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What is USB..?

USB is a serial bus standard for connecting peripherals devices to PC


with simplified addition and removal.

We can find now in


Mouse, keyboard,joystick,printer,scaner,modems,vga camera..etc
How we got this USB.?
The motivation for the USB comes from 3
interrelated considerations:
Connection of the PC to the telephone

Ease-of-use

Port expansion

A group of seven companies began development on USB in 1994:


Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel.

Versions :- USB 1.0(Jan 1996), USB 1.1(Sept 1998),


USB 2.0 (April 2000) , USB 3.0 (12 Nov2008)
Architectural Overview
USB System Description

A USB system is described by three definitional areas:

USB interconnect
The USB interconnect is the manner in which
USB devices are connected to and communicate with the
host.

USB devices
USB devices are divided into device classes such as hub,
locator, or text device.

USB host. Composition of USB host controller and h/w


There is only one host in any USB system.
The USB interface to the host computer system is referred to
as the Host Controller.
The Host Controller may be implemented in a combination of hardware,
firmware, or software.
USB interconnect

Bus Topology :The USB physical interconnect is a tiered star


topology.
USB Host: Hardware and Software

The host and the device are divided into the distinct layers
The USB interconnect supports data traffic between a host and a USB device.
All communications between the host and device ultimately occur on the
physical USB wire.
There are logical host-device interfaces between each horizontal layer.
The major layers of a host :
USB bus interface:
The USB bus interface handles interactions for the electrical and
protocol layers

USB System:
The USB System uses the Host Controller to manage data transfers
between the host and USB devices

Client Software: Software that executes on the host, corresponding to a


USB device. This client software is typically supplied with
the operating system or provided along with the USB device.
USB bus interface:
handles
interactions for the electrical and protocol layers

USB bus interface is provided by both the USB device and the host,

The Host Controller has an integrated root hub providing attachment


points to the USB wire.

The USB System Software


Overall, the host layers provide the following
capabilities:

Detecting the attachment and removal of USB devices


Managing USB standard control flow between the host and USB
devices
Managing data flow between the host and USB devices

Collecting status and activity statistics

Controlling the electrical interface between the Host Controller


and USB devices, including the provision of a limited amount of
power.
USB Devices
composition of USB bus interface hardware,USB logical device and functions

Functions:
which provide capabilities to the system, such as an ISDN connection,
a digital joystick, or speakers.
Hubs: which provide additional attachment points to the USB

Hubs are wiring concentrators and enable the multiple attachment characteristics of
the USB.

simplify USB connectivity from the users perspective and provide robustness at low
cost and complexity.

The upstream port of a hub connects the hub towards the host.

ELECTIRICAL FEATURES
Signalling rates

USB 1.0
A low-speed rate of 1.5 Mbit/s
The full-speed rate of 12 Mbit/s

USB 2.0

A high-speed :- 480 Mbit/s

USB 3.0
A SuperSpeed :- 5Gbit/s..
VOLTAGE LEVELS OF TRANSMISSION

3.6V
2.8V
In FULL b/w &
(usb1.x)
LOW b/w 0.3V
0.0V

In HIGH b/w 44O mV


(usb2.0) 360mV

10mV
-10mV
The host includes 1.5 k pull-down resistors on each data line.

When no device is connected, this pulls both data lines low into the so-called
"single-ended zero" state

A USB device pulls one of the data lines high with a 1.5 k resistor.
full-bandwidth devices pull D+ high,
low-bandwidth devices pull D high.
USB signals are transmitted on a twisted-pair data cable with 90 15% characteristic
impedance labelled D+ and D. Prior to USB 3.0, these collectively use half-duplex
differential signalling

V bus and GND bus:To deliver power to devices VBUS is nominally +5V at the source,
In order to provide guaranteed input voltage levels and proper
termination impedance, biased terminations are used at
each end of the cable
:
Signalling Mechanism

.ie each packets contains packet id,block of information and errorchecking


codes(crc)
Frame consists of clock synchronization byte, type of packet and
end of packet.
A USB packet begins with an 8-bit synchronization sequence '00000001

A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter


driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D both below max) and 1 bit time of J state.

USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the
opposite K
USB encodes data using the NRZI convention;

uses bit stuffing: 0 is inserted after 6 consecutive 1s

Chirping: USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset,


to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub.
Communication
USB communication data is transmitted as packets
Initially, all packets are sent from the host, via the root hub and possibly more hubs, to
devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply.
Handshake packets
Handshake packets consist of a PID byte, and are generally sent in response to
data packets.

Token packets
Token packets consist of a PID byte followed by 2 payload bytes: 11 bits of address
and a 5-bit CRC. Tokens are only sent by the host, never a device.

