7

7.1 : -

7.1.1. X , (Y, ) fn , f : X Y (n =
1, 2, . . .). (fn ) (pointwise)
f x X

f (x) = lim fn (x).

n

, x X > 0 n0 = n0 (x, ) N
pw
n n0 (fn (x), f (x)) < . fn f fn f
fn (x) f (x) x X.

7.1.2. () (X, d) (xn ) X

xn x. fn : X R fn (t) = d(t, xn )
f : X R f (t) = d(t, x) t X. , fn f . ,
t X
fn (t) = d(t, xn ) d(t, x) = f (t)
n .
() X 6= f : X R. fn (x) = f (x) + n1 n N,
fn : X R fn f : x X fn (x) = f (x) + n1 f (x).
x
() fn : R R fn (x) = n. , fn (x)
0 x R. fn 0 .
130

n
() fn : [0, ) R fn (x) = x+n 2 . ,

fn 0 ( ).
() fn : [0, 1] R fn (x) = xn . -
: x = 1, fn (1) = 1 1. 0 x < 1, fn (x) = xn 0. ,
fn f , f : [0, 1] R

0, 0 x < 1
f (x) =
1, x = 1.

() fn : [0, 1] 7 R
 1 1
fn (x) = 1+nx , n x1
nx
2 , 0 x n1 .

: x = 0, fn (0) = 0 0. 0 < x 1 n0 N
n0 x1 . , n n0 fn (x) = 1+nx
1
.

1
lim fn (x) = lim = 0.
n n 1 + nx

, fn (x) 0 x [0, 1]. fn 0 .

() fn : [0, 1] R
 1 1
fn (x) = (n+1)x1 , n x1
n2 x, 0 x n1 .

: x = 0, fn (0) = 0 0. 0 < x 1, n
1
n1 x, fn (x) = (n+1)x1 0. fn 0 .

7.1.3. X , f, g : X R (fn ), (gn )

X R. fn f gn g , : (i)
t, s R tfn + sgn tf + sg , (ii) fn gn f g .
. x X. ,

(tfn + sgn )(x) = tfn (x) + sgn (x) tf (x) + sg(x) = (tf + sg)(x)

(fn gn )(x) = fn (x)gn (x) f (x)g(x) = (f g)(x),

. 2

, :
, ,
. :
 7.1 : 131

1: (X, ) fn , f : X R. fn f
fn , f
;

: fn : [0, 1]
R fn (x) = xn . fn f , f : [0, 1] R

0, 0 x < 1
f (x) =
1, x = 1.

f x0 = 0.

: A = {1/k : k = 1, 2, . . .} ,
n N, fn : [0, 1] R :
1
1/k, k = 1, . . . , n Ik,n = [ k1 3n(n+1) , k1 + 3n(n+1)
1
]
fn
Sn Ik,n 1/k 1
fn (x) = 0 x / k=1 Ik,n . , fn ( )
f : [0, 1] R

1, x A
f (x) =
0, x [0, 1] \ A

A.

2: fn , f : [a, b] R. fn f , fn
Riemann [a, b], f Riemann
[a, b]
Z b Z b
fn (x) dx f (x) dx ;
a a

: , -
fn : [0, 1] R
1

2n2 x,
01 x 2n1
2 1
fn (x) = 2n x n , 2n x n
1
0, n x1

fn f 0 . ,
Z 1 Z 1
1
fn (x) dx = 6 0 f (x) dx.
0 2 0
132

fn : [0, 1] R fn (x) =
n2 x(1 x)n . x = 0 fn (0) = 0 0. , x = 1 fn (1) = 0 0.
0 < x < 1 :

fn+1 (x) (n + 1)2 x(1 x)n+1 (n + 1)2

= = (1 x) 1 x < 1.
fn (x) n2 x(1 x)n n2

, fn (x) 0 n .
fn f 0 . ,
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 n 2 n 2
fn (x) dx = n x(1 x) dx = n (1 t)t dt = n (tn tn+1 ) dt
0
0 0 0
n2

1 1
= n2 = 1.
n+1 n+2 (n + 1)(n + 2)

