189-190,191,
- - hallucisbrevis 343 119,322 362,363-365,373,379 -380 195, 197,222, 237,257,343
longus 343 frontalsection72, 73 - - f a t e r a l i s1 2 2 - 1 2 3 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 1 - thoracis322
- - p o l l i c i s b r e v i s1 8 3 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , - - horizontalsection72 360, 362, 362, 363-367, 373, thyroarytenoideus127,l3l, 132
213,215,216,217- 218,222, membriinferioris 322 376-380 - thyrohyoideus 73, 79, 96, ll0-lll,
2 2 2 ,2 + 5 - 2 4 62, 5 6 ,2 5 7 ,3 4 3 - m e n t a l i s7 5 ,7 6 ,7 7- 7 9 , 9 5 , 1 3 7 , - - medialis 122-123,270,362, 115,120,134,137,141,142,143,
- l o n g u s1 8 3 , 1 8 7 , 1 9280 2 , 143 3 6 2 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 6 , 3 7 83 8 0 158,162
203,210,214-215,217,222, multifiduscervicis i62 - - s u p e r i o r1 2 2 - 1 2 3 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 O , - tibialis anterior 343
222, 23e-240.246,254 256, - myfohyoideus 72-73, 87,96, 109, 3 6 2 ,3 6 2 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 53, 7 3 , - - posterior343
2 5 7, 3 4 3 i l 3 , 1 1 5 -1 1 6 1, 1 8 -1 2 0 ,1 2 2 -1 2 3 , 376 380 - t r a g i c u s1 4 5 , 3 8 3
- flexoresantebrachii177,200,ZOl, 137,141,142,143,t45, ls1 1s3, rhomboideusmajor 189, 197,257 - transversus auriculae383
235,240-241 157-158,160-161,272 - minor 189,197,257 - linguae 109,ll2
digitorum(Manus)246,256 - n a s a l i s7 4 , 7 5 , 7 7 7 9 , 3 5 7 risorius 75,76,77-78, 95, 114 - - menti 76
- tusiformis ll obliquusauriculae383 - salpingopharyngeus 138,140 trapezius77,79, 85, 119,141,143,
- gastrocnemius 343 - - capitissuperior 119 - sartorius343 147-148,150,152,157,159,
- genioglossus 73, 96, 109-111,ll2, - - e x t e r n u s a b d o m i n1i s8 7 - 1 8 8 , - scalenusanterior 79, 135,141, 162-163,186-187,189,192,194,
1 1 31, 1 s l 1 6 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 31,6 0 1 6 1 , 226,228-229 143,143,144,149- 150,r52, 154, 1 9 7 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 0 , 2, 25 7 5
275 - inferior 27O,359,361-362, 1 s 6 ,1 5 9 ,1 6 2 -1 6 3 ,r 8 7 -1 8 8 , - tricepsbrachii 164,171-172,
g e n i o h y o i d e7u3s , 9 6 ,1 0 9 1 l l , 1 1 3 , 3 6 2 ,3 6 3 - 3 6 4 , 3 7 93-8 0 229-230 177,186-187,r89- 190,192-195,
1 1 5 -1 1 6 1, 1 8 - 1 2 3r,4 2 , \ 6 0 - 1 6 1 - s u p e r i o r1 2 2 - 1 2 32, 7 0 ,2 7 1 , - - m e d i u s7 9 , 1 3 5 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 3 , 196, 197-200, 204-206, 210,222,
- gluteusmaximus 343 359,362,362,363-365, 144,150,156,159,162. 163 2 3 3 ,2 3 5 - 2 3 7 , 2 3 92,4 2 ,2 5 3 ,2 5 7,
- - medius 343 376,380 1 8 7 -1 8 8 ,2 3 0 , 2 5 7 343
- - minimus 343 obturatorius externus343 - - p o s t e r i o 7r 9 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 1 5 0 , - urrrlae 107,ll2, 140,274, 390
- gracilis 343 - internus 343 156,163,187-188 - verticalislinguae 109
h e l i c i sm a j o r 1 4 5 , 3 8 3 occipitofrontalis 74, 75, 77-7 9, 85, - semirnembranosus 343 - vesicaeurinariae 322
- - minor 145,383 88, 147,357 - semipennatus1l - vocalis 128,129, 132,134
Index
lllusculus(i) Nervus(i ) cutaneus antebrachii