Data packets: The information bits


Some of the hand shaking packets are
Sent in response to data packets

ACK: Data was successfully received

NAK: The data cannot be received and should be retried

STALL:The device has an error condition and will never be able to


successfully transfer data until some corrective action (such as device
initialization) is performed.

In usb 2.0(some additional)

NYET:a split transaction is not yet complete.

ERR: handshake to indicate that a split transaction failed.


Token packets
IN & OUT: contain a 7-bit device number and 4-bit function number (for
multifunctio
devices) and command the device to transmit DATAx
packets, or receive
the following DATAx packets, respectively.
SETUP: like an OUT token, used for initial device setup.

USB 2.0(additional)

PING: asks a device if it is ready to receive an OUT/DATA packet pair.

SPLIT: used to perform split transactions.

PRE packets: used for low band width devices. To indicate the
beginning low band width packet.
USB Communication Flow
The USB provides a communication service between software on the host and its USB
function.

Functions can have different communication flow requirements for different client-to-
function interactions.
Each communication flow makes use of some bus access to accomplish
communication between client and function.

A USB logical device appears to the USB system as a collection of endpoints.


PIPES

The USB System Software manages the device using the Default Control Pipe.
Client software manages an interface using pipe bundles (associated with an endpoint
set).
A USB pipe is an association between an endpoint on a device and software on
the host.

Pipes represent the ability to move data between software on the host via a memory
buffer and an endpoint on a device.

Stream pipe: Data moving through a pipe has no USB-defined structure

Message pipe: Data moving through a pipe has some USB-defined structure.
Mechanical Features
It is hot plug and play,
The USB physical topology consists of connecting the downstream hub port to
the upstream port of another hub or to a device.
The USB can operate at two speeds.
Keyed Connector Protocol
To minimize end user termination problems, USB uses a keyed connector protocol.

The physical difference in the Series A and B connectors insure proper end user
connectivity.
Connectors
Cabling

The data cables for USB 1.x and USB 2.x use a twisted pair to reduce noise
and crosstalk. USB 3.0 cables contain twice as many wires as USB 2.x to
support Super Speed data transmission, and are thus larger in diameter.[
Power

The USB 1.x and 2.0 specifications provide a 5 V (5 V5%) supply on a single
wire from which connected USB devices may draw power.
.
A device may draw a maximum of 5 unit loads (500 mA) from a port in
USB 2.0; 6 (900 mA) in USB 3.0.
A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 2.0, and 150 mA in USB 3.0.

For USB 3.0, the voltage supplied by low-powered hub ports is 4.455.25 V.

A low-power device draws at most 1 unit load, with minimum operating voltage
of 4.4 V in USB 2.0, and 4 V in USB 3.0.

A high-power device draws at most the maximum number of unit loads


permitted by the standard.

high-speed external disk drives, require more than 500 mA Y-shaped


Sleep-and-charge ports

Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when
the computer is switched off. Normally when a computer is powered off the USB
ports are powered down. This prevents phones and other devices from being able
to charge unless the computer is powered on.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER STANDARDS

USB FireWire( IEEE 1394)

tiered-star topology, tree topology.

"speak-when-spoken-to" protocol;. at any time, subject to network conditions.

a single host at the top of the tree any capable node can control the network.

USB runs with a 5 V power line, 12 V and theoretically can supply up to 30 V.

simplicity and low cost, designed for high performance,


(in time-sensitive applications such as audio
and video)
USB Ethernet (The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet)

USB runs with a 5 V power line It operates at 48 V DC

USB 2.0 which provide 2.5 W up to 5m supply more power (up to 12.95 W,
PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100m

Cheaper and power demand is low costlier


. (VoIP telephones, security cameras
wireless access points)

no such requirement
require electrical isolation between the

Ethernet has significant safety advantage


USB 3.0

Transfer speed Super Speed or SS 5 Gbit/s, 10 times


faster than USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s

Increased bandwidth instead of one-way communication,


USB 3.0 uses two unidirectional data paths: one to receive
data and the other to transmit;

Power management U0 through U3 link power


management states are defined;

Improved bus utilization a new feature is added (using


packets NRDY and ERDY) to let a device asynchronously
notify the host of its readiness (no need of polling);

Support to rotating media Bulk protocol is updated with a


new feature called Stream Protocol that allows a large
number of logical streams within an Endpoint.
USB 3.0 has transmission speeds of up to 5 Gbit/s.
DIFFERENT USB CONNECTORS
Iwentthrough.

1, Universal Serial Bus Specification


Compaq, Intel, Microsoft, NEC
Revision 1.1
September 23, 1998

2, www.wikipedia.com

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