,
Z 1 Z 1
fn (x) dx 1 6= 0 = f (x) dx.
0 0

3: I R fn , f : I R. fn f
fn I, f
I fn0 f 0 ;

, :
() (fn ), fn : [0, ) R
x
fn (x) = 1+nx . : (i) x = 0 fn (0) = 0 0 (ii) x > 0

x 1 x
fn (x) = = 1 0.
1 + nx n n +x

, fn (x) 0 x [0, ). , fn f 0 . ,
fn0 (x) = (1+nx)
1 0 0
2 x = 0 fn (0) = 1 1, x > 0 fn (x) 0.
0 0
, (fn ) f 0.
() fn : (0, ) R fn (x) = sin(nx) n .
, x [0, 2] |fn (x)| n1 0. , fn 0 .
, fn0 : (0, ) R fn0 (x) = cos nx
x (0, ). x (0, ) cos nx R, cos(3nx) .

cos(3nx) = 4 cos3 (nx) 3 cos(nx)
 7.1 : 133

= 43 3. , = 0 2 = 1. = 0
sin2 (nx) + cos2 (nx) = 1 sin2 (nx) 1. ,
1 cos(2nx)
sin2 (nx) =
2
cos(2nx) 1, . 2 = 1, sin2 (nx) + cos2 (nx) = 1
sin(nx) 0. ,
sin(n + 1)x = sin(nx) cos x + sin x cos(nx)

sin x cos(nx) 0
sin x 6= 0 x (0, ) cos(nx) 0, .
() gn : (1, 1) R
 1+1/n
t , 0t<1
gn (t) =
(t)1+1/n , 1 < t < 0
gn (t) t t (1, 1), gn0 (0) = 0 n N
g 0 (0) = 1.

.
: fn : [0, 1] R f : [0, 1] R fn (x)
f (x) x [0, 1] limn limx0 fn (x) 6= f (0).

lim lim fn (t) = lim lim fn (t).
n tx tx n
fn : [0, 1] R fn (t) = (1 t)n . fn (t) f (t)
t [0, 1] 
1, t = 0
f (t) =
0, 0 < t 1

lim lim fn (t) = 1 6= 0 = lim f (t).
n t0 t0
, fn : [0, 1] R,
f : [0, 1] R
0. , fn : [0, 1] R

0, 0 t 1/n
fn (t) =
sin(/t), 1/n t 1


0, t=0
fn (t) f (t) =
sin(/t), 0 < t 1
134

7.2 : -

7.2.1. X , (Y, ) fn , f : X Y , n =
1, 2, . . .. (fn ) (uniformly) f >
0 n0 = n0 () N : n n0 x X
uni
(fn (x), f (x)) < . fn f ( X) fn f .
X (Y, )
R . ,
:

fn , f : (X, ) R, n = 1, 2, . . .. (fn )
f > 0 n0 = n0 () N : n n0
x X |fn (x) f (x)| < .

` (X) f : X R

kgk = sup{|g(x)| : x X}.
, :

(fn ) f > 0
n0 = n0 () N : n n0 kfn f k < .

7.2.2. () : X
R. kfn f k < fn
f f + ,
f 2. , fn f
X > 0, , fn
2 f .
() : , fn f
X , > 0 n0 , , |fn (x) f (x)| <
n n0 x X. fn f X ,
> 0 x X n0 , x,
|fn (x) f (x)| < n n0 .
, n0
x X. n0 x
X. , , x
n0 ( > 0) |fn (x) f (x)| <
n n0 .

:
 7.2 : 135

7.2.3. fn , f : (X, ) R, n = 1, 2, . . .. fn f
X, fn f X.
. x X > 0. fn f , n0 N :
n n0 ,
kfn f k < .
,
|fn (x) f (x)| kfn f k .
, n n0

|fn (x) f (x)| kfn f k < .

fn (x) f (x). 2

. 7.2.3,
(fn ) :
(i) f fn f . :
x X , (fn (x)). ,
.
(ii) lim fn (x) x X, f : X R f (x) = lim fn (x)
n n
fn f . ,
: fn f kfn f k .
(fn ) f
(kfn f k ) 0 n .
7.2.4.
( 7.1.2).
() (X, d) (xn ) X xn x.
fn : X R fn (t) = d(t, xn ) fn f ,
f : X R f (t) = d(t, x) t X. |fn (t) f (t)| = |d(t, xn )
d(t, x)| d(xn , x) t X. ,

kfn f k = sup{|fn (t) f (t)| : t X} d(xn , x) 0.

