Advantages of Nanotechnology in the

Realm of Construction Engineering

_____________________________

A Research Paper Presented to:

DR. CHENITA P. DAPITO

College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering

Santa Mesa, Manila
_____________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements in

WRITING IN DISCIPLINE (ENGL 1023)

_____________________________

Farral,Vladimir

Gaas, Grace Joice

Garcia, Mary Jane

Gicom, Angelica

Gonzales, Jester John

Guario, Paulo

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

November 2013 - January 2014

 Chapter 1

Introduction

Nanotechnology isnt all in the future, a sentence coming from the book

Nanotechnology Demystified that gave us the idea of linking advance technology to a

study wherein advancement is needed. Innovation of ideas opened up the vast world of

technology to be integrated with a certain study that evolved from its ancient beginnings

to attain mans desire of constructing for their own consumption.

As of now, we enter the new generation called computer generation which

create advancements for every industries in this world. Different fields of various

interests seek for more advanced technology that could help them on developing and

discovering innovation on the techniques and apparatuses that could help them on

simplifying human efforts with more reliable results.

Focusing on the construction industry, development of basic materials is the key

for a better and stronger foundation of establishments. The researchers are very certain

of finding ways on how advance technology, such as Nanotechnology, could help in the

realm of construction engineering to be capable of having high end structures. Nano

technology is a study wherein enhancement of composition and characteristics of a

certain material is the main concern producing materials with characteristics to be more

durable and more efficient.

According to Adam Williams (2007),Nanomaterials are great at the same time.

It creates great impact to the world in a sense that it paved way for the development of

fresh ideas that could be derived in Nanotechnology. Williams added, Nanomaterials

dont break easily when dropped or smashed. When sliced, nanomaterial heal
themselves by linking back together. Nanomaterials amazing and useful properties with

many structural and non-structural applications.

On the other hand, Engineers works to improve and to understand specific

properties of materials that could contribute to the enhancement of its properties. As

nanotechnology enters the industry, engineers want to try and use it for creating

innovative and cheaper materials to offer. According to Adam Williams, Engineers now

have even greater strength, heat conductance, molecular change ability, electricity

transmission, and flexibility to work with it. This is by the use of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology invades the world and every industry around it and tries to modify it

would be concerned of. It may affect the way people live and on how they would interact

with this type of technology.

Background of the Study

The definition of Civil engineering embodied in 1828 in the royal charter of the

Institution of Civil Engineers, London, remains valid: Civil Engineering is the art of

directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.

This definition was conceptualize because of its own beginnings. The term Civil was

used in the 19th century to distinguish this profession from military engineering.

Engineers in this profession are engaged in peaceful ,as well as warlike, activities, and

many civil engineering works of ancient and medieval times- such as the Roman public

baths, roads, aqueducts, bridges; the Flemish canals; the Dutch sea defense ; the
French Gothic Cathedrals and numerous monuments- reveal a continuing History of

inventive genius persistent experimentation in this type of construction.

As of the present generation, different serious challenges that are motivating new

approach on how to design, build, operate and maintain buildings and infrastructure.

Leading us to look for advance technologies that would help us to improve the quality of

construction for mans convenience. Advance technologies are now adopted by different

industries for better outputs that would improve mans way of living. Thats why the

fundamentals established by the pioneering group of Civil engineers integrate the use of

modern technology to enhance different factors that affect the construction process.

This study is conducted to determine the advantages of using advance

technology, especially Nanotechnology, in the realm of construction engineering. This is

for us to qualify if the following advantages could lead us to produce more high quality

establishments and to develop ways on how engineers could lessen the intensity of

work.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on the advantages of using Nanotechnology in the realm of

construction Engineering and the researchers will seek probable answers for the

following Sub problems:

1. What are the advantages of nanotechnology in the realm of construction

Engineering?

2. What are the relationships between nanotechnology and construction

Engineering?
 3. Are there any output regarding construction Engineering involving

nanotechnology? If yes, What are those?

4. How significant nanotechnology in construction Engineering?

5. What are the benefits of using nanotechnology in construction Engineering?

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between nanotechnology and the construction

Engineering.

