Structure

Span Length Ls = 12 m
Girder Length Lg = 12 m
Total bridge width Wb = 12 m
Bridge Effectiv width Wbe = 11 m
Angle angle = 90 deg
Girder spacing Sg = 1200 mm
Number of girder = 10
Number of lane = 3 [A3.6.1.1.1]
Multiple presence factor = 0.85 (table 4.7) [A3.6.2.1]
Wearing surface
Asphalt has = 75 mm
Paving hpv = 0 mm
Concrete and Reinforcement
Compressive strength 28j f'c = 30 Mpa
Density of Concrete c = 24 KN/m3
Density of wearing suface w = 22.5 KN/m3
Modulus of Elasticity Ec = 27.69146583 Mpa
Modulus of Rupture fr = 3.450652112 Mpa
Shear reinforcing bar fy = 240 Mpa
Main reinforcing bar fy = 400 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity Es = 200000 Mpa

Wheel and uniform loads

Front Wheel load P1 = 145 kN
Back Wheel load P2 = 35 kN
Lane load w = 9.3 kN/m
Tandem load P3 = 110 kN
Criteria for Deflection
fmax L/800 = 15 mm
Optimal criteria for span to depth ratio
Ls 0.045*L = 540 mm
Depth girder h = 550 mm
Concrete cover
Top concrete cover = 50 mm
Bottom concrete cover = 25 mm
Design of main girder
b = 1190 mm
h = 550 mm
Structural analyse
STATE I (Single Simple Beam) : Self-Weight
STATE II : Self-Weight, Pave, Railing.
Summary of Section Properties
Unit Girder Interior Exterior
b= m 1.19
h= m 0.55
A= m 2
0.6545 0.6545 0.6545
Iy = m4 0.07723645 0.077236454 0.077236454
Ix = m 4
0.01649885 0.016498854 0.016498854
yt = m 0.275 0.275 0.275
yb = m 0.275 0.275 0.275
wt = m3

wb = m3
Load Distribution
Din = Distribution Factor for Moment Interior Beam
Din = k*(b/7600) *(b/L)0.2*(I/J)0.06
0.6 Table: 4.6.2.2.3a.1
k= 2.5*(Nb)-0.2 = 1.577393361
J= A /(40*Ip)
4
= 0.048941289
Ip = Ix+Iy = 0.093735308
Din = 0.305998908
Dex = Distribution Factor for Moment Exterior Beam
Dex = e*Din Table: 4.6.2.2.2d.1
Correction factor e= 1.04+de/7600 = 1.048552632
Distance between the center of exterior beam and the interior edge of curb traffic barrier de

de = b/2-530 = 65 mm
Dex = = 0.32085596
Din-s = Distribution Factor for Shear Interior Beam
Din-s = (b/4000)0.4*(b/L)0.1*(I/J)0.05 Table: 4.6.2.3a.1
Din-s = 0.462828697
Dex-s = Distribution Factor for Shear Exterior Beam
Dex-s = e*Din-s Table: 4.6.2.2.3b.1
Correction factor e= 1.02+de/15000 = 1.024333333
de = b/2-530 = 65 mm
Dex-s = 0.474090862
Dynamic Load Allowance (Impact)
The static effect of Design Truck or Tandem shall be increased by following percentage:
IM = 33% For Brudge Cinoibebts (Girder)
IM = 75% For Deck Joint
IM = 15% For Fatigue Limit State
The Dynamic Load Allowance shall not be applied to Design Lane Load
LIVE LOAD MOMENT = TRUCK(1+IM) +LANE
Computation of Moment and Shear
Live Load:
Truck or Tandem
Moment = Pi xMi
Shear = Pi xQi
Uniformity Load :
Moment = w.FM
Shear = w.FQ
SUM = (TRUCK OR TANDEM LOAD +IMPACT)*D+LANE LOAD
Truck 35 145 145
Moment 0.85 3 0.85
L/2
Shear 0.1427 0.5 0.1427
Moment 0.1 2.25 1.175
L/4
Shear 0.033 0.392 0.75
Moment 0.1287 0.3222 0.5157
dv from bearing
Shear 0.238 0.597 0.955
At bearing Shear 0.2833 0.6416 1
Tandem 110 110
Moment 3 2.4
L/2
Shear 0.5 0.4
Moment 2.25 1.95
L/4
Shear 0.75 0.65
Moment 0.5157 0.4617
dv from bearing
Shear 0.955 0.855
At bearing Shear 1 0.9
Lane
L/2 Moment
Moment
L/4
Shear
Dead loads

