Philippine Architecture History 1.

ARCADIO ARELLANO
o Appointed by C.G.
1900 1919 BUILDING THE AMERICAN TROPICAL EMPIRE Taft as consulting architect for the Americans
o Insular Ice Plant &
AMERICAN ARCHITECTS Storage, first large building erected by
o William Cameron Forbes American Commissioner Americans
o Daniel Burnham o Pioneered the setting
Prepared development plan for Manila & Baguio up of an Architectural & Surveying office in the
(summer capital) Philippines
Reliance Building, Chicago 2. JUAN ARELLANO
o Most prolific artist-
Monadnock Building, Chicago
designer
Paid a 6 week visit to Philippines
o Buildings:
Prepared site for
1. Legislative building, major work
1. Manila Hotel
2. Post Office building
2. Army & Navy Club
3. Metropolitan Theatre
3. Philippine General Hospital
4. Rizal Memorial Stadium
4. Post Office
5. Benitez Hall (UP)
o Pierce Anderson assistant of D. Burnham
6. Malcolm Hall (UP)
o William Parsons 3. TOMAS ARGUELLES
Implementation of D. Burnhams plans o Public administrator;
Buildings Designed: advocated Building Code of Manila
1. Manila Hotel 4. CARLOS BARETTO
2. Army & Navy Club o First Filipino architect
3. Philippine General Hospital with academic degree abroad (Pennsylvania)
4. Philippine Normal School o Pioneering Staff of
5. Womens Dormitory of the Normal Division of Architecture
School 5. ANTONIO TOLEDO
6. University Hall of the University of the o Master of
Philippipnes (Padre Faura)
Neoclassicist style
7. YMCA building
o Among the first
8. Elks Club
architect-educators
9. Manila Club
o Assistant to William
10. Gabaldon schoolhouse, most visible,
5 prototypes Parsons
o George Fenhagen o Buildings:
o Ralph Harrington Doane 1. Cebu Custom House
2. National Museum Building
3. City Hall of Manila
LEADING FILIPINO MAESTROS DE OBRAS
o
 6. TOMAS MAPUA o Buildings:
o First registered architect in the 1. Bel-Air Alhambra Apartments
Philippines 2. Syquia Apartments
o Established M.I.T. first 3. Sea Tower apartments
architectural school in the Philippines 4. Far Eastern University Building
o Buildings: 5. Ideal Theatre
1. De La Salle School 6. Lyric Theatre
2. Centro Escolar University 7. May building (brise soleil)
3. Nurses Home
THE THIRD GENERATION ARCHITECTS (form
follows function/international style)
THE SECOND GENERATION ARCHITECTS (with Foreign 1. CESAR CONCIO
Education) o Buildings:
1. ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO 1. Church of the Risen Lord (UP)
o Popularized the El Nido style 2. Melchor Hall (UP- Eng& Arch building))
o Buildings: 3. Palma Hall (UP-CAS building))
1. Legarda Elemntary School 4. Insular Life Building (1st brise soleil)
2. Regina Building 5. Childrens Hospital (NORTH General
3. Crystal Arcade Hospital/Jose Reyes Hospital Pablo Cruz
4. Natividad Building 2. ANGEL NAKPIL
5. Perez-Samanillo Building o Buildings:
6. Insular Life ??? 1. National Press Club, Bauhaus inspired
2. Lopez Museum
3. ALFREDO LUZ
2. JUAN NAKPIL 4. OTILLO ARELLANO
o 1st National Artist of Architecture 5. FELIPE MENDOZA
o Buildings: 6. GABRIEL FORMOSO
1. Geronimo Reyes Building o Buildings:
2. Capitol Theatre 1. Valley Golf & Country Club
3. Rizal theatre 2. Asian Institute of Management