.
1
() X 6= f : X R. fn (x) = f (x) + n
fn f . fn f n1 ,

1
kfn f k = 0.
n
.
136

x
() fn : R R fn (x) = n.
fn 0 . ,
 
|x|
kfn 0k = sup : x R = +
n
n N. .
n
() fn : [0, ) R fn (x) = x+n 2 . -

fn 0 .
: x 0
n n 1
|fn (x)| = 2
2 = .
x+n n n
, kfn 0k n1 0.
() fn : [0, 1] R fn (x) = xn .
fn f , 
0, 0 x < 1
f (x) =
1, x = 1.

kfn f k sup{xn : 0 x < 1} = lim xn = 1

x1

n N. kfn f k 6 0, .
() fn : [0, 1] R
 1 1
fn (x) = 1+nx , n x1
nx
2 , 0 x n1 .

fn 0 .

kfn 0k = fn (1/n) = 1/2.

kfn 0k 6 0, .
() fn : [0, 1] R
 1 1
fn (x) = (n+1)x1 , n x1
2
n x, 0 x n1 .

fn 0 .

kfn 0k = fn (1/n) = n .

kfn 0k 6 0, .
 7.2 : 137

7.2.5. fn : X R, n N. (fn )
X M > 0

|fn (x)| M x X n N.

, M |fn |.

7.2.6. X , f, g : X R (fn ), (gn )

X R t, s R.
() fn f gn g X, tfn + sgn tf + sg
X.
() , , (fn ), (gn ) , fn gn f g
X.

. ()

k(tfn +sgn )(tf +sg)k = kt(fn f )+s(gn g)k |t| kfn f k +|s| kgn gk 0.

() M > 0 |fn (x)| M |gn (x)| M n N

x X. , kfn k M kgn k M n N. , fn f
X, fn f . , x X |f (x)| =
lim |fn (x)| M . , kf k M .
n

kfn gn f gk k(fn f )gn k + kf (gn g)k M kfn f k + M kgn gk 0,

k(fn f )gn k = sup{|fn (x) f (x)||gn (x)| : x X}

sup M sup{|fn (x) f (x)| : x X}
= M kfn f k

( kf (gn g)k M kgn gk ). 2

7.2.1
/ -
(fn ).

7.2.7 ( Cauchy). fn : X R, n N. (fn )

f : X R > 0
n0 = n0 () : n, m n0 kfn fm k < .
138

. f : X R fn f
X. > 0. , n0 = n0 () , n n0 , kfn f k < /2.
, n, m n0

kfn fm k = k(fn f ) + (f fm )k kfn f k + kf fm k < + = .
2 2
, > 0 n0 = n0 () : n, m n0
kfn fm k < . x X. > 0 n0 : n, m n0

() |fn (x) fm (x)| kfn fm k < .

, (fn (x)) R. ,
, x. f : X R f (x) := lim fn (x).
n
, fn f .
m () ( > 0 n0 = n0 ()
): x X n, m n0 ,

|fn (x) f (x)| = lim |fn (x) fm (x)| .

m

, n n0

kfn f k = sup{|fn (x) f (x)| : x X} .

> 0 , fn f . 2

7.2.8. (X, d) fn : X R
fn f , f : X R. ,
x0 X (xn ) X xn x0 fn (xn ) f (x0 ).

|fn (xn ) f (x0 )| |fn (xn ) f (xn )| + |f (xn ) f (x0 )| kfn f k + |f (xn ) f (x0 )|.

(fn ) f kfn f k 0
f x0 ( xn x) |f (xn ) f (x0 )| 0.
|fn (xn ) f (x0 )| 0. 2

7.2.9 (Dini). (X, d) fn : X R

,
f : X R. , fn f X.