b1 = 1190
b2 = 600
h1 = 400
h2 = 250

Stage I
Girder self-weigth
Ac = = 0.3875 m2
Wdc = Ac x rc = 9.3 KN/m
Stage II
Wsidewalk = = 4.65 KN/m
Wbarrier = = 0.93 KN/m
Asphalt
Was1 = has(Sg -0.5)*as = 1.18125 KN/m
Was1 = has(Sg)*as = 2.025 KN/m
CIP concrete
Cip1 = (Sgxh-Ac)xc = 6.54 KN/m
Load and load combination:
Table of moment and shea for exterior girder
Moment Shear
dv from
Location L/2 L/4 L/2 L/4
bearing
Girder self-weigth 167.4 125.55 28.78 0 27.9
Sidewalk 83.7 62.77 14.39 0 13.95
Barrier 16.74 12.555 2.878 0 2.79
Asphalt 21.26 15.95 3.654 3.544
CIP concrete 117.7 88.29 0 19.62
Live load 588

Table of moment and shea for interior girder

Moment Shear
dv from
Location L/2 L/4 L/2 L/4
bearing
Girder self-weigth 167.4 125.55 28.78 0 27.9
Sidewalk 0 0 0 0 0
Barrier 0 0 0 0 0
Asphalt 36.45 27.34 6.266 0 6.075
CIP concrete 117.7 88.29 0 19.62
Live load

Combinations general and limit state

Phi
For flexure 0.9
For shear 0.9
Axial 0.75
For Bearing on concrete 0.7
Strength Service Fatigue
hetha D= 0.95 1 1
hetha R = 0.95 1 1
hetha I = 1.05 N/A N/A
Strength Service Fatigue
Gama DW = 1.5 1
Gama DC = 1.25 1
Gama LL = 1.75 1 1
Reinforced Concrete part
Strength I Limit state
a, Exterior Girder:
Mu = hiMi
Mu = h[dc(Mgirder+Mbarrier+Msidewalk+MCIP)+(DWxMasphalt)+(LLxMLL+IM)] =

h= = 0.95
Load combination and load factor
Strength I: Basic load combination relating to the normal vehicular use of the bridge without wind
[A3.4.1]
Load factor (Strength I)
Moment due to live load:
MLL+IM =[max(MTruck; MTandem)x(1+IM/100)+MLane]xDex =
Dynamic load allowance:
IM = 33% all others limit states
Concrete cover
Top concrete cover =
Bottom concrete cover =
( Precast soffit from pannel minimum cover to main bares shall be 25mm) [A5.12.3]
The effective concrete depth for positive and negative bending will be different because of different cover
requirement.

Assuming a bar = 25 mm
dpos = mm
dneg = mm
A simplified expression for the required area of steel can be developped by neglecting the compressive reinforcement in the
resisting moment to give [A5.7.3.2]

We have Aps =0, A's= 0, neglecting f'c=0 so the equation become:

Where:

Assuming that the lever arm (d-a/2) is in dependent of As, we can replce it by "jd" and solve for approximate As
required to resist Mn = Mu

So; fy = 400 N/mm2

= 0.9
j = 0.92
As = 0 mm2
As,propose =
Because it is and approximative expression, it will be necessary to verify the moment capacity of the selected
reinforcement
Maximum reinforcement [A5.7.3.3.1] us limited by the ductility requirement of
C 0.42dc or a 0.421dc [A5.7.2.2]
We have C 0.42dc [A5.7.3.3.1]
a = 1C [A5.7.2.2]
=> a 0.421dc
See [A5.7.2.2], we get
28 MPa< f'c = 30 MPa < 56 MPa => 1 = 0.85 - 0.05 ( f'c -28)/7 = 0.835714286
thus: a 0.35dc where dc =
 Aps = 0 => dc = ds = d => a 0.35 d
=> a = 0 0.35 d = 0 OK
Minimum reinforcement [A5.7.3.3.2] for component containing no-prestressing steel is satified if