Conceptual Framework

Input Throughput Output

1. Respondents profile 1. Preparation of Advantages of
a. Age Questionnaires
Nanotechnology in
b. Gender 2.Distribution of

c. Educational Questionnaires the realm of

Attainment 3. Gathering of Data Construction

d. Location 4.Tallying
Engineering
2. Survey Questionnaire 5. Analysis

3. Books 6. Organizing

4. Newspapers 7.Drawing of Findings,

5. Studies Conclusions and

Recommendations
 Theoretical Framework

In this research the independent variable is nanotechnology. It is the variable

which is needed form the researchers to know its advantages in the field of Civil

Engineering. It is also the variable which is to be tested to find its advantages. The

construction engineering is the dependent variable in a sense that it is the one who

relies on the nanotechnology. It is the variable which has to be the source of answer to

the problem. The researchers will see the effect of nanotechnology base on what will

happen or what will be its results in construction engineering. These two variables will

be needed to show the relation and to find the answer to the following questions.

Significance of the Study

This study aims on how construction materials be improved through the application of

Nanotechnology. On construction, materials should be the main concern of the

engineers because this would be the foundation wherein we rely our future

consumption. This study can benefit the following:

The Community: The study will help the community to develop more ideas for their

own consumption. If this study would be put into application, they would be the main

beneficiaries of different infrastructures with High-end properties.

The Future engineers: This study would benefit the future engineers and those who

will be engaged in various fields related to construction. They could apply the

conceptualization of the relationships of Nanotechnology and construction engineering

in terms of the strength of materials. Discovery of new applications may arise from this
basic study that we will be doing. In this sense future establishments could have

improved a lot and can withstand different phenomena that could cause devastation.

The Future researchers: This study can help the future researchers to have a basic

knowledge about Nanotechnology and its capacities. They can relate some information

from our study that may be counted as a significant factor of their future study. This

study could also act as a guide on how to start a preliminary data for their own study.

The Researchers: This study would give understanding to the proper applications of

the latest technology discovered by mankind. Discovery of advantages of

Nanotechnology may open the minds of the researchers to look for the further

possibilities this technology can bring to mankind. This study enable the researchers to

cope with the constant development of problems and challenges that would lead to the

developments in the field of construction.

Scope and Limitations

The study is about the advantage of nanotechnology in the realm of construction

engineering. This study would focus on the discovery of the possible advantages in the

advancement of materials in construction engineering upon the application of

Nanotechnology. This will cover the strength and the effect of the materials molecular

foundation in construction. In addition, the connection of Nanotechnology in the

materials composition will also be covered. The researchers are only given the span of

time from the first week of November up to February, the following year, only.
 Definition of Terms

For purposes of clarification, important terms used in the study are hereby

defined:

1.Construction engineering A specialized branch of civil engineering concerned

with the planning, execution, and control of construction operations for projects

such as highways, dams, utility lines, and buildings.

2.Nanoparticles Ultrafine unit with dimensions measured in nanometres (nm;

billionths of a metre).

3.Nanoscale on a scale of 109 metre; having or involving dimensions of less

than 100 nanometres.

4.Nanoscience The science and technology of building devices from single

atoms and molecules.

5. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular

scale.
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

A. Related Literature

Foreign Literature

The Engineering Profession and Materials

The Accreditation Board of Engineering and technology makes point clearly

about the definition of engineering. According to the board it is defined as Engineering

is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained

by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize,

economically, the materials and forces of Nature for the Benefit of mankind.

The Accreditation Board of Engineering and technology added, here are main

distinctions of functions and approaches that exists between the engineers and

scientists. Engineers integrates different activities present, while scientists are said to

be the reductionists of tasks. The engineer often employs an intuitive, global approach

as opposed to that of the scientist, who breaks down the problem to its simplest origin to

clarify the fundamental principles acting to it. In other words, engineers are tasked to

solve problems by synthesizing knowledge from different disciplines and to create a

complete understanding of what he or she is dealing with. In Other cases engineers

should define operating conditions and develop a test, according to his intuition, that

would make the project safe, economical and chronological.

Major Classes of Materials

According to Moavenzadeh the major classification of materials are metals,

ceramics, polymers, composites and semiconductors. Construction engineers are surely

familiar with metals that involves iron, copper, aluminum, silver and gold; common

ceramics include sand, bricks and mortar, glass (window) and graphite; examples of

familiar polymers are cellulose, nylon, polyethylene, Teflon, Kevlar and polystyrene;

mixtures of materials known as composites such as carbon/ carbon composites;

simplest among semiconductors are Silicon and Germanium. By understanding the

similarities and differences among these five classes of materials, you will be into

formulate intelligent material selections that can meet the challenges of modern

technology.