4. Manila Jockey Club 3. Central Bank of the Philippines
5. Quezon Institue 4. Pacific Star Building
6. UP administration building (Quezon Hall) 5. PBcom tower
7. Library Building (Gonzales Hall) 7. CARLOS ARGUELLES
8. SSS (use of folded concrete plates as aesthetic o Buildings:
features) 1. Philamlife Homes, Quezon City
2. Philamlife building
3. PABLO ANTONIO 3. Urdaneta Apartments
o 2nd National Artist of Architecture 4. Aglipayan Church
 o GSIS building - - - -
OTHER NOTABLE ARCHITECTS: - Federico Ilustre
1. LEANDRO LOCSIN o Veterans Memorial Building - -
o 3RD National artist for architecture Federico Ilustre
o Buildings:
1. The Church of Holy Sacrifice (UP) 1st project of o Feati University Building - - -
L.Locsin Fernando Ocampo
2. Monterey Apartments, Ayala Avenue o Ambassador Hotel (1st skyscraper 4flrs) -
3. St. Andrews Church Fernando Ocampo
4. Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) o UST seminary building - - -
5. Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) Fernando Ocampo
6. Philippine Pavilion at 1970 World Exposition
7. Makati Stock Exchange o Times Theatre (1st with backlights) - -
8. Philippine Stock Exchange Luis Araneta
9. Philippine Plaza Hotel o Manila Doctors Hospital - - -
10. Manila International Airport Luis Araneta
11. New Istana, Brunei
2. o Jai-Alai Building - - - -
3. Wuderman & Becket
o Iglesia Ni Cristo - - - -
Trivia: o
Carlos Santos Viola
UST Engineering & Architecture Bldg. -
Julio Rocha (brise soleil)
UY-CHACO building, the first and only Art Noveau high-rise in o UST main building - - -
the Philippines - Roque Rueno
ART DECO coined by Exposition Internationale des Arts o Meralco Building - - - -
Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes Jose Zaragoza
Philippine College of Design by:
1. Juan Nakpil o Quiapo Mosque - - - -
2. Andres Luna de San Pedro Jorge Ramos
3. Juan Arellano o Philippine Heart Center - - -
4. Fernando Ocampo Jorge Ramos
5. Victorio Edades
6. Pablo Antonio o Tahanang Filipino - - -
7. Angel Nakpil - Francisco Manosa
BUILDINGS & ARCHITECTS: o San Miguel Corporation Headquarters -
o Quezon Memorial - - - - Manosa Brothers (Jose, Manuel, Francisco)
Federico Ilustre o Manila Film Center - - -
- Frolian Hong
 o ADB - - - - - - EQUITABLE BANK TOWERS,
SOM RENNAISANCE 2000
o Robinsons Galleria - - - - RENNAISANCE TOWERS
William Coscolluela
o SM megamall - - - - - LOCSIN & PARTNERS
Antonio Sindiong
AYALA TOWER 1, Ayala Avenue, Makati City
(consultant: S.O.M.)
o Magsaysay Center - - - -
Alfredo Luz
o WHO building - - - - RECIO + CASAS
Alfredo Luz PACIFIC PLAZA TOWERS, Fort Bonifacio
o Ermita Center - - - - Alfredo (arquitectonica)
Luz ICEC TOWER, manila (Kohn Petersen Fox
Associates)
o Shell House - - - - - KINGSWOOD, Vito Cruz, Makati City
Gabino de Leon MANANSALA TOWER, Rockwell center,
o Kapitbahayan Housing Project - - Gabino de Makati City
Leon
GABRIEL FORMOSO & PARTNERS
o Victorias Church - - - - A. GT INTERNATIONAL TOWER, Ayala avenue,
Raymond Makati City
o PAGASA BLISS housing - - - de leon, OAKWOOD PREMIER RESIDENCE
manosa, paloma, Manahan PBCOM TOWER, Ayala avenue, Makati City
o Supreme Court - - - - Arellano
S.O.M.
o
PETRON, MEGAPLAZA
o
JIN MAO TOWER