= : ration tension steel to gross the area

For the given material properties, the minimum area of steel

mini. At = = 0 mm2
Checking moment strength:
Mn = Asfs ( d - a/2) = 0 KN.m > Mu = 0

b. Interior Girder:
Mu = hiMi
Mu = h[dc(Mgirder+Mbarrier+Msidewalk+MCIP)+(DWxMasphalt)+(LLxMLL+IM)] = KN.m

Limite state modifier

h: Limit State load modifier where h=hDhRhi 0.95 [A1.3.2.1]
hD = 0.95 Ductile component [A1.3.3]
hR = 0.95 Redundant member [A1.3.4]
hi = 0.95 Operational importance [A1.3.5]
thus h= 0.95

Load Combination and Load Factor

STRENGTH I : Basic load combination relating to the normal vehicular use of the bridge w[A3.4.1]
LOAD FACTOR (Strength 1) (Table 3.4.1-1)

DW = 1,5 Component and Attachment

DC = 1,25 Wearing Surface and Utilities
LL = 1,75 Live Load factor

MOMENT DUE TO LIVE LOAD:

MLL+IM =[max(MTruck; MTandem)x(1+IM/100)+MLane]xDex = KN.m

DYNAMIC LOAD ALLOWANCE: [A3.6.2]

IM = 33 % all other limit state all other limit state

Concrete cover (Table A5.12.3-1)

Top concrete cover = 50 mm
Bottom concrete cover = 25 mm
( Precast soffit from pannel minimum cover to main bares shall be 25mm) [A5.12.3]
The effective concrete depth for positive and negative bending will be different because of different cover
requirement.

Assuming a bar = 25 mm
dpos = mm
dneg = mm
A simplified expression for the required area of steel can be developped by neglecting the compressive reinforcement in the
resisting moment to give [A5.7.3.2]

We have Aps =0, A's= 0, neglecting f'c=0 so the equation become:

Where:

Assuming that the lever arm (d-a/2) is in dependent of As, we can replce it by "jd" and solve for approximate As
required to resist Mn = Mu

So; fy = 2.025 N/mm2

= 0.9 [A5.5.4.2.1]
j = 0.92
As = 0 mm2
As,propose = mm2

Because it is and approximative expression, it will be necessary to verify the moment capacity of the selected
reinforcement
Maximum reinforcement [A5.7.3.3.1] us limited by the ductility requirement of
C 0.42dc or a 0.421dc [A5.7.2.2]
We have C 0.42dc [A5.7.3.3.1]
a = 1C [A5.7.2.2]
=> a 0.421dc
See [A5.7.2.2], we get
28 MPa< f'c = 30 MPa < 56 MPa => 1 = 0.85 - 0.05 ( f'c -28)/7 = 0.835714286
thus: a 0.35dc where dc =
Aps = 0 => dc = ds = d => a 0.35 d
=> a = #DIV/0! 0.35 d = 0 #DIV/0!
Minimum reinforcement [A5.7.3.3.2] for component containing no-prestressing steel is satified if

= : ration tension steel to gross the area

For the given material properties, the minimum area of steel

mini. At = = 0 mm2
Checking moment strength:
Mn = Asfs ( d - a/2) = #DIV/0! KN.m > Mu = 0

PART-8 SHEAR STENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE [A5.8]

Design Procedure: [A5.8.1]

Where the traditional beam theory based on plane section remain plane after bending are valid The component
shall be designed for shear either the strut and tie or the section model.

h = 550 mm
L/2 = 6 mm > 2h = 1100
So we use section model in article [A5.5.8.3]

Shear Strengh
Vt = F.Vn
F= 0.9 For Shear in article [ A5.5.4.2]
Vu = h(iVi) = kN
LOAD FACTOR ( Strength 1) (Table 3.4.1-1)

}
DW = 1,5 Component and Attachment
DC = 1,25 Wearing Surface and Utilities we use strength I Limite state for Shear
Design
LL = 1,75 Live Load factor

Limite state modifier

h: Limit State load modifier where h=hDhRhi 0.95 [A1.3.2.1]
hD = 0.95 Ductile component [A1.3.3]
hR = 0.95 Redundant member [A1.3.4]
hi = 0.95 Operational importance [A1.3.5]
thus h= 0.95

Shear force effect:

Determine dv: [A5.8.2.7]

The effective shear depth shall be taken as the distance between of the resultant of tensile and compressives forces
due to flexure but it need not to be taken less than the greater of 0.9de or 0.72h or de - a/2

0.9 de = 0.9 x dpos = 0 mm

dv = 0.72 . h = 396 mm
de - a/2 = #DIV/0! mm

=> dv = #DIV/0! mm

DETERMINATION OF &

Estimate = 42 degree
Calculate :
x
=(/+0.5. #DIV/0! < 0.002 #DIV/0!
)/(. ) =
Es = 200000 MPa
As = 0 mm2
Mu = 0 KN.m

calculate : /(^ #DIV/0!

