Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. K R Dinesh
Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Karnataka, India
Shivasharanayya Swamy
Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
Natural fibers are gathering responsiveness from investigation to develop in polymer
composites due to their eco-friendly nature and adequate or acceptable. The aim of the present
research work was experimental investigation to evaluate various physical and mechanical
properties of hybrid natural fibre polymer composite (Epoxy with Jute, Banana, Sisal and Hemp
fibres) at different weight percentages (16 and 24) with epoxy resin. The properties of Jute,
Banana, Sisal and Hemp natural fibres were found to be good capacious to be used as
reinforcement in composite materials. The results of the experiments tackle, to guess timate various
physical and mechanical properties of natural fiber hybrid composites hemp fibres were presented.
Tests wereper formed on 100 kN servo hydraulic universal testing machine (UTM) under
displacement mode of control, enhance mechanical properties is main attentiveness of this study.
On the basis of comprehensive study the 24 wt% of hybrid natural fibres is found to be better
mechanical property compare to than other 16 wt% of hybrid natural fibres combinations. Also
Oxidative biodegradation test was also carried out according to ISO standard for the same
specimen to know the biocompatibility.
Key words: Jute, Banana, Sisal, Hemp fibres, Epoxy resin, Mechanical properties, SEM, Medical
application.
Cite this Article: S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya
Swamy, Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative
Biodegradation Properties of Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites. International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 0114.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=1
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days worldwide researchers are stressful to implement the natural fibres in the medical field as
implant material instead of Corban polymer plates and alloy materials therefore from the literature review
shows that the natural fibres are rehabilitation or bio-material, not harmful or bio-compatible or toxic to
living tissue and also Yan Li et.al found that Sisal fibre has No robustness or health risk [1] ,Sisal fibre in
the form of particles or fibres used in orthopaedics as bone implants as a substitute material in place of
alloy materials [3,4,29-32] and also now a days Bio composites materials biopolymers and natural fibers
pre-owned as bone implants [2] these natural fibres have an environmentally friendly alternative propriety
of several attractive ascribe that include lower density, lower cost, non-toxicity, ease of processing, capable
of being renewed and repossess [5-7].
3. MATERIALS
3.1. Raw Materials
The natural fibers such as Sisal, Jute, banana and Hemp were extracted by the decorticating process and
The fibres are prepared by Mat type i.e. fibre placed in X&Y Direction or with +/- 0 to 900 orientation and
borrowed from Chennai-Tamilnadu and these fibres are used for to fabricate the 16% & 24% Hybrid
natural fibre polymer composites.
Figure 1(a) Sisal Fibre with Mat-Type Figure 1(b) Banana Fibre Mat Type
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 2 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
Figure 1 (c) Jute Fibre with Mat type Figure 1 (d) Hemp Fibre with Mat type
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Methodology for Hybrid Natural Fiber Composite
Coated composites were succeed, thrive, with the aid of four different natural fibers such as jute, hemp,
banana and sisal with bi-directional orientation in which a Vacuum Bag technique procedure was used to
consolidate four dissimilar, materials in a hybrid Natural fibre polymer composite
Characterization is carried out by Epoxy resin -LY556 as a matrix material and hardener HY 951[15,
16]with 04% Sisal fibers + 04% Jute fibers + 04% Hemp fibers + 04% Banana fibers = 16% of Natural
fibers are placed layer by layer or ply in the form of orthotropic i.e. stacking sequence is 090 fiber
orientation filled with 04% aluminium oxide is used as Filler material the purpose of adding filler is to
boost the strength and stability of laminate or specimen and by using Vacuum Bag technique& the samples
were prepared according ASTM standards for Tensile ASTM D-3039 and for Bending Tests specimens are
prepared by ASTM D-790. Similarly fabrication for 24% is carried out and testing is carried out. For
natural fiber reinforced composite the number of layers varied from 4 layers. The curing time was around
24hrs at normal room temperature
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 3 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
4.2. Experimentation
Figure 3 (a & b) 16% and 24% HNFPCM Bending Specimens after testing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 4 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 5 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
4.2.3.4. pH Range
If the pH test solution is significant, the pH shall be maintained in an appropriate range. The pH chosen
shall be appropriate site of indented use. Changes in the pH induced by physiological phenomena, e.g.
during an inflammatory response, shall be considered.