. , , f = 0 (, -
gn = fn f , gn 0
 7.2 : 139

). (fn ) (
fn ). , 0 fn+1 fn n N.
: 6.3.3:

, ( ).
> 0.

Kn = {x X : fn (x) }.

Kn fn . n N Kn+1 Kn
T fn ( x Kn+1 fn (x) fn+1 (x) , x Kn ).

n=1 Kn = ( x X fn (x) 0, fn (x) < ,

n N x / Kn ). (X, d) , n0 N Kn0 =
Kn , n n0 . , 0 fn (x) < n n0
x X. kfn k < n n0 . 2
: > 0.

Bn () = {x X : fn (x) < }, n = 1, 2 . . .

(Bn ()) S X ( fn
fn fn+1 ). , X = n=1 Bn (). x X,
fn (x) 0 n N fn (x) < , x Bn ().
Sk
X , n1 , n2 , . . . , nk N X = j=1 Bnj () = Bn0 (),
n0 = max{n1 , . . . , nk }. , n n0 Bn () = X, fn (x) <
x X. > 0 , fn 0 . 2
: f
. -
fn : [0, 1] R fn (x) = xn . (fn )
( f x0 = 1).

7.2.2 ,
7.1
, .
,
.

7.2.10. (X, ) , f, fn : X R x0 X. -
:

(i) fn f X,

(ii) fn x0 .
140

, f x0 .
, fn X, f X.
. > 0. fn f , n0 N

kfn0 f k < .
3
fn0 x0 , > 0 : x B(x0 , ),

|fn0 (x) fn0 (x0 )| .
3
, x B(x0 , )

|f (x) f (t0 )| |f (x) fn0 (x)| + |fn0 (x) fn0 (x0 )| + |fn0 (x0 ) f (x0 )|
kfn0 f k + |fn0 (x) fn0 (x0 )| + kfn0 f k

< + + = .
3 3 3
, f x0 . 2
. , -
,
.
7.2.11. (fn ) -
[a, b]. fn : [a, b] R Riemann
[a, b] fn f [a, b]. , f Riemann
[a, b]
Z b Z b
fn (x) dx f (x) dx.
a a

. f . > 0

n N kfn f k < 4(ba) . , fn f
[a, b].
fn , P = {a = x0 < x1 <
< xm = b} [a, b]
m1
X
U (fn , P ) L(fn , P ) = (Mk (fn ) mk (fn ))(xk+1 xk ) <
2
k=0

Mk = sup{fn (x) : x [xk , xk+1 ]} mk = inf{fn (x) : x [xk , xk+1 ]} (

Riemann). kfn f k < 4(ba) ,

mk (fn ) mk (f ) Mk (f ) Mk (fn ) +
4(b a) 4(b a)
 7.2 : 141

k = 0, 1, . . . , m 1.
m1
X
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) U (fn , P ) L(fn , P ) + (xk+1 xk ) < .
2(b a)
k=0

Riemann, f .
kfn f k 0:

Z  Z
 b Z b  b Z b
f (x) dx f (x) dx |f (x)f (x)| dx kfn f k dx = (ba)kfn f k 0,
 
 a n n
 
a  a a

. 2
sin(nx)
(fn ) (0, ) fn (x) = n
:
fn 0 (0, ), fn0 (x) = cos(nx)
x (0, ). , :
7.2.12. fn , g : [a, b] R, n N. fn
[a, b] , fn0 , [a, b].
:
(i) fn0 g [a, b],
(ii) x0 [a, b] (fn (x0 )) R.
, (fn ) f : [a, b] R, f
[a, b] f 0 g.
. ,
Z x
fn (x) = fn (x0 ) + fn0 (s) ds, x [a, b].
x0

Z x Z x
fn0 (s) ds g(s) dx, x [a, b].
x0 x0

, Z x
fn (x) + g(s) ds.
x0

Z x
f (x) = + g(s) ds.
x0
142

f 0 (x) = g(x)
x [a, b]. fn f [a, b].
 Z x Z x 
fn0 (s) ds
 
|fn (x) f (x)| = fn (x0 ) + g(s) ds
x0 x0
Z x 
0
 
|fn (x0 ) | +  (fn (s) g(s)) ds
x0
|fn (x0 ) | + |x x0 | kfn0 gk
|fn (x0 ) | + |b a| kfn0 gk .

kfn f k |fn (x0 ) | + |b a| kfn0 gk 0. 2

(fn ) -
f : [a, b] R .