- zygomaticus NeNus(i) Nervus(-i)
major 72,75,76, - - - m e d i a l i s2 6 , 2 6 , 1 8 6 , - mandibularis
7 7- 7 8 , 8 5 ,9 5 , 1 1 4 l,L g , 1 3 73, 5 7 -224, IV/3) 82, 87,106,tO6, supraorbitalis82,84-86, 88, tzz,
223 231,233_234,238, 266,267,268 269,272,274,277, 2 7 1 , 3 7 63 7 7 , 3 8 0
- - m i n o r7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 - 7 9 , 1 3 7 , 3 5 7
253,257 2873 , 76-377,373 98, 3 ,3 9 1 ,4 0 0 - s u p r a s c a p u l a r2i s6 , 2 6 , 1 5 4 l,g 8 ,
Myelencephalon 285 - - - posterior223-224,231-232, -
massetericus 71, 72, 85-88,272 191,222,230,233,257
236-238,247 - 2 4 8 - maxillaris - supratrochlearis
- - brachiilateralisinferior lV/21 82, 106,106, 82, 85-89,27l,
2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 6 72, 6 8 - 2 6 92, 7 2 ,2 7 7 , 376-377
N 2 2 3 - 2 2 42, 3 2 ,2 3 6 - 2 3 7 2 8 7 , 3 7 6 - 3 7 7 , 3 7490, 0 - temporales profundi 71,86-87,
- - - - superior223-224, - meatusacusticiexterni 86-82 383
Nares 89, 160 272
232_233,236 - medianus26, 26, 177,186,203, t h o r a c i c2
i 4 ,2 6 - 2 7 .2 2 3 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 9 ,
Nasalcartilage89 - - - m e d i a l i s2 6 , 2 6 , 1 8 6 ,
208,214,216,221-222, 223-224, 341-342,349
Nasalcavity 55, 91 2 2 3 - 2 2 42, 2 6 ,2 3 0 _ 2 3 42, 3 8 , 233- 235,239- 24r,244- 245,250, - thoracicuslongus 26,26, 154,
Nasalmuscles 74 257 253-256,257 228-230,257
N a s i o n3 2 , 4 0 - - - p o s t e r i o r1 8 6 , 2 2 3 - 2 2 4 , 2 3 2 , - mentalis - thoracodorsalis
82, 84-86, 88, 106,272 26,26, 154,191,
Nasopharynx 140 236-238. - musculitensorisveli palatini 112
Neck 30-31, 157-158,160-162, - - femorislateralis 27,27 2 2 2 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 92, 3 3 ,2 5 7
- musculocutaneus 26, 26, 186,194, - tibialis 27
163 ---posterror27,27 196, 222, 223-224, 230- 231, - transversuscolli 26, 26, 147-149,
- fascia 145,146 - digitalesdorsales(N. radialis) 233 - 238, 244, 253- 255, 257 257
- lateralregions 159
2 2 3 , 2 4 -72 4 8 ,2 5 2 - mylohyoideus82, 86-88, 142, - t r i g e m i n u s 2 4 , 7 3 , 8 2 , 9 2 ,1 0 6 ,
- r e g i o n s3 0 , 3 1 - - - (N.ulnaris) 223 [Y)
- sensoryinnervation 82 151-154,272 2 5 8 ,2 6 5 ,2 6 9- 2 71 ,2 7r , 2 72 ,
- - palmarescommunes - nasociliaris82, 266,267,270,
Nephros+ Ren 276-277,281-283,287,296,299,
(N.medianus)223-224,252 2 7 1 ,2 7 6 , 3 7 63- 7 8 ,3 8 0 301,316,353,376-379,400
Nerves - - - - (N.[lnarisl 223-224 - nasopalatinus - trochlearis 24,73,258,
- hand 247 91,272 [IVl
- - - proprii (N medianus) - obturatorius 27
- upperlimb 224 265-266, 267,268- 270, 270-271,
223-224,245-247,250,252 - occipitalismajor 82-83, 85, 276-277, 287,296, 298- 299,301,
Nerws(-i) - - - - (N.ulnaris) 223-224,
- abducens 147-149,154 335,?62,376-378,380
LYll 24,73,265-266, 244-245,247 - - minor 26,26,83,85,147-149, - tympanicus 82, 106,274,399
267, 268-271,27t, 276_277, - dorsalisscapulae26,26,257 152,154,257 - ulnaris 26, 26, 177,2O3,zlt, 213,
281-283, 287,296,301,335,362, - ethmoidalisanterior 82,85-86, - oculomotorius
376-380,387,400 Ull) 24-25, 73, 258, 2t4, 214-216,22r- 222,223- 224,
271,378-s79 265-266,267, 268-270,270,271, 230,233-237,239-242, 244-246,
- accessorius 24,1J9-140,l4l, - - posterior
IXI]I 271,378-379 277, 276, 276,277, 281- 283, 248,250,253-256,257
147-r54, 158,258,265_266,267 - facialis 2 8 7- 2 8 8 ,2 9 6 ,3 0 1 ,3 2 5 ,3 3 5 - 3 3 6 ,
, lVlll 24-25,74,76,82, - utricularis 273,395-396
270, 275, 276-277,281_282,287, 82,84-88, 106,115,142, 3 6 2 ,3 7 5 - 3 8 04, 0 0 - utriculoampullaris
296,299,301,335,342,400 273,395
148- 149,258,265-266, 267, - olfactoriiLll 24,e1-266,267 - vagus[X] 24-25,79,86-87,106,
- alveolares superiores106,272 2 6 9- 2 70 , 2 72 - 2 73 , 2 73 , 2 76 , ophthalmicus lV/ ll 82, 106,2h5, 108,135,136-137,139-140,149,
- alveolarisinferior 72-73,82,
281-283,287,296,299,301, 267,268-270, 27t, 277, 287, 151- 154,158,162- 163,229,258,
85-88, 106,116,122-123,272 3 2 3 ,3 3 5 ,3 8 3 ,3 8 7 ,3 8 8 ,3 9 2 376-379,400
- ampullarisanterior 273,395-396 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 6,72 7 0 ,2 7 4 ,2 7 4 ,
392,399,399,400 - o p t i c u st l l l 2 4 , 7 2 - 7 3 , 1 0 6 , 1 2 2 , 275-277,281-283,287,296, 299,
- - lateralis273,395-396 - femoralis 27,27
- - posrerior272,395-996 258- 259,265-266, 267, 268- 270, 3 0 1 ,3 2 3 ,3 3 5 , 3 4 2 , 3 8 33, 9 9 , 3 9 9 ,
- fibulariscommunis27 276- 277,281-282, 287,294,296,
- analesinferiores 27 - frontalis 266,267,271,376, 400
319,335,339,360, 362-365,372, - vestibularis273,392,395-397
- anococcygets27,27
380 372-373, 374, 374, 375-380 - vestibulocochlearis
- auricularismagnus26, 26,83-94, - genitofemoralis27,27 - palatiniminores118,272 [VIII] 24, 258,
-148, - 2 6 5- 2 6 6 ,2 6 7 ,2 6 9- 2 70 , 2 73 , 2 73 ,
147 257, 383 glossopharyngeus - palatinusmajor 82, 107,118,272
- - posterior85,87-88,147,152, [lX] 24-25, 276-277,281 -283, 287,296,299,
8 2 , 8 2 ,1 0 6 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 8 1, 3 1 , - pectoralis(s)26,257 3 0 1 ,3 2 3 ,3 3 5 , 3 4 2 ,3 9 2 , 3 9 2 , 3 9 5 ,
273,383,399 136-137,138,138,139,140, - - lateralis190
- auriculotemporalis72, 82-BB, 396,396,397,397,400
258,265-266,267, 270,274, - - medialis 154,190 - zygomaticus82, 85,271-272, 360,
273,3A3 274,276-277,281-283, 287, - petrosusmajor82, 106,265-266,
- axillaris 26, 26, l9l, 222, 379-380
296,299,301,323,335,342, 2 6 7 , 2 7 3?, 9 2 , 3 9 9 - 4 0 0 Neurofibrae
223- 224, 228,232- 237,257 399,399,400 - - minor 82,106,265-266,267, - associationis320
- buccalis84-88,272 - gluteusinferior 27,27 274,399 - commissurales 320
- canalispterygoidei82, 106,399 - - superior 27,27 - profundus82, 106 - projectionis 321
- cardiacuscervicalisinferior 25 - hypogastricus25 - pharyngeus272
---medius25,139,154 Neurohypophysis268, 294
- hypoglossus - phrenicus26, 26, 152-154,156,
- - - superior25,139,154 lxlll 24,26,79,97, Neurons
- caroticotympanicus399
rr2, 115-116,118,120-121, 158,162- 163,229,257,349 - afferent 352
139-140,r42, 151- 154,157-158, - - accessorius156 - efferent 352
- caroticusinternus 106,139,271, 265- 266,267,270, 275, 275, - pterygoideuslateralis 71,87,272 Nodulus(-i)
378 276-277, 282-283, 287,296, 299, - - m e d i a l i s7 1 , 2 7 2 , 3 9 1 - (Cerebellum)302-305
- cervicales 24, 24, 26, 83, 85,
3 0 1 ,3 3 5 ,3 4 2 - pudendus2Z 27 - lymphoideipharyngeales'136
152-153,342 - iliohypogastricus27,27 - radialis 26,26, 177,186,196,202,
- ciliares 368 Nodusfi)
- ilioinguinalis2Z 27 208,209,ztt -212, 222, 223- 224, - lymphoideus(-i)
- - breves271,276,378 - infraorbitalis79, 82, 84-88, 106, abdominis
- - longi 271,378 230-242,247-249, 253-255,257 parietales21
r22- 123,272, 360- 362, 380 - rectalesinferiores+ Nervusci) viscerales21
- coccygeus24, 27, 342, 344 - infratrochlearis 85-88, 271, analesinferiores - - a x i l l a r e s2 1 , 2 2 5 , 2 3 0
- cochlearis273, 384,392,395-397 - saccularis273,395-396
378-379 ---centrales230
- craniales24, 265,27O,276-277, - intercostalis24,26, 226,228-229, - s a c r a l e s2 4 , 2 7 , 3 4 2 ---laterales230
287,300 341,345,349 - spinales 24, 162-163,341-342, ---superficiales226
- - n u c l e i3 0 0 , 3 0 1 - intercostobrachialis 26, 154,186, 344-345,346,347,349 - - buccinatorius150
- - - general somato-afferent 223,228-231 - spinalis 353-355 - - cervicales anteriores21, 160,
(csA) 301 - intermedius106,265, 287,323 - splanchnicilumbales25
- - - generalsomato-efferent 230
(GSE) - interosseusantebrachiianterior - - pelvici 25 ----protundi230
300,301 203,224,240,254 - - sacrales25 ----superficiales230
- - - generalviscero-afferent(GVA) - - - p o s t e r i o2 r 42,249,254 - splanchnicus major 24-25,349 - - - l a t e r a l e s2 1 , 2 3 0
300, 301 - ischiadicus2Z 27 - minor 25 '---protundi230
- - - generalviscercefferent - jugularis 139 - stapedius273 - inferiores150,163
(cvE) 300,301 - lacrimalis82,266,267,271-272, - s u b c l a v i u2 s6,26,257 - superiores150,162
---motoric355 3 6 0 ,3 7 6 - 3 7 83, 8 0 - subcostalis27 - - - - s u p e r f i c i a l e1s4 8 , 1 5 0 , 2 3 0
- - - specialsomatoafferent(SSA) - laryngeusrecurrens25,129,131, - subfingualis82, 120-121 - - cubitales225
300, 301 135,140,154,tsq,163,274 subscapularis26, 26, l9O-191, - - deltopectorales230
- - - specialviscero-afferent(SVA) - - superior 111,115,120-121,129, - faciales150
222,233,257
300,301 131-132, 137,139 140,151,153, - supraclavicularesintermedii 26, - - inguinales2l
- - - specialviscercfferent(SVE) 275 147-148,223,226,257 - - intercostales 230
300, 301 - lingualis 72-73, 82, 86-88, - - l a t e r a l e s2 6 , 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 6 , - - jugulodigastricus
- cutaneusantebrachiilateralis 186, 150
1 0 6 - 1 0 8u, 5 - 1 1 6 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 230-232,257 - - juSuloomohyoideus 150
223-224, 231,234- 238,244, 158,273 - - m e d i a l e s2 6 , 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 , 2 2 3 , - - mastoidei150
254-255 - l u m b a l e s2 4 , 2 7 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 4 226,257 - - occipitales150
Index i
Nodus( i) lymphoideusti)
- - parotideisuperficiales150
Nucleus(i)
- salivatoriusinlerlor 274,276,
Os(sa)
- digitorum(Manus)6, 165,180
P
- - pectorales230 300-30r ---developmentS PACcHroNr's granulations+
- pelvisparietales21 - - superior272-273,276, - - ( P e s )6 Gmnulationesarachnoideae
- viscerales21 300-301 ---developmentS Painpathway+ protopathic
- - submandibulares 72, 115, - sensoriusprincipalisnervi - ethmoidal3 e 3 ,3 5 , 4 1 , 4 35, f , sensibilitl
150 trigemini 300 54-55,56, 57-59, 68,90, 357, Palate118
- - submentales150 - solitarius273-274,300-301 3 6 0 ,3 8 0 - hafi 52,707
- - subscapulares 230 - spinalisnervi trigemini 271,274, - f r o n t a l e3 3 , 3 5 , 3 9 ,4 3 , 4 5 , 4 7 - 4 9 , - soft 107
Nucleus(-i) 300-301 50, 51,51, 54-55,57-58, 91,357, Palatinebone+ Ospalatinum
- accessorius nervi oculomotori - subthalamicus323,355 360,362,364,380 Palatum 118
2 7 0 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 73,0 0 - 3 0 1 - suprachiasmaticus294 - hamatum9, 179-182,214, - durum 46-47,52,91,95-96,102,
- ambiguus274-275,300-301 - supraopticus294 256 107,lo7
- anterior(s)hypothalami294 - teSmentales 294 - - development8 - molle 4Z 73, 91,95, 102,107,lO7,
- - thalami 295,323 - thalami 323 - hyoideum47,73,79, 87,96, lO2, 1 0 8 ,1 3 6 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 1
- arcuati 294 - thoracicusposterior351,354, 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 ,1 31, 1 3 1, 1 41, 1 61, 1 8 , - osseum44,98
- basales323 354 120-121,125,125, 126,126, 127, Pallidum 323
- c a u d a t u s2 9 5 ,2 9 8 ,3 1 0 - 3 1 1 , - tuberales 294 r 2 7 , 1 2 8 ,1 3 0 - 1 3 11,3 4 ,1 3 4 , Palma 5,164,244-246
313-315,322-323, 323, 324- 327, - ventralis(s)295,323 136-138,r40-141,143,746,151, Palmaraponeurosis+ Aponeurosis
329-333,335-337,339 - - anterior 295 1 5 8 ,1 6 0 -1 6 1 palmaris
- centralis(Medullaspinalis)353, - - intermedius295 - Incae 37 palmaris 1
353 - - posterolateralis295 - incisivum 48-49,52 Palpebra(-ae) 356,358-359
- centromedianus 295 - - posteromedialis295 - intgrparietale 37 - i n f e r i o r3 5 6 , 3 6 0 , 3 7 3 , 3 8 0
- cerebelli305 - ventromedialishypothalami 294 - l a c r i m a l e3 3 ,3 5 - 3 6 , 4 8 5, 4-55, - superior356,360,373,380
- cochleares273,301 - vestibularis(s) 273,300-301, 5 7- 5 9 , 3 5 7 , 3 6 0 Pancreas13,22
- cochlearis anterior 397,397 397 - lunatum 9, 179-182,184,251 Panniculusadiposus 77, 159
- - posterior300,397,397 - - inferior 300,397 - - developmentI Papilla(-ae)
- corporisgeniculatilateralis - - lateralis300,397 - manus 179-180 - conicae 108
295 - - medialis300,397,397 - metacarpi 6, 165,179-180, - ductusparoddei ll7, ll7
---medialis295 - - superior300,397,397 183- 184,207,247,250-251, - filiformes 108
- - mamillaris294 256 - f o l i a t a e1 0 8 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 1
- - trapezoidei 392 397 - - development8 - fungiforrnes 108
- c u n e a t u s3 5 3 , 3 5 3 , 3 9 7
- d e n t a t u s3 0 5 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 63,5 5
o - metatarsi 6
- - deYelopment8
- incisiva 107
- lacrimalis 361
- dorsalisnervi vagi 274, Obex 299,342 - nasale33, 35, 38, 41,47-45, 51, - - inferior 356
300-301 Occipitalbone 61, 65 5 4 - 5 5 ,5 7- 5 8 , 7 5 , 7 8 , 8 9 , 9 11, 6 0 , - - superior 356
- dorsalis(-es)hypothalami 294 Occiput38 357,359-360 - mammaria225,228
- - thalami 295 Oculus(-i)356 - naviculare,development8 - vallatae108,110,118,131,136
- dorsomedialis 294 Oesophagus 13,22, 135,137-140, - occipitale37-39, 43, 45, 48-49, Paranasalsinuses 9l-93, 94
- emboliformis+ Nucleusti) 160,163,349 55, 6r,61, 65, 136,144,160,341, Parapharyngealspace140
interpositusanterior Olecranon164,174,176- 178, 347,384,400 Parasympathetic ganglia,head
- fastigii 305 186-187,192,195,204-206,232, - palatinum 36, 47,45, 49, 52, 276
- globosus+ Nucleusfi) 236,238 53, 54-55,57- 59,98, 98, 357, Parasympathetic part of the
interpositusposterior Oliva 270, 275, 287,326-327 3 6 0 ,3 9 0 autonomicnervoussystem 25
- g r a c i l i s3 5 3 , 3 5 3 Operculumfa)290 - p a r i e t a l e3 3 ,3 5 - 3 9 , 4 3 , 4 5 , Paries
- intermediolateralis 351 - frontale 288,290 48-49,58, 64, 264 - caroticus 387
- interpositus anterior 305 - parietale288,290 - pisiforme 179-180, 184,202, 215, - externus 396
- - posterior305 - temporale288 2 1 7- 2 1 8 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 - inferior 93,357,365
- interstitialis397 Opisthion40,65 - - developmentI - jugllaris 387
- lemniscilateralis397 Optic nerve+ Nenus opticus - s a c r u m6 , 3 4 2 - labyrinthicus387,389,389
- lentiformis 323, 323, 340 Ora serrata 366-369 - scaphoideum9, 179-182,222 - lateralis357,360,365
- lentis 370 oral 98-99 - - development8 - mastoideus387,389
r marginalis(Medullaspinalis) Oral cavity 95-96, lO7-1O8,ll7, - s e s a m o i d e a ( M a n u1s7)9 - 1 8 1 , - medialis357,360,365
Jf,I 122,123 1 8 3 -1 8 4 - membranaceus (Cavitastympani)
- mediales295 Orbiculusciliaris 366,369 - sphenoidale33,36,42- 43,45, 387,388
- mediani 295 Orbit + Orbita 48-49,52, 54-55,57-59, 60, 61, - - (Trachea)125-128,130,135,
- - thalami 323 Orbita 57, 93-94, 102,122-123, 6r, 68,93, 160,268,357,360,362, 140,160
- mesencephalicus nervi trigemini 3 5 7 ,3 6 0 , 3 7 6 - 3 8 0 3 6 4 - 3 6 53, 9 0 - posterior(Meatusacusticus
27r, 297,300-301 - frontal section 380 - suturalia37 externus) 384
- metathalami295 . MRT 373 - tarsi 6 - superior 365
-- motoriusnervi trigemini 271,297, - vertical section 380 - temporale33, 36-37,4l-43, - tegmentalis382 387
300-301 Organof equilibrium 273 45-46,48-49,57-59, 62-63, - tympanicus 396
- nervi abducentis300-301,397 Organum(-a) 68,70-71,77, 139,258,381-382, - vestibularis 396
- - a c c e s s o r 2i i 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 - genitaliafemininaexterna 14 3 8 4 ,3 9 0 - 3 9 13, 9 5 ,3 9 8 , 4 0 0 Parietalbone+ Osoccipitale
- - f a c i a l i s2 7 3 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 ---interna14 - trapezium9, 179-180,182,184, Parotidgland+ Glandulaparotis
- - h y p o g l o s s2i 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 - - masculinaexterna 14 214,220,256 Pars
- - lacrimalis300 ---interna14 - - development8 - abdorninalisaortae 16, 18,20, 25
- - o c u l o m o t o r2i i 7 0 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , - s p i r a l e2 7 3 , 3 9 6 , 3 9 6 - trapezoideum 9, 179-182,184, - - (Ductusthoracicus)21
397 - urinaria 14 214,256 - - (M. pectoralismajor) 187,190,
- - trigemini 353 - vestibulocochleare381 - - development8 226
- - t r o c h l e a r i 3s 0 0 - 3 0 1 , 3 9 7 Origo,muscle 11 - triquetrum 9, 179-182,184,256 - acromialis 173,l9l, 227
- olivarisinferior 323,397 Oropharynx140 - - development8 - alaris 74
- - superior397 Os(-sa) - zySomaticum33, 36, 45, 48-49, - alveolaris 66
- parafascicularis 295 - capitarum9, 179-182,184,214, 56, 57,59, 68-69,7r -72, 86-88, - anterior (Cerebellum)303
- paraventriculares 294 251,256 94,357,359-360,364,380 - - (Commissuraanterior) 318,320
- pontinusnervi trigemini - - development8 Osseous joint 10 - - (Dorsumlinguae)107-108,ll0,
300-301 - carpi 6, 165,180 Ossiculaauditus 381,381,386, 118
- pontis 355 - coccygis6,342 400 - - (Lig.collateraleulnare) 176
- posteriorhypothalami 294-295 - coxae6 Ossificationcentres - - (Lobusquadrangularisanterior)
- preoptici294 - - development8 - upper and lower limb 8 303
proprius (Columnaposterior) - c r a n i i3 3 , 3 5 , 4 1 , 4 8 Ostium - aryepiglottica 127,129, 134,140
351 - cuboideum,developmentI - pharyngeumtubaeauditivae 91, - ascendensaortae 16,18,25, 158,
- pulvinares295 - cuneiformeinterrnedium, 136,140,160
- reticulares295 developmentI - tympanicumtubaeauditivae 387, - atlantica 155
- ruber 276,294,296-297,301,326, - - laterale,developmentI 388-389 - basilaris(Osoccipitale) 65, 145
333-334,355,355,3497 - - mediale,development8 Ovarium 14-15 - buccopharyngea 107,136,137-138
Index
Pars Pars Periodontium 99 Plexus

