CHAPTER III

LINK BUDGET

A. CALCULATION OF COORDINATES

Exact Values on Station 1 (Labo)

Solution by ratio and proportion.

For Latitude:

A(cm) = 37 cm

A(cm) = 34.3 cm

y(minutes) = 10

For Longitude:

B(cm) = 53.7 cm

B(cm) = 17 cm

x(minutes) = 15
y (minutes) y(minutes)
=
A(cm) A(cm)

y(minutes)
y (minutes) = A (cm)
A cm

010 00
y (minutes) = 34.3 cm
37 cm

y(minutes) = 09 16.22

= y (minutes) + 1400

= 149 16.22

x(minutes) x(minutes)
=
B(cm) B(cm)

(minutes) (cm)
x (minutes)
x =B
B(cm)

01500
x (minutes) = 17cm
53.7 cm

x(minutes) = 04 44.92"

= x (minutes) + 12245

= 12294 44.92

25
 The results for station 1 correspond to the exact

coordinates of 149 16.22 as its latitude and 12249 44.92 as

its longitude.

Exact Values on Station 2 (Minalabac)

Solution by ratio and proportion.

For Latitude:

A(cm) = 37 cm

A(cm) = 15.7 cm

y(minutes) = 10

For Longitude:

B(cm) = 53.7 cm

B(cm) = 39.6 cm

x(minutes) = 15

y (minutes) y(minutes)
=
A(cm) A(cm)

y(minutes)
y (minutes) = A (cm)
A cm

26
 010 00
y (minutes) = 15.7 cm
37 cm

y(minutes) = 04 14.59

= y (minutes) + 1330

= 1334 14.59

x(minutes) x(minutes)
=
B(cm) B(cm)

x (minutes)
x (minutes) = B (cm)
B(cm)

01500
x (minutes) = 39.6 cm
53.7 cm

x(minutes) = 011 3.69"

= x (minutes) + 12300

= 12311 3.69

The results for station 2 correspond to the exact

coordinates of . as its latitude and . as

its longitude.

27
B. CHOOSING THE BEST ROUTE

FIGURE 2. Developed Route Alternatives

28
ALTERNATIVES

Alternative 1: The Straight line Path

FIGURE 3. First alternative linking Labo, Camarines Norte and Minalabac,

Camarines Sur

Terrain Elevation

FIGURE 4. Terrain elevation of first alternative.

29
Number of Repeaters to be placed

Figure 5. Shows that to achieve the desired line of sight, two repeaters or

relays shall be placed.

Alternative 2: The One Relay Path

Figure 6. Second alternative linking Labo, Camarines Norte and

Minalabac, Camarines Sur

30
Terrain Elevation (Alternative 2)

FIGURE 7. Terrain elevation of first alternative.

FIGURE 8. Shows that to achieve the desired line of sight, two repeaters or

relays shall be placed

31
Alternative 3: The First City by City option path

(Sipocot, Camarines Sur)

FIGURE 9. Third alternative linking Labo, Camarines Norte and Minalabac,

Camarines Sur

Terrain Elevation (Alternative 3)

FIGURE 10. Terrain elevation of third alternative.

32
 FIGURE 11. Shows that to achieve the desired line of sight, three (3)

repeaters or relays shall be placed.

Alternative 4: The Second City by City option path

(Lupi)

FIGURE 12. Fourth alternative linking Labo, Camarines Norte and

Minalabac, Camarines Sur

33
Terrain Elevation (Alternative 4)

FIGURE 13. Terrain elevation of fourth (4) alternative.

FIGURE 14. Shows that to achieve the desired line of sight, two repeaters or

relays shall be placed.

Alternatives No. of Repeaters Highest Elevation

(ft)

1 (Straight line) 2 1072

2 (One Relay) 1 4282

3 (City by City
3 676
Sipocot)

4 (City by City -
3 822
Lupi)

Table 1. Tabulated result of the alternatives; the number of repeaters or

relay needed with the corresponding elevation

34
 With all the alternative routes provided, the

researchers have decided to choose the One Relay Path

alternative. Further explanation on why alternative is

advisable will be discussed on the next chapter.

C. Getting the Highest Obstruction

Figure 15. Location of the obstructions in the whole path

With the use of GOOGLE EARTH, The locations of the two

obstructions and relay are:

Latitude (obs1) : 1404 54.81

Longitude (obs1) : 12248 35.67

Latitude (Relay) : 1400 53.50

Longitude (Relay) : 12247 32.23

Latitude (obs2) : 1358 57.67

Longitude (obs2) : 12249 15.03

35
C.1. Calculation of coordinates equivalence in Topographic Map (Obs 1)

Solution by ratio and proportion.

For Latitude (cm):

A(cm) = 37 cm

= 1404 54.81

y(minutes) = 10

For Longitude(cm):

B(cm) = 53.7 cm

= 12248 35.67

x(minutes) = 15

y (minutes) = 1400

y(minutes) = 04 54.81

x(minutes)
(minutes) = A (cm)
A cm

01000
03 35.67 = A (cm)
37 cm

A (cm) = 18.18

36
 x(minutes) = 12245

x(minutes) = 03 35.67

y(minutes)
(minutes) = B (cm)
B cm

01500
03 35.67 = B (cm)
53.7 cm

B (cm) = 12.87

In getting the exact coordinate location of the

obstruction 1 in the topographic map, measure then plot the

calculated value (cm) in the map. In the Namria map of Labo,

18.18 cm for its latitude and 12.87 cm for its longitude.