The pH shall be reported and justified in the test report.
It should be recognized that, if the pH value is not maintained in the appropriate range, the degradation
products generated might or might not be the same as those that occur under biological conditions.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 6 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
Table 2 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Tensile Test 24% natural fibers
Sp. Peak Load Displaceme Breaking Maximum Area Ultimate Stress Elongation Yield Femur Bone Tensile
2
No. (Fmax) kN nt at Fmax Load (kN) Displacement mm (kN/mm2) % Stress Strength or Ultimate
(mm) (mm) (kN/mm2) Stress
43.443.62 Mpa or
1 6.980 1.1 6.980 1.200 159.500 0.044 0.880 0.027 0.043440.00362
(kN/mm2)
43.443.62 Mpa or
2 6.860 5.500 40420 2.1500 159.500 0.043 15.765 0.027 0.043440.00362
(kN/mm2)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 7 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
Figure 8 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images for 24%Tensile test specimens after the test
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 8 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
Table 3 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Bending Test 16%HPCM.
Sl Peak Displaceme Breakin Maximum C/S Bending Bending Modulus Maximu Femur
No Load nt At Fmax g Load Displaceme Area Strength Stress of m Bone
(Fmax) (mm) (kN) nt (mm) 2 2 2 Elasticity Bending
mm (kN/mm ) (kN/mm Bending
kN ) (kN/mm2) Moment Strength
kN.mm [14]
1 4.040 2.800 3.920 3.00 40.640 0.099 4.427 743.157 95.950 84.039.91
(Mpa) or
2 4.020 1.900 3.980 7.800 40.640 0.099 4.405 1089.757 95.475 0.084
0.00991(kN
/mm2)
Table 4 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Bending Test 24%HPCM
Sl Peak Displace Breaki Maximu C/S Bendi Bending Modulus Maximu Femur Bone
No Load ment At ng m 2 ng Stress of m
Area mm Bending
(Fmax Fmax Load Displace 2
Stren (kN/mm Elasticity Bending Strength [14]
) kN (mm) (kN) ment gth ) (kN/mm2 Moment
(mm) (kN/m ) kN.mm
2
m)
1 4.100 2.400 3.980 3.200 40.640 0.101 4.493 879.893 97.375 84.039.91(Mpa)
or0.084
2 3.740 2.500 3.660 4.00 40.640 0.092 4.098 770.529 88.825 0.00991(kN/mm2)
3 5.280 4.500 4.280 8.400 40640 0.130 5.786 604.336 125.400
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 9 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
Figure 9 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images For 16% HNFPC Bending Test Specimen after the test
Figure 10 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images for 24% HNFPC Bending Test Specimen after the test
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
3.3 5.6
3.2 5.4
pH valuve
5.2
3.1
5
3
4.8
2.9 4.6
2.8 4.4
Specimen-1 Specimen-2 Specimen-3 38 50 60 70
Figure 11 Figure12
Figure 13 (a,b,c,d) SEM images for Degradation test for 24% HNFPCM
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
6. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions were drawn base on the observation made from test results of tensile and
bending test, also on results of Oxidative Biodegradation test carried out on prepared Hybrid Natural Fibre
Reinforced Bio-Composites.
Increase in fiber concentration the tensile strength of the specimen also increased. When fibre concentration
is less the matrix and fiber interface shows weak bonding. The incorporation of fibre into resin matrix
increases the hardness of the composite, which is related to strength and toughness. The close packing of
fibres in the compounds increases the density while resilience decreases. The composites made from 250
mm length of Hybrid natural sisal, hemp, jute and banana fibers show the maximum tensile strength and
good tear strength. Resin can successfully used as matrix in bio composites. Using different surface
modifications of fiber the strength of the composites can be increased. Finally conclude that 24%Hybrid
natural sisal, hemp, jute and banana fiber composites will have good mechanical properties compare to 16%
Hybrid natural Sisal, hemp, jute and banana fiber composites.
