DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFSENSORNODEFORWIRELESS

SENSORSNETWORKTOMONITORHUMIDITYOFHIGHTECH
POLYHOUSEENVIRONMENT
B.P.LadgaonkarandA.M.Pawar
EmbeddedTechnologyandInstrumentationLaboratoryPostGraduateDepartmentofElectronics,
ShankarraoMohiteMahavidyalaya,AklujDist.Solapur413101(M.S.)

ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensors Network is a novel field shows tremendous application potential. To monitor the
environmentalparametersofhightechpolyhousetheWirelessSensorsNetwork(WSN)isdeveloped.Theheart
ofthisubiquitousfieldistheWirelessSensorNode.Moreover,thefieldofmicrocontrollerbasedembedded
technologyisinnovativeandmorereliable.Therefore,basedonanembeddedtechnologyandtheRFmodule
ZigbeeawirelesssenornodeisdesignedabouthighlypromisingAVRATmega8Lmicrocontrollerand
implemented for WSN development. Recently, the modern agriculturists are demanding sophisticated
instrumentationformeasurementandcontrolofenvironmentalparametersofthepolyhouse.Toenhancecrop
yieldonehastoprovidecontrolledenvironmenttothecrop.Thehumidityisimportantparameter,whichplays
vitalroleonthecropyield.Therefore,aWirelessSensorsNetwork(WSN)isdesignedandimplementedfor
monitoringofhumidityofpolyhouseandtheresultsofimplementationareinterpretedinthispaper.

KEYWORDS
WirelessSensorsNetwork,EmbeddedSystems,Zigbee,Humidity,Polyhouseenvironment.

1.INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) is the ubiquitous field showing wide spectrum of applications in
varioussectors[1].Itcombinessensing,computationandcommunicationalso[2].Itconsistsofthe
sensornodes,whicharenetworked,bydeployingnetworktopologies,witheachotherandalsowiththe
basedstation.MajorityoftheapplicationsoftheWSNliesininformationsensing,realtimetracking,
monitoringofthevariousphysicalparametersofindustrial,environmental,health,automobileetcsectors
[3].Thistechnologyalsohelpstorecordthemeteorologicalparameters.ThearchitectureoftheWSNis
deployed by Chintalapudi [4] for monitoring the health parameters and suggested new architecture,
NETSHM, wherein the constraints of network programming are minimized. Focusing on the
investigationoftheapplicationpotentialDasetal[5]havereviewedthis
newdomainofresearch,extensively.WirelessSensorNetwork(WSN)isanemergingfieldofelectronics
ensuringtheresearchofappliednature.Therefore,manyresearchersshowinterestindevelopmentof
WirelessSensorNetworkforvariousapplications.Zhuetal[6]havedesignedWirelessSensorNetwork
system based on Zigbee compliant RF module CC2420. Moreover, they deployed the 8051
microcontroller for each node. A distributed control system based on Wireless Sensor Network is
developedandpresentedbyPereiraandCugnasca[7]in2005.Inordertomonitortheconcentrationof
hydrocarbonsparticularly,inchemicalindustriesaWirelessSensorNetworkbasedsystemisdesignedby
Kaneetal[8]andinterpretedtheresults,whichcouldsupporttheoptimizationofproduction.Mahfuzand
AhmedreviewedthefieldofWirelessSensorNetworkandsuggesteditssuitabilityforenvironmental
protection[9,11].TheyreportedfeaturesofbothZigbeeaswellasBluetoothtechnologies.Erdonganet
al [10] have developed Wireless sensor to monitor a pressure inside a tyre of automobiles. Zigbee
technologysupportsIEEE802.15.4protocolandoperatesinthefrequencyof2.4GHZ,ISMband[11].
EmphasizingthelowpowerrequirementofWirelessSensorNetwork,Franciscoetalhaveemployed
WSNformedicalapplications[12].Liand