- caecaretinae367 - parasympathica 25 Perionyx 29 pterygoideus81,88, 262
- canalis373 parietalis(Stratumsynoviale)11 Periorbita362,364,373,380 - pulmonalis(N vagus) 274
- cartilaginea (Tubaauditiva)391 - patens(A umbilicalis)18 Periosteum7, 162,252,345 r e n a l i s2 5
- cavernosa260,261,266,268,277, - petrosa(A. carotisinterna) 260, Peripharyngealspace 140 - sacralrs 27,27
294,392 261,267 Permanent teeth 100,101 thyroideusimpar 135
- centralis(Ventriculuslateralis) - (Ostemporale)43,46,48-49, P e s2 - 3 , 3 1 1 - tyinpanicus 274,274, 399
284,306-307,308,310,311, 62, 258,384,391,395,398, - h i p p o c a m p3i 1 8 , 3 2 23 2 3 , 3 3 4 vasalisdermalis29
3 1 3 - 3 1 43, 2 3 ,3 2 5- 3 2 7 ,3 2 9 - 3 3 0 , 3 9 8 ,4 0 0 , 4 0 0 Petiolusepiglottidis124- 126 - - epifascialis29
3 3 5- 3 3 6 - postcommunicalis (A. cerebri Phalanx(-ges) - subcutaneus29
- ceratopharyngea 110-111, 137, anterior)266,269,282,284-285, - distalis(+s)(Manus)29, 165, - - subdermalis29
137,138 324 1 7 9 - 1 8 4 , 1 8 3 - 1 8245, 1 - venosuscanalishypoglossi262,
cerebralis260, 261,266,268-2b9, - - (A cerebriposteriorl266,282, (Manus)+ Osfsa)digitorum 267
277,282,322,373 284 (Manus) - - caroticusinternus 260, 262,
- cervicalis(A. carotisinterna) 260, - posterior(Commissura anterior) mediafae)(Manus) 11,165, 266,267,391
261 3 1 8 ,3 2 0 179-180,183-184,251 - - f o r a m i n i s o v a l i2s6 2 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 ,
- - (Columnayertebralis) 6 - (Dorsumlinguae)108,110,140 - proximalis(s)(Manus) 165, 266,267,391
- - (Ductusthoracicus)21,230 - - (Lig.collaterale ulnare) 176 179 180,183-184,250-251 - - pharyngeus132
- - (Medullaspinalis)342,350 - postlaminaris372 Pharynx 13,47,lO8,125,136, - - vertebralisexternusanterior
- chondropharyngea ll0-111, 118, - precommunicalis (A. cerebri l?8-140, 160,272 348
137,137, 138 anterior)266,282,322, 324 - constrictormuscles136,137 posterior 348
- ciliarisretinae 366,367,369 - - (A.cerebriposterior)266, - elevatormuscles138 - - - i n t e r n u s1 6 2 , 2 6 7
- clavicularis(M. deltoideus)173, 282-283,325 - muscles,innervation274 - - - anterior 345,348-349
191,227 - prelaminaris372 - sensoryinnervation161 - - - - posterior345-346,348
- - (M. pectoralismajor) 141, - prevertebralis154-155 PHruppr-GorrrsAulr triangle 352 Plicafae)
1 5 2 -1 5 3 ,1 8 6 ,1 9 0 ,1 9 72, 2 6 - 2 2 7 - profunda ( M .m a s s e t e r7)1 , 7 2 , 7 9 , Phlebography19 - aryepiglottica 128, 133,136,140
- compacta(Substantianigra) 119 of the sinuses316 - axillaris anterior 164
296-297,323 - pterygopharyngea 136,137-138 Pia - - posterior 164
- costalis(Pleuraparietalis)349 - recta 127,134,137 - matercranialis264,266,281,306 - ciliares 369
- cricopharyngea137, 138 - reticularis296-297 - - s p i n a l i s3 4 5 - 3 4 6 , 3 5 0 - fimbriata 109,111,ll7,120-121
- cuneiformisvomeris 54 - retrolentiformis 322 PIP(proximalinterphalangeal joint) - glossoepiglottica lateralis 108
- cupularis384,387 - sacralis350 183 - mediana108
- descendens aortae 16,140,347 - sensoria(N.trigeminus)258 Placenta 20 - iridis 368-369
- distalis (Adenohypophysis)268 - sphenoidalis282,284,322 Planesof the humanbody I - lacrimalis360, 361
- duralis 342 - spinalis(M deltoideus)173,191 Planta 5 - mallearisanterior 384,387-388
- flaccida384 - squamosa36, 41,43, 49,57-58, Plantarreflex 351 - - p o s t e r i o 3r 8 4 , 3 8 8
- glossopharynSea 107,110-111, 62-63,382 plantaris 1 - nervilaryngeisuperioris136,140
1 3 6 ,1 3 8 - sternocostalis 143,l9O,227 Planum - palatinaetransversae107
- inferior(N.vestibulocochlearis) - sublentiformis322 - medianum168 - petroclinoidea anterior 258,258,
273 - superficialis(Glandula parotidea) - scapulare168 269,276
- infraclavicularis26, 153-154, ll4 Platysma72-73, 75, 76, 77,ll4- 115, - posterior 258,258
190-191,l9 6, 203, 209,2tt -214, - ( M .m a s s e t e r7l 1 , 7 2 , 7 5 , 7 9 , l l s 122-123,135,137,141,145, pharyngoepiglottica136
216,22t, 224,228-229,233-234 - superior(N vestibulocochlearis) 147 148,153,162,226 salpinBopalatina 136
- i n s u l a r i s2 8 2 , 3 2 4 273 Pleuraparietalis156,349 salpingopharyngea 108,136,140,
- intercartilaginea132-133 - supraclavicularis26, 141, Plexus 160
- intermedia(Adenohypophysis) 268 149-150,154,158,190-191,224 - aorticusabdominalis25 semilunarisconjunctivae356,361
- intermembranacea 132-133 - supratarsalis356 - - thoracicus349 sublingualis117,120
- intracranialis (A vertebratis)155, - sympathica 25 - b a s i l a r i s2 5 o ,2 5 9 ,2 6 3 ,2 6 5 ,2 8 4 , triangularis108
265,283 - tarsalis356 294 vestibularis128,130,132-134,
- - (N.opticus)373 - tecta(Fornix)318,325 - brachialis26, 26, 79, 141,143, 160
- intralaminaris372 - tendinea(Stratumsynoviale)11 1 4 8 - 1 5 01, 5 2 - 1 s 41, 5 6 ,1 5 8 ,1 5 9 , v o c a l i s1 2 8 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 - 1 3 41, 6 0
- iridicaretinae367,368-369 - tensa 384 163,\73, 190-191,196,203,209, Pollex 164,179
- labialis 75,137,161 - thalamolentiformis322 2 t t - 2 1 4 , 2 1 6 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 4 ,2 2 8 2 2 9 , Polus
- lacrimalis 74 - thoracicaaortae 16,18,20,25, 233-234 - anterior(Bulbusoculi) 366
- laryngeapharyngis13,140,340 274,349 - - innervationpatterns257 - ( L e n s )3 6 6 ,3 6 8 , 3 7 0
- lateralis(0s occipitale)48-49,61, - - (Columnavertebralis)6 cardiacus25,274 - frontalis 286-288,290-291,309,
o5 - - (Ductusthoracicus)21 - c a r o t i c u s c o m m u n1i s3 9 - 1 4 0 3 1 8 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2
- libera(Fornix)318,325 - - (Medullaspinalis)342,350 - i n t e r n u s2 6 0 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 , - occipitalis286 288,290-291,
- - membriinferioris 6 thyroepiglottica131 276,399 3 0 9 ,3 1 8 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2
- - - superioris6, 165 - thyropharyngea111,134,137,137, - c a v e r n o s u7s2 , 9 0 - posterior(Bulbusoculi) 366
- lumbalis(Columnavertebralis)6 138 - cervicalis26, 26, 82-85, l4l-145, - - ( L e n s )3 6 6 , 3 7 0
- - (Medullaspinalis)342,350 - tracheopharyngea137 148,149,153 154,157-158,275 - temporalis287-288,290-291,
- marginalis75,357 - transversa (M nasalis)74 - - innervationpatterns257 311,324,338
- motoria(N.trigeminus)258 - transversaria155-156 choroideus ventriculilateralis284, Polysynapticreflex 351
- mylopharyngea136,137-138 - triangularis290 2 9 6 ,3 0 6 ,3 1 0 ,3 1 3 3 1 4 ,3 1 7 , Pons 24-25, 270-274, 277, 284- 285,
nasalis(Osfrontale)50 - tuberalis(Adenohypophysis) 268 325 327,329-333, 335-337,374 287 - 2 8 8 ,2 9 4 ,2 96 , 2 9 9 ,3 0 1- 3 0 2 ,
- - pharyngis 13,140,340 - t y m p a n i c a4 9 , 6 2 6 3 , 3 8 2 , 3 9 8 - - - quarti 282-283,287,298, 3 0 8 ,3 2 1 3, 2 5 - 3 2 6 , 3 3 5 3 3 6 ,3 4 0 ,
- nervosa372 Patella 6 302,305-303 62, 3 ,3 3 5 3 3 6 342,347
- obliqua 127,134,137 - development8 - - t e r t i i 2 7 6 , 2 8 42 8 5 , 2 9 4 , 3 0 2 , Porus
- opercularis290 Patellartendonreflex 351 3 0 6 , 3 1 33, 1 5 ,3 1 5 ,3 2 5 - 3 2 6 , - acusticusexternus35, 68-69, 137,
- opticaretinae 366,367,372 Pedunculusfi) 335 3 8 4 ,4 0 0
- oralispharyngis 13,107-108,140, - cerebellaris inferior 276,298-799, - coccygets 27,27 - internus 41,43,63, 266,392,
340 3 5 4 ,3 5 4 - coeliacus25 400
- orbitalis(Glandulalacrimalis) - medius 273,276,298-299,304, - dentalisinferior 88, 106,272 Postnatalcirculation 20
359-360,364-365,376-37I 3 2 1 ,3 2 3 ,3 2 6 - 3 2 73, 3 5 - 3 3 6 - - superior 106 Precuneus289,321,327,329-330
- - (Gyrusfrontalisinferior) 290 - - superior276,298-299, hypogastricusinferior 25 Primaryregion
- - (M orbicularisoculi) 74,75, 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3, 2 7 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 4 - - superior25 - acoustic293
7 7- 7 8 , 3 5 7 - cerebri 269-270, 276-277,287, intraparotideus84, 273 motor 293
- - (N opticus)373 2 9 1 ,2 9 5 - 2 9 93, 0 1 ,3 2 1 ,3 2 3 ,3 3 4 , - lumbalis 27,27 - optic 293
- - ( O s f r o n t a l e3) 3 , 4 7 , 5 0 , 5 7 , 3 5 7 , 339, 374 lumbosacralis27,27 s e n s o r y2 9 3
360 f l o c c u l i2 9 8 , 3 0 4 - lymphaticusaxillaris 225 ProcessusFus)
- osseatubaeauditivae391 P e l v i s2 , 6 - mesentericus inferior 25 - a l v e o l a r i(sM a x i l l a )3 3 , 5 1 ,5 7 - 5 8 ,
- palpebralis(Glandulalacrimalis) - renalis l4 - superior 25 72,98
359 Penis 14 - oesophageus 25, 274,349 - anterior(Malleus)385-386
- - (M orbicularisoculi) 74, 75, Pericardiumserosum349 ophthalmicus270 - articularisinferior(Vertebra)36
7 7- 7 8 , 3 5 7- 3 5 8 Pericranium79 - pharyngeus(N vagus) 112 - - superior(vertebra)346,349
Index
Processus(us) Pulpa Ramus(i) Ramus(i)