37
C.2. Calculation of coordinates equivalence in Topographic Map (Relay)

Solution by ratio and proportion.

For Latitude(cm):

A(cm) = 37 cm

= 1400 53.50

(minutes) = 10

For Longitude(cm):

B(cm) = 53.7 cm

= 12247 32.23

(minutes) = 15

(minutes) = 1400

y(minutes) = 00 53.50

(minutes)
(minutes) = A (cm)
A cm

01000
00 53.50 = A (cm)
37 cm

A (cm) = 3.299

38
 (minutes) = 12245

x(minutes) = 02 32.23

(minutes)
(minutes) = B (cm)
B cm

01500
02 32.23 = B (cm)
53.7 cm

B (cm) = 9.08

In getting the exact coordinate location of the relay

in the topographic map, measure then plot the calculated value

(cm) in the map. In the Namria map of Labo, 3.299 cm for its

latitude and 9.08 cm for its longitude.

39
C.3. Calculation of coordinates equivalence in Topographic Map (Obs 2)

Solution by ratio and proportion.

For Latitude(cm):

A(cm) = 37 cm

= 1358 57.67

(minutes) = 10

For Longitude(cm):

B(cm) = 53.7 cm

= 12249 15.03

(minutes) = 15

(minutes) = 1350

y(minutes) = 08 57.67

(minutes)
(minutes) = A (cm)
A cm

01000
00 53.50 = A (cm)
37 cm

A (cm) = 33.156

40
 (minutes) = 12245

x(minutes) = 04 15.22

(minutes)
(minutes) = B (cm)
B cm

01500
02 32.23 = B (cm)
53.7 cm

B (cm) = 15.22

In getting the exact coordinate location of the

obstruction 1 in the topographic map, measure then plot the

calculated value (cm) in the map. In the Namria map of Naga

City, 33.156 cm for its latitude and 15.22 cm for its

longitude

41
D. AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE CALCULATION

The succeeding computations apply the Inverse Position

Method (from Lenkurt) to determine the azimuth and distance

for each link and their obstruction. This method makes use of

tables, which take into account the oblates of the earth.

D.1: Link 1: Linking Labo and Relay (Mt. Labo)

Table 2. Inverse Position Azimuth Calculation from Labo to Relay.

Latitude Longitude

Labo 14 916.22 1224944.92

Relay 140053.50 1224732.23

is 0822.72 is 0212.69
Difference
sec is 502.72 sec is 132.69

14 916.22 + 140053.50
MRF = = = 1454.86
2 2

sec 502.72
m = smaller + = 140053.50 +
2 2

m = 1454.86

42
Exact Log Bm/Am

By Interpolation Method, the exact Log Bm/Am of the

minimum range latitude can be computed. For the equivalent

values of Log Bm/Am, see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 5 4.86"
=
2.5E 05 1

5 4.86"
x = 2.5E 05
1

x = 2.117083333E 06

y = 0.002778 + x

y = 2.775882917E 03

Exact log Bm/Am = 2.775882917 x 10-3

43
Exact Log Am

Moreover the exact Log Am can also be solved by

Interpolation Method. For the equivalent values of Log Am,

see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 5 4.86"
=
1.3E 05 1

5 4.86"
x = 1.3E 05
1

x = 1.100883333E 06

y = 8.509641 + x

y = 8.509639899

Exact log Am = 8.509639899

44
D.1.1 Azimuth Calculation from True North

This is the horizontal angle of a point to a

perpendicular direction measured in clockwise from true

north.

log Bm/ Am 2.775882917E-03 Add

log cos m 9.986743574

log sec 2.122838194

1.112357651 Subt

log sec 2.701326163

log cot w 8.411031488

then w = 883126.75

C= (sin(m))
2

0212.69
C= (sin(1454.86))
2

C = 000.16

45
Case 2: Northern Hemisphere Sta E south of Sta W

Azimuth at Sta W (Labo)

Azw = 90 + w C

Azw = 90 + 883126.75 000.16

Azw = 17711 26.94"

Azimuth at Sta E (Relay)

AzE = 270 + w + C

AzE = 270 + 883126.75 + 000.16

AzE = 35831 26.91"

46
D.1.2 Path Distance Calculation

log cos m 9.986743574 Add

log sec 2.122838194

1.109581768 subt.

log Am 8.509639899

2.599941869 subt.

log cos w 8.410887088

log S mtrs 4.189054781 Add

log 0.000621 6.7930916

log S miles 0.9821466381

Sm 15454.49368

S km 15.45449368

S miles 9.597240565

Thus, Link 1 (Labo-Relay) has a path distance of

15.45449368 km

47
D.2: Linking Relay (Mt. Labo) and Minalabac

Table 3. Inverse Position Azimuth Calculation from Daanbantayan, Cebu to

Obstruction 1

Latitude Longitude

Daan Bantayan 140053.50 1224732.23

Obstruction 1 133414.59 123113.69

Difference 02638.91
02331.46

sec 1598.91 sec 1411.46

140053.50 + 133414.59
MRF = =
2 2

MRF = 134734.05

sec 1598.91
m = smaller + = 133414.59 +
2 2

m = 134734.05

48
Exact Log Bm/Am

By Interpolation Method, the exact Log Bm/Am of the

minimum range.