) =
where v= /(..) #DIV/0!
=
bv = 1190 mm
f'c = 30 MPa

Determine & from figure 5.8.3.4.2-1 by comparing th previous values [AASHTO]

we get = 42 degree and = 6.5

NORMINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE : [A5.8.3.3]

The norminal shear resistance shall be taken to lesser than

 Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp = #DIV/0! N
min{ V = 0.25f' .b .d + V
n c v v p
= #DIV/0! N
So Vn = #DIV/0! N

which :
Vp : Shear resistance provided by shear prestessing tendons
Vp = 0
VC : Shear resistance provided by shear concrete
= 0.083(^ ) .bv. dv #DIV/0! N
=
Vs : Shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement
Vs = ( ( + "a) " #NAME? N
)/ =
a= 90 degree
We use Stirrup RB 12 => Av = #NAME? mm2
fy = 240 Mpa

Determine the required spacing of stirrups renforcement :

Maximum spacing of stirrups renforcement

S / #NAME? mm [A5.8.2.5-1]
(0.083(^

) .bv) =
It must also sastisfy the maximum spacing requirement of AASTHO [A5.8.2.7]

If Vu < 0.1f 'c .bv.d v then S< 0.8 dv < 600mm

If Vu > 0.1f 'c .bv.d v then S< 0.4 dv < 300mm
Vu = 0 kN < 0.1f 'c .bv.d v = #DIV/0!
So S < 0.8 dv = #DIV/0!
mm
thus, S propose = mm
then we compare the shear strength with the value of Vt
Vt = F.Vn = #DIV/0! kN > Vu = 0 kN

Thus we use the strirrups RB 12 S= 0 mm

PART-9. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT [A5.14.4.1]

The amount of the bottom tranverse reinforcement may determine either by two directional
analysis or the amount of distribution reinforcement may be taken as the percentage of the
main reinforcement required for positive moment taken as
for reinforced concrete construction :
1750/ Where L : Span Length
50 %
1750/ #NAME? %
=
a. Interior Girder:
Longitudinal reinforcement bars = 0 mm2/m
So the transverse reinforcement bars = #NAME? mm2/m

Use DB ????

b. Exterior Girder:
Longitudinal reinforcement bars = 0 mm2/m
So the transverse reinforcement bars = #NAME? mm2/m

Use DB ??

PART-10. SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be be provided near surface
of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete. Temperature
and shrinkage reinforcement shall be added, so that the total on exposed surfaces is not less than
that specified here in.
The area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be less than :

As 0.11 299.9791667 mm2/m

/ =
Where :
Ag : gross area of section ( mm2)
fy : specified yield strengh of reinforcement bars (MPa)
Ag = 654500 mm2
So the bar area of top layer and bottom layer is equal to :
/2 149.9895833 mm2/m
=
use DB???
(LRFD 2.5.2.6.3) (Table2.5.2.6.3.1)

(LRFD 5.12.3) (Table 5.12.3.1)

 Total
588 KN.m
98.186 KN
500.125 KN.m
166.745 KN
126 KN.m
233.37 KN
247.9475 KN

453 KN.m
75.5 KN
361.5 KN.m
120.5 KN
84.996 KN.m
157.4 KN
165.5 KN
 167.4 KN.m
125.55 KN.m
27.9 KN

mm
mm
mm
mm

Exterior
Interior

Shear
dv from
bearing

Shear
dv from
bearing

0
0
different cover
ssive reinforcement in the

ve for approximate As

city of the selected

ified if

n steel to gross the area

KN.m

w[A3.4.1]
 different cover

ssive reinforcement in the

ve for approximate As

city of the selected

 ified if

on steel to gross the area

KN.m

A5.8]

alid The component

mm

Limite state for Shear

and compressives forces
2
600mm
300mm
#DIV/0! kN

#DIV/0!
[A5.10.8]