7.2.13. fn : [a, b] R ,
fn (x) f (x) x [a, b] fn0 g [a, b], f
g.

. fn0 g, x [a, b]
Z x Z x
fn0 (t)dt g(t)dt.
a a

Z x
fn0 (t)dt = fn (x) fn (a).
a

fn (x) f (x) fn (a) f (a)

Z x
f (x) f (a) = g(t)dt.
a

g , .
g.
f f 0 = g. 2

7.3
7.3.1. fk : X R, k N. n N
sn : X R
sn (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + + fn (x).
 7.3 143

P s : X R sn s X,

k=1 fk s X

X
s= fk .
k=1
P
, , sn s A, k=1 fk -
s X.
,
, (sn ) .
P
7.3.2. k=0 xk .

fk (x) = xk , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

(1, 1) s(x) =
1
1x . ,

X 1
xk =
1x
k=0

x (1, 1). (1, 1).

x (1, 1)
n
X 1 xn+1
sn (x) = xk =
1x
k=0

xn+1
sn (x) s(x) = .
1x

|x|n+1
lim = +,
x1 1x

sup{|sn (x) s(x)| : x (1, 1)} = +

n N. , (sn ) s .
P
7.3.3. fk : X R, k N. k=1 fk
s X, s X.
. sn s sn s . 2
P

P R, k N a, b R. k=1 fk = s
7.3.4. fk , gk : X P

k=1 gk = t X, k=1 (afk + bgk ) = as + bt X.
.
144

. . 2
P
7.3.5 ( Cauchy). fk : X R, k N. k=1 fk
( ) X :
> 0 n0 = n0 () N : n > m n0 x X,

|fm+1 (x) + + fn (x)| .

. Cauchy (sn ). -
: n > m sn sm = fm+1 + + fn . 2
7.3.6 ( Weierstrass). fk : X R ,
k N.

sup{|fk (x)| : x X} Mk , kN

Mk |fk |,

X
Mk < +.
k=1
P
, k=1 fk X.
P
. , x X k=1 fk (x) -
,

X
X
|fk (x)| Mk < +.
k=1 k=1
P
, k=1 fk X. s =
P
k=1 fk . , n N x X
   
X n
X   X 
|s(x) sn (x)| =  fk (x) fk (x) =  fk (x)
   
   
k=1 k=1 k=n+1

X
X
|fk (x)| Mk .
k=n+1 k=n+1
P
k=1 Mk < +

X
ks sn k Mk 0
k=n+1
P
n . , k=1 fk . 2
 7.3 145

P
7.3.7. k=1 sin(kx) k2 , x R.
sin(kx)
fk (x) = k2 ,
1
|fk (x)| 2
k
P 1 P
x R. k=1 k2 , k=1 sin(kx)
k2
R.

7.2.10, 7.2.11 7.2.12

( sn = f1 + + fn ).

7.3.8. (X, ) , f, fk : X R x0 X.
:
P
(i) k=1 fk f X,

(ii) fk x0 .

, f x0 .
, fk X, f X.

7.3.9. (fk )
[a, b].
P fk : [a, b] R Riemann
[a, b] k=1 fk f [a, b]. , f
Riemann=- [a, b]
Z b Z
X b
f (x) dx = fk (x) dx.
a k=1 a

7.3.10. fk , g : [a, b] R, n N. fk
[a, b] , fk0 , [a, b].
:
P
(i) k=1 fk0 g [a, b],
P
(ii) x0 [a, b] k=1 fk (x) R.
P
, k=1 fk f : [a, b] R, f
[a, b] f 0 g. ,

!0
X X
fk = fk0 .
k=1 k=1