Latitude can be computed. For the equivalent values of

Log Bm/Am, see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 04734.05
=
2.3 05 1

04734.05
x = 2.3E 05
1

x = 1.823420833 105

y = 0.002801 + x

y = 2.782765792 103

Exact log Bm/Am = 0.00278276

49
Exact Log Am

Moreover the exact Log Am can also be solved by

Interpolation Method. For the equivalent values of Log Am,

see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 04734.05
=
1.1E 05 1

04734.05
x = 1.1E 05
1

x = 8.720708333 106

50
D.2.1 Azimuth Calculation from True North

This is the horizontal angle of a point to a

perpendicular direction measured in clockwise from true

north.

log Bm/ Am 2.782765792E-3

log cos m 9.987292701 Add

log sec 3.149668575

1.139744042 Subt

log sec 3.203824019

log cot w 7.935920023

then w = 893020.35

C= (sinm)
2

02331.46
C= (sin(134734.05))
2

C = 02 48.25"

51
Case 2: Northern Hemisphere Sta E South of Sta W

Azimuth at Sta W (Relay)

Azw = 90 + C

Azw = 90 + 893020.35 02 48.25"

Azw = 17927 32.1"

Azimuth at Sta E (Minalabac)

AzE = 270 + + C

AzE = 270 + 893020.35 + 02 48.25"

AzE = 35933 8.6

52
D.2.2 Path Distance Calculation

log cos m 9.987292701 Add

log sec 3.149668575

1.136961275 subt.

log Am 8.509643279

2.627317996 subt.

log cos w 7.935904077

log S mtrs 4.691413919 Add

log 0.000621 6.7930916

log S miles 1.484505514

Sm 49137.5975

S km 49.1375975

S miles 30.51444771

Thus, from Relay to Minalabac the path distance is

49.1375975 km.

53
D.3. OBSTRUCTION DISTANCE CALCULATION

The succeeding computations apply the Inverse Position

Method (from Lenkurt) to determine the distance of base

stations to their links corresponding highest obstruction.

This method makes use of tables, which take into account the

oblates of the earth.

D.3.1: Labo to Obstruction

Table 4. Inverse Position Azimuth Calculation from Labo to Obstruction 1.

Latitude Longitude

Labo 14916.22 1224944.92

Relay 140454.81 1224835.67

Difference 0421.41 019.25

sec 261.41 sec 69.25

14916.22 + 140454.81
MRF = =
2 2

MRF = 147 5.52"

sec 261.41
m = smaller + = 140454.81 +
2 2

m = 147 5.52"

54
Exact Log Bm/Am

By Interpolation Method, the exact Log Bm/Am of the

minimum range latitude can be computed. For the equivalent

values of Log Bm/Am, see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 07 5.52"
=
2.5E 05 1

5 4.86"
x = 2.5E 05
1

x = 2.995 107

y = 0.002778 + x

y = 2.7777045 103

Exact log Bm/Am = 2.7777045 x 10-3

55
Exact Log Am

Moreover the exact Log Am can also be solved by

Interpolation Method. For the equivalent values of Log Am,

see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 07 5.52"
=
1.3E 05 1

07 5.52"
x = 1.3E 05
1

x = 1.5366 106

y = 8.509641 + x

y = 8.509639463

Exact log Am = 8.509639463

56
D.3.1.1. Path Distance Calculation

log cos m 9.986679754 Add

log sec 1.840419778

1.827099532 subt.

log Am 8.509639463

3.317460069 subt.

log cos w 9.398501689

log S mtrs 3.91895838 Add

log 0.000621 6.7930916

log S miles 0.71204998

Sm 8297.71244

S km 8.29771244

S miles 5.152879422

Thus, obstruction will be met at 8.29771244km from Labo,

Station 1.

57
D.3.2. Minalabac to Obstruction 2

Table 5. Inverse Position Azimuth Calculation from Minalabac, Camarines Sur

to Obstruction 2

Latitude Longitude

Minalabac 133414.59 123113.69

Obstruction 1 135857.67 1224915.03

Difference 02443.08 02148.66

sec 1483.08 sec 1308.66 sec

sec

133414.59 + 135857.67
MRF = =
2 2

MRF = 134613

sec 1483.08"
m = smaller + = 133414.59 +
2 2

m = 134613

58
Exact Log Bm/Am

By Interpolation Method, the exact Log Bm/Am of the

minimum range latitude can be computed. For the equivalent

values of Log Bm/Am, see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 046 13"
=
2.3 05 1

046 13"
x = 2.3E 05
1

x = 1.786416389 105

y = 0.002801 + x

y = 2.783135836 103

Exact log Bm/Am = 0.002783135836

59
Exact Log Am

Moreover the exact Log Am can also be solved by

Interpolation Method. For the equivalent values of Log Am,

see the Logarithmic Table in Appendix C.

x 046 13"
=
1.1E 05 1

046 13"
x = 1.1E 05
1

x = 8.543730556 106

y = 8.509643456

60
 y = 8.508652 + x

Exact log Am = 8.509643456

D.3.2.1 Path Distance Calculation

log cos m 9.987322621 Add ls

log sec 3.116826828

1.136961275 subt.

log Am 8.509643456

2.594505993 subt.

log cos w 7.935752754

log S mtrs 4.658753239 Add

log 0.000621 6.7930916

log S miles 1.451844839

Sm 45577.78748

S km 45.57778748

S miles 28.30380601

Thus, obstruction will be met at 45.57778748km from

Relay (Mount Labo), station 2.

61
E. FREQUENCY CALCULATION

The frequency was selected based on the path distance

of the respective links. For the frequency band for

different path distances, refer to Appendix C, Appendix

Table 8.

Considering the calculated path distances of the two

links, which are greater than 20 km, the whole systems

operating frequency bandwidth were 6 and 7 GHz frequency band.

