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Introduction to Aeronautics:

A Design Perspective
Second Edition

Steven A. Brandt
U.S. Air Force Academy
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Randall J. Stiles
Colorado College
Colorado Springs, Colorado
John J. Bertin
U.S. Air Force Academy
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Ray Whitford
Royal Military College of Science
and the Cranfield Institute of Technology
United Kingdom

EDUCATION SERIES
Joseph A. Schetz
Series Editor-in-Chief
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia

Published by
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344
Table of
Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Nomenclature xix

Chapter 1. Design Thinking 1


1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Design Method 1
1.3 Design Example 6
1.4 Design and Aeronautics 11
1.5 Brief History of Aircraft Design 15
1.6 Conclusion 24
1.7 Chapter Summary 24
1.8 More Details 26
References 36
Problems 36

Chapter 2. Operating Environment 41


2.1 Design Motivation 41
2.2 Characteristics of the Atmosphere 42
2.3 Pressure Measurement 44
2.4 Standard Atmosphere 46
2.5 Common Uses of the Standard Atmosphere 51
2.6 Chapter Summary 52
2.7 More DetailsMolecular Collisions and Aerodynamics 54
Reference 57
Problems 57

Chapter 3. Aerodynamics and Airfoils 61


3.1 Design Motivation 61
3.2 Basic Aerodynamics 61
3.3 Basic Aerodynamics Applications 66
3.4 Viscous Flow 77
3.5 Airfoil Characteristics 85
3.6 Chapter Summary 95
3.7 More Details 100
References 106
Problems 106
XII

Chapter 4. Wings and Airplanes 113


4.1 Design Motivation 113
4.2 Wings 114
4.3 High-Lift Devices 124
4.4 Whole Aircraft Lift 128
4.5 Whole Aircraft Drag and Drag Polar 128
4.6 Mach-Number Effects 132
4.7 Chapter Summary 143
4.8 More Details 150
4.9 Whole Aircraft Analysis Example 162
References 169
Problems 170

Chapter 5. Performance 173


5.1 Design Motivation 173
5.2 Equations of Motion 173
5.3 Propulsion 175
5.4 Drag Curves 188
5.5 Lift-to-Drag Ratio 191
5.6 Power Curves 192
5.7 Curve Shifts 193
5.8 Glides 195
5.9 Climbs 198
5.10 Range and Endurance 201
5.11 Takeoff and Landing 217
5.12 Turns 224
5.13 V-n Diagrams 231
5.14 Energy Height and Specific Excess Power 233
5.15 Chapter Summary 238
5.16 More DetailsManeuverability Diagrams and
Constraint Analysis 246
5.17 Performance Analysis Example 253
References 260
Problems 260

Chapter 6. Stability and Control 267


6.1 Design Motivation 267
6.2 Language 267
6.3 Longitudinal Control Analysis / 275
6.4 Longitudinal Stability 278
6.5 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability 285
6.6 Lateral-Directional Stability 287
6.7 Dynamic Lateral-Directional Stability 293
6.8 Chapter Summary 295
6.9 More DetailsCalculating Stability Parameters 300
6.10 Stability and Control Analysis Example: F-16A and F-16C 305
Reference 311
Problems 311
XIII

Chapter 7. Structures 315


7.1 Design Motivation 315
7.2 Solid Mechanics 315
7.3 Types of Stress 321
7.4 Loads 323
7.5 Structural Layout 328
7.6 Materials 331
7.7 Component Sizing 332
7.8 Structural Sizing Example 339
7.9 Weight Estimates 340
7.10 Finite Element Analysis 340
7.11 Chapter Summary 341
References 342
Problems 342

Chapter 8. Sizing 345


8.1 Design Motivation 345
8.2 Internal Layout 346
8.3 Structures and Weight 347
8.4 Geometry Constraints 350
8.5 Mission Analysis 354
8.6 Sizing Equation 362
8.7 Weight Fraction Method 364
8.8 Weight and Balance 365
8.9 Mission Analysis and Sizing Example 367
8.10 AeroDYNAMIC 373
8.11 Cost 373
8.12 Chapter Summary 375
References 377
Problems 378

Chapter 9. Putting It All Together: Conceptual Aircraft Design . . . . 379


9.1 Introduction 379
9.2 Overview of the 12 Activities 380
9.3 Customer Focus 381
9.4 Design Synthesis 382
9.5 Geometry Modeling and Engineering Drawing 383
9.6 Aerodynamic Analysis 383
9.7 Propulsion Analysis 386
9.8 Constraint Analysis 387
9.9 Mission Analysis 389
9.10 Weight Analysis 390
9.11 Sizing 391
9.12 Cost Analysis 392
9.13 Optimization 392
9.14 Performance Reporting 393
9.15 Putting It All Together 393
References 395
XIV

Chapter 10. Case Studies and Future Aircraft Designs 397


10.1 Introduction 397
10.2 Case Study 1: 1903 Wright Flyer 398
10.3 Case Study 2: Douglas DC-3 403
10.4 Case Study 3: Evolution of the F-16 419
10.5 Opportunities in Aircraft Design 427
10.6 Design Thinking in Other Contexts 433
References 434
Appendix A: Glossary 437
Appendix B: Supplemental Data 449
Appendix C: Answers 493
Index 503
Supporting Materials 509

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