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What Is A Measure?
It is a measurement in music that is equally divided by using bar lines.
Subdividing A Measure
The measure is then divided into subdivisions called beats.
Within a measure, there can be various amounts of beats.
The below example shows four equal beats in the measure:
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
44 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
c 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Section Bars
Section bars are double lines that signify the end of a music section.
Double Bars
A double bar is bold and placed at the end of a line of music
to signify the end of a song.
Repeat Bars
Double bars with two dots next to them, in the 2nd and 3rd spaces of the staff
are called repeat signs. The section between these signs is to be repeated.
4x
Whole
Note
1-2-3-4
1-2 3-4
Half
Note
1 2 3 4
Quarter
Note
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &
Eighth
Note
1 e & a 2 e & a 3 e & a 4 e & a
Sixteenth
Note
2010 Pat Petrillo. Unauthorized copying is an infringement of copyright laws. 6
Placing Quarter Notes On The Staff With A Time Signature
4 = 4 beats per measure
In this example there are: -
4 = The quarter note receives one count
count 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
By changing the top number, we create new time signatures of varying lengths.
count 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
count 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
count 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Now put the rhythm tree in the measures with a time signature of 4/4.
44
1-2-3-4 1-2 3-4 1 2 3 4 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 1 e & a 2 e & a 3 e & a 4 e & a 1-2-3-4
44
44
44
44
44
44 ..
..
42
43
Lets start with the Whole, Half, and Quarter note rests.
A c ..
B c ..
C c ..
44
Once we learn them, we will use the concepts of the Sound Pictures
to memorize how each rhythm sounds and looks.
1 e & a 1 e & a
.. .. .. ..
1 & a 1 e &
44
44
44
44
Now would be a good time to discuss where to look while youre reading.
A: Focus on the top of the bar, not on the note head itself.
The stems of the notes are where the subdivisions are located.
Here is how an eighth note rest looks. It receives the value of one eighth note.
j j j j
4
4
j j j j j j
j j j j j j j j j j j
j j j j j j j
j j j j j j j
j j j
j j j j j
j j j j j j j
j j j j j j j
j j j j j
j j j j j j
44
j j j
j j
j j j
j j
j j j j j j
j j
j j j j
j j j j j
j j j
j j
j j j j j
j j
Adding a dot just after a note makes it last longer by one extra subdivision.
44 . .
j j
. . .
j j j j j
44
. . . .
j j j j j
. . . .
j j j j
44 . . . . .
j j j j j
.
j
. . . .
j j j j j j
. . . .
It receives the value of one sixteenth note, and has a double flag.
j j
j j
j j j
.
. .
j j
.
j j
.
j
.
j j j
.
..
1st & last 16th Just the last 16th Just the 2nd 16th
1 e & a 1 e & a 1 e & a
r j
.. . .. .. . .. .. . ..
1 a (1) a (1) e
44 . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
r r r r r r r r
4
4 . . . . . . . .
r r r r r r r r j
. . . . . . . .
j j j j j j j j
4
4 .
. . .
.
. .
j j j j j j j j j j
. . . . . . . . .
r r j j j j
44 . . . . .
. .
r j r j j
. . . . . .
r r j j j j r j
. . .
.
. .
j j r j j j
. . .
. . . .
j j r j r r j
. . . . . .
j j j j r j
. . . . . . . .
j j j j j j r j j
. . . . . . .
r j j r j j j j j
. . . . . . .
r j j j r r r j j
. .
. .
. .
. .
j j r r r j
.
. . . . . . . . . .
j r j j j j r r j
. .
. . . . . . . . .
j j j r j r r r j r
. . . . . . . . . . .
r r j j j r j j j
. . . . . . . . . .
j j r j j j r j j j r
. . . . . . . . .
j j r j j r j j j r
. . . . . . . . .
j r j r j j r r j j r
. . .
. . .
. .
. . . .
r j j j j r j j j
. . .
.
. . .
.
r j r j j r
. . . . .
. . .
.
j r r j
. . . . . . . .
j r j j j j j j
. . .
. . .
.
j r r j j
. . .
. . . .
j j j j j j
. . . . . .
j r j j j
. . . . . . .
44
j
.
j j r j
.
.
.
j j r j
. . .
.
j r j r j r r r j
. .
. . .
. .
.
.
r j r
. . . . .
r j
. .
r r r j j
. . . . . . . .
j j r j r j
.
.
. . .
j
44
j r r j j j
. . . . .
j r j j
. . . .
j j j r j
. . . . .
r j r
. . . .
r j r j j j
. . . .
r r r r r
. . . . . .
j r j
. . .
. .
j j r j r r
.
.
.
. .
j j j r
. .
j r j
. .
. .
r r j j r
. . . . .
r
. . .
r j j j r
. . . . . . . .
r j j j
.
.
.
. .
j j j
44 . . . . . . . .
j j
. . . . . . . .
r j j j j j
.
.
. . . . .
j j j j
. .
. . . . . .
j r r
. . . . . . .
r r j
. . . . . . .
j j j
. . . . .
r
. . . .
j r j j
. . . .
. .
j
44
j j j j
. . . . .
j j j r j j
.
. . .
j j
. . . .
j j r
. . .
j j r j
. .
j j r
. . .
r
. .
j r r j
. . . . .
j j
. . . . .
r j
. . . . .
r j j j j r
. . . . . .
. . .
r j r
. . . . .
j j r
. . .
. .
Use this sheet to drill each rhythmic sound picture, repeating randomly
around the sheet. This will improve Reaction, Response, and Retention!
j r
4
4 . . . .
r
. . .
j r j
. . . . .
r
.
. .
r j r j j
.
. . .
. .
j j r
. . .
.
j j j
. . .
. . .
. . .
r j j r j r
. . . . . .
j j
. . . .
j j j
. . . .
. . .
r j j r r j
4
4 .. . . . . .
r r j
.
. .
j r r r r r
. . . . . .
r j r j r
. . . . . . . ..
44
=
2010 Pat Petrillo. Unauthorized copying is an infringement of copyright laws. 70
Syncopation Creation 2
j j j j
1 & (2) & (3) & 4 1 & (2) & (3) & 4
6
=
j j j
1 2 & (3) & 4 1 2 & (3) & 4
7
=
j
(1) & (2) 3 4 (1) & (2) (&) 3 4
.
8
=
j
1 (2) & (3) 4 1 (&) (2) & (3) (&) 4
. .
9
=
j j
1 & (2) 3 & (4) 1 & (2) (&) 3 & (4) (&)
. .
10
=
j j j j
4
4
2
j j j j j j j j
4
3 4
j j j j j j
4
4
4
j j j j
4
4 . . . .
5
j j j j j j j j
4
4
6
j j
4
4 . . . .
7
j j j j j j
4 . . . .
8 4
j j j j j j
9 4
4 . . .
j j j j j j
j j j
. . . . . . .
j
. . .
j j j j j
j j j j
. .
j j j j j j j j
. .
j j j j j j
.
j j j j j j j
. .
j j j j j
. .
j j j j j j
. . . . .
j j j j
. .
j j j j j
. .
j j j
. . . .
j j j j j j j
.
j j j j
. . .
j j j j j
. . .
j j j j j j
. . .
j j j j j
.
j j j
. . . .
j j j j
. . .
j j j j
. .
j j
(1) & (2) 3 4
j j
1 2 (3) & (4) &
j j
1 2 3 & 4 & (1) & 2 & 3 4
j j j j
1 & 2 & (3) & 4 & 1 & 2 & (3) & 4 &
j j j j j
.
j j j j j
. .
j j j j j j j
. .
j j j j j
. .
j j j j j
. . .
j j j j j j
. . .
j j j
. . .
j j j j j
.
j j j j j
. .
j j j j
.
j j j j j j j
. .
j j j
. . .
j j j j
. .
j j j j
. .
j j j j j j j
. . .
j j j j j
. .
j j j j j j j
. .
j j j j j j j j
.
j j j j
. . . .
j j j j j
. . .
j j j j j
. . .
Example #55
Sixteenth Note Tie Practice
1 2 3 4
j r
.. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. ..
5 6 7 8
j
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
j r
. .
j j j r j j
. . . . . . .
j j j
. . . . . . .
j j j
. . . .
j j r r
. . . .
.
j j j j j
.
j r j j r
.
.
Quarter
Notes
6 6 6 6
16th Note
Triplets
3 3 3 3
8th Note
Triplets
3 3
1/4 Note
Triplets
3
1/2 Note
Triplets
2010 Pat Petrillo. Unauthorized copying is an infringement of copyright laws. 82
Example #57
Focusing On Eighth Note Triplets With Eighth and Sixteenth Notes
44
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
44
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
j3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
44
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
44
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
44
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
j 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 6 6 6 6 6
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 6 3 3
3 3 3 3 6 3 3
3 3 3 6 3
3 3 3 3 6
3 3 3 6 3 3
44
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 6 3 3 6 3 3 3 6 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
count 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Here are some other time signatures using the eighth note as the basic pulse:
count 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
j j j
. .
j
. .
j j
j j j
.
j j j
. . .
j j
.
j j
j j j j
. .
. . .
j j
. .
j j j
. .
. .
j
85 .
j
.
j j
.
j
.
j j
j j
. . .
j j j r
. .
j
. . .
j j
.
j j
. . .
j j
7
8 .
j j
.
j j
j
7
8 . . .
.
j
. . . . . .
j j r j j
. . . .
j
. . . .
j j j j
4 3 4 . 2
4 4 4 4
j j j
6
8 4 38 .
4 3
4
6 2 6
8 .
3
4 8
j
4 5 . 98 .
3
4 8
j j
7 4
8 . 4 .
7
8 .
12 4 3 4 j
8 4 8 4
The tempo, or the speed of the song is shown in BPMs or beats per minute.
Although none of the examples in this DVD show an actual BPM, most pieces
of music will show the BPM at the beginning of the piece.
If the piece is in a quarter note pulse, the BPM will look like this:
If the piece is in an eighth note pulse, the BPM will be notated like this:
Cut time is also commonly used for syncopation notation at faster tempos.
Heres the same rhythm from above using syncopation notation in common time:
The repeat symbol in the measure tells you to repeat the last written measure.
The number 2 above the multiple measure repeat sign tells you
to repeat the previous two measures.
D.S. is short for Del Segno, which means go to the spot of the sign.
A Coda is a tag, or additional ending section marked by this symbol:
At the coda sign, immediately skip to the coda section,
usually found at the end of the piece.
So, D.S. al coda means go to the spot of the sign,
then jump to the section where marked.
4 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyy
4
.
.
y y y y y y y y
y y y y .
1
y . y y y y y y y y
Fine
. . . D.C. al Fine
(Take all repeats)
4 y y y y y y y y
4
% 2
.
.
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
fi
2
1
y y y y y y y y ..
2 3
y y y y y y y y . y y y y y y y y
.
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y 2
2 2 D.S. al Coda
fi
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
Coda
Fine