The Radio equipment that will be use is the Harris Truepoint

5000 PDH/Ethernet Digital Radio. See attached description in

Appendix E for the radio equipment specifications.

Link 1: Labo to Relay with 15.45449368 km. path length at 7.110 GHz band

Model : Harris Truepoint 5000

Frequency Range : 7.110 7.900 GHz

Tx/Rx Frequency Spacing : 276 MHz

Channel Spacing : 28 MHz

62
Midband Frequency

fLB = fLow + fChannel spacing + fTx/Rxfrequency spacing

fLB = 7.110 GHz + 28 MHz + 276 MHz

fLB = 7.414 GHz

fLow + fLB
fMidband =
2

7.110 GHZ + 7.414 GHz

fMidband =
2

fMidband = 7.262 GHz

Link 2: Mount Labo (Relay) Minalabac, Camarines Sur with 49.1375975

km. path length at 6G GHz band

Model : Harris Truepoint 5000

Frequency Range : 5.925 6.425 GHz

Tx/Rx Frequency Spacing : 252.04 MHz

Channel Spacing : 40 MHz

63
Midband Frequency

fLB = fLow + fChannel spacing + fTx/Rxfrequency spacing

fLB = 5.925 GHz + 0.29255204 GHz + 0.040 GHz

fLB = 6.07102 GHz

fLow +fLB
fMidband = 2

5.925 GHz + 6.07102 GHz

fMidband =
2

fMidband = 5.99801 GHz

F. ANTENNA HEIGHT AND PATH CALCULATION

Link 1: Labo to Relay (Mt. Labo)

Transmitter Labo, elevation (eTx) 14.9352 m

Relay mount Labo, elevation (eR1) 1436.8272 m

Highest Obstruction Height (eo) 306.9336 m

Tree Growth (T.g) 15 m

Effective Earths Radius factor (k) 4/3

Distance fr. Tx R1 (D) 15.45449368 km

64
Distance fr. Tx O1 (d1) 8.29771244 km

Distance fr. O1 R1 (d2) 7.15678124 km

Midband Frequency (fMidband) 7.262 GHz

a.) Earth Bulge, (eb)

d1 . d2
eb =
12.75 (k)

(8.29771244) . (7.15678124)
eb =
12.75 (4/3)

eb = 3.49323016 m

b.) Highest Obstruction, ( )

ho = eb + eo + T. g

ho = 3.49323016 + 306.9336 + 15

ho = 325.4268302 m

c.) First Fresnel Zone, ( )

d1.d2
Hn = 17.3 D.f
GHz

(8.29771244).(7.15678124)
Hn = 17.3 (15.45449368) .(7.262)

Hn = 9.496621377 m

65
 d.) Antenna Height Calculation

Figure 16. Path Profile of Link 1: Labo to Relay

To get the antenna height of the respective stations and

repeaters, we used the triangular method for computation.

In order to have a reliable path design, it must satisfy

the condition that (F=H/Hn) 1. Assuming that F = 1, so that

H must be greater than or equal to Hn to clear the

obstruction. Therefore,

H = Hn

H = 9.496621377 m

66
 The highest obstruction is nearer in site B (Relay

Mount Labo), thus set the minimum antenna height in site A

(Station 1 (Transmitter) Labo).

Tower height available = 70 ft

aTx = 21.336 m 21 m

Therefore the actual antenna height for Station 1 is

aTx = 21 m

To clear tree growth obstruction near the site:

h1 = aTx + eTx

h1 = 21 m + 14.9352 m

h1 = 35.9352 m

Vertical Clearance (Vc):

Vc = ho + Hn

Vc = 325.4268302 m + 9.496621377 m

Vc = 334.9234516 m

Solve for h2:

(h2 h1 ) (Vc h1 )
=
D d1

67
 D.(Vc h1 )
h2 = + h1
d1

(15.45449368 ).(334.9234516 35.9352)

h2 = + 35.9352
8.29771244

h2 = 592.8009721 m

aR1 = h2 eR1

aR1 = 592.8009721 1436.827

aR1 = - 844.02622979 m

The calculated antenna height is negative; therefore,

the antenna height would be automatically set to minimum

antenna height. The minimum antenna height available based

from Sabre Site Solution was used.

Tower height available = 70 ft.

= 21.336 m 21 m

Therefore, the actual antenna height at Relay facing

Labo is:

aR1 = 21 m

Actual height of Relay above sea level:

h2 = aR1 + eR1

h2 = 21 m + 1436.8272 m

h2 = 1457.8272 m

68
 e.) Actual Fresnel Clearance, (H)

d1 (h2 h1 )
H= + (h1 ho )
D

8.29771244 (1457.8272 35.9352)

H= + (35.9352 325.4268302)
15.45449368

H = 473.9401056 m

f.) Actual Fresnel Ratio, (F)

H 473.9401056 m
F= = = 49.90618103
Hn 9.496621377 m

Since the computed Fresnel Ratio is much greater than

1, therefore, it is acceptable.