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Yuan have reported a waste water monitoring system based on Wireless Sensor Network [13].
Merrettetalhaveattemptedtoovercomethelimitationsondesigningsensornodesandreportedan
algorithm Information manageD awarE ALgorithm for sensor network (IDEALS) Systems for
WSN [14]. Moreover, the researches have also reported different protocols suitable for
establishmentofWirelessSensorNetwork[1517].Inshort,onecansaythataWirelessSensor
Networktechnologyisanewandemergingfieldofresearch.Thus,manyresearchersinvestigated
theWirelessSensorNetworkandreporteditssuitabilityforenvironmentalmonitoringandcontrol
[1820].Thesensorsensesenvironmentalparametersandsendsthesenseddatatoadistantbase
stationthroughwhichonecanaccesstheinformationforfurtheruse.Eachsensornodepowerswith
separatebatteryanditconsumesverylowpower.Therefore,ithelpstoovercomethedrawbackof
highpowerrequirementofwiredsensornetwork.Presently,therearetwotypesoftechnologiesused
for the nodes of Wireless Sensor Network viz Zigbee and Bluetooth. On extensive study of
characteristicsofZigbeeandBluetoothtechnology,itisfoundthatZigbeetechnologyismostly
reliableandsuitableforindooraswellasoutdoorsensornetwork.Itprovidesatransmissionspeed
typically250kbpsoverarangeof10to100mandcanbeconfiguredinstar,meshorpeertopeer
topologies.Inshort,thefieldofdevelopmentofWirelessSensorNetworkisanovelandubiquitous.
Onliteraturesurvey,itisfoundthat,thereportsondevelopmentofWSNforhightechagricultural
applicationsareratherrare.Therefore,theworkofdevelopmentofmicrocontrollerbasedwireless
sensornodeforWirelessSensorNetwork,basedonZigbeetechnologyforprecisionagricultureis
undertakenandresultsofthedesignaswellasimplementationarereported.

2.THEHARDWARE
With the view to develop sophisticated electronic instrument for agricultural applications, it is
proposeddesigntheWirelessSensorsNetwork.Thehardwareofthetypicalsensornode,ataglance,
isdepictedinFigure1.Moreover,theschematicofthecircuitispresentedinthefigure2.Asshown
infigures2.a&2.b,broadlythesystemmaybeclassifiedintofollowingtwosections.
WirelessSensor
NodesBaseStation
Typically,thehardwareofonesensornodeisdescribedinthispaper.

LiquidCrystal
Display
(16x2lines)

Humidity RF
Sensor Instrumentatio OffsetVoltage Microcontroller
Compensator AVR Module
nAmplifier
(741) Atmega8L
SYHS220 AD620 Zigbee

Figure1BlockdiagramoftheWirelessSensorNodeforWSNforPolyhouseapplications

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Figure2.a:Theschematicsofthecircuitofthewirelesssensornode.

Monitor

Line
Personal

Driver
Computer
Max232

Figure2.b:TheschematicsofthecircuitofBaseStation.

2.AWirelessSensorNode:

TheheartofWirelessSensorNetwork(WSN)istheSensorNode.Deployingembeddedphilosophy,
awirelesssensornodeisdesignedaboutadvancedmicrocontroller,AVRAtmega8Landthedetails
ofthisdesignaredescribed.Asdepictedinthefigure2.a,thewirelesssensornodeismicrocontroller
basedembeddedsystem.Itisdesignedtodetectandcomputethevaluesofthephysicalparameters
in engineering units. It comprises smart sensor, signal conditioner, data acquisition system, the
microcontroller, display unit and power supply section. Moreover, to ensure the wireless
communicationtheRFmoduleZigbeeisemployed.
Thesystemisdesignedtomonitorthehumidityofpolyhouseenvironment.Therefore,bothanalog
aswellasdigitalpartofthehardwarereflectsthedetectionandmeasurementofhumidityinRH%

2.A.a)TheHumiditysensormodule[SYHS220]:

Tomeasurehumidity,amountofwatermoleculesdissolvedintheairofpolyhouseenvironments,a
smarthumiditysensormoduleSYHS220isoptedforthesystemunderdesign.Thephotographof
humiditysensorSYHS220isshowninthefigure3.Oncloseinspectionoffigure3,itisfoundthat,
theboardconsistsofhumiditysensoralongwithsignalconditioningstages.