- c i l i a r e s3 6 7 , 3 6 8 , 3 6 83, 6 9 - coronalis99 - alveolaressuperioresanteriores - dentales(A alveolarissuperior
- c l i n o i d e u s a n t e r i4o3r , 4 7 , 6 0 - 6 1 , - dentis 99 82,106 posterior)86
- radicularis99 - m e d i i 8 2 ,1 0 6 - digastricus 85, 87,142, 400
258,258,266,268
- - medius 61,268 Pulvinar thalami 295-296, 298- 299, - - posteriores82,86-87,106 - dorsalis(N.ulnaris) 223-224,
- posterior43,47,60-61,258, 316,327 anterior(A collateralis radialis) 238-240,242,248,255
Punctum(-a) 240-241 - externus(N.accessorius)
258,266
cochleariformis 387-389, 399 - l a c r i m a l i a3 5 6 ,3 6 0 , 3 6 1 - (A recurrensulnaris) 224,241 t39-140,275
- c o n d y l a r i s3 5 ,6 6 - 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 19, 4 , - nervosum26,148 - (N auricularismagnus)147,383 - - (N.laryngeussuperior)139
Pupilla 356, 363, 367-368, 369 - ( N . c e r v i c a l i s1)5 2 - 1 5 3 - femoralis 27
102
- coracoideus141,168,170-173, - - (N cutaneusantebrachii - frontalis (A. meningeamedia) 260,
Putamen284,322-323,323,
1891 , 93,233 324-326, 330-333,336-337 medialis)223,231,238 278,284
- - (N.sacralis)27 - - (A. temporalissuperficialis)
coronoideus (Mandibula)35, 66, Pyramidaltract 321,323,355
68-70,71,94 Pyramis - (Sulcuslateralis)290 72 - 73 , 8 0 ,8 3 - 8 5 ,8 8 ,2 6 0
- - medullaeoblongatae 270 271, - (Truncusn. spinalis)345-346, - - anteromedialis284
( U l n a )1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 8
- ethmoidalis55 3 4 8 -3 4 9 - - intermediomedialis284
287,299,321
- f r o n t a l i s( M a x i i l a )3 3 , 4 8 , 5 1 , - vermis 302-304 ascendens (Sulcuslateralis)290 - - posteromedialis 284,328
- auricularis(A auricularis - - (V.temporalissuperficialis) 83
5 3 - 5 4 ,8 9 ,3 5 7 ,3 5 9 - 3 6 1
- - ( O sz y g o m a t i c u m5)6 , 9 4 , 3 5 7 posterior)84 - ganglionares(Ganglion
intratugularis(Osoccipitale)41, o - - anterior (A temPoralis pterygopalatinuml272, 272
- - (Ganglionsubmandibulare) 272
61 superficialis)84
space 189,193,195 - - (N. auricularisposterior) 383 - - (Radixsensoria,N. trigeminus)
(Ostemporale)63 Ouadrangular
- j u g u l a r i s4 3 , 6 1 , 6 5 - - vagus)84, 86-88, 139,274, 106
{J.,1. - Sastricianteriores 274
lateralis(Malleus)385-386,388 3 8 3 ,3 9 e
- lenticularis385,388 - bronchiales (N vagus)274 - - posteriores274
R - genitalis 27
- mastoideus36-37,44-46,62-63, - buccales83-84, 122,273
- glandularisanterior 121
6 9 , 7 2 ,1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 4 , 3 8-13 8 2 , radialis 1 calcarinus284,374
- cardiacicervicalesinferiores 274 - gyri angularis 279
389,398,400 Radiatiofnes)
- acustica 295, 321,322, 397,397 - - superiores274 - hepatici 274
m u s c u l a r i s1 2 4 ,1 2 6 - I 2 7
- o r b i t a l i s5 3 , 5 8 - 5 9 , 3 5 23 6 0 - c o r p o r i s c a l l o s3i2 0 , 3 2 3 3 2 4 , 3 2 8 - thoracici(N vagus) 274 - hypothalamicus282
- p a l a t i n u s3 6 ,4 1 ,4 5 ,4 9 ,5 2 - 5 5 ,5 7 , - o p t i c a2 9 5 ,3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 3 1 - 3 3 3 , cardiacuscervicalissuperior 135, - inferior(N.oculomotorius) 271,
9 0 ,9 3 ,9 8 374 375 1 3 9 -1 4 0 ,1 5 4 3 6 2 ,3 7 8 - 3 8 0
- posterior(Cartilago - thalami 295 - carpalisdorsalis(A. radialis) 247, - inferiores(N. transversuscolli)
septinasi) 90
- pterygoideus36, 41,45, 49,52, - - anteriores295,322 249 147
- - centrales295,321,322 (A. ulnaris) 224,239 240, - infrahyoideus 149
5 4 - 5 5 ,5 8 6 0 ,6 8 , 7 1 ,9 6 ,1 1 9 1 , 37,
- - posteriores295,322 243,249 - interganglionaris 156
3 6 0 ,3 9 0
joint - - palmaris(A radialis)224,243, - internus(N.accessorius) 139-140,
pyramidalis45, 52-53,59,7l, 98, Radioulnar
360 - distal + Articulatio radioulnaris 246 275
- sphenoidalis53 - - - (A. ulnarisl 224,243,246 - - (N.laryngeussuperior) 121,
distalis
- spinosus36,47,162-163,346 - proximal+ Articulatio chiasmaticus282 r27-12a, 131- 132,139
- choroideus posterior317 - - (Truncusnervi accessorii)140
styloideus (Osmetacarpi)179 radioulnarisproximalis
- - ( O st e m p o r a l e3) 5 3 Z 4 1 , 4 5 , - clavicularis (A. thoracoacromialis) - lateralis(N.spinalis)345,348
Radiusti) 6, 9, 165,175, 176-l7 8,
227 - - (N.supraorbitalis)82,84-86,
6 2 - 6 3 ,6 8 6 9 ,7 2 ,7 9 ,8 2 ,9 6 , 180-182,182,184,187,201,
1 1 1 1, 3 6 - 1 3 91, 4 4 1 4 5 , 204 208,215,220,251 - coeliaci(N vagus) 274 88, 122,271,376-377
- developmentI - colli 83, 115,148-149,273 - - nasi 84
3 8 1- 3 8 2 ,3 8 9 ,3 9 8 - linguales(N. facialis) 273
- - r a d i i 1 6 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 7188, 0 - 1 8 2 (Lens)370 communlcans
- - - albus 348 - - (N.glossopharyngeus) 118,131,
u l n a e 1 6 4 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 8 , 1 8108 2 , Radix(-ces)
184,186,215 - anterior(N spinalis)24,299, - cum nervoUlnari 224,245 274
- t e m p o r a l i 3s 6 , 5 6 , 7 1 - cum ganglio ciliari 271 - - (N. hypoglossus)275
345 347,355
- transversus36,144,156 - clinica 99 - - cum nervo glossopharYngeo - - (N.lingualis)272
- craniales275,283,299 273-274 - mammarii laterales 229
uncinatus(Osethmoidale)55-56 - - - (Nn.thoracici)228
- vocalis 124-126,132 - dentis 99 - - cum nervolacrimali 272
- inferior(Ansacervicalis)26, 26, - cum nervovago 273 - mandibulae33,46-47,66, 68-70,
z y g o m a t i c u( Ms a x i l l a )3 6 ,4 5 ,
5 t - 5 2 ,5 8 1 5 2 , 2 5,72 7 5 - - cum nervozySomatico 271, 72,79,85,88,96 1 ,1 31, 3 9 1
, 45
- - lateralis(N.medianus)26,224 271-272,360 - marginalismandibularis 83-84,
(os frontale)33, 50-51,352
364 - - (Tractusopticus)374,374 - cum plexu tympanico 273 151,273
- - l i n g u a e1 0 8 ,1 0 8 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 01,1 6 , - - cum ramoauricularinervivagi - mastoideus (A.occipitalis)80, 154
( O st e m p o r a l e3l 6 , 4 5 , 6 2 - 6 3 ,
274 - medialis(N.spinalis)345,348
68 1 1 8 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 6
- medialis(N.medianus)26, 224 - - griseus 348 - - (N supraorbitalis)82,84-86,
Protection fibres 321
Prominentia - (Tractusopticus)374,374 - (N spinalis)24 88, 122,271,376-377
- motoria+ anterior(N.spinalis) - u l n a r i s2 2 3 - membranaetympani 383
canalisfacialis387,389 - meningeus(A occipitalis)265
- - semicircularis lateralis387,389 - (N trigeminus)106,269, communicantes (Truncusn.
spinalis3 ) 45-346 - - (A vertebralis) 265
laryngea124,134,157 271-272,287,299
- mallearis384 - parasympathica (Ganglion ciliare) - (Truncussympathicus)25, 154, - - anterior (A ethmoidalis
- spiralis 396 271,276,378 349 anterior) 265,376,378-379
- styloidea387 - - corporiscallosidorsalis284 - - (N.mandibularis)265-266,
(N.oculomotorius) 276
Promontorium (Cavitastympani) - (N trigeminus)106 - cricothyroideus (A.thyroidea 267,272,376
- posterior(N spinalis)24,299, superior) 160 - - (N maxillaris\272,376
3 8 7 ,3 8 7 ,3 8 8 - 3 8 93, 9 8 3 9 9
- (V thyroideasuPerior)160 - - (N.vagus)274
Pronatio(Articulatiocubiti, 3 4 1 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 43 4 6 , 3 5 0
- sensoria(Ganglion ciliare) 378 - cutanei(A. circumflexahumeri - - (Truncusn. spinalis) 24,
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis)
208-209 - - (N. nasociliaris)276 posterior)232 345-346,348-349
( N t r i g e m i n u s1 - anteriores(Nn thoracici)24 - mentalis80,86
Prosencephalon 285,288 ) 06,269,
- 2 7 2 , 2 8 7 , 2 9 9 , 3 7 8 - - pectorales (N intercostalis) - musculares(Plexusbrachialis)
Prostata14 271
Protopathic sensibility(painpathway) - spinales267,275-276,299,301 157,223,226,229 257
- laterales (Nn thoracici)24,27, - - (Plexuscervicalis) 257
353 superior(Ansacervicalis)26,26,
226,341 - musculistylopharyngei138,274
Protuberantia 149,151 152,154,157 158,257,
- mentalis 35, 47, 66, 113 - - pectorales (N intercostalis) - nasalis(-s) externus(N. ethmoida-
275
- occipitalisexterna37,41,45,65, - sympathica (Ganglionciliare) 378 ' 223,226,228-229 lis anterior)85-86
- - posteriores (Nn thoracici)223 - - (GanglionpterySopalatinum)82
l!9,277 (N trigeminus)106
- (Plexuscaroticusinternus)271, - - (V.circumflexahumeri - - interni (N ethmoidalisanterior)
i n t e r n a4 3 , 6 1 ,6 5
proximalis1 276 posterior)232 82
cutaneuslateralis(N.spinalis)346 - - posterioressuperioreslaterales
Pterion 34 Ramusfi)
Pterygopalatine fossa 59 acromialis(A suprascapularis) - - medialis(N.spinalis)346 271
- deltoideus (A profundabrachii) - - - - mediales2Tz
P\lmo 22-23 233
- dexter 13 - 154,222 236-237 - nervi cochlearis396
(A. thoracoacromialis)
- sinister 13 - (A thoracoacromialis\149,227 - - oculomotorii 282
229
Inde::
Ramus(i) Ramus(t,l Regio(nes) Sagittalplane 1, 1