He also said that, many materials have similarities among their atomic structures

or useful engineering properties that make it both convenient to classify them broadly in

five groups. It should be understood that the classification is arbitrary. Changes are

possible due to some new discoveries in the advancement of technology. Composite

are sometimes regarded as engineered materials, provide an exceptional example of

a new classification. These materials are done by combining other materials, using
advanced technology, to obtain properties that could not be obtained from the existing

classes of materials.

Properties of materials are related to its structure, it is important that you have a

knowledge about on how the materials was processed and that it affects the hence its

properties. As an example of this important concept, consider the dramatic effect that

thermal processing can have on the properties of steel. If slowly cooled from a high

temperature the still will be relatively soft and has low strength. If the same steel is

quenched form the same high temperature it will be extremely hard and brittle. Finally, if

it is quenched and then reheated to other intermediate temperature, it will have an

excellent combination of strength and toughness. The point of stating this example is to

prove that different processes act on the material would improve or depreciate the

properties of different materials.

Nanotechnology Demystified: Products

Today, hundreds of products out in the market are using nanotechnology. Most of

these products are the result of better uses of the established technology, such as

scratch-resistant, anti-adhesive coatings, but in the next ten to twenty years, emerging

technologies will knock our socks off.

Nano technology isnt all in the future. Manufacturers are enhancing our

traditional products through the manipulation of their properties integrating with new

nanoproperties to go beyond those bulk in the material. Scientists improve the products

strength and durability by manipulating the materials up to the molecular level. Lots of

products are now out in the market without us discovering that it applies
nanotechnology. For example, a new household or construction product keeps the

surfaces look as neat and clean as your clothes. This material uses nano titanium

hydroxide, like the sunscreen, and catalyzes breakdown of organic materials. It makes

the dirt slide off the windows and other surfaces after the application. Windows, wind

shields, or even reading glasses treated with nanotechnology anti-adhesive products

will be self-cleaning.

Nanotechnology Demystified: Materials Smart materials

Nano materials are great and strange at the same time. Carbon nanotubes, for

example, add strength, flexibility and heat to plastics and ceramics, and metals. Nano

materials dont break easily when dropped or smashed. When sliced, nanomaterials

heal themselves by linking back together. Nanomaterials offer engineers a brand new

bag of tricks to make the living of mankind better. It also have amazing properties

whether the application is on structural or nonstructural.

Nearly every industry, including biomedicine, energy, chemicals, and electronics

are affected by the nanoscale. Nanoscale materials / processes are responsible for the

behavior of materials. Many applications of nanotechnology on materials have just been

waiting for the right material to be applied off-such as solar cells or super-efficient

electrical lines. As of the progress in mankinds timeline (Iron Age, Bronze Age,

Industrial Age and Information Age), with nanomaterials, we are entering a new age

the Molecular Age.

Like science, engineering focuses on several areas of research, such as

aerospace, biomedical, chemical, electrical, environmental, mechanical and nuclear.

However, all of these share a common denominator: advanced materials. Engineers are

working toward the complete understanding specific properties of materials and its

advancement. Since nanomolecules and nanotubes are discovered, scientists and

engineers are testing all the possibilities these materials offer and more ways to use

them.

Bottom line Risks and Benefits

Some critics believes that molecular manufacturing is possible and that the risks

must be considered. They believe that it has the potential to disrupt a society for the

better and worse. While its possible that weapons and surveillance devices that are

smaller and cheaper might be created, it may be argued in the future, low cost of

manufacturing materials could bring economic upset or potential environmental

damage.

Moreover, poorly planned and severe restrictions may lead to higher demand of

nanoproducts that produces the risk of producing black market products. In fact, all

kinds of different risks can be imagined. But the general fact is that any technology,

when used poorly can cause damage and problems in our society.

B. Related Studies

Foreign studies

Housing Technology and Infrastructure

On literature, Graeme John Hardie, said that there are numerous discussion on how to

foster methods of construction based on appropriate situations. This implies that

technology would be low-cost, would use local materials, would mobilize local labor, and

would be climatically appropriate.

Examples are established such as the case in Botswana (Hardie 1980). It was found out

that people do have their own conception of what is a good construction of a wall.

