Liquids and Intermolecular forces

A. Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and solids.

1. two opposing forces

a. The state of a substance depends largely on the balance between kinetic energies
of particles and inter-particle attraction
b. adding (heat) energy will add to the kinetic energy of particles and make them
want to move apart
c. cooling (subtracting heat energy) will reduce kinetic energy and particles will
stick together easier.
2. changing pressure can affect the state of matter
a. increasing pressure brings particles closer together (forces them to interact)
b. decreasing pressure allows particles to get away from each other.
B. Intermolecular Forces vs. Intramolecular forces.
1. Intra: within. (Ionic, metallic or covalent bonds)
Inter: between (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole[van der Walls forces], hydrogen
bonds, *ion-dipole forces)
*important in solutions
a. the stronger the attractive forces in a substance, the harder it is to boil or melt
them (high boiling/melting points).
b. all intermolecular forces are electrostatic (involve positive and negative charges)
- get stronger as the charges get stronger/weaker as distance between charges
increases
 Eel = (chapter 8 page 302) k = 8.99 x 109 J-m/C2

c. distances between molecules are often larger than distances between atoms held
together by bonds.

2. Dispersion Forces
a. These are always at work, and can happen any time, with any kind of particle
b. they are instantaneous and short-lived. (act like very short dipole moments).
c. caused by the constant/random movement of electrons lining up on one side of
an atomaffecting nearby atoms.

d. polarizability: how easy atoms can shift electrons in this way. (squishiness of
atoms)
- more polarizable atoms have bigger dispersion forces
- the bigger the atomic/molecular size the more polarizable it is. (down and to
the right of the PT)
e. Molecular shape also affects dispersion force magnitude.
- the greater the area for possible contact the more dispersion forces will be a
factor
3. Dipole-Dipole Force
a. Measured in debyes (D) 3.34 x 10 -30 Coulomb-meters (C-m) * remember the
conversion factor pg. 302
b. these are more permanent than dispersion forces.
c. originate from the attraction of partially positive/negative ends of molecules.
d. affective only at close range
e. for molecules of approximately equal mass and size, the strength of
intermolecular attractions increase with increasing polarity.
4. Hydrogen Bonding
a. happens with H and F, O, N
b. results from the electronegativity difference between H and these three elements.
c. typically stronger than a dipole because H acts as a bare electron.
d. responsible for the peculiar properties of water (ice floats, expands)
e. Just because a compound has these elements does not mean it will have H-bonds
(CH3F)
-you must check their structures.

There is a C-F bond. To make H-bonds there must be an H-F, H-N, or H-

O bond
5. Ion-Dipole forces.
a. exist between an ion and a polar molecule
b. as noted above this is important in solutions where ions are solvated by water
6. Comparing intermolecular Forces
a. molecules of two substances with comparable weights and shapes will both have
dispersion forces
b. differences in forces will be due to differences in dipole-dipole attractions
-the bigger the polarity difference, the stronger the force
c. molecules the vary greatly in weight: the bigger the weight of a molecule=> the
bigger the force of attraction.