occipitalis(s) (A auricularis tentorit 271,37C, - glutealis5 Salivaryglands+ Gtandula(-ae)
posterior)8C - terminales(A cerebrimedia) 284, hypochondriaca
- (A occipitahs)80 4 salivariae
330 - inframammaria4 Salpinx+ Tubauterina
- occipitotemporalis 284 - thyrohyoideus274 - infraorbitalis30-31 Scala
oesophageales (N laryngeus tonsillarisfes)(A palatina infrascapularis5 - t y m p a n i3 8 1 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 6
recurrens)13i a s c e n d e n s1)1 8 1 , 31 - inguinalis4
- - (Parsthoracicaaortae)349 v e s t i b u l 3i 8 1 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 6
- (N glossopharyngeus) 118,131, lumbalis 5
- orbitales(N. maxillaris) 271 Scalene gap 159
274 - mammana4 Scapha382
- orbitalis (A meningeamedial 267 - tracheales (A thyroideainferior) - m e n t a l i s3 0 - 3 1
- palmaris(N medianus)223, Scapula6, 163,165,168,168,
131 - n a s a l i s3 0 - 3 1 t 72 - 1 7 3
238-240,244-245,255 - trapezius(Plexuscervicalis)26 - o c c i p i t a l i s5 , 3 1
- - ( N . u l n a r i s )2 2 3 - 2 2 4 , 2 3 9 - 2 J 9 , Scapularplane 168
ventrales(Plexuscervicalis)144 - o r a l i s3 0 - 3 1 , 9 5 ScHLEMM's canal+ Sinusvenosus
244-246 - zygomatici72, 83-84, 122,273 - orbitalis 30-31
- - protundus243,245-246 sclerae
- zygomaticofacialis 83-85, 272 parietalis5, 31
- - superficialis224,240,243, ScHULTzE's bundle+ Fasciculus(-i)
- zygomaticotemporalis 83-85,272 - pectoralis4 interfascicularis
245-247 Raphe - presternalis4
- paracentralis279, 284 ScHwersE's nucleus397
- mylohyoidea113 - pubica 4
- parietalis(A meningeamedia) Sclera366-362 367,368,380
- palati 107 sacralis5 Scrotum14
260,265,278,328 - palpebralis lateralis356,359 - scapularis5
- - (A occipitalismedialis)284, Secondaryregion
- pharyngis 138 - sternocleidomastoidea - acoustic293,293
4, 30-31
328 - pterygomandibularis 96, 107,137 - surae 5 - motor 293
- - (A temporalissuperficialis) 80, Recessus - temporalis30-31 - optic 293
83-88,260 - articularis 10 - umbilicalis4 - sensoric293
- - (V.temporalissuperficialis) 83 - axillaris 170,172,189 - urogenitalis 4
- parietooccipitalis279, 284 Segmenta
- cochlearis393 vertebralis 5 - cervicalia342-343,344
- pectorales226-227,229 - ellipticus 393 - zygomatica30-31 - coccygea343
- perforans(-tes)(A radialis) 249 - epitympanicus384,386-387,387, Regionsofthe humanbody 4 - lumbalia 342-343,344
- - (A thoracicaintenal 157,226 388 REISSNER's membrane+ Paries - medullaespinalis 343
- - (V.thoracicainternal157,226 - intundibuli 294,302,302315, vestibularis(Ductuscochlearis) - sacralia343
- peridentales (A.alveolarissuperior 325,334 Ren14-15,22-23,341 - thoracica342-343,344
posterior) 86 - lateralisventriculiquarti 298, Respiratory system,medialand
- petrosus265 Segmentalcutaneousinnervation
304,307 ventralview 13 (=dermatomes), upperlimb 223
- pharyngeales(A. thyroidea - membranae tympanicae superior Rete Sellaturcica 41-42,61.,91, 268,269
inferior) 139 387 - a c r o m i a l e2 2 6 - 2 2 7 , 2 3 2
- - (A. thyroideasuperior) 139 Semicanalis
- p h a r y n g e u 9s 1 ,1 3 6 ,1 6 0 , 3 9 1 - articularecubiti 224,236-237, - musculi tensoristympani 389,
- - (N. glossopharyngeus) - pinealis 294, 307,315,332 242 391,399
136-138,139,274 - piriformis 132-133,136,140,162 - carpaledorsale242,247,249 - tubaeauditivae390-391,394,399
- - (N.vagus)137,139,274 - sacciformis(Articulatio - - palmare251
- pharyngeus(N. glossopharyngeus) Septum
radioulnarisdistalis)255 - venosumdorsalemanus 248,256 - canalismusculotubarii388-389,
136-137,138-139 - sphericus393 Reticulumtrabeculare 366, 368-369
- posterior(A. collateralisradialis) 391,399
- supraopticus294,307,315, 325, Retina 123,366-367,367 - intermusculare29
237 334 - vessels371 - - brachiilaterale186-182192,
- - (A recurrensulnaris) 224,241 - suprapinealis294,298,307,315,
- - (N.auricularismagnus)147, Rctinacula 195,197,204 206,236,253
331 - musculorumextensorum(Manus) - - mediale 177,186,193-194,
383 - triangularis298,315,325 186-187,198,204-207,219-220,
- - (N cervicalis)83,85 198-202,210,234,239,241,
R e c t u m1 3 , 2 2 - 2 3 242,247,249,255 ZJJ
- - (N. cutaneusantebrachii Reflexes - - flexorum(Manus)202, - interventriculare 20
medialis)223,231,238 - abdominalwall 351 213-215,217 -218,239, - linguae 109,111,120
- - (Sulcuslateralis)290,328 - Achillestendon351 244-246,250-251,256 - nasi 46, 90, 93-94, 102,122-123,
- - (Truncusn. spinalis) 24, - cremasteric351 Retroversio 1 3 6 ,1 6 0
345-346,348-349 - monosynaptic351 - (Articulatiohumeri) 191 - - o s s e u m3 3 , 4 8 , 5 4 , 6 8
- posteriores (Nn thoracici)223, - patellartendon351 - orbitale359,364,380
REXED's laminarorganisation351
341 - plantar 351 Rhombencephalon 285,288 - pellucidum276,285,294,298,
- precunealis 279, 284, 328 - polysynaptic351 - arteries283
- - (A.cerebrianterior)327-329 307,314-315,318,323,325,
- spinalcord 351 Rhornboidfossa 299
- profundus(A. transversacolti) 329 331,335,339-340
Regio(-nes) Rima sinuumsphenoidalium268
149,152 - abdominalis lateralis4 g l o t t i d i s1 3 2 - 1 3 4
- - (N radialis) 202,208,224, Shouldergirdle 168
- analis 5 oris 13 Shoulderjoint + Articulatiohumeri
239-242,249 antebrachii anterior 4-5, 164, - palpebrarum 3 5 6 ,3 5 8 - 3 5 9 StneprurLt's membrane+ Pars
- - (N ulnaris) 211,214,216,224, 238-240 - vestibuli 134 flaccida
245-246 - - p o s t e r i o 4r - 5 , 1 6 4 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 2 R o dc e l l s 3 6 7, 3 7 4 , 3 7 4
- pubicus(A. epigastricainferior; Sinus
- axillaris 4-5, 164 RoLANDo's fissure 290 c a r o t i c u s2 6 0 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 4
A. obturatoria)l8 - brachiianterior 4, 164,231, ROLLER'S nucleus397 - cavernosus259,259-260,
- radicularisanterior(A spinalis 234-235 RoSENIHAL's vein+ Vena(-ae) basalis 262-263,263,265,268,268-272,
, anterior) 349 - - p o s t e r i o5 r ,164,232,236-237 R o s t r u m3 1 8 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 4 , 3 3 23, 3 5 ,3 4 0
- renales(N. vagus) 274 277,340,373,387
- buccalis30 - (Corpuscallosum)285,294,302,
- sinuscarotici 274 duraematris 259, 263, 265, 316
- calcanea + Calx 3 1 3- 3 t 4 - ethmoidales380
- spinales(A intercosralis posterior) - capitis 30-31 - sphenoidale60 fronralis41,46 47,54-55, 57,83,
347,349 cervicalisfes)30-31 Rotatio 9 0 - 9 2 , 9 41, 2 2 , 3 7 3
- spinalis(A verrebralis)347 - - a n t e r i o r4 , 3 0 - 3 1 , 1 4 7 , 1 4 9 - externa(Articulatiohumeri) 191 - - development93
- sternocleidomastoideus - - l a t e r a l i s4 , 3 0 - 3 1 ,1 4 7 - 1 4 9 , - interna(Articulatiohumeri) 191 intercavernosus(-\ 259,259,263,
(A. occipitalis)80, 153 152-154,159 R o t a t o r c u f1f 7 1 ,1 8 8 263,265,268,294
- - (A. thyroideasuperior) 152 - - posterior5, 3l - - anterior 268
- stylohyoideus85, 142, 400 - corporis4-5 - - posterior268
- superficialis(A transversa colli) - c r u r i sa n t e r i o r4 - 5
- - posterior4-5
S marginalis259,259, 263,267
1 4 9 ,r 5 2 , 1 5 4 , 2 3 0 - maxillaris 46-47,52, 53,57-58,
- - (N.radialis) 186,223-224, - c u b i t a l ias n t e r i o r4 , 2 3 1 , 2 4 1 Sacculus 72,91-941 , 0 2 ,1 0 6 ,1 2 2 , 1 2 2 , 2 7 2 ,
238-242,247-248, 254- 255 - p o s t e r i o5
r ,232 - l a r y n g i s1 3 2 ,1 3 4 3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 6 4 - 3 6 53, 7 3 ,3 8 0
- - (N.ulnaris) 213,224,245-246 - d e l t o i d e a4 - 5 , 3 1 ,1 6 4 v e s t i b u l a r i3s 9 5 - 3 9 6 development93
- superior(es)(N.oculomotorius) epigastrica4 - o c c i p i t a l i s2 5 4 ,2 5 9 ,2 6 3 ,2 6 6
Saccus
271,377-378, 380 - femorisanterior 4 - endolymphaticu 3 s8 1 , 3 9 5 -- paranasales13,91-94
- - (N transversus colli) 147 - - posterior5 - petrosquamosus
l a c r i m a l i s3 5 9 ,3 6 0 ,3 6 t 259
- suprahyoideus149 - frontalis 30-31 - vestibularis - petrosusinferior 259,259,263,
+ Sacculus
- temporales273 - genusanterior 4 vestibularis 267
- - ( N f a c i a l i s )7 2 , 8 3 - - posterior5 -
Sagittalaxis I s u p e r i o r2 5 9 , 2 5 9 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 7
tndex
I
Slnus S t a p e s3 8 4 3 8 5 ,3 8 5 ,3 8 7 - 3 8 8 , 3 9 5 , Sulcus(t) Sutura