Hybrid Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have beneficial properties such as low density, less
expensive and reduced solidity when compared to synthetic composite products, thus providing advantages
for utilization in commercial applications (automotive industry, buildings, Constructions, and medical
applications). Using natural fibers as reinforcement for polymeric composites introduces positive effect on
the mechanical behavior of polymers. This paper evaluates the characteristics and properties of hybrid
natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: mechanical and SEM images
From experimental results fig 11 it is found that negligible amount of weight is increased or gained by
specimen hence to reduce the weight gained bio-compatible coating is necessary on the natural fibre hybrid
polymer composite
From pH value in fig 12 it is found if we increase the temperature the pH value also increases, then the
solution is having normal pH value not turning to acidic nature.
REFERENCES
[1] Yan Li, Yiu-Wing Mai *, Lin Ye paper entitled Sisal Fibre and its composites: a review of recent
developments Composites Science and Technology 60 (2000) 20372055
www.elsevier.com/locate/compscitech.
[2] D. Chandramohan et al. paper entitled Bio composite materials based on bio polymers and natural
fibers -contribution as bone implants (ijamsar) international journal of advanced medical sciences and
applied research vol no. 1, issue no. 1, 009 012.
[3] D. Chandramohan and K. Marimuthu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India Paper Entitled Characterization of Natural Fibers And
Their Application In Bone Grafting Substitutes Acta of Bioengineering And Biomechanics Original
Paper Vol. 13, No. 1, 2011 Received: January 8th, 2011 Accepted For Publication: February 25th, 2011
[4] D. Chandramohan, * K. Marimuthu, S.Rajesh & M.M. Ravikumar paper entitled Applications of
CT/CAD/RPT in the Futuristic Development of Orthopaedics and Fabrication of Plate and Screw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and BendingMechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
Material from Natural Fiber Particle Reinforced Composites for Humerus Bone Fixation A Future
Drift Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology Volume 10, Number 2, December 2010.
[5] A.K. Bledzk and J. Gassan, Composites reinforced with cellulose-based fibres, Prog.Polym. Sci.24, 211-
274 (1999).
[6] A.N. Netravali and S. Chabba, paper entitled Composites get greener, Materials Today 6, 22-29 (2003)
[7] G. Marsh, paper entitled A guide for green composites, Reinforced Plastics 48, 18-26 (2004).
[8] F. M. Al-Oqla and S. M. Sapuan, Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial
applications: feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry, Journal of Cleaner
Production, vol. 66, pp. 347354, 2014.
[9] H. Ku,H.Wang, N. Pattarachaiyakoop, and M. Trada, A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 856873, 2011.
[10] T. Hanninen, A. Thygesen, S. Mehmood, B. Madsen, and M. Hughes, Mechanical processing of bast
fibres: the occurrence of damage and its effect on fibre structure, Industrial Crops and Products, vol.
39, no. 1, pp. 711, 2012.
[11] V. K. Thakur and M. K. Thakur, Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset
polymer composites, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 109, pp. 102117, 2014.
[12] O. Faruk, A. K. Bledzki,H.-P.Fink, and M. Sain, Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000
2010, Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 15521596, 2012.
[13] I. Van de Weyenberg, J. Ivens, A. De Coster, B. Kino, E. Baetens, and I. Verpoest, Influence of
processing and chemical treatment of flax fibres on their composites, Composites Science and
Technology, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 12411246, 2003.
[14] [15] M. M. Kabir, H. Wang, K. T. Lau, and F. Cardona, Chemical treatments on plant-based natural
fibre reinforced polymer composites: an overview, Composites Part B: Engineering, vol.43, no. 7, pp.
28832892,
[15] S. Shinoj, R.Visvanathan, S. Panigrahi, and M. Kochubabu, Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites: a
review, Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 722, 2011.
[16] 2012.
[17] V. S. Srinivasan, S. R. Boopathy, D. Sangeetha, and B. V. Ramnath, Evaluation of mechanical and
thermal properties of banana-flax based natural fibre composite, Materials & Design, vol. 60, pp. 620
627, 2014.
[18] A. Shalwan and B. F. Yousif, In state of art: mechanical and tribological behaviour of polymeric
composites based on natural fibres, Materials & Design, vol. 48, pp. 1424, 2013.
[19] S. Shinoj, R.Visvanathan, S. Panigrahi, and M. Kochubabu, Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites: a
review, Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 722, 2011.
[20] J.-C. Benezet, A. Stanojlovic-Davidovic, A. Bergeret, L. Ferry, and A. Crespy, Mechanical and
physical properties of expanded starch, reinforced by natural fibres, Industrial Crops and Products, vol.