Link 2: Relay (Mt. Labo) to Minalabac

Transmitter (Relay), elevation (eR1) 1436.8272 m

Station (Minalabac), elevation (eR2) 7.0104 m

Highest Obstruction Height (eo) 780.5928 m

Tree Growth (T.g) 15 m

69
Effective Earths Radius factor (k) 4/3

Distance fr. R1 R2 (D) 49.1375975 km

Distance fr. O1 R2 (d1) 45.57778748 km

Distance fr. R1 O1 (d2) 3.55981002 km

Midband Frequency (fMidband) 5.99801 GHz

a.) Earth Bulge, (eb)

d1 . d2
eb =
12.75 (k)

(45.57778748) . (3.55981002 )
eb =
12.75 (4/3)

eb = 9.544015562 m

b.) Highest Obstruction, ( )

ho = eb + eo + T. g

ho = 9.544015562 + 780.5928 + 15

ho = 805.1368156 m

c.) First Fresnel Zone, ( )

d1.d2
Hn = 17.3
D.fGHz

(45.57778748) .(3.55981002 )
Hn = 17.3
(49.1375975).(5.99801)

Hn = 12.83587802 m
70
d.) Antenna Height Calculation

Figure 17. Path Profile of Link 2: Relay to Minalabac

To get the antenna height of the respective stations and

relay, we used the triangular method of computation.

In order to have a reliable path design, it must satisfy

the cndition that (F=H/Hn) 1. Assuming that F = 1, so that

H must be greater than or equal to Hn to clear the

obstruction. Therefore,

H = Hn

H = 12.83587802 m

The highest obstruction is nearer in site A (Relay),

thus set the minimum antenna height in site B (Minalabac).

71
Tower height available = 70 ft

aR2= 21.336 m 21 m

Therefore the actual antenna height for Relay facing

Minalabac is:

aR2 = 21 m

To clear tree growth obstruction near the site:

h1 = aR2 + eR2

h1 = 21 m + 7.0104 m

h1 = 28.0104 m

Vertical Clearance (Vc):

Vc = ho + Hn

Vc = 805.1368156 + 12.83587802

Vc = 817.9726936 m

Solve for h2:

(h2 h1 ) (Vc h1 )
=
D d1

D.(Vc h1 )
h2 = + h1
d1

72
 (49.1375975 ) .(817.9726936 28.0104)
h2 = + 28.0104
45.57778748

h2 = 851.661552 m

aR1 = h2 eR1

aR1 = 851.661552 1436.8272

aR1 =-585.165648 m

The calculated antenna height is negative; therefore,

the antenna height would be automatically set to minimum

antenna height. The minimum antenna height available based

from Sabre Site Solution was used.

Tower height available = 70 ft.

= 21.336 m 21 m

Therefore, the actual antenna height at Relay facing

Minalabac is:

aR1 = 21 m

Actual height of Relay above sea level:

h2 = aR1 + eR1

h2 = 21 m + 1436.8272 m

h2 = 1457.8272 m

73
 e.) Actual Fresnel Clearance, (H)

d1 (h2 h1 )
H= + (h1 ho )
D

45.57778748 (1457.8272 28.0104 )

H= + (28.0104 805.1368156)
49.1375975

H = 549.1062364 m

f.) Actual Fresnel Ratio, (F)

H 549.1062364
F= = = 42.77901641
Hn 12.83587802

Since the computed Fresnel Ratio is much greater than

1, therefore, it is acceptable.

74
G. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION (LINK 1)

D = 15.45449368 km aTx = 21 m

f = 7.262 GHz aR1 = 21 m

Radio Equipment Specification

Table 6. Radio Equipment Specification: (Refer to Appendix E)

Model Harris TruePoint 5000

Frequency Range 7.110 7.900 GHz

Transmitted Output Power (Tx) 27.0 dBm

Received Threshold (RTH) -84 dBM

G.1 Tentative Calculation for the System

G.1.1 Fade Margin Objective Using Non-Diversity Case Formula:

1
FMo = 10 log dB
f 3
(a)(b)(4)(D)

Where:

FMo = Fade Margin Objective, dB

a = path characteristics, 0.25 for mountainous

b = climate factors, 0.125 for mountainous

f = frequency, GHz

75
 D = path length, km

For the different values of a and b, refer to Appendix E.

1
FMo = 10 log 7.262 dB
(0.25)(0.125)( 4 )(15.45449368)3

FMo = 23.21010619 dB

G.1.2 Median Received Power (MRP), dBm

MRP = FMo + R TH

MRP = 23.21010619 + (84)

MRP = 60.78989381 dBm

G.1.3 Net Path Loss (NPL), dB

NPL = Txoutput power MRP

NPL = 27 (60.78989381)

NPL = 87.78989381 Db

G.1.4 Fixed Free Space Loss (FSL), dB

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log fGHz + 20 log Dkm

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log(7.262) + 20 log(15.45449368)

FSL = 133.4022205 dB

76
G.1.5 Wave Guide Losses ( ),

Waveguide length, lWG = + HWGB

Where:

lWG = Waveguide length

a = antenna height

b = distance from the tower to the building

HWGB = Waveguide bridge height

Labo

lWG1 = 21 + 6 5 = 22 m

Relay

lWG2 = 21 + 6 5 = 22 m

From Elliptical Waveguide Type EP78J: (Refer to Appendix

H1 for the Elliptical waveguide specifications).

Waveguide
Frequency
Attenuation

(dB/100m) (GHz)

6.19 7.10

6.05 7.30

77
 Solving for the exact attenuation value of waveguide

with frequency of 7.262 GHz using Interpolation Method:

0.038
=
0.14 0.2

= 0.0266

= 6.05 +

= 6.05 + 0.0266

= 6.0766

lWG1 ()
LWG1 =
100

22(6.0766)
LWG1 =
100

LWG1 = 1.336852 dB

78
 lWG2 ()
LWG2 =
100

22(6.0766)
LWG2 =
100

LWG2 = 1.336852 dB

G.1.6 Connector Loss (Lcon), dB.

