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USB interconnect
The USB interconnect is the manner in which
USB devices are connected to and communicate with the
host.
USB devices
USB devices are divided into device classes such as hub,
locator, or text device.
The host and the device are divided into the distinct layers
The USB interconnect supports data traffic between a host and a USB device.
All communications between the host and device ultimately occur on the
physical USB wire.
There are logical host-device interfaces between each horizontal layer.
The major layers of a host :
USB bus interface:
The USB bus interface handles interactions for the electrical and
protocol layers
USB System:
The USB System uses the Host Controller to manage data transfers
between the host and USB devices
USB bus interface is provided by both the USB device and the host,
Functions:
which provide capabilities to the system, such as an ISDN connection,
a digital joystick, or speakers.
Hubs: which provide additional attachment points to the USB
Hubs are wiring concentrators and enable the multiple attachment characteristics of
the USB.
simplify USB connectivity from the users perspective and provide robustness at low
cost and complexity.
The upstream port of a hub connects the hub towards the host.
ELECTIRICAL FEATURES
Signalling rates
USB 1.0
A low-speed rate of 1.5 Mbit/s
The full-speed rate of 12 Mbit/s
USB 2.0
USB 3.0
A SuperSpeed :- 5Gbit/s..
VOLTAGE LEVELS OF TRANSMISSION
3.6V
2.8V
In FULL b/w &
(usb1.x)
LOW b/w 0.3V
0.0V
10mV
-10mV
The host includes 1.5 k pull-down resistors on each data line.
When no device is connected, this pulls both data lines low into the so-called
"single-ended zero" state
A USB device pulls one of the data lines high with a 1.5 k resistor.
full-bandwidth devices pull D+ high,
low-bandwidth devices pull D high.
USB signals are transmitted on a twisted-pair data cable with 90 15% characteristic
impedance labelled D+ and D. Prior to USB 3.0, these collectively use half-duplex
differential signalling
V bus and GND bus:To deliver power to devices VBUS is nominally +5V at the source,
In order to provide guaranteed input voltage levels and proper
termination impedance, biased terminations are used at
each end of the cable
:
Signalling Mechanism
USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the
opposite K
USB encodes data using the NRZI convention;
Token packets
Token packets consist of a PID byte followed by 2 payload bytes: 11 bits of address
and a 5-bit CRC. Tokens are only sent by the host, never a device.
USB 2.0(additional)
PRE packets: used for low band width devices. To indicate the
beginning low band width packet.
USB Communication Flow
The USB provides a communication service between software on the host and its USB
function.
Functions can have different communication flow requirements for different client-to-
function interactions.
Each communication flow makes use of some bus access to accomplish
communication between client and function.
The USB System Software manages the device using the Default Control Pipe.
Client software manages an interface using pipe bundles (associated with an endpoint
set).
A USB pipe is an association between an endpoint on a device and software on
the host.
Pipes represent the ability to move data between software on the host via a memory
buffer and an endpoint on a device.
Message pipe: Data moving through a pipe has some USB-defined structure.
Mechanical Features
It is hot plug and play,
The USB physical topology consists of connecting the downstream hub port to
the upstream port of another hub or to a device.
The USB can operate at two speeds.
Keyed Connector Protocol
To minimize end user termination problems, USB uses a keyed connector protocol.
The physical difference in the Series A and B connectors insure proper end user
connectivity.
Connectors
Cabling
The data cables for USB 1.x and USB 2.x use a twisted pair to reduce noise
and crosstalk. USB 3.0 cables contain twice as many wires as USB 2.x to
support Super Speed data transmission, and are thus larger in diameter.[
Power
The USB 1.x and 2.0 specifications provide a 5 V (5 V5%) supply on a single
wire from which connected USB devices may draw power.
.
A device may draw a maximum of 5 unit loads (500 mA) from a port in
USB 2.0; 6 (900 mA) in USB 3.0.
A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 2.0, and 150 mA in USB 3.0.
For USB 3.0, the voltage supplied by low-powered hub ports is 4.455.25 V.
A low-power device draws at most 1 unit load, with minimum operating voltage
of 4.4 V in USB 2.0, and 4 V in USB 3.0.
Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when
the computer is switched off. Normally when a computer is powered off the USB
ports are powered down. This prevents phones and other devices from being able
to charge unless the computer is powered on.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER STANDARDS
a single host at the top of the tree any capable node can control the network.
USB 2.0 which provide 2.5 W up to 5m supply more power (up to 12.95 W,
PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100m
no such requirement
require electrical isolation between the
2, www.wikipedia.com