HELLMUTH, OKATA, KASSABAUM

ROBINSONS EQUITABLE TOWER
High-Rise Buildings: (cosculluela)

(PRS) PIMENTEL, RODRIGUEZ, SIMBULAN & PATNERS PHILIP RECTO

PLDT TOWER, Ayala avenue, Makati City ONE SAN MIGUEL, ortigas
6790, Ayala avenue, Makati City
CITIBANK TOWER, Paseo de Roxas, Makati City PALAFOX
AYALA LIFE FGU, Ayala avenue, Makati City ROCKWELL (S.O.M.)
 FORBES TOWER, manila (RMJM London unlimited) - floor : reed mat
- on one side, the floor is removed leaving a
PEI COBB FREED & PARTNERS space that extends from the ground level to
ESSENSA TOWERS (Pablo Antonio jr) the roof
upper kalinga
- floor area is divided into one wide middle
section (dattagon) and slightly narrow
elevated side sections (sipi)
- kinimpal : roof system using several
layers of bamboo
- tinalob : only 2 layers of bamboo (for
poor)
- 4 inner posts constitute the houses core
support; outer posts at each corner of the
INDIGENOUS FOLK DWELLINGS house support the roof

ISNEG
binuron house : BONTOC
- appears to have been influenced by boat design fayu house
- roof : resembles inverted hull ; gable type ; half- - basic form is like the ifugao house except
section of bamboo laid on like shingles that the quarters are on ground level and the
- 15 post : 8 inner posts support the floor house cage serves as the granary
6 posts support the roof - walls : up to waist level, leaving a
1 post (atobtobo) support the end continuous opening protected by the eaves
of the ridge - falig : granary for richer people adjacent
- tarakip : an annex attached to one or both end to their house
of the ridge - has a lot of sections having specific names
- side walls vertical planks may be removed to make for its area is quite bigger
windows
- floor : reed mat which can be rolled up for washing
IFUGAO
fale house
KALINGA - three-level structure : stone pavement,
binayon or finaryon (upper kalinga) house cage and roof
- octagonal house ( the house of the rich) - posts : shoulder height, support only the
- supported by 12 post : 4 inner posts girders
8 outer posts to form an - 3-level space within the house : floor, shelf,
octagon loft (granary)
- roof : hipped, not high and steep, made of bamboo - walls : slaut outward
 - ratguard : thin cylinders placed on the posts - made up of two houses : one which makes
- roof : thatched, pyramidal, extends up to floor level up the living and the sleeping areas (rakuh), the
- basket under second level other makes up the kitchen
- detachable stairs - rakuh has 2 doors and 2 windows built on 3
- slaughtered carabao and human heads displayed walls, fourth wall facing the strongest wind is left
on front of their house windowless
- doors can be remain open special type of house
- hagabi : bench under their house for socialization a. chivuvuhung
local variations - cogon
a. kiangan house : roof is not as steep and does - itbayaten house
not extend up to floor level, hipped - one structure, one room house
: wall sidings wood or sawali; b. sinadumparan
no ratguards - ivatan

b. mayoyao house : roof is steeper and completely

conceals the house cage; not TBOLI
ratguards - space surrounded by space
: eminent for its pure, classic
outline and fine craftsmanship
TAUSUG and SAMAL
- humanist architecture
KANKANAI - clustered houses built on water
binangiyan house
- high, steep, hipped roof, conceals the house cage MARANAO
- 4 posts support the house cage; roof is supported torogan house
by the upper frame of the house - colored
- walls : made of narra or pine - datus house
- living quarters consist of main area where the - post are placed on top of rocks for
fireplace is located and a small room at the rear earthquake purposes
- only one entrance, door is decorated with fluting
- no rat guards