This is typically set at 1 dB for each station.

Lcon = 1 dB

G.1.7 Assumed Radome Loss ( ), .

This is usually set at 0.5 dB for each station to compute

for the tentative antenna.

LRDM = 0.5 dB

79
G.1.8 Rain Attenuation ( ), .

Refer to Appendix C for Rainfall Attenuation Table,

according to Robert White (1987).

Rainfall Attenuation Frequency

(dB/km) (GHz)

0.12 6

0.7 11

Solving for the exact value of rainfall with frequency

of 10.5595 GHz using Interpolation Method:

3.738
=
0.58 5

= 0.433608

80
 = 0.7 +

= 0.7 + (0.433608)

= 0.266392

LRAIN = 0.266392 dB

G.1.9 Atmospheric Absorption Loss ( ), .

Refer to Appendix C for Absorption Loss Table,

according to Robert White (1987).

Atmospheric Absorption Attenuation Frequency

(dB) (GHz)

0.10 6

0.16 8

81
 Solving for the exact attenuation value of Atmospheric

Absorption with frequency of 7.262 GHz

0.738
=
0.06 2

= 0.02214

= 0.26 +

= 0.26 + (0.02214)

= 0.23786

82
G.1.10 Total Losses (TL), dB.

L1 = LWG1 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L1 = 3.675408 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.266392 + 0.23786

L1 = 5.67966 dB

L2 = LWG2 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L2 = 3.675408 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.266392 + 0.23786

L2 = 5.67966 dB

TL = FSL + L1 + L2

TL = 133.4022205 + 5.67966 + 5.67966

TL = 144.7615405 dB

G.1.11 Total Antenna Gain (TAG), dB.

TAG = TL NPL

TAG = 144.7615405 87.78989381

TAG = 56.97164669 dB

83
G.1.12 Antenna Gain for each site (A), dB.

A1 = A2

TAG 56.97164669
A1 = = = 28.48582335 dB
2 2

A1 " = A2 = 28.48582335 dB

G.1.13 Tentative Antenna Diameter (Bm), m.

A1 = 17.8 + 20 log fGHz + 20 log Bm

28.48582335 = 17.8 + 20 log(7.262) + 20 log Bm

Bm = 0.4712321611 m

Since the computed antenna diameter is 0.4712321611 m,

the HP4-71 antenna will be used with 1.2 m diameter. To attain

a reliability of 99.9999 %, the researchers have decided to

use the diameter of 1.2 m. See Appendix F for antenna

specifications.

Bm = 1.2 m

84
G.1.14 Assumed Radome Reduction Loss( ), dB.

Refer to Appendix G for Andrew Standard Radome Electrical

Characteristics at 1.2 m antenna diameter.

Frequency Attenuation

(GHz) (GHz)

6 0.4

8 0.7

Solving for the exact attenuation value of Radome with

frequency of 7.262 GHz using Interpolation Method:

6 0.4

-2 7.262 Y

-0.3

-0.738 x

8 0.7

85
 0.738
=
0.3 2

= 0.1107

= 0.7 +

= 0.7 + (0.1107)

= 0.5893

LRDM = 0.5893 dB

G.1.15 Actual Total Losses (TL), dB.

L1 = LWG1 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L1 = 3.675408 + 1 + 0.5893 + 0.266392 + 0.23786

L1 = 5.76896 dB

L2 = LWG2 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L2 = 3.675408 + 1 + 0.5893 + 0.266392 + 0.23786

L2 = 5.76896 dB

TL = FSL + L1 + L2

TL = 133.4022205 + 5.76896 + 5.76896

TL = 144.9401405 Db

86
G.2 Final Calculation for the System

G.2.1 Actual Antenna Gain ( , ), .

A1 = 17.8 + 20 log fGHz + 20 log Bm

A1 = 17.8 + 20 log(7.262) + 20 log(1.2)

A1 = 36.60474981 dB

A1 = A2 = 36.60474981 dB

TAG = 2(36.60474981 dB)

TAG = 73.20949962 dB

G.2.2 Net Path Loss (NPL), dB.

NPL = TL TAG

NPL = 144.9401405 73.20949962

NPL = 71.73064088 dB

G.2.3 Median Received Power (MRP), dBm.

MRP = Txoutput power NPL

MRP = 27 71.73064088

MRP = 44.73064088 dBm

87
G.2.4 Fade Margin (FM), dB.

FM = MRP R TH

FM = (44.73064088) (84)

FM = 39.26935912 dB

G.3 System Reliability Estimate with Respect to Multipath Fading

G.3.1 Non-Diversity Case, N.

D = 15.45449368 km = 9.60297716 mi

Undp = (a)(b)(105 )( 4)(3 )(10 10 )

39.26935912
Undp = (0.25)(0.125)(105 )(7.2624)(9.602977163 )(10 10 )

Undp = 5.944674101 x 108

Reliability (R), %

R1Undp = (1 Undp ) 100%

R1Undp = (1 5.944674101 x 108 ) 100%

R1Undp = 99.99999406 %

88
Reliability for Two Way Outage.

R1rp1 = [1 2(Undp )] 100%

R1rp1 = [1 2(5.944674101 x 108 )] 100%

R1rp1 = 99.99998811 %

G.3.2 Frequency Diversity Case, F.