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Figure3:HumiditySensorSYHS220

Thehumiditysensorisofcapacitivetype,comprisingonchipsignalconditioner.However,itis
mountedonthePCB,whichalsoconsistsofotherstagesemployedtomakesensorrathermoresmart
[21]. The PCB consists of CMOS timers to pulse the sensor to provide output voltage [22].
Moreover,italsoconsistsofoscillator,ACamplifier,frequencytovoltageconverterandprecision
rectifiers.Incorporationofsuchstagesontheboardsignificantlyhelpstoenhancetheperformance
ofthesensor.Moreover,italsohelpstoprovideimpedimenttothenoise.
The humidity sensor used in this system is highly precise and reliable. It provides DC voltage
dependinguponhumidityofthesurroundinginRH%.Thisworkwith+5Voltpowersupplyandthe
typicalcurrentconsumptionislessthan3mA.Theoperatinghumidityrangeis30%RHto90%RH.
ThestandardDCoutputvoltageprovidedat25 0Cis1980mV.Theaccuracyis5%RHat250C.
Asshowninthefig3,itprovidesthreepinsrecognizedasB,WandR.ThepinlabeledWprovides
theDCoutputvoltage,whereasthepinlabeledBisground.TheVCCof+5Visappliedatthepin
R.Thehumiditydependentvoltageisobtainedandsubjectedforfurtherprocessing.
2.A.b)SignalConditioner:

As stated earlier, a smart humidity sensor SYHS220 provides the D.C. output voltage (mV)
linearlyproportionaltothehumidityinRH%.Topickupthissignalandtoamplifythesame,an
instrumentationamplifierAD620isemployed.Fig.2(a)depictsthecircuitdesignedaboutAD620.
Thisisprogrammableinstrumentationamplifierexhibitingveryhighinputimpedance,whichcould
reallyhelptoisolatethesensorfromremaininganalogpartofthehardware.
2.A.c)OffsetVoltageCompensator:

ItisfoundthathumiditysensorSYHS220producestheDcoutputvoltage1980mVat25 0Cand
60%RH[21].Thisvoltageistheoffsetvoltage(V offset).Therefore,onehastocompensatethisoffset
voltage.Theoffsetvoltagecompensatorisdesignedaboutoperationalamplifier741andpresented
inFigure2(a).Thecompensatingvoltage(V C),equalinmagnitudeandoppositeinsigntothatof
offsetvoltage(Voffset),isaddedsothattheoffsetvoltagewillbecompensated.Theamplifierhasunit
gain.Hence,theoutputvoltage(V0)canbeexpressedas
V =V +V
0 RH offset

VRH=V0Voffset=V0VC. (1)
Where,VRHisthehumiditydependentvoltage
Atnormalconditionstheoutputvoltageisequaltooffsetvoltage.Therefore,theresultingvoltageis
zero.However,forallconditionsotherthannormaltheoutputvoltageV 0deviatesfromtheoffset
voltage.Therefore,itresultsthehumiditydependentDCvoltageV RH.Thisvoltageisinmvrange.
ThisVRHisthensubjectedtothemicrocontrollerATmega8Lfordigitizationandfurtherprocessing.
Howeveracareistaken,tolimitthisvoltagebelow2.5Vforcondensationofwater.Thecircuit
designedforthispurposeisdepictedinfig.2(a).

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2.A.d)DataAcquisitionSystem:

DesigningofDAS,ishighlyimportantandtediousjobforinstrumentationdesign.Generally,it
consists of the blocks such as multiplexer, ADC etc. However, present embedded system is
developed about the advanced microcontroller, AVR Atmega8L, which has promising on chip
resources.The6channelADCwith10bitresolutionisavailableinthismicrocontroller.Moreover,
themicrocontrolleritselfhasthesourceofreferencevoltageof2.56V[23].Deployingthisonchip
facilityofADCthedigitizationofthesignaliscarriedout.
The AVR ATmega8L has sixchannels, multiplexed analog to digital Converters, each of ten bit in
resolution.Deploymentofsuchonchipfacilitiesresultsinthereductionofnotonlyinthehardwareand
softwarecomplexity,butalsointhecost.Moreover,itenhancesthereliabilityembeddedsystem.
TheportChasthisalternatefunction.ThepinnumberPC0toPC5respectivelyprovideanalog
inputsADC0toADC5.Internalmultiplexercanbeusedforchannelselection[23].
Here, in this hardwarethechannel ADC0 (PC0 Pin No.23) is used as analog input. The SFR
ADCMUX(ADCmultiplexerselection)isconfigured.ItisknownthatAVRmicrocontrollerhas
internal reference voltage facility [23]. Therefore, by selecting REFS1:0 bits to 11, the internal
sourceofreferencevoltageof2.56voltisenabled.Bydefaultdigitaldataisrightjustifiedwhich
givesprecisenessintheresult.Theleftjustifieddatacausesthereductioninthepreciseness.The
MUXbitsofADCMUXregisterareconfiguredas000foranaloginputADC0.
TheADCnormallyrequiresthreehandshakingsignals,SC,EOCandOE,particularlyforoffchip
ADC.However,thismicrocontrollerishavingonchipADC,suchcontrolsignalcanbeinternally
generated.TheADCSRAisemployedforthehandshakingofthesesignals,throughpropersoftware
routine.
WhenanADCconversioniscompleted,theresultisfoundinthetwoADCdataregistersADCLand
ADCH[Figure4].Twosuccessivereadoperationswillreadthelowerbyteandhigherbytedata.
TheADCLconsistlowerbyteandADCHconsisthigherbytesofconverteddigitaldata.Thesetwo
unpackedbytearepackedbyusingtherelation.
ADC=(256*ADCH)+ADCL .(2)

Figure4.The10bitDataRegisterofAVRATmega8L

2.A.e)TheAVRATmega8LMicrocontroller:

Asaneedofanembeddedsystem,themicrocontrollerAVRAtmega8Lisusedasthecomputing
device.Therefore,thesalientfeaturesofthismicrocontrollerarementioned.Figure5depictsthepin
descriptionoftheAVRATmega8Lmicrocontroller.
TheAVRcorecombinesRISCinstructionsetwith32generalpurposeworkingregisters.Allthe32
registersaredirectlyconnectedtothe

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Fig.5:PindescriptionofAVRAtmega8L

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single
instructionexecutedinoneclockcycle.Theresultingarchitectureismorecodeefficient.Itisten
times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega8L provides the following
features:8KbytesofInSystemProgrammableFlashwithReadWhileWritecapabilities,512bytes
ofEEPROM,1KbyteofSRAM,23generalpurposeI/Olines,32generalpurposeworkingregisters,
threeflexibleTimer/Counterswithcompare/capturemodes,internalandexternalinterrupts,aserial
programmableUSART,abyteorientedTwowireSerialInterface,a8channelADCwith10bit
accuracy,aprogrammableWatchdogTimerwithInternalOscillator,anSPIserialport,andfive
softwareselectablepowersavingmodes.TheIdlemodestopstheCPUwhileallowingtheSRAM,
Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Powerdown mode
savestheregistercontentsbutfreezestheOscillator,disablingallotherchipfunctionsuntilthenext
Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Powersave mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run,
allowingtheusertomaintainatimerbasewhiletherestofthedeviceissleeping.

TheAVRATmega8LmicrocontrollerreadsanalogsignalanddeployingonchipADC,itdigitizes
thesignalto10bitresolution.Aproperfirmwareisdevelopedforthisdedicatedapplications,which
computesthesignalintoRH%anddisplaysthesameontoLCD.TheserialpinsofTxDandRxD
areusedtointerfacetheZigbeemodule.

2.A.f)Powersupply:
Aseparatepowersupplyunitisemployedforeachsensornode.ItobtainedfromDCBatteryof9V

2.A.g)TheRFModuleZigbee:

TheZigbee,theRFmodule,isheartoftheWirelessSensorNode.TheZigbee,showninfigure6,
fromDigiInternational,isawirelesstransceiversupportingtheIEEE802.15.4protocol.LowRate
WirelessPersonalAreaNetworkprotocol(LRWPAN)forWirelessSensorNetworks(WSN)orfor
meshnetworkinguseZigBeeorDigiMeshThisallowsaddressablecommunicationsbetweennodes.
Datamaybesenttoindividualnodes(pointtopoint),ortoallnodesinrange(pointtomultipoint)
usingabroadcastaddress.

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Figure6.RFModuleTheZigbeePro

Bydefault,themodulesareconfiguredfromthefactorytobeawirelessseriallinereplacement.It
can be programmed to do other functions which behave as the "wireless wire" where a level
transitiononaninputpinofonemoduleissentoutasthesameleveltransitiononadifferentmodule
outputpin.ThesalientfeaturesofZigbeeareasfollows.
Poweroutput:
63mW(+18dBm)NorthAmericanversion
Indoor/Urbanrange:Upto300ft(90m)
Outdoor/RFlineofsightrange:Upto1mile(1.6km)RFLOS
RFdatarate:250Kbps
Interfacedatarate:Upto115.2Kbps
Operatingfrequency:2.4GHz
Receiversensitivity:100dBm(all
variants)Poweroutput:
2mW(+3dBm)boostmode

Thearchitectureof the Zigbee module ispresentedin figure7. Data enters the module UART
throughtheDIN(pin3)asanasynchronousserialsignal.Thesignalshouldidlehighwhennodata
isbeingtransmitted.Eachdatabyteconsistsofastartbit(low),8databits(leastsignificantbitfirst)
andastopbit(high).Thefigure8illustratestheserialbitpatternaframeofdatapassingthroughthe
module.

Figure7.TheArchitectureofZigbeePromodule.

ThemoduleUARTperformstasks,suchastimingandparitychecking,thatareneededfordata
communications. Serial communications depend on the two UARTs to be configured with
compatiblesettings(baudrate,parity,startbits,stopbits,databits).

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Figure8.UARTdatapacket0x1FastransmittedthroughtheRFmodule

Thusbythisembeddedsystem,WirelessSensorNode,thehumiditydependantsignalisproduced
andtransmittedtowardsthereceiverinstalledatthebasestation.
2.B)TheBaseStation:
InordertomonitorthevaluesofhumidityobservedatvariouslocationofthepolyhouseaPCbased
Basestationisdevelopedandpresentedinfig2.b.Asdepictedinfigure2.bthebasestationconsist
oftheRFmoduleZigbeeasthewirelessreceiver.Asdiscussedearlier,itisserialreceiverand
producestheserialdata.ThetwolinesTxDandRxDareinterfacedtothePCviaserialportRS232.
However,itisknownthatRS232isnotfollowingTTLLogiclevels.Therefore,theMax232is
incorporatedasthelinedriver.Theparametervalueswhicharealreadycalibratedatthesensornode
isreadseriallyintothePCanddisplayedonthemonitoronspecificallydesignedwindows.

3.THESOFTWARE
The work emphasizes the development of sensor node for wireless sensor network. It is an
embeddedsystem.Therefore,forthesynchronizationofoperations,thefirmwareisrequired.The
presentembeddedsystemisbasedAVRAtmega8L.Therefore,CodeVisionAVR,isemployedas
theIDEandfirmwareisdevelopedinembeddedCenvironment.Alongwiththemainprogramme
thefirmwarecomprisesvariousmodulesdevelopedforspecifictasks.Followingarethemodules
developedandusedintheprogrammewithpropersequence.
a) ReadingoftheAnalogsignal[Readdata()]
b) Analogtodigitalconversion[ADC(channel)]
c) CalibrationtoHumidity[calibration()]
d) InitializationofLCD[lcd_init()]
e) Characterdisplay[lcd_display]
f) DecimaltoBCDandASCIIconversion[(decbcd)]
g) Serialcommunication[ser_trans_zigbee()]
h) Parametervaluedisplay[LCD()]
i) ConfigurationofLCD[LCDcmd()]
j) SendingdatatoLCD[LCDdata()]
k) DelayFunction[Msdelay()]

4.EXPERIMENTAL
Forcalibration,inthebeginningahumiditydependentvoltageismeasuredforentirerangefrom
roomtemperatureconditionstothecondensationofwater.Theexperimentalarrangementisshown
in photograph as shown in figure 9. The voltages are measured up to saturation point. For
calibration,thehumiditychamber,modelGayatriScientificLtd.Mumbaiisused.Thehumidity
from30RH%to90RH%withaccuracyof1RH%isapplied.Thetemperaturerangefrom25 0Cto
950Ccanbecontrolled.Thetemperatureaswellashumidityofthechamberiscontrolledbyusing
PIDtechniques.Keepingtemperatureconstant,thehumidityappliedtosensorisvariedbetween30
RH%to90RH%.Thedataregardingemfiscollectedandusedforcalibration.

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Figure9:Experimentalarrangementforcalibrationofthesystem

Moreover, the system developed is implemented to carry out experiment of measurement of

humidityofpolyhouseenvironment.ThemeasurementsarecarriedoutatpolyhouseofLonkar
KrushiUdyogKendra,LonkarWasti,Sangramnagar.Akluj,DistrictSolapur.

5.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Theemfobservedisplottedagainsthumidityin%RH.ThegraphofemfagainsthumidityinRH%is
showninfigure10.Usingleastsquarefittingprocessofdataanalyzedandfittedtothestraightline.
Thecoefficientsareobtainedforstraightlineexpression.Theexpressionresultedfromcurvefitting
procedureis
H(HumidityRH%)=(VRH+7.52)/1.152 (3)

VRH
(mV)

HumidityinRH%

Figure10:Graphofobservedemf(mV)againstappliedhumidityinRH%
Thisexpressionisusedforfurthercalculation.Theexpressionissolvedduringfirmwareexecution.
IttakesemfproducedbythesystemandprocessesthesametogivehumidityinRH%.Thesystemis
preciselycalibratedanditshowsaccuratereadingofhumidityinRH%.
Anembeddedsystemisdeveloped,aboutAVRAtmega8Lmicrocontroller,tomeasurehumidityof
polyhouseenvironment.
ThemeasurementsarecarriedoutatLonkarKrushiUdyogKendra,LonkarWasti,Sangramnagar.
Akluj, DistrictSolapur fordifferenttimesof thedayand fortheperiodofabout 1hour.The
humiditydata(RH%)isplottedagainsttimeandthegraphofhumidityagainsttimeisdepictedin
figure11.Fromthisgraph,itisfoundthatthehumidityofthepolyhouseenvironmentsatisfactorily
remainsconstant.

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Figure11.TheGraphofRelativeHumidity(RH%)Vs.Time(Min)
6.CONCLUSION
Employingembeddedtechnology,basedonAVRATmega8Lmicrocontroller,theWirelessSensor
NodedesignedandimplementedfordevelopmentofWSNforpolyhouseapplications.Useofsmart
sensormodulecausestoenhancetheaccuracyandreliabilityaswell.Oninspectionoftheresults,it
isfoundthatthehumiditydatagivenbythesensornodeisaccurate.TheRFmoduleZigbeeoperated
at 2.4GHz ISM band really help for secure data transmission. The humidity data in RH % is
continuously observed on the monitor of the base station. Thus, the supervisor could get the
humidity of different places of the polyhouse environment, which could be helpful to provide
controlledenvironmenttothecroptoincreasetheyield.Thesystemworkswithgreatreliability.

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Authorsbiography
Dr.BhimraoLadgaonkar istheHeadofPostGraduatedepartmentofElectronics,Shankarrao
MohiteCollege,AklujDistSolapur(India).HeisrecognizedguideinElectronicsandareasof
research are Embedded technology, Instrumentation designing for high tech agriculture, Sensor
materials,VLSIdesignandtechnology,MixedsignalSoCdesign.Heguided4M.Phil.students.
Presently,4studentsforPh.D.and5studentsforM.phil.areworkingunderhisguidance.Morethan
20internationaland36nationallevelpublicationsareinhiscredit.Heorganized7Nationallevel
conferencesandseminarsfundedbyvariousinstitutes.Hecompleted3researchprojects.

AparnaPawarisresearchscholarworkingforPh.D.degreeinElectronics.Sheobtained master
degreefromSolapurUniversity, Solapur. HerareaofresearchisthedevelopmentofWireless
SensorNetworkforHighTechagriculture.Presently,sheisworkingasAssistantProfessoratTC
College,BaramatiDistPune(India).SheawardedwithbestpaperpresentationawardatResearch
Festival Avishkar2010 organized by Solapur University, Solapur. She presented 4 research
papersinNationallevelseminars.

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