.

3
5


.
:

3
5


.


.






.






.

3
5


.

102 )720(
" ...
:



.





"

") (


"



") 1 .(52

3
5


. :
)


( .


" : "
"
" :
"






.





).
103 96(

3
5


"
" ) (







.


"

...
) (

) (






.

3
5


"
" ) (

.




" .. "
) ( "...
" ) ( "...

" ) /
(.
:
)
/ /
/ (...






.

3
5


) (
) (
"


"




"


"
" "
"


"
"
"

"

).
(.
:

3
5


) (32



" "
" ).(33


)(34
122
)739( 127 ) 744(
160 ) 776( .
:

:
131 ) 748( :



) ( 35

) (36

131 )

3
5


748(
).(37
"


"
) (38

).(39




) (40




135 )
. (41
:
140 144 ) 757 761( :
140

3
5


) . (42

140

) ( 43


"
... "
) "( 44 ") ( 45


.


141758/ ) (46




) ( 47

" ). (48

.

3
5


). (49


90
) (50

) (51
) .(52
144 )761(




.
) ( :




145 )
762(

) (53

3
5


145
144 ).(54




"
" )(55

) (56

568
). (57

: ) 160 296 ( :






147 /
764 ).(58

160 776 /
160 ) (59

3
5


151 768/ ).(60



148 765/ ) (61
"
"


" ). (62



151 769 / )(63
154
.




"
" ) (64

154 770 / .

3
5


) (65



155 771/ ) (66
.






160 776/ ).(67




) (78






.

3
5


71/174 87/790 ). (69








.

"
) (70



). (71




). (72
:

3
5


). (73


) (74

"
") (75
).(76



196 811/





267 885 / ). (77

3
5


283 896/ 12 )(78

.








) (79


).(80







240 241 854/
855 ) (80 "
.

3
5


.

.




"
). (82
:
) (83



"
") (84

.




"
") (85 "
" ) (86
.

3
5


.


" ).(87


) (88



). (89

238 852 /



281 892/


294 906



296 908 ).(90
:

3
5


"
"

). (91

"


) (92 "
").(93

218 910 / )(94



.

311 923

) (95


350 431 961/ 1039 )(96

3
5


) (97




:






). (98

) .(99

" "


" "

3
5


.
:
. -1
.
-2

.
. -3
.
-4

.
-5
" .
. -6
.

3
5


" "




.




.





.






.
" "


).(100

3
5


:




.



). (101



.





.


" "
"

)(103

3
5


" "
" "
"

). (104








). (106




) (107

.

)*( :

3
5


).(108


"



.






).(109




.
"
" ) (110

3
5


)
.(111
) 184
126800 / 850( ) (112

). (113



). (114

) (115

) (116




). (117

) (118
) (119

) (120

.

3
5


:


"

.



) (121

.


"

.
:
) (1 )
( 1971 .355
) (2
. .
1 .48


)256/
(276 )74 (694/:

3
5


.
:



. - .
1 .46-35
1978.
) (3 ) ( 1965 5
.191
) (4 1 .52
) (5 :
) ( 2 205
) ( 70
) (
.93 )
( 1963 1 3 38
)
1964 ( 150
) 1966( .30
) (6 2 205 70
.95
) (7 .
) (8 18
21 22 :
) (1976 240
) (1 .93

3
5


) (9 103
96 1969
( 453- .70
) (10

.83
) (11 3 .150
) (12 .149 142
) (13 ) (1958 7
181
) (14 1 :
) (1968 134
: ) ( . 103
) (15 2 . 201
) (16 .77
) (17 .
. 138
) (18 1 .134
) (19 .138
) (20 2 .214
) (21 77

3
5


) (22 .
. 150
) (23 543
103 1 .134 )
( 1973 3 100
) (1967 -97 5 313
) ( 1971
. 287
) (24
.
) (25
308-305
. 30
) (26 .77
) (27
105
) (28 .
) (29 1 .144
) ( (30 )
(2 2 .614
) (31 :
.
) (32 1 11 " "
.98
) (33 .

3
5


) (34 1 . 110
) (35 )
1967( .43
) (36 125
.
) (37 )
( 90 .
) (38 1 24 25
5 313
) (39 .292
) (40 .188
) (41 .189195
) (42 1 .23
) (43 209 . 210
) (44 1 ) 70 6
. 113
) (45
.34
) (46 1 29 6 .113
) (47
) (48 .234
) (49 . 8

3
5


) (50 1 .32
" .
1 71 .72
) (51
145 146
) (52 13 19
) (53 1 .72
) (54
144 :
Matin , B.G " Kanim, Bornu and Fazzan ,notes on Political History of a Trade " Journal of African Histovy ,(Vol.C No 1969)p .
.18
) (55 ) (1906 .46
) (56 ) (1891 .143
) (57 6 .143
) (58 " .
) (59 1 .196
) (60
151




. :
. 374

3
5


) (61 1 . 112
) (62 1 75 6
.112
) (63
" "
.
138 1 .13
) (64 1 .113
) (65 144




" "
. 144 .

.
: 1 37 40 138 139
423
. 45
) (66 1 .78
) (67 1 40 "
62 139
) (68 6 .113
) (69 .154

3
5


) (70 .396
) (71
.47
) (72 .211
) (73 . 154
) (74
.47
) (75 6 .130
) (76 1 .57
) (77 6 118 .129
) (78 1 87 .89
) (79 " "
45 .71 65 61
) (80
) 1966( 2 570 .571
T.Lewieki,"L Etat nord africain de Tahert et ses rele tionns avec Soudan occidental a la fin du V111 et au 1X )( (81
. sieclex Cahiers d Etudes Africaines.(Vo1.11,1962),P.P 523 _ 526
) (82 ) 1964( .680
) (83

.
.

3
5


.
290 .300
) (84 .262
) (85 .
) (86 1 .47
) (87 258 .262
) (88
"
. .154
) (89 .262
) ( (90 1 49 95 51
272 262 222 1 .197
) (91 1 165 .166
) (92 581
" "
) 5 2 1 1957( .127
) (93 )
(1864 .120
) (94 1 .163
) (95 316 336

. 1 . 101 100. 97
) (96
217 .218

3
5


) (97 .48
) (98
" "
" "
"
.
) (99


. :
1 4
1 4
107
4647178
) 1971 (
.147
) (100

) (101
. 59
) (102 .275
) (103 .111
) (104 388 . 414 389
) (105 .117

3
5


)(106
210 .211
) (107

.137 57
) (108 "

"
1977 .145
) (109

"
"
"
626 737 1325/
1335 869 )
1464(
1000 1591/ )
(






.134200205 124
) (110 )
(5349 .7

3
5


) (111



. :
58 .60
) (112
.
Martin Op Cit P .18 )(113
E F Gautier,s aha ra (Paris 1928) P.172 )) (114

) (115 .

) (

.
135 . 136
) (116


.
. 101104 78
) (117 )
(1857 .182
) (118 . 581

3
5


) (119
) (

57 . 58
)Leo Africanus, the History and Discription of Africa: Done into English 1600 by John pory (London 1896 )(120
.Vol.3B.6,P.791
) (121
: " :
"

) (985 93 .

3
5