IVATAN
- made of thick lime-and stone walls with a thick
roof of cogon

CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
Instructor: Architect Eva Maria Villanueva
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
simple, patterned after early Christian types; either
rectangular or cruciform with simple naves and aisles
thick walls reinforced with heavy buttresses for
earthquakes protection
immense sizes because of colonial policy which
dictated that a church should be built for every 5000
baptized
materials used include: volcanic tuff (adobe),
hardened lava, volcanic ejecta, sandstone, river
boulders, clay, corals, limestone, oyster shells, eggs
SIGNIFICANT EXAMPLES
PAOAY CHURCH, Ilocos Norte
built in 1694 by Antonio Estavillo,
completed 1702-1710
faade: rectangular, with arched doorway,
four continuous pilasters alternating with
niches
finials and crenellations at pediment
niche at the apex
huge volutes with low relief lines
tracing the contour to disguise the
large buttresses
VIGAN CHURCH, Ilocos Sur
finished in 1800
located within the grid iron planned
streets of a colonial town
baroque elements include protruding
columns and solid frames; three
arched doorways leading to three
naves at the first level, guarded by
ionic pillars with chinese fu dogs
urn-like finial at pediment

SANTA MARIA CHURCH, Ilocos Sur
constructed late 18th century, 85 steps
leading to the church was built by Augustinian
Benigno Fernandez
massive brick church perched on a hill
faade has circular buttresses, three
openings and a blind niche, semi-circular
pediment
TUMAUINI CHURCH, Isabela
begun 1783-1788 by Dominican Domingo
Forto and town mayor Pablo Sason; 1803-
1808 circular belltower was completed
pampango artisans carved the hardwood
molds for the clay insets that decorate the
church
ultra-baroque : unique for its extensive use
of baked clay both for wall finishes and
ornamentation
ornamental details : serpentine reliefs,
spiral curves, flowers, foliage, sunfaces,
cherubs and saints
circular belltower with white limestone
finish, decorated with bright red clay
rosettes and festoons
ANGAT CHURCH, Bulacan
begun 1756-1773 by Augustinian
Gregorio Giner; completed in 1802
by Fray Joaquin Calvo
baroque style : coupled Corinthian
and Doric columns divide faade into
levels or segments, statues ringed with
wreath-like ornaments flank niches,
windows with bas-relief curtains
plain three-storey belltower with
balustered top
BARASOAIN CHURCH, Bulacan
1871-1878 : stone church was
constructed to replace wooden
structure; 1880 earthquake ruined
the church
1885 : Augustinian Juan Giron
commissioned a builder named
Magpayo to rebuild the church
variation on the circle motif
 flutings on pilasters with ends blunted into
semicircles detract from the NeoClassical
belltower has a cubic base, three layes
accented by blind and open windows, top has
crenellations and six-sided cone
SAN AUGUSTIN CHURCH, Manila
SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH, Manila
a church built for all times after previous
churches were damaged by earthquakes in
1863 and 1880
designed in the Gothic style (without flying
buttresses) by Genaro Palacios in Revivalist
architecture
made entirely of steel; plans were sent
to Belgium where the parts were made
in sections then transported to Manila
interiors were painted to resemble
faux marble; adorned with sculpture by
Eusebio Garcia and painting by
Lorenzo Rocha
oldest church in the Philippines;
built 1587-1607 by Juan Macias
according to the plans approved by the
Royal Audencia de Mexico and by a
Royal Cedula
1854 : Don Luciano Oliver (Municipal
Architect of Manila) directed the
renovation of the faade by adding to
the height of the towers; these towers
were damaged in the 1863 earthquake
and were never rebuilt
 plaza adorned with Fu dogs represents
colonial urban planning
High Renaissance : superpositioned Tuscan
orders at first level, Corinthian capitals at
second level; circular windows at plain
pediment; heavily carved, two-paneled main
door with images of St. Augustine and St.
Monica amidst Philippine flora
nave is flanked by 12 collateral chapels each
housing a Baroque or NeoClassic retablo
Baroque elements include trompe loeil :
sculpture by Italian artists Cesare Dibella
and Giovanni Alberoni on the ceiling and
pilasters
cloisters built around an atrium with a garden
planted by Augustinian botaninst Manuel
Blanco
1858 : Fray Marcos Anton, with the
help of the architect Don Luciano
Oliver, started construction; the
church was completed in 1878
built on top of a hill and may be
reached through flagstone steps,
unobstructed by other buildings
faade : arched windows alternate with
Ionic columns at first level, Corinthian
at upper level; projected cornices and
mouldings; three pediments
interior is cavernous bur drab with
stout piers and semi-circular apse :
mathematical exactness rather than
ornamentation