posterior265,389 3 9 8 ,4 0 0 circularisinsulae 324 - lncisiva 52
- rectus 259,259, 262,265,276, STENoN's duct+ Ductustus) - collateralis288,291,312,332-334 - intermaxillaris33
3 0 6 ,3 1 6 parotideus corporiscallosi 321,324 - internasalis 33
- sagittalisinferior 259,259,262, Sternoclavicular joint + Articulatio - frontalisinferior 286 - lacrimomaxillaris 35
2 6 5 ,2 8 4 , 3 0 63, 1 6 - 31 7 sternoclavicularis - - superior 286 lambdoidea35,37-39, 41,46-48
- - superior 122-123,259,259, Sternum6, l4l - hippocampalis288,2el, 312. - nasomaxillaris33.35.89
2 6 2 - 2 6 52, 7 6 ,2 7 8 - 2 79 , 2 7 9 , Stratum 3 3 3- 3 3 4 - occipitalistransversa37,49
284,306,3t6-317,340 - basale29 - hypothalamicus285,294,326, 333 - occipitomastoidea35, 37, 43, 45
- sigmoideus139-140,259, corneum29 - infraorbitalis51,57-59, 357 - palatinamediana 45, 52, 98
26 2- 2 6 3 ,2 6 5- 2 6 6 ,2 6 7 ,2 77 , 3 1 6 , - - (strictusensu)29 - intermediusposterior299,350 - - transversa45,52-53.90
387 - fibrosum (Capsulaarticularis) - intertubercularis169-170,173 - palatomaxillaris 98
- sphenoidalis41,47,54-55, 58, 68, + Membranafibrosa - intraparietalis286,289-290 - parietomastoidea35, 37
90- 94, 160,268,268,271-27 2, - - (Vaginatendinis) 11,219 - lacrimalis(Maxilla) 53 - petrosquamosa387
340,373 - germinatiurm 29 - - (Oslacrimale)357 - sagittalis 37-38, 46, 49, 264
- sphenoparietalis 259,259, - granulosum(Cerebellum)305 - lateralis288-290,290,308, - sphenofrontalis 33,35,43, 58
262-263,265 - - ( C u t i s )2 9 323-324,326,328 - sphenoparietalis33
- transversus139-140,259,259, - griseumcolliculisuperioris297 - limitans 299 - sphenosquamosa 35,43
263,265,277,316,400 - lucidum 29 - l u n a t u s2 9 0 , 3 3 0 - 3 3 2 - sphenozygomatica33, 35, 360
- tympani 389,399 - moleculare (Cerebellum) 305 - medianuslinguae 108 - squamomastoidea35
- valvulae 19 - nervosum366,372 - - posterior(Medullaoblongata) - squamosa35,37,41
- venosussclerae366-367,367 - papillare29 299,342,344,350 - temporozygomatica35
,368
Skeletalsystem - pigmentosum361,366,372 - - (Ventriculus quartus) 298-299, - vornerornaxillaris90
- bonemarrow,distributtonof - reticulare29 307 - zygomaticofrontalis57
haematopoiesis7 - spinosum29 - musculi subclavii 167 - zygomaticomaxillaris 33,35, 5Z
- Bonesthat can be touchedthrough - synoviale(Capsulaarticularis) mylohyoideus 36,66-68 59,123
the skin 7 + Membranasynovialis - nervipetrosimajoris43,394 SVA(specialviscero-afferentnuclei)
Skeletonof the hand 180 - - (Vaginatendinis)11,219 ---minoris43 267,300,301
Skin 29 Striafae) - - radialis 169,195 - N. facialis[VIII 273
- tensionlines 28 - longitudinalis lateralis309,318, - - ulnaris 169,177 - N. glossopharyngeus UXI 274
Skull 32-38, 40-41, 46-49 326 - occipitotemporalis291 - N vagus [X] 274
Space - - m e d i a l i s3 0 9 , 3 1 8 , 3 2 6 - olfactorius 270, 287,291 S\rE(specialvisceroefferentnuclei)
- quadrangularf89, 193,195 - mallearis384 - orbitales282 291 267,300,301
- triangular f89, 193,195 - medullares ventriculiquarti 299, - palatini 52 - N. accessoriuslKll 275
Spatium(-a) 307 - p a l a t i n um s a j o r5 3 , 9 8 - N. facialis MII 273
- anguliiridocornealis368 - medullaristhalami 294,298, - palpebralisinferior 356 - N. glossopharyngeus
- axillarelaterale189,193,195 [IX] 274
325-326 - - superior356 - N. trigeminus [Vl 271
- - - olfactorialateralis270,287 - palpebronasalis356 - N. vagus [X] 274
Fediale189,193,195
- epidurale160,162,345-346 - t e r m i n a l i s2 9 8 ,3 1 0 , 3 1 3 - 3 1 5 , - parietooccipitalis284-286, SYLVTS canal+ Aqueductuscerebri
- intervaginalesubarachnoidale 325-326,329-330 288- 291,318,321,327,329-330, Srurus fissure+ Sulcus(-i)lateralis
366,372 - vascularis396 3 3 5 ,3 4 0 (Cerebrum)
- lateropharyngeum140 Stromairidis 368 - postcentralis286,290 Sympatheticpart
- oelophagotracheale 130,160 Subarachnoid space306 - posterolateralis 267,299,342, - of autonomicnervoussystem 156
- perichoroideum366 Subcutis29 3 4 4 ,3 5 0 - of the autonomicnervoussystem
- perilymphaticum381 Subiculumpromontorii389 - precentralis286,290 25
- re[ooesophageum 135,160 Subintimal0 - prechiasmaticus 61,268 Sympathetictrunk 25, 156
- retropharyngeum160 Sublingualgland+ clandulatae) - promontorii389 Symphysis
- subarachnoideum122, 162,264, sublingualis - rcftoolivaris 267,274 - mandibulae48,67
2M, 306,307,345-346, 349 Submandibular gland+ - sclerae356 - manubriosternalis167
- subdurale306,345-346 Glandula(-ae) submandibularis - sinuspetrosiinferioris43,394 Synchondrosis
- zonularia367,368-369 Substantia - - - superioris41,43 - petrooccipitalis 119,136,138,394
Sphepoidbone+ Ossphenoidale - a l b a2 6 4 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 7 , 3 5 0 - - sagittalissuperioris 39,43,65 - sphenooccipitalis43, 55, 60-61,
Spinafae) - compacta7 - sigmoidei(Osoccipitale)61,65, of,
- helicis 382 - gelatinosa350-351 266 - sphenopetrosa392,394
- mentalis67 - - centralis350 - - - (Osparietale)64 - - + Fibrocartilagobasalis
- - superior 113 - grisea 264,312,327,350 - - - (0stemporale)41,43,63, Synovialjoint l0
- nasalis 50 - - centralis 296-297 392,394,398,398 Synovialsheathsoftendon,hand 11,
- - a n t e r i o r3 3 , 3 5 - 3 6 , 4 6 , 5 1 - 5 3 , - intermediacentralis351 - - transversi41,43,61,65 213
5 5 ,9 0 - lentis 370 - spiralisexternus396
- - posterior45,52-55 nigra 269,291,296-297,323,334, - - internus 396
- ossissphenoidalis43,45, 59-60, - subparietalis327,329-330
3 5 5 ,3 s 5
.. perforataanterior 287,296
T
68,390 - temporalisrnferror 287,290-291
- palatinae52 - - posterior282,291,296 - - superior286,290,327,330-333 Tactilepath + epicritic sensibility
- scapulae168,170-171,186-189, - propria 368 - terminalis(Lingua)108,140 Taenia
233 - sclerae372 - tubaeauditivae 60 - choroidea298,314
- suprameatica62 - spongiosa7 - tympanicus389 - fornicis 314-315.318
trochlearis50 Sulcus(-i) - vomeris 54 - thalami 314-315
- tympanicamalor 388 - anterolateralis 342,350 Supercilium 77, 356, 380 Talus,developrnent8
- - minor 388 - - (Medullaoblongata\ 267,275, Supinatio(Articulatiocubiti) Tapetum 3lO, 320, 327,329-330
Spinalcord 275 208-209 Tarsus
- + Medullaspinalis - arteriaemeningeae mediae64,266 Suprahyoid muscles142 - inferior 358-359,380
- reflexes351 - - occipitalis63 Surfaceanatomy - superior358-359,380
- segments343 - - temporalismediae62 female3 Tectum 335
Spinalnerves- Nervusfi)spinales - arteriosi39, 41,43, 60,63 - male 3 - mesencephali27l, 285, 291,294,
Spiralorgan 396 - bulbopontinus302 Surfaceof the body,proiectionof the 297,302,333-334,339- 340,374
Splen 22 23 - calcarinus285,288,291,293,310, internalorgans22, 23 Tegmen
Splenium276, 285,291,294,313, 3 1 8 ,3 2 1 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 1 3 3 2 , 3 3 5 - 3 3 6 , Sutura - tympani 387
3 1 8 - 3 2 13, 2 7 ,3 3 0- 3 3 1 ,3 3 5 ,3 4 0 , 339-340,374,374,375 - c o r o n a l i s3 3 ,3 5 ,3 8 - 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 7 - 4 9 , - ventdculi quarti 304-305
374 - caroticus43, 60-61,266 264 Tegmentummesencephali294,
Squama - centralis(Cerebrum)285 286, - ethmoidolacrimalis 58 296-297,302,326,333-335,339
- f r o n t a l i s3 3 , 3 5 , 4 9 - 5 15, 4 ,5 8 , 2 8 8 - 2 9 03, 0 8 - 3 0 93, 2 1 ,3 2 8 - 3 3 0 , frontalis 48 49, 123 Tela
360 3 3 5 - 3 3 83, 4 0 - frontoethmoidalis43 - choroideaventriculi quarti 298
- o c c i p i t a l i s3 8 ,4 1 , 4 8 - 4 96, 5 - i n s u l a e2 9 0 - frontolacrimalis33,35 - - - tertii 285,294,302,313-315,
SSA(specialsomato-afferent nuclei) - c e r e b r ahl e m i s p h e r e2s9 0 , 2 9 1 frontomaxillaris33, 5Z 89 315,317,325- 327,330-331,
2 6 7 , 3 0 03 , 01 - cinguli 286,288,318,324,329, - f r o n t o n a s a l3i s3 , 5 4 , 8 9 - 9 0 335
N vestibulocochlearis [VIII] 273 335 frontozygomatica 33, 35, 94, 123 - subcutanea253-255
Index
Telencephalon 285,288 Trigonum Tuberculum(t) Vagina(ae)