Recently, concrete blocks are introduced and is widely used for construction. It became

a construction material wherein it exemplifies higher status, because of its price, and

lower maintenance, compared to the traditional hand-molded mud blocks. However, the

hollow cores of the blocks had been filled with concrete causing to the additional costs

to the overall budget for materials that is a feature that supposed to be avoided. When

asked why this is done, the people say that a good wall is a concrete wall. The people

have adopted recent technology but doesnt inherent the knowledge and values in it and

instead have used the values that seem more appropriate for them.

Nano Research: An Interdisciplinary Understanding by Fred Moavenzaden

Nano structure

The field of nanostructure science and technology is a broad interdisciplinary

area of study worldwide that has been growing explosively these past few years. While

an understanding of the range and nature of functionalities that can be accessed

through Nano structuring is just the beginning to unfold, its tremendous potential for

revolutionizing the ways which materials and products are created is ready and clear. It

is now taking its significance in commercial impact and would certainly have a great
impact ahead. During the years 1996-1998, an eight person panel under the auspices

of the World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC) conducted a worldwide study about

nanoparticles trends, nanostructured materials and Nano devices.

The purposes of this study were to assess the current status and future trends of

internationally concerning research and advancement of the rapid growing area of

nanostructure science and technology and its broad coverage. The study has four main

goals: (1) to provide the worldwide science and engineering community with a broadly

inclusive and critical view of this field (2) to identify promising areas for future research

and commercial development (3) to help stimulate development of an interdisciplinary

international community of nanostructures (4) to encourage and identify opportunities

for international collaboration.

There are two main findings from this WTEC study. First, the novelty

performance of nanostructure materials is being observed. It had already satisfy its

theme: novel performance through Nano structuring. Nano structuring would be the start

of great exploitations about its uses and applications that would promote mankinds

good. The process of synthesizing and control of materials in nanometer dimensions

produced an access to a new material properties and device its characteristics in

unprecedented ways. The second major finding is that there are wide range of

disciplines contributing to nanostructure science and technology worldwide. Each year,

there is an increasing number of researchers of diverse disciplines entered this field and

produce more novel ideas and exciting new opportunities explode on the international

Nano structure scene.

 The basis of the realm is any material produced from the nanoscale building

blocks that are synthesized from atoms and molecules. Thus, the controlled synthesis of

those building blocks and their subsequent assembly into nanostructure is one of the

fundamental themes of this field. This theme is all about the material related disciplines

in science, from biology, chemistry and physics, and the engineering discipline as well.

In fact, there is a strong thread relating all disciplines throughout the entirety of the

study; the biological aspects are pervasive that all special concerns are given to them.

The nanoscale as the scale to be used was the second important fundamental theme of

this field. This is because of the small sizes used (100nm below) take part to the

created nanostructures. New and improved properties and functionalities are achieved

through this advanced technology.

Nanostructure science and technology is clearly a worldwide research of broad

components and interdisciplinary area of study. Fast development of this field had been

observed, since the discovery of possibilities was made out of the synthesis of

molecules and atoms resulting to the creation of new and improved materials and

functionalities. While many aspects of the field existed well before nanostructure

science and technology became a definable entity during the past decade, it has really

only become coherent field of endeavor through the confluence of three crucial

technological streams: (1) new and improved control of the size and manipulation of

nanoscale building blocks (2) new and improved characterization (e.g., spatial

resolution, chemical sensitivity) of materials at the nanoscale (3) new and improved

understanding of the relationships between nanostructure properties and how these can

be engineered.
Nanoscience: an Interdisciplinary Field of Science and Technology by Dosi (1998)

The Kuhnian notion of paradigm is commonplace nowadays. The notion of this

study was first introduced by Dosi. He assumed that the average state of technology

consists of incremental, relatively small improvements had paved way for the

breakthrough of explosive technology resulting into new technological paradigms.

According to Dosi a technological paradigm embodies strong prescription on the

directions of technical change to pursue and those to neglect. Dosi (1998) defined a

technological paradigm as a model and pattern of solution of selected technological

problems, based on highly selected principles from natural sciences, jointly with specific

rules aimed at acquiring new knowledge. A technological paradigm is exemplar- an

artifact that is to be developed and improved- and a set of heuristics.

Local studies

Nanotechnology: Dream or Reality for the Philippines?

By: Erwin P. Enriquez, Ph. D.

Erwin P. Enriquez, Ph. D. once said that the dream for any emerging technology

is to create better things for mankind:

Technologies that function in harmony with the environment, