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Current Electricity
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
1. Define current.
Sol. Ohms law says, at constant temperature current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential
difference across it.
Sol. It is defined as electric current per unit normal area of cross-section of conductor through which current passes.
Sol. It is defined as change in resistivity per unit original resistivity per unit rise in temperature.
Sol. I = neAvd
eE
Sol. v d
m
vd
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52 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
11. What is thermal speed of free electrons in a conductor? Estimate the order of thermal speed at 27C.
Sol. The rms speed at which free electrons move within the interatomic spaces of conductor is known as thermal
speed. As they behave like gas molecules
3 kT 3 1.38 10 23 300
V 105 m/s
M 1.6 10 19
12. Define emf of a cell. How is the emf achieved in daily life?
Sol. emf of a cell is defined as the difference of potential across its two terminals, when there is no current through
the cell. emf is achieved from storage cells, chemical cells, solar cells etc.
13. Obtain the relationship between current density and electric field inside a conductor.
Sol. Current density : It is defined as current per unit normal area. It is denoted as
I
j ...(1)
A
SI unit of j is Am2
V is the potential difference across the conductor of length I, then electric field inside the conductor
V
E ...(2)
l
Using equation (1) & (2), Ohms law V = IR becomes
I
E l l
A
E = j
Current density is directed along E
Vectorially E j
or j E ...(3)
1
where, is called conductivity of the material of the conductor.
14. How does the resistivity of conductor vary with temperature of conductor? Explain.
m
Sol. Resistivity of a material is found to depend on its temperature. In conductors. Resistivity where
ne2
1 1
and .
n
When the temperature of a conductor increases, average speed of free electrons increases. As a result collision
frequency increases or relaxation time decreases. In metals n is not dependent on temperature to any
appreciable extent and increases with rise in temperature.
Different materials do not exhibit the same dependence on temperature. Resistivity of copper as a function
of temperature T is shown below
T(10 m)
0.4
8
0.2
0 A
50 100 150
Figure (A)
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 53
Resistivity of nichrome as a function of absolute temperature T
T(10 m)
1.20
8
1.10
1.00 T (K)
200 K 400 K 600 K 800 K
Figure (B)
For metal is positive as their resistivity increases with rise in temperature. Equation (1) implies that graph
of T plotted against T would be a straight line as in figure (B).
15. Establish the relationship between emf (E) of a cell and potential difference (V) across the terminals of a cell.
Sol. A current I flows from C to D. A steady current flows from P to N through the resistance R and flows N to
P through the electrolyte. The electrolyte through which current passes has a finite resistance r known as
internal resistance of the cell.
I R
C D
P N
A B
When the resistance R is infinite or P and N are in open circuit, there is no current through the electrolyte
V
I 0 .
R
Potential difference between P and N = V = (VP VA) + (VA VB) + (VB VN)
= V+ + 0 + V
= V + V =
r
Cells can be represented as P N
emf of a cell is defined as the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes in an open
circuit.
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54 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
V = VP VA + VA VB + VB VA
= V+ + (Ir) + V
= V+ + V Ir = Ir
V Ir ...(1)
I r
We can represent it as P N
Internal resistance of the cells in the circuit may be neglected when the current I is such that >> Ir. Internal
resistances of dry cells is much higher than common electrolytic cells.
In case of storage cells, discharged cells can by charged by a driver cell E by supplying a steady current I
through the cell from P to N as shown in figure.
I
E
P N
A B
Potential difference between terminals of cell may be equal to, greater than or less than the emf of cell.
16. Write the Wheatstone bridge principle.
Sol. It is an application of Kirchhoffs rules. The bridge is consisting of four resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 as four
sides of a square ABCD as shown in figure.
BI
4
R2 R4
I2 Ig
A C
G
I1
R1 R3
I I3 I
D
E
R2 R4
In Wheatstone bridge we consider the special case Ig = 0. R R
1 3
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 55
17. What is the source of emf in a chemical cell?
Sol. An electrolytic cell consisting of two electrodes, called positive (P) and negative (N) immersed in an electrolytic
solution as shown in figure.
C D
P N
A B
Electrolyte
Electrodes exchange charges with the electrolyte. Positive electrode P has a potential difference V+(V+ > 0)
between itself and electrolyte solution A immediately adjacent to it.
Negative electrode N has a potential difference (V)(V > 0) relative to electrolyte B adjacent to it.
When there is no current, the electrolyte is at same potential throughout so the potential difference between
P and N is V+ (V) = V+ + V. This difference is known as electromotive force (emf) of the cell and denoted
by .
So, = V+ + V > 0
18. What is the meaning of internal resistance of a cell? Write the factors affecting it.
Sol. The opposition offered by the cell to flow of current through itself is known as internal resistance of the cell.
It depdnds on
1. Concentration of electrolyte
3. Area of electrodes
4. Temperature of electrolyte
19. How is the potential drop per unit length along the standard resistance wire of potentiometer changed?
Sol. By changing
Sol. It works in the zero current condition through the element across which potential is to be measured
Sol. The percentage error in resistance R can be minimised by adjusting the balance point near the middle of the
bridge (i.e., l1 is close to 50 cm) by making suitable choice of S.
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56 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
22. Drift speed of free electrons is of the order of few mm per second, but current establishes in a circuit with
the speed of light. Explain.
Sol. Electric field is built up in the conductor with the speed of light.
23. Discuss the use of transformer in power transmission and power distribution.
Sol. Consider a device of resistance R to be operated at voltage V and current through it is I, then power of device
P = VI. If resistance of connecting wires from power station to the device is RC then power dissipated in
connecting wires is PC with
P 2RC
PC I 2RC
V2
1
Therefore, to drive a device of power P, the power wasted in the connecting wires PC
V2
RC
As the distance of power station is very large, RC is considerable so to decrease PC, these wires carry current
at enormous values of V and this is the reason for high voltage danger signs on transmission lines. These
voltages are lowered to a value suitable for use by a device known as transformer.
24. What is the relation between mobility and drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor? What are the carriers
in electrolytes?
Sol. It is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
vd
...(1)
E
Its SI unit is m 2V1 s 1
Its practical unit is cm 2V1 s 1
eE
We have v d
m
v d e
...(2)
E m
Mobility of free electrons is independent of electric field and dimension of conductor.
Carriers in electrolytes are anions and cations.
25. Why does the resistivity of semiconductors decrease with increase in temperature?
Sol. When temperature of semiconductor increases, the formation of hole electron pairs increases. So carrier density
increases.
26. What are ohmic and non-ohmic conductors? Draw potential versus current characteristic graph for ohmic and
non-ohmic conductors. Give one example of each.
Sol. Conductors which obey Ohms law strictly are known as ohmic conductors.
Example : Metals
I
IV
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 57
Conductors which do not obey Ohms law are known as non-ohmic conductors.
Example : Semiconductor Ge, Si
I
V
27. What do you mean by resistance of a conductor? Write its SI unit and dimensional formula.
Sol. The opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of current through it is known as resistance of conductor.
SI unit ohm
Dimensional formula [M1L2T3A2]
28. Draw the circuit diagram for Wheatstone bridge principle.
Sol. R1 R3
R2 R4
()
E K
29. Draw the circuit diagram used for comparing emf of two primary cells by potentiometer experiment.
Sol. Comparison of emf of two cells of emf 1 and 2 :
1
1
2 3
2
A
B
G
N1
R
C N2
( )
K1
30. Why does a conductor get heated when current passes through it?
Sol. Due to collision of free electrons with lattice points, energy is transferred to lattice. This energy increases
internal vibration in the lattice. The energy released during these vibration appear as heat.
31. Define drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor. Derive the relation between current and drift speed.
Sol. When potential difference is applied across a conductor, average velocity of free electrons is independent of
time, although electrons are accelerated. This phenomena is known as drift, and the velocity v i is known as
drift velocity. Therefore, there will be net flow of charge across any area perpendicular to E .
A B
vd
E
vdt
Consider the area of cross-section A of conductor.
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58 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Distance travelled from left to right by free electrons in time t after crossing the area of cross-section
= v d t .
If n is number of free electrons per unit volume in the conductor, then number of free electrons passing the
cross-section from left to right in time interval t is equal to number of free electrons in the volume nA v d t
Charge transported across the area of cross-section from left to right = neA v d t
Total charge transported along E from right to left I t neA v d t
Current through the conductor I = neA v d
32. Find the total resistance when various resistors are connected in (i) Series (ii) Parallel
Consider two resistances R1 and R2 connected in series and potential difference V is applied across
them.
V1 V2
A I R1 CI R2 I B
V
Charge which leaves R1 must enter R2.
Since current measures the rate of flow of charge, current I through both resistances are equal.
V = V1 + V2 = I(R1 + R2)
V
RS = = R1 + R2 ...(1)
I
If there are n resistances R1, R2, ..., Rn in series, then equivalent resistance
RS = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn ...(2)
When resistances are used in series then their equivalent resistance is greater than greatest among
them.
(ii) Parallel
I1 R1
A I I B
I2 R2
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 59
The charge flowing in at A from the left flows out partly through R1 and partly through R2. So current I
flowing in at A flows out as I1 and I2 through R1 and R2 respectively, hence
I = I1 + I2 ...(3)
V = I1R1
V = I2R2
V V 1 1
I = I1 + I 2 = V
R1 R2 R1 R2
If the combination is replaced by equivalent resistance RP then by Ohms law
V
I
RP
1 1 1
RP R1 R2
1
1 1
RP ...(4)
R1 R2
If n resistances R1, R2, ..., Rn are in parallel, then equivalent resistance
1
1 1 1
RP .....
R1 R2 Rn
When resistances are connected in parallel, then equivalent resistance is smaller than the smallest one
among them.
33. Explain grouping of cells in series across a load resistance R and justify its use.
Sol. Series
1 2
I I I
A C
r1 B r2
1 and 2 are emf of two cells used in series as shown in figure. Here r1 and r2 are their respective internal
resistances. Current I is flowing from C to A.
VBC = VB VC = 2 Ir2
We can replace the above combination by a single cell of emf eq and internal resistance req as shown below.
eq
I
A C
req
We have VAC = eq Ireq ...(2)
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60 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
eq = 1 + 2 and
req = r1 + r2
eq = 1 + 2 + ..... + n and
req = r1 + r2 + ..... + rn
If n identical cells each of emf E and internal resistance r are connected in series across a load resistance
Eeq nE
R, then current through the load resistance I . For a single cell across R, current
R req R nr
nE E
I0 = .
R nr R r
E nE
If R >> r, then I0 = and I = = nI0. (Useful due to high current through load w.r.t. single cell).
R R
34. Explain grouping of cells in parallel across a load resistance R and justify its use.
Sol. Consider two cells of emf 1 and 2 connected in parallel across AB.
I1 1 I1
r1
A B
2 I
I2 r2 I2
If I1 and I2 are the currents leaving positive electrodes of both cells, then total current from B to A
I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
VA and VB are potentials at A and B respectively, then potential difference between A and B, can be written as
V = VA VB = 1 I1r1 ...(2)
I = I1 + I2
1 V 2 V 1 2 1 1
I V
r1 r2 r1 r2 r1 r2
1r2 2 r1 rr
V I 1 2 ...(4)
r1 r2 r1 r2
We can replace the above combination by a single cell of emf eq and internal resistance req across AB as
shown in the figure.
eq
I
A B
req
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 61
We have,
VA = VA VB = eq Ireq ...(5)
1r2 2 r1 rr
eq and req 1 2
r1 r2 r1 r2
1
1 1
r1 r2
eq 1 2
and
req r1 r2
If n cells of emf 1, 2, ....., n and internal resistances r1, r2, ....., rn are in series, then
1 1 1 1
..... ...(6)
req r1 r2 rn
eq 1 2 n
and r r r ..... r ...(7)
eq 1 2 n
r
req and eq =
n
If n identical cells each of emf and internal resistance r are connected in parallel across a load
eq
resistance r then current through the resistance will be I . For single cell across the
R req r
R
n
load, I0 = .
Rr
n
If r >> R, I0 = = and I = = nI0 (Useful) Due to higher current that load w.r.t. single cell.
r r
35. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a load resistance R. Draw the graph between
power P developed in the load and the load resistance R.
R
Sol. Current through the load I =
Rr
2R
Power delivered at the load P = I 2R = r
(R r )2 I
dP
Power delivered at load is maximum when 0.
dR
Solving above equation R = r P
2
2 r 2 4r
Pmax
(r r )2 4r
36. State and explain Kirchhoffs rules and deduce the Wheatstone bridge principle from these rules.
Sol. Kirchhoffs first rule : Junction rule
At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to sum of currents leaving the junction.
Explanation :
When currents are steady, there is no accumulation of charges at any junction or at any point in a line,
therefore, rate of flow of charge into the junction is equal to rate of flow of charge from the junction.
I1 I2
I5 O
I3
I4
I1 + I3 + I5 = I2 + I4
Algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in a loop is zero.
Explanation :
We know that electric potential depends on the location of point. Therefore, starting with any point if we come
back to the same point the total change of potential must be zero.
Wheatstone bridge
It is an application of Kirchhoffs rules. The bridge is consisting of four resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 as four
sides of a square ABCD as shown in figure.
BI
4
R2 R4
I2 Ig
A C
G
I1
R1 R3
I I3 I
D
E
Across the diagonally opposite points between A and C, battery E is connected. This is called battery arm.
To remaining two diagonally opposite points B and D, a galvanometer G is connected to detect current this
line is known as galvanometer arm.
Currents through all resistances and galvanometer are as shown in figure. In wheatstone bridge we consider
the special case Ig = 0. Applying junction rule to junction B and D, we have
I2 = I4 and I1 = I3
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 63
I2R2 + 0 I1R1 = 0
I1 R2
...(i)
I2 R1
Applying loop rule to loop BCDB
I4R4 I3R3 + 0 = 0
I1 R4
...(ii)
I2 R3
Using equation (i) & (ii), we have
R2 R4
...(iii)
R1 R3
The equation (iii) relating the four resistor is called the balance condition for the galvanometer to give zero
or null deflection.
37. Discuss the method of comparison of emf of cells by using potentiometer arrangement.
Sol. Comparison of emf of two cells of emf 1 and 2 :
1
1
2 3
2
A
B
G
N1
R
C N2
( )
K1
Circuit Diagram
1, 2, 3 represent the contact points of two way key. When 1 and 3 are connected the galvanometer G is
connected to 1. At point N1 at distance l1 from A the galvanometer has no deflection. Applying Kirchhoffs
loop rule to A13GN1A
1 + 0 l1 = 0 ...(i)
2 + 0 l2 = 0 ...(ii)
1 l1
2 l2
If one of the cells is chosen as a standard known emf cell, then emf of other can be very easily calculated.
Potentiometre has the advantage that it draws no current from the voltage source being measured.
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64 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
38. Discuss the method of determination of internal resistance of a cell by using potentiometer arrangement.
K2
( ) R.B.
2
A
B
G
N2
R
C N1
( )
K1
Circuit diagram
The cell of emf whose internal resistance r is to be measured is connected to the circuit along with a
resistance box (RB) as shown in figure.
= l1 ...(i)
With K2 closed, the cell sends current through the RB of resistance R. Now its terminal potential difference
balances at length l2 (i.e., AN2).
V = l2 ...(ii)
R
l 2
Rr
Equation (i) R r l
: 1
Equation (ii) R l2
l
r R 1 1 ...(iii)
l2
39. Discuss the method of determination of unknown resistance by meter bridge experiment.
Sol. It is the practical application of Wheatstone bridge. A standard wire AC of length one metre and of uniform cross-
sectional area is stretched and clamped between two thick metal strips bent at right angles as shown in
figure. The end points, where the wire is clamped are connected to a cell through a key K1. The metal strip
has two gaps across which resistors can be connected. One end of Galvanometer is connected to mid-point
of the metal strip between the gaps. The other end of the galvanometer is connected to a jockey, which can
slide over AC to make electrical connections by its knife edge. R is the unknown resistance to be determined.
S is the standard known resistance from a resistance box. R S
Let the jockey be in contact with point D. Length of portion
AD of wire be l. Resistance of the portion AD is RAD = Rm l G
A l1 C
D 100 l1
and resistance of the portion DC is RDC = Rm(100 l1).
Where Rm is the resistance per centimetre of the wire. Now,
R, S, RAD and RDC represent four resistances of Wheatstone
bridge. Metre scale
When the galvanometer shows zero deflection then length
AD = l1. The balance condition gives K1
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 65
R RAD Rcm l1 l1
.
S RDC Rcm (100 l1 ) 100 l1
l1
Unknown resistance R in terms of standard known resistance S is given by R S .
100 l1
40. Explain the ohmic loss in a conductor carrying a current. Where does the power come from?
Sol. Consider a conductor having terminals A and B. Current I is flowing from A to B. If potentials at A is VA and
potentials at B is VB, then potential difference across AB is V = VA VB > 0.
I
A B
= QV = IVt < 0
If a charges moves without collision, then kinetic energy of charges would also change. So applying
conservation of total energy.
k = U
k = IVt > 0
Actually charge carriers do not move with acceleration but with steady drift velocity due to collisions with ions
and atoms during transit. The kinetic energy gain by charges is shared with the atoms during collisions. As
a result, atoms vibrate more vigorously and this energy is dissipated as heat in the conductor during time
interval t.
i.e., W = IVt
W
P VI
t
V2
P = I 2R = (Power loss or ohmic loss)
R
It is the power which heats up the coil of an electric bulb to incandescence, radiating out heat and light.
Source of the power : We need an external source (like chemical cells) to keep a steady current through
the conductor which is the source to supply this power.
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66 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
41. R, and are temperature coefficient of resistance, temperature coefficient of resistivity and coefficient of
linear expansion of a conductor. Derive the relation between them.
T 0 d
Sol. If the reference temperature T0 = 0C, then temperature coefficient of resistivity of metals .
0 t dt
Resistance of the conductor at tC can be written as Rt = R0(1 + Rt).
R = Temperature coefficient of resistance
Rt R0 dR
R0 t Rdt
l
Resistance of conductor R = . When temperature changes then R, , l and A all change. So for small
A
range of temperature
dR d dl dA
R l A
1 dR 1 d 1 dl 1 dA
R dt dt l dt A dt
I
2. Value of current is different for same potential difference on reversing the direction of V.
I(mA)
2 2
V
I(A)
Characteristic curve of diode
3. Value of potential is different for same current.
I
1 mA
V
5V 10 V
Variation of current vs Voltage for GaAs
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 67
43. Define conductivity of a conductor and mobility of free electrons in it. Derive the relation between them.
)
Sol. Mobility (
It is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
vd
...(1)
E
eE
We have v d
m
v d e
...(2)
E m
Mobility of free electrons is independent of electric field and dimension of conductor.
Conductivity of a conductor is defined as reciprocal of resistivity.
1 ne 2
m
e
(ne )
m
ne
44. Discuss how the power wasted in connecting wires in transmission cables and also show that this power is
inversely proportional to V 2. (V is the voltage at which equipment is operated)
Sol. Power loss in transmission lines : Consider a device of resistance R to be operated at voltage V and current
through it is I, then power of device P = VI. If resistance of connecting wires from power station to the device
is RC then power dissipated in connecting wires is PC with
P 2RC
PC I 2RC
V2
1
Therefore, to drive a device of power P, the power wasted in the connecting wires PC
V2
RC
As the distance of power station is very large, RC is considerable. So to decrease PC, these wires carry
current at enormous values of V and this is the reason for high voltage danger signs on transmission lines.
These voltages are lowered to a value suitable for use by a device known as transformer.
45. Discuss working of a cell through its emf and internal resistance.
Sol. An electrolytic cell consisting of two electrodes, called positive (P) and negative (N) immersed in an electrolytic
solution is as shown in figure.
P N
A B
Electrolyte
Electrodes exchange charges with the electrolyte. Positive electrode P has a potential difference V+(V+ > 0)
between itself and electrolyte solution A immediately adjacent to it.
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68 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Negative electrode N has a potential difference (V)(V > 0) relative to electrolyte B adjacent to it.
When there is no current, the electrolyte is at same potential throughout. So the potential difference between
P and N is V+ (V) = V+ + V. This difference is known as electromotive force (emf) of the cell and denoted
by .
So, = V+ + V > 0
emf is a potential difference not a force. When a resistance R is connected across the cell as shown in figure
A current I flows from C to D. A steady current flows from P to N through the resistance R and from N to P
through the electrolyte. The electrolyte through which current passes has a finite resistance r known as internal
resistance of the cell.
I R
C D
P N
A B
When the resistance R is infinite or P and N are in open circuit, there is no current through the electrolyte
V
I 0 .
R
Potential difference between P and N = V = (VP VA) + (VA VB) + (VB VN)
= V+ + 0 + V
= V+ V =
r
Cells can be represented as P N
emf of a cell is defined as the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes in an open
circuit.
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Sol. Curved.
Sol. Decrease.
dQ
Instantaneous current I =
dt
Sol. It is defined as drift velocity of free electrons per unit electric field inside the conductor
vd e
E m
T = 0[1 + (T T0)
It was discovered by G.S. Ohm in 1828. If V be the potential difference between the ends of the conductor
through which a current I is flowing, then Ohms law states that
V I or V = RI
where R is the proportionality constant known as Resistance of the conductor, SI unit of resistance are VA1
or ohm ().
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70 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
2. Material of conductor
Conductors obeying Ohms law are known as Ohmic conductors. For Ohmic conductor I vs V graph is a
straight line through origin.
I
0 V
15. What is the meaning of resistance of conductor? Write the factors on which resistance depends.
Sol. It is the opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of electric current through it. It depends on
1. Length of conductor
3. Material of conductor
4. Temperature of conductor
At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to sum of currents leaving the junction.
Algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in a loop is zero.
Sol. When current I flows through a conductor of resistance R for time interval t, then amount of heat (H) produced
in the conductor is directly proportional to square of current, directly proportional to the resistance of conductor
and directly proportional to the time interval for which current flow.
H l 2
2
R H I R t
t
18. What is the source of heat produced in a conductor connected across a chemical cell?
OR
Sol. We need an external source like chemical cells to keep a steady current through the conductor, which is the
source to supply the energy.
OR
Percentage error in the measurement of unknown resistance can be minimised by selecting the balance point
of meter bridge close to 50 cm.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 71
19. Length of a conductor is increased by 1%. Calculate the percentage change in its resistance at constant
volume.
l
Sol. R
A
R l A l
2 2%
R l A l
20. Calculate resistance across AB of the network shown in figure.
10
10 5 10
A B
10
21. Two resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. Derive the effective resistance of their parallel connection.
OR
Two cells of emf E1, E2 and internal resistance r1, r2 respectively are connected in series. Find the equivalent
emf of their series connection.
Sol. Consider two resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel across AB.
I1 R1
A I I B
I2 R2
The charge flows in at A from the left and flows out partly through R1 and partly through R2. So current I flows
in at A and flows out as I1 and I2 through R1 and R2 respectively, hence
I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
V = I1R1
V = I2R2
V V 1 1
I = I1 + I2 = V
R1 R2 R
1 R 2
V
I
RP
1 1 1
RP R1 R2
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72 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
1
1 1
RP ...(2)
R
1 R 2
OR
I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
VA and VB are potentials at A and B respectively, then potential difference between A and B, can be written as
V = VA VB = 1 I1r1 ...(2)
I = I1 + I2
1 V 2 V 1 2 1 1
I V
r1 r2 r1 r2 r1 r2
1r2 2 r1 rr
V I 1 2 Ir
r1 r2 r1 r2
1r2 2 r1
Effective emf =
r1 r2
22. Explain Wheat-stone bridge principle.
It is an application of Kirchhoffs rules. The bridge is consisting of four resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 as four
sides of a square ABCD as shown in figure.
BI
4
R2 R4
I2 Ig
A C
G
I1
R1 R3
I I3 I
D
E
Across the diagonally opposite points between A and C, battery E is connected. This is called battery arm.
To remaining two diagonally opposite points B and D, a galvanometer G is connected to detect current this
line is known as galvanometer arm.
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 73
Currents through all resistances and galvanometer are as shown in figure. In wheatstone bridge we consider
the special case Ig = 0. Applying junction rule to junction B and D, we have
I2 = I4 and I1 = I3
Applying loop rule to loop ABDA
I2R2 + 0 I1R1 = 0
I1 R2
...(i)
I2 R1
Applying loop rule to loop BCDB
I4R4 I3R3 + 0 = 0
I2R4 I1R3 = 0 (Using I4 = I2 and I3 = I1)
I1 R4
...(ii)
I2 R3
Using equation (i) & (ii), we have
R2 R4
...(iii)
R1 R3
The equation (iii) relating the four resistor is called the balance condition for the galvanometer to give zero
or null deflection.
23. Discuss the method of determination of unknown resistance by metre bridge method.
Sol. It is the practical application of Wheatstone bridge. A standard
wire AC of length one metre and of uniform cross-sectional area is stretched and clamped between two thick
metal strips bent at right angles as shown in figure. The end points, where the wire is clamped are connected
to a cell through a key K1. The metal strip has two gaps across which resistors can be connected. One
end of Galvanometer is connected to mid-point of the metal strip between the gaps. The other end of the
galvanometer is connected to a jockey, which can slide over AC to make electrical connections by its knife
edge. R is the unknown resistance to be determined.
R S
G
A l1 C
D 100 l1
Metre scale
K1
S is the standard known resistance from a resistance box. Let the jockey be in contact with point D. Length
of portion AD of wire be l1. Resistance of the portion AD is RAD = Rml1 and resistance of the portion DC is
RDC = Rm(100 l1), where Rm is the resistance per centimetre of the wire. Now R, S, RAD and RDC represent
four resistances of Wheatstone bridge.
When the galvanometer shows zero deflection then length AD = l 1 . The balance condition gives
R RAD Rm l1 l1
.
S RDC Rm (100 l1 ) 100 l1
l1
Unknown resistance R in terms of standard known resistance S is given by R S .
100 l1
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74 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
24. Find the current through the 20 load resistance and power dissipated in it.
10 V 2 15 V 3
20
Sol. I = 1 A, P = I 2R = 20 W
1 1 1 1 1
A
1 1 1 1 to
B
1 1 1 1 1
Sol. (1 3)
26. Drift speed of free electrons are of the order of 1 mm s1 but current establishes in a circuit with the speed
of light. Explain.
Sol. The electric field sets up in the conductor at the speed of light.
27. Draw the circuit diagram for comparison of emf of two cells by using potentiometer and explain how to compare
their emfs.
OR
Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel across a load resistance
R as shown in figure. Derive the expression for current through R using Kirchhoffs rules.
E1 r1
E2 r2
2
A
B
G
N1
R
C N2
( )
K1
Circuit Diagram
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 75
1, 2, 3 represent the contact points of two way key. When 1 and 3 are connected the galvanometer G is
connected to 1. At point N1 at distance l1 from A the galvanometer has no deflection. Applying Kirchhoffs
loop rule to A13GN1A
1 + 0 l1 = 0 ...(i)
2 + 0 l2 = 0 ...(ii)
1 l1
2 l2
If one of the cells is chosen as a standard known emf cell, then emf of other can be very easily calculated.
Potentiometre has the advantage that it draws no current from the voltage source being measured.
OR
E1 r1 I1
A B
E2 r2
D C
I I1
I R
E F
Currents are distributed in all branches by using Kirchhoffs junction rule.
E1 I1r1 IR = 0 ...(i)
E2 (I I1)r2 IR = 0 ...(ii)
E1r2 E2 r1
I
R(r1 r2 ) r1 r2
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76 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
OR
Explain working of chemical cell. How emf is realised in a chemical cell and describe the relation between
emf and internal resistance of the cell.
Sol. In the absence of electric field a free electron suffer collision with heavy fixed ions and after collision it
emerges with same speed but in random directions. If we consider N free electrons with velocity of i th electron
ui (i = 1, 2, 3, ....., N) at a given cross-section, then average velocity of these free electrons through a
1 N
cross-section = u 0
N i 1 i
...(1)
When the electric field E is present inside the conductor, acceleration of each free electron is
eE
a ...(2)
m
where e = charge of electron and m = mass of electron.
eE N
vd t
m i 1 i
(Using equation 1)
eE
vd ...(4)
m
N
where ti = the average time between successive collisions known as relaxation time.
i 1
From equation (4) it is concluded that average velocity of free electrons is independent of time, although
electrons are accelerated. This phenomena is known as drift and the velocity v i is known as drift velocity,
therefore there will be net flow of charge across any area perpendicular to E .
A B
vd
E
vdt
Consider the area of cross-section A of conductor.
Distance travelled from left to right by free electrons in time t after crossing the area of cross-section =
v d t .
If n is number of free electrons per unit volume in the conductor, then number of free electrons pass the cross-
section from left to right in time interval t is equal to number of free electrons in the volume
A v d t nA v d t
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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Current Electricity 77
Charge transported across the area of cross-section from left to right = neA v d t
Total charge transported along E from right to left I t neA v d t ...(5)
Substituting the value of v d from equation (4)
ne2
I AE ...(6)
m
By definition of current I j A ( j Current density)
ne2
Equation (6) becomes j E ...(7)
m
ne 2
Conductivity of conductor = ...(9)
m
n and are assumed to be constants for a given material at a given temperature and are independent of E .
OR
An electrolytic cell consisting of two electrodes, called positive (P) and negative (N) immersed in an electrolytic
solution is as shown in figure.
P N
A B
Electrolyte
Electrodes exchange charges with the electrolyte. Positive electrode P has a potential difference V+(V+ > 0)
between itself and electrolyte solution A immediately adjacent to it.
Negative electrode N has a potential difference (V)(V > 0) relative to electrolyte B adjacent to it.
When there is no current, the electrolyte is at same potential throughout so the potential difference between
P and N is V+ (V) = V+ + V. This difference is known as electromotive force (emf) of the cell and denoted
by .
So, = V+ + V > 0
emf is a potential difference not a force. When a resistance R is connected across the cell as shown in figure
A current I flows from C to D. A steady current flows from P to N through the resistance R and from N to P
through the electrolyte. The electrolyte through which current passes has a finite resistance r known as internal
resistance of the cell.
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78 Current Electricity Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
I R
C D
P N
A B
When the resistance R is infinite or P and N are in open circuit, there is no current through the electrolyte
V
I 0 .
R
Potential difference between P and N = V = (VP VA) + (VA VB) + (VB VN)
= V+ + 0 + V
= V+ V =
r
Cells can be represented as P N
emf of a cell is defined as the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes in an open
circuit.
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