Temporalbone+ Ostemporale - c a r o t i c u m3 0 - 3 1 , 2 6 0 - supraglenoidale 168 - externanervi optici 362,366,
Temporomandibular.joint + - clavipectorale 4, 153-154, - thyroideuminferius 111,124 372 373,379-380
Articulatio temporomandibularis 226-ZZ7 - superius124 - fibrosaet synovialisdigiti manus
Tendo(-ines) 11 - collaterale310-314,332 Tuberositas(-tes) 2t8
- intermedius151 - femoris 4 - deltoidea169 - internanervi optici 372-373
Tensionlines of the skin 28 - habenulare298 - masseterica 66,68 musculirectiabdominisl8Z 226
Tentoriumcerebelli 258, 258, 259, - lemnisci 298 - phalangisdistalis(Manus) - nervioptici 267
265,27t, 276-277, 317,340 - musculare[omotracheale]30 31 179-180,219 processus styloidei36, 62-63,
Testis 14-15 - nervi h)?oglossi 299 - pterygoidea66-68,71 398
Thalamus 284-285, 288, 294,295, - - vagi 299 - radii U5-i78 - synovialis10
2 9 8 ,3 0 2 , 3 1 33, 1 5 - 3 1 63,1 8 3, 22, - olfactorium291,296,319,374 - ulnae 174,176,178 - - digitorummanus 213
3 2 5 - 3 2 63, 3 0 - 3 3 23, 3 5 - 3 3 6 , - omoclaviculare 30-31,145 Tunica - tendinis 11,1l
3 3 9 - 3 4 03, 5 3 ,3 5 5 ,3 5 5 , 3 9 7 - submandibulare 30-31,151 coniunctivabulbi 356,361, - - intertubercularis 170-172,
- corticalprojections 295 - submentale30 363-364,366 1 8 8 -1 8 9 ,1 9 4
nuclei 295 Trochlea . palpebrarum 356,358,361 - - musculi extensoriscarpi ulnaris
Thenar 164,212,216,250,256 - humeri 169,176-177,202 - fibrosabulbi 367 2 1 9 2, 5 6
Thoracicaperture,upper 158 - (M. obliquussuperior)362,365, internabulbi 367 - - - - d i o i i im i n i m i? 1 O
Thorax 2,6 379 - mucosa(Larynx) 132 - - - pollicislongi2l9,24T
T h y m u s1 5 , 1 6 0 T r u n c u s ( - i2) - 3 , 6 - - l i n g u a e1 0 9 , 1 3 1 - - - flexoris carpi radialis
Thyroidcartilage+ Cartilago - brachiocephalicus 16,18,20,140, - - o r i s 9 8 ,1 1 0 - 1 1 1 213-215,247
thyroidea 144,155-156,160,274 - (Pharynx)125 - - - - pollicislongi 183,213-215,
Thyroidgland+ Glandulathyroidea - bronchomediastinalis 21,230 - - (Sinusmaxillaris)361 256
Tibia 6 - coeliacus16,18,20,25,274 - - (Trachea)130,135 - tendinumdigiti (Manus)252
- developmentI - - branches 18 - muscularis(Oesophagus) 138,140 - - ( M a n u s )2 1 3 , 2 1 4
tibialis 1 - (Corpuscallosuml 276,284-285, - (Pharynx)132 - - musculorumabductorislongi et
Tong:re+ Lingua 3 1 0 - 311,3 1 8 - 3 2, 1 323-326,329, - vasculosabulbi367,368 extensorispollicis brevis 213,
Tonsilla(-ae) 3 3 s ,3 4 0 Tunicsof the eye 215,219,247
- cerebelli 285, 287,302-305, 327 - costocervicalis 18,155 - external 367 extensorisdigitorum et
- lingualis 108,118 - encephali 285, 287, 296, 298-299 - intermediate367 extensorisindicis 219,247
- palatina95, 107 108,108,111, - inferior 26,26,156 - internal 367 ---extensorum24T
118,1313 , 6 1, 4 0 1
, 60,272,274 - intestinalis21 Tympaniccavity384,387-389, - - - - carpiradialium219,247
- pharyngea91,96,136,140, - jugularis 21,135,230 400 Vallecula
160-161 - lumbalis 21 Tympanicmembrane+ Membrana - cerebelli304
Torus - lumbosacralis27 tympani - epiglottica108,131
- levatorius136,160 - m e d i u s2 6 , 2 6 , 1 5 6 Vallumunguis 29
- mandibularis66 -- nervi accessorii140,275 Valwlae venosaa19
palatinus44
- tubarius 91,96, 136,140,160
- spinalis 24,345-349
- pulmonalis20
U Vasa
- lymphaticumta, 21
Touchpath+ epicriticsensibility - s u b c l a v i u2 s1,230 Ulna 6, 9, 165,174,176 178, - - profundum 29
Trachea13,22,121,125,125,126, - superior26, 26, 149,152,156 180-181,182,184,204-206,208, - - superficialia29,150,225
1 2 6 ,1 2 7- 1 2 8 ,1 3 0 -l 3 t , 1 3 4 ,1 3 4 , - sympathicus25, 139-140,154, 215,218,220,254-255 sanguinearetinae 362 371
135,138,140-14r,145-146, 't62,267 - development8
r54, 156, , 3 4 6 ,3 4 9 Vascularsystem
1 6 0 ,1 6 3 thyrocervicalis18,140,153 156, Ulnartunnel 256 arteries 16
Tracheotomy146 229 Ulnartunnelsyndrome256 - s u r v e y1 6 - 1 7 , 2 1
- lower 146, 160 - vagalisanterror25,274,349 ulnaris 1 - veins 17
- upper 146,160 - - p o s t e r i o 2r 5 , 2 7 4 , 3 4 9 Umbomembranae tympanicae384, Veins
Tractus Tuba 387 - head 262
- bulboreticulospinalis 355 - a u d i t i v a1 0 6 , 2 7 4 , 3 8 1 3 ,8 8 ,3 9 1 , U n c u s2 8 7 ,2 8 9 ,2 9 1 ,3 1 2 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , - vascularsystem 17
- cerebellorubralis 326,355 391,400 321,334,336 Velum
- corticospinalis anterior 321,352, - uterina 14 Upper.jaw + Maxilla - medullareinferl,us276,299,
Jtc Tuber Upperlimb 165 304 305
l a t e r a l i s3 2 1 , 3 5 2 , 3 5 5 - cinereum287,291,296,374 arteries224 - - superius276,294,298-299,
- frontopontinus 295, 321-322, - frontale38,48, 50 - cutaneous nerves223 3 0 2 , 3 0 43 0 5 , 3 2 7
322 - m a x i l l a e5 1 ,7 l enchondral ossification centres8 - palatinum+ Palatummolle
- hypothalamohypophysialis 294 parierale35, 38, 48-49,64 - epiphyses8 Vena(-ae)
olfactorius91,270, 276,281- 282, - vermis 302-304 innervation222 - alveolarisinferror 122-123
287,3\8-319,324,374 Tuberculum(-a) - - segmental343 - anastomoticasupeilor 279
- o p t i c u s2 7 0 , 2 7 62 7 7 , 2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , anteriusthalami 298 - joints 166 - angularis72, 81,83,262
299,319,321,323,325,334, - (Vertebracervicalis)36, 144 m u s c l e s1 8 8 - 2 2 2 - anteriorseptipellucidi 316-3lZ
373-374,374,375 - a r t i c u l a r e3 6 , 4 5 , 6 2 6 3 , 6 9 7 1 , - muscularoriginsand insertions 324,331
- paraventriculohypophysialis 294 102 197, Zr0,211 auricularisposterior147 149
pyramidalis321,321,323,326 auriculare382 - nerves 224 - axillaris 17,19,153-154,157,225,
. r e t i c u l o s p i n a3l i5s2 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 5 - CenAenrlr99 ossificationI 228-230
- rubrospinalis352,355,355 caroticum+ TuberculumCa) - s e g m e n t ac lu t a n e o ui n s nervalion - azygos17-18,349
rubrothalamicus355 anterius(Vertebra cervicalis) (=dermatomes) 223 basalis262,284,316
- spinocerebellaris anterior 352, - conoideum167 Ureter 14 - basilica17,186,225,231,232,
352,354,354 corniculatum128,130,136,140, Urethra 234,238-239,248,253,255-256
- - p o s t e r i o3 r 52,354,354 160 - feminina 14 - basivertebralis 348
spinoolivaris352-353 - crJneatrm276,299 m a s c u l i n a1 4 - brachiales17,19,228,230,232,
- spinoreticularis353,353 - cuneiforme127,130,136,140,160 Urinarytractand genitalorgans 233-234,253
- spinotectal3 i s5 2 - 3 5 33, 5 3 dentis 99 female 14 brachiocephalica 229
- spinothalamicus anterior - d o r s a l e1 7 5 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 2 - male 14 - - d e x t r al 7 1 8 ,1 4 0 ,1 5 6 ,1 5 8
352-353,353 - epiglotticum128 Uterus 14 - - s i n i s t r a1 7 - 1 8 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 4 ,
- - l a t e r a l i s3 5 2 3 5 3 , 3 5 5 gracile276,298-299 U t r i c u l u s3 8 1 , 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 1 5 3 -1 5 4 ,1 5 6 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 0
spiralis foraminosus394 - infraglenoidale168,'170, 173 Uvea+ Lamina(-ae) vasculosa - cavainferior17 18,20,349
- supraopticohypophysialis 294 - j u g u l a r e4 3 , 6 1 , 6 5 Uvula tributaries 18
- t e c t o s p i n a l3i s5 2 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 5 m a j u s 1 6 9 - 1 7 11,7 3 p a l a t i n a9 5 , l l 8 , 1 3 6 s u p e r i o r1 7 - 1 8 2
, 0 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 4 ,
- vestibulospinalis 355,397 - mentale66, 113 - v e r m i s3 0 2 - 3 0 4 1 5 6 ,1 5 8
- lateralis 355 - minus 169,173 ---tributarieslS
- - m e d i a l i s3 5 2 , 3 5 5 ossisscaphoidei179,184 - centralisrelinae 122,367,372,
- vestibulothalamicus397 - - trapezii 179-180 V 379
Tragusci)382,384 - pharyngeum 3 6 , 4 5 ,1 3 6 - cephalica17,19,l4l,149,
Transversalaxis 1 - posterius(Vertebracervicalis)36, Vagina(-ae) 14 152,154,157-158,186,225-227,
Transversalplane l, I 47 - communis tendinum musculorum 229 232,232, 234,238-239,248,
Triangularspace 189,193,195 - s e l l a e4 3 , 6 1 flexorum 213-214 253-256
rndex
4I7
Vena(4e) Venficulus(i)
Vena(ae) Vena(te) - tertius 276,254-285, 294, 298,
- cerebelli 277 - laryngeasuperior 111,115,120, - testicularis 18
- - dextra 17 go2,302,306-308,313,315'323'
- cerebri 284 132,137,140
- lateralisventriculi lateralis 316 - - sinistra 17 325-326,331-332, 334,339-340
- cervicalisprofunda 81, 156 - - walls 315
- - superficialis 157 - l i n g u a l i s1 2 1 - 1 2 2 - thalamostriatasuperior 262, 284'
- choroideainferior 316 - lumbales 18 310,313-312326-327,329-33r' Venula(-ae)
- macularisinferior 371
- - superior 316 - lumbalisascendens18,348 335
- thoracicainterna 1Z 144, - - superior371
- ciliares 265 - magnacerebri 258, 262, 265, 276'
- medialisretinae 371
- ciliaris anterior 367 285, 302,306, 314-317,327,332, 156-158,226
- - lateralis 154,228-230 - nasalisretinaeinferior 371
- circumflexahumeri Posterior 228, 335,374 ---superior371
- maxillaris72,81,88 - thoracoacromialis19,152,157,
232 - temporalisretinaeinferior 371
- - scapulae228 - mediaprofundacerebri 284, 316 226
- thoracodorsalis228-229 ---superior37l
- comitansnervi hypoglossi81, 120, - - superficialiscercbri 279,284,
- thoracoepigastricae 154,225-226' Vermiscerebelli 276,285, 287,302,
157 324
- conjunctivalisanterior 367 - medianaantebrachii 231,232, 228-229 303,309,313-314,327,332-335'
- diploicae 264,264 -'thymicae 158 339-340,354,355
238,254
- - basilica231,232,238 - thyroideainferior 136' 154' Vertebratae)
- - frontales81,264 - cervicales 135,155-156,162
- - occipitales81,264 - - cephalica 231,232,238 1 5 7 - 1 5 81, 6 0 ,1 6 3
- - media 135,158 - coccygeae342
- - temporalesanteriores 81,264 - - cubiti 17,177,186,231,232,
- - superior81,134,152,154, - - +Ostsa)coccygis
- - - posteriores81,264 238 - lumbales 346
- emissaria(-ae)262 - meningeamedia 263 1 5 7 -1 5 8 ,1 6 0
- tibialis anterior 17 - thoracicae 144,155,163
- - condylaris81,262,267 - mesentericainferior 17
- - hontalis 262 - - superior 17 - - posterior 17 Vertebralcanal+ Canalisvertebralis
- nasofrontalis81,265 - transversacolli148,157-158' vertex 38,40
- - mastoidea81,262,262 - corneae366
- - occipitalis262,262 - occipitalis 81,83, 147-149, 230
- ulnares 254 Vesica
- - parietalis81,262,262,264 157-158,262,279 - biliaris 13,20,23
- episcleralis 367 - oesophageae349 - umbilicalis 20
- vertebralis135,154,156'163 - urinaria 14,20
- f a c i a l i s8 1 , 8 3 - 8 5 , 8 81, 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - ophthalmicasuperlot 26?-263,
- vorticosa 367 vestibular 98-99
t22, r4l, r48- 149,151- 152, 265-266,267,380
Vestibularpath 397
t57-158,262 - ovarica 17, 18 Venography19
- femoralis 17 - parietales 279-280, 284 Venousvalves 19 Vestibulum
- lablrinthi 38f , 393-394
- frontales 279 - pericardiacophrenica349 Venter
- a n t e r i o r7 2 , 7 8 - 7 9 , 8 58, 7 - 8 8 , - laryngis 130,134
- hemiazygos18,349 - pharyngeae81,139
- n a s i 1 3 , 9 11
- - accessoria18 - phrenicainferior 18 113,115-116,119- 120,122-123' , 60
- oris 13,108-109
- hepaticae 17-18,20,349 - poplitea 17 137,141,142,143,145,149-153'
- iliacacommunis17-18,2O - portaehepatis 17 157-159,272 Vibrissae 96
- - externa 17-L9 - protundafaciei 88 - frontalis 74,75,77-79, 85,88, Vinculum(-a)
- - femoris 17 - breve 217-218
- - interna 17-18 357
- inferior 141,142,143,145, - lonBa 217-218
- iliolumbalis 18 - - linguae 121
- tendinum 212 219
- inferiorescerebri' 284 - profundaecerebri 316 149-150,152-153,157,187-189'
- infraorbitalis 380 - renalis 17-18 197,233 viscerocranium 57 -59, lO4
- intercapitulares(Manus) 232, - retromandibularis81,83-85, 88, - muscles 11 Visual pathway 374,375
- occipitalis74,77-79, 147 - primary region 293
248 1 1 5 1, 4 8 - 1 4 91, 5 1 - 1 5 31, 5 7 - 1 5 8 , - secondaryregion 293
- intercostalesposteriores 18 262 - p o s t e r i o 7r 9 , 8 5 , 8 7 - 8 81' 1 3 1
' 15,
- intercostalisposterior 349 - sacralismediana 18 119,136-141,142,143-145,159, Vocalcord+ Ligamentumvocale
- interna cerebri 262, 284,284, - saphenamagna 17 273,400 Vola + Palrna
- - parva 17 - superior ll5, 120,142, 143' Vomer 33, 36, 41,45,49, 54,54, 57,
314-317, 317,326-327,331
- interossea posterior201,254 - spinalisposterior 346 l4i, 149- 150,153-154,159,188' 68,90
- intervertebralis 348 - splenica17 230
- subclavia 17-18, 21,f4O, 144,152, Ventricle+ Ventriculus(-i)
- intramuscularis 29
- intraseptales29 158-159, 159, 227 Ventriculus(-i)
w
- jugularis 316 - subfascialis29 - dexter 20
- encephali306-308 centre 397
WERNIcKx's
- - anterior 17,135,146,148, - sublingualis ll5, 120-121
- s u b m e n t a l i8s1 , 8 5 , 8 8 1 , 1 5 1, 5 2 , - - MRT 307
1 5 7 - 1 5 81, 6 3 ,2 3 0
- - e x t e r n al Z 8 1 , 8 4 - 8 5 1 - laryngis 109,128,130,132,134, Y
, 1 5 1, 4 5 , t)/
r47-149,151-154, 157-158, - subscapularis228 160
- superiorvermis 316 - lateralis 270,284-285, 295-296, Yellowspot+ Maculalutea
162-163,230
- - i n t e r n a1 7 - 1 8 , 2 1 , 7 2 , 7 9 , 8 1 , - superiores cerebri 262,279-280, 299, 307,310,310, 311,3ll' 312'
8 1 , 1 3 5 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 1, 4 9 - 1 5 1 , 284,316 312,313,313,314,314,315,315,
153-154,157- 159,162-163, - suprarenalis 18 323- 327,329- 337,339- 340
- - walls 310
z
262,263 - suprascapularis230
- labialisinferior 81 - supratrochlearis81 - quartus 276,285, 302, 302, Zonula
- ciliaris 366,367,368,368
- - superior 81 - temporalismedia 85,88 305-308,326-327,335,340
- - superficialis72,77,81,83-84, - - walls 299 - Znnt+ Zonulaciliaris
- labyrinthi 267
- lacrimalis 265 88 - sinister 20 Zygapophysis 36

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Atlasof HumanAnatomy

URBAN& FISCHERMUNiCh. JCNA

Vol. 2: Thorax, abdomen,pelvis, lower limb

UFtcdate information you find under:

1 sagitlal plane sagittalaxis

Figs. 1 a-c Planesand axis 0fthe humanbody.

Lineamedianaanterior- - Linea medianaPostgtior

Lineasternalis- cranialis(= superior)-

Fig. 3 Surfaceanatomyof the male; Fig. 4 Surfaceanatomy of the female;

Fig. 5 Surfaceanatomyof the male; Fig. 6 Surfaceanatomyof the female;

Fig. 7 Regionsofthe humanbody,Regiouescorporis;

Fegb lemotu posterlor

Fig. I Regionsofthe humanbody,Regionescorporis;

Fig.9 Skeleton,Systemaskeletale; Fig. l0 Skeleton,Systemaskeletale;

Regions of the human body

I Bones lhat can be

- (Cafiila9oarticularrs) Figs. 11a, b Skeleton,Systemaskeletale.

Os scapholdeum 3.-6. LM Os plsiforme8.-12. U Talus7. EM Os c|lnefformomdlab 2.-3. U

Fig. 13 Appearanceofendochondralossificationcentes and Fig. 14 Appearanceofendochondralossification

1 Ulna, diaphysis 5 Lunatebone,Os lunatum I Hamate bone, 10 Trapezoidbone,

Fig.l7 R a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a n l l - y e a r - Fig. lB Radiographof the hand of a 13-year-old

Fig. 19 Fibrousjoint,Articulatio Fig.20 Cartilaginous joint, Fig. 21 Osseous joint,

Linea epiphysialis ----

Fig.22 Synovialjoint, Articulatio synovialis,exemplifiedby

Fig. 23 Structureof the skeletalmuscle, Fig.24 Structureofthe tendonsheath,Vaginatendinis,

a Musculusfusiformis b Musculusbiceps c Musculusbiventer d Musculusplanus

Fig.26 Surveyof themuscular

Glandula p arotidea -'-

Vesica biliaris lfellea] - -

Fig. 28 Survey ofthe digestivesystem;

rvey of the respiratory system;

Fig. 30 Surveyof the urinaryandreproductive

Fig. 31 Survey of the urinary and reproductive

Fig. 34 Surveyofthe vascularsystem:

Fig. 35 Surveyofthe vascularsystem:

Figs. 36 a-g Aorta and the main arteries; d Truncuscoeliacus

Fig.37 V. cavasuperior,tributaries. Fig.38 V. cavainferior,tributaries.

Fig. 39 Diagram showing the function of the venous

Atrium cordis dextrum - - -

V iliaca communis Pars abdominalisaortae lAorta abdominalisl

Fig. 41 Diagram of the fetal circulation; Changesfrom fetal to postnatalcirculation:

Fig. 42 Survey of the vascular system

N o d r l y m p h o r d e-r- - Nodi lymphoidei

Fig.48 Surveyof the centralnervoussystemand

Fig.49 Diagram ofthe spinal nerve,exemplifiedby

Fig. 50 Sympathetic[)art,Parssympathica,of the Fig. 51 Parasympathetic part, Parsparasympathica,

N occipitalisminor - - '- --1.

N suprascapularis Plexus brachialis

Fig. 52 Survey of the cervical and

Branches of the Plexus cervicalis and the Plexus brachialis

Fig. 52 Surveyof the lumllosacralplexus,Plexus

Branches of the Plexus lumbosacralis

Plexus lumbalis plexus s4cralts

Fig. 54 Cleavagelines of the skin; Fig. 55 Cleavagelines of the skin;

Fig. 56 Cleavagelines of the skin of Fig. 57 Cleavagelines of the skin of the

Fig. 60 Distal phalanr; Fig. 61 Distal phalanx, Phalanx distalis;

Fig.62 Headand neck,Caputet Collum;

Fig. 63 Regionsof the head and neck,

Fig.64 Headand neck,Caputet Collum;

Fig. 65 Regionsof the head and neck,

Fig. 69 Skull, Cranium;

Fig.74 Skull, Cranium;

FOSSa CranI OOSteflor