DARAGA CHURCH, Albay
established by people who fled the
eruption of Mt. Mayon form Cagsawa

TAAL
CHURCH,
Batangas
 the Franciscan wanted a church with the best
features of Romanesque and Gothic, but it
was executed by the carvers in Baroque
faade : a whole tablet without columns and
cornices, only symmetrically positioned
fenestrations, apertures and niches; whorls,
twisted columns, foliage, medallions, statues
and reliefs
SANTO NINO DE CEBU BASILICA, Cebu
MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo
present church was built 1786-1797 under the
supervision of fray Francisco Gonzales
Maximo; a storey was added to the left belfry
in 1830
also served as fortress against Muslim pirates,
simple and massive structure mixed with
ornate details
local botanical motifs at faade reliefs
reminiscent of cookie cutouts (de
gajeta), used to describe 16th century
Mexican architectural reliefs
built by Fray Juan de Albarran about
400 years ago, on the site where a
soldier found an image of the Sto. Nino
in a settlement that the Spanish
soldiers have burned down
the Convent was founded in 1565,
making it the first to be built in the
country
constructed with stones from Panay
and Capiz
faade : blending of Moorish,
Romanesque and NeoClassical
elements; trefoils on the doorways;
two levels divided into three segments
and topped by pediment; retablo at
the center
belltower has four-sided balustraded
dome
interior : pierced screen with floral
motifs, pineapple decors at the
choirloft, corn cobs at the capital
VERNACULAR TERMS
ADOBE ANCHOR LIYABE
ALIGNMENT ASINTADA
BEAM BIGA
BOLT PIERNO
BOTTOM CHORD BARAKILAN
CEILING JOIST KOSTILYAHE
CEMENT BRICK LADRILYO
CEMENT TILE BALDOSA
COLLAR PLATE SINTURON
CONCRETE SLAB(rough) - LARGA
MASACONDUCTOR/GUTTER ALULOD
DAIGONAL BRACE - PIE DE GALLO
DOOR FILLET BATIDORA
EARTHFILL ESCOMBRO
EAVE SIBE
FASCIA BOARD - SENEPA TEMPER(METAL WORK) - SUBAN,SUBUHAL
FLOORING - SAHIG, TREAD BAYTANG
SUELOFRAME WORK BALANGKAS VARNISH FINISH MONYEKA
GIRDER GUILILAN W. I. STRAP PLANCHUELA
GIRT SEPO WINDOW HEAD SUMBRERO
GOOD GRAIN HASPE WINDOW SILL PASAMANO
GROOVE KANAL WIRING KNOB POLEYA
GUTTER KANAL
HANDRAIL GABAY
HINGE BISAGRA
JAMB HAMBA
JOIST SULERAS
MASONRY FILL LASTILYAS
MOULDING MULDURA
NAIL SETTER PUNSOL
NICOLITE BAR ESTANYO
PANELED DOOR - DE BANDEHA
PATTERN PLANTILYA
PICKWORK PIKETA
PLASTERED COURSE KUSTURADA
PLUMB LINE HULOG
POST - HALIGE, POSTE
PROJECTION BOLADA
PURLIN REOSTRA
RISER - TAKIP (SILIPAN)
SCAFFOLDING PLANCHA
SCRATCH COAT REBOCADA
SIDING (EXTERNAL) TABIKE
SOLDER HINANG
SPACING OF GAP BIENTO
STAKE ESTAKA
STRINGER (CLOSED) - MADRE (deescalera)
STRINGER (OPEN) HARDINERA
STUCCO OR PLASTER PALITADA
STUD (HORIZONTAL) PABALAGBAG
STUD (VERTICAL) PILARETE