Improvement Factor

FM
80 (10 10 ) f
lfd =
fD

39.26935912
80 (10 ) (0.02)
lfd = 10
7.262(15.45449368)

lfd = 0.5598385114

Undp
Ufdp =
lfd

5.944674101 x 108
Ufdp =
0.5598385114

Ufdp = 1.061855156 x 107

89
Reliability (R), %

R1Ufdp = (1 Ufdp ) 100%

R1Ufdp = (1 1.061855156 x 107 ) 100%

R1Ufdp = 99.99998938 %

Reliability for Two Way Outage.

R1rp1 = [1 2(Ufdp )] 100%

R1rp1 = [1 2(1.061855156 x 107 )] 100%

R1rp1 = 99.99997876 %

Thus, reliability for link 1 (Labo Relay) using

frequency diversity is . %

H. TRANSMISSION CALCULATION (LINK 2)

D = 49.1375975 km aR1 = 21 m

f = 5.99801 GHz aR2 = 21 m

90
Radio Equipment Specification: (Refer to Appendix E)

Model: Harris TruePoint 5000

Frequency Range: 5.925 6.425 GHz

Transmitted Output Power (Tx): 32 dBm

Received Threshold (RTH): -87 dBm

H.1.4 Tentative Calculation for the System

H.1.4.1 Fade Margin Objective Using Non-Diversity Case Formula:

1
FMo = 10 log dB
f 3
(a)(b)(4)(D)

Where:

FMo = Fade Margin Objective, dB

a = path characteristics, 0.25 for mountainous

b = climate factors, 0.125 for mountainous

f = frequency, GHz

D = path length, km

91
For the different values of a and b, refer to Appendix E.

1
FMo = 10 log 5.99801 dB
(0.25)(0.125)( )(49.1375975 )3
4

FMo = 37.45038972 dB

H.1.4.2 Median Received Power (MRP), dBm

MRP = FMo + R TH

MRP = 37.45038972 + (87)

MRP = 49.54961028 dBm

H.1.4.3 Net Path Loss (NPL), dB

NPL = Txoutput power MRP

NPL = 32 (49.54961028)

NPL = 81.54961028 dB

H.1.4.4 Fixed Free Space Loss (FSL), dB

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log fGHz + 20 log Dkm

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log(5.99801) + 20 log(49.1375975)

FSL = 141.7884221 dB

92
H.1.4.5 Wave Guide Losses ( ),

Waveguide length, lWG = + HWGB

Where:

lWG = Waveguide length

a = antenna height

b = distance from the tower to the building

HWGB = Waveguide bridge height

Labo, Camarines Norte

lWG1 = 21 + 6 5 = 22 m

Minalabac, Camarines Sur

lWG2 = 21 + 6 5 = 22 m

From Elliptical Waveguide Type E60: (Refer to Appendix

H for the Elliptical waveguide specifications).

Waveguide Attenuation Frequency

(dB/100m) (GHz)

3.99 5.9

3.95 6.0

93
 Solving for the exact attenuation value of waveguide

with frequency of 5.99801 GHz using Interpolation Method:

0.00199
=
0.04 0.1

= 0.000796

lWG1 ()
LWG1 =
100

22(3.50796)
LWG1 =
100

LWG1 = 0.7717512 dB

= 10.31 +

94
 = 3.95 + 0.000796

= 3.950796

lWG2 ()
LWG2 =
100

22(3.950796)
LWG2 =
100

LWG2 = 0.7717512 dB

H.1.4.6 Connector Loss (Lcon), dB.

This is typically set at 1 dB for each station.

Lcon = 1 dB

H.1.4.7 Assumed Radome Loss ( ), .

This is usually set at 0.5 dB for each station to compute

for the tentative antenna.

LRDM = 0.5 dB

H.1.4.8 Rain Attenuation ( ), .

Refer to Appendix C for Rainfall Attenuation Table,

according to Robert White (1987).

95
 Table 7. Part of Appendix C; Rainfall Attenuation

Rainfall Attenuation Frequency

(dB/km) (GHz)
0.028 4
0.12 6

Solving for the exact value of rainfall with frequency

of 5.99801 GHz using Interpolation Method:

0.00199
=
0.092 2

= 9.154 105

= 0.12 +

= 0.12 + (9.154 105 )

= 0.11990846

LRAIN = 0.11990846 dB

96
H.1.4.9 Atmospheric Absorption Loss ( ), .

Refer to Appendix C for Absorption Loss Table, according

to Robert White (1987).

Atmospheric Absorption Attenuation Frequency

(dB) (GHz)

0.40 4

0.40 6

Solving for the exact attenuation value of Atmospheric

Absorption with frequency of 5.99801 GHz.

0.00199
=
0 2

=0

97
 = 0.40 +

= 0.40 + (0)

= 0.4

LAAL = 0.4 dB

H.1.4.10 Total Losses (TL), dB.

L1 = LWG1 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L1 = 0.7717512 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.11990846 + 0.4

L1 = 2.79165966 dB

L2 = LWG2 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L2 = 0.7717512 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.11990846 + 0.4

L2 = 2.79165966 dB

TL = FSL + L1 + L2

TL = 141.7884221 + 2.79165966 + 2.79165966

TL = 147.3717414 dB

98
1.4.11 Total Antenna Gain (TAG), dB.

TAG = TL NPL

TAG = 147.3717414 81.54961028

TAG = 65.82213114 dB

1.4.12 Antenna Gain for each site (A), dB.

A1 = A2

TAG 65.82213114
A1 = = = 32.91106557 dB
2 2

A1 " = A2 = 32.91106557 dB

1.4.13 Tentative Antenna Diameter (Bm), m.

A1 = 17.8 + 20 log fGHz + 20 log Bm

32.91106557 dB = 17.8 + 20 log(5.99801 ) + 20 log Bm

Bm = 0.9496117791 m

99
 Since the computed antenna diameter is 0.9496117791 m,

the HP2-102 antenna will be used with 1.2 m diameter. See

Appendix F for antenna specifications. But to achieve the

reliability of 99.9999% the researchers are decided to use

larger antenna.

Bm = 3 m

1.4.14 Assumed Radome Reduction Loss ( ), dB.

Refer to Appendix G for Andrew Standard Radome

Electrical Characteristics at 3 m antenna diameter.

Table 8. Part of appendix G

Frequency (GHz) Attenuation (GHz)

2 0.2

6 0.9

100
 Solving for the exact attenuation value of Radome with

frequency of 5.99801 GHz using Interpolation Method:

0.00199
=
0.7 4

= 3.4825 104

LRDM = 0.89965175 dB

= 0.9 +

= 0.9 + (3.4825 104 )

= 0.8996517

101
H.1.4.15 Actual Total Losses (TL), dB.

L1 = LWG1 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L1 = 0.7717512 + 1 + 0.89965175 + 0.11990846 + 0.4

L1 = 3.19131141 dB

L2 = LWG2 + LCON + LRDM + LRAIN + LAAL

L2 = 0.7717512 + 1 + 0.89965175 + 0.11990846 + 0.4

L2 = 3.19131141 dB

TL = FSL + L1 + L2

TL = 141.7884221 + 3.19131141 + 3.19131141

TL = 148.1710449 dB

102
H.1.5 Final Calculation for the System

H.1.5.1 Actual Antenna Gain ( , ), .

A1 = 17.8 + 20 log fGHz + 20 log Bm

A1 = 17.8 + 20 log(5.99801 ) + 20 log(3)

A1 = 42.9025688 dB

A1 = A2 = 42.9025688 dB

TAG = 2(42.9025688 dB)

TAG = 85.80513761 dB

H.1.5.2 Net Path Loss (NPL), dB.

NPL = TL TAG

NPL = 147.3717414 85.80513761

NPL = 61.56660379 dB

H.1.5.3 Median Received Power (MRP), dBm.

MRP = Txoutput power NPL

MRP = 32 61.56660379

MRP = 29.56660379 dBm

103
H.1.5.4 Fade Margin (FM), dB.

FM = MRP R TH

FM = (29.56660379 ) (87)

FM = 57.43339621 dB

H.1.6 System Reliability Estimate with Respect to Multipath Fading

H.1.6.1 Non-Diversity Case, N.

D = 49.1375975 km = 30.53268754 mi

Undp = (a)(b)(105 )( 4)(3 )(10 10 )

57.43339621
Undp = (0.25)(0.125)(105 )(5.99801)(30.532687543 )(10 10 )

Undp = 2.40853352x 108

Reliability (R), %

R1Undp = (1 Undp ) 100%

R1Undp = (1 2.40853352x 108 ) 100%

R1Undp = 99.99999759 %

104
Reliability for Two Way Outage.

R1rp1 = [1 2(Undp )] 100%

R1rp1 = [1 2(2.40853352x 108 )] 100%

R1rp1 = 99.99999518 %

H.1.6.2 Frequency Diversity Case, F.

In this design the proponents applied frequency

diversity to attain lower outage time. The proponents also

used typical diversity spacing in most microwave bands which

is in order of 2% (f). Hence,

Improvement Factor

FM
80 (10 10 ) f
lfd =
fD

57.43339621
80 (10 ) (0.02)
lfd = 10
5.99801(49.1375975 )

lfd = 0.3127246506

Undp
Ufdp =
lfd

2.40853352x 108
Ufdp =
0.3127246506

105
 Ufdp = 7.701770602 x 108

Reliability (R), %

R1Ufdp = (1 Ufdp ) 100%

R1Ufdp = (1 12.91220201 x 106 ) 100%

R1Ufdp = 99.999999923 %

Reliability for Two Way Outage.

R1rp1 = [1 2(Ufdp )] 100%

R1rp1 = [1 2(7.701770602 x 108 )] 100%

R1rp1 = 99.9999846

Thus, reliability for link 2 (Relay Minalabac) using

frequency diversity is 99.999984%

I. Overall System Reliability Using Frequency Diversity

To get the overall system reliability, we get the computed values for

frequency diversity of the respective links.

1. Overall System Reliability (OSREL), %

OSREL = 100 x [1 (Ufdp1 + Ufdp2)]

OSREL = 100 x [1 (1.061855156 x 107 + 7.701770602 x 108 )]

OSREL = 100 x (1 1.832032216x 107 )

106
 OSREL = 99.99998168 %

2. Outage Time (OT), sec.

OT = (1 - OSREL)(365.25 days)(24 hours)(3600 seconds)

OT = (1 - 99.99998168 %)(365.25 days)(24 hours)(3600 seconds)

OT = 5.78135232 sec.

J. Total Load Calculation for Generators

(Refer to Appendix J for schedule of loads)

PT = PT(lightingoutlet) + PT(convenienceoutlet) + PT(air conditioningoutlet)

PT = 12,000 + 14,600 + 23,920

PT = 50.520 kW

After getting the total power, divide it by a safety factor of 80%.

PT 50.520 kW
= = 63.15 kW
0.8 0.8

Then the Generac 2.4L Engine with a standby power rating of 70 kW

will be used in all of the stations. (Refer for Appendix J for specifications.

107