37, no. 1, pp. 435440, 2012.
[21] A. R. Kakroodi, S. Cheng, M. Sain, and A. Asiri, Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of
nanocomposites based on polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanofiber from Aloe vera rind, Journal of
Nanomaterials, vol. 2014, Article ID 903498, 7 pages, 2014.
[22] A. May-Pat, A. Valadez-Gonzalez, and P. J. Herrera-Franco, Effect of fiber surface treatments on the
essential work of fracture of HDPE-continuous henequen fiber-reinforced composites, Polymer
Testing, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 11141122, 2013.
[23] V. K. Thakur and M. K. Thakur, Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset
polymer composites,Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 109, pp. 102117, 2014.double
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy
[24] M. S. Sreekala, M. G. Kumaran, and S. Thomas, Stress relaxation behaviour in oil palm
fibres,Materials Letters, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 263273, 2001.
[25] B. Ren, T. Mizue, K. Goda, and J. Noda, Effects of fluctuation of fibre orientation on tensile properties
of flax sliver-reinforced green composites, Composite Structures, vol. 94, no. 12, pp. 34573464, 2012.
[26] Y. Pan and Z. Zhong, A micromechanical model for the mechanical degradation of natural fiber
reinforced composites induced by moisture absorption, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 85, pp. 715,
2015.
[27] E. Jayamani, S. Hamdan, M. R. Rahman, and M. K. B. Bakri, Investigation of fiber surface treatment
on mechanical, acoustical and thermal properties of betelnut fiber polyester composites, Procedia
Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 545554, 2014.
[28] L. Boopathi, P. S. Sampath, and K. Mylsamy, Investigation of physical, chemical and mechanical
properties of raw and alkali treated Borassus fruit fiber, Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 43, no. 8,
pp. 30443052, 2012.
[29] M. Ramesh, T. S. A. Atreya, U. S. Aswin, H. Eashwar, and C. Deepa, Processing and mechanical
property evaluation of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites, Procedia Engineering, vol. 97, pp.
563572, 2014.
[30] Dr.K R Dinesh1, Jagadish S P2, Dr.A Thimmanagouda3. Characterization and Investigation of Tensile
and Compression Test on Sisal Fibre Reinforcement Epoxy Composite Materials Used as Orthopaedic
ImplantInternational Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.comVolume 2, Issue 12,
December 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013 Page 376-389
[31] Dr.K R Dinesh1, Jagadish S P2, Dr.A Thimmanagouda3 CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS
OF WEAR STUDY ON SISAL FIBRE REINFORCEMENT EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIALS
USED AS ORTHOPAEDIC IMPLANT- 2745 Vol. 6, Issue 6, pp. 2745-2757 International Journal of
Advances in Engineering & Technology, Jan. 2014. IJAET ISSN: 22311963:
[32] Dr A Thimmana Gouda1, Jagadish S P2, Dr K R Dinesh3, Virupaksha Gouda H4, Dr N Prashanth:-
Characterization and Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer
Composite Materials Used As Orthopaedic Implants for Femur Bone Prosthesis IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11,
Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul- Aug. 2014), PP 40-52 www.iosrjournals.org-
[33] Jagadish S P2 et.al Investigation of mechanical properties of Bi-Directional Hybrid Natural Fiber-Sisal
Banana Jute Hemp polymer Composite materials used as orthopaedic implants at International
Conference on civil, mechanical, biological and medical engineering (ICEEECE) held at Chennai on 9th
August 2015.with paper ID-IR-MBMECHEN-02085-200. (IRAJ RESEARCH FORUM in association
with INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND JOURNALS -International Conference on civil, mechanical,
biological and medical engineering -ICEEECE CHENNAI) and published in-International Journal of
Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3, Issue-10, Oct.-2015
[34] Suresh J.S., Dr. M. Pramila Devi and Raffi Mohammed , Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization
of Glass/Particulates Reinforced Polyester Composites. International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology (IJMET), 7(5), 2016, pp. 380387.
[35] Dr. M. Anandarao, Dr. K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy and T. Seshaiah, Fabrication and Analysis of
Mechanical Properties of FRP Composites. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology (IJMET), 5(8), 2014,pp. 4956.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 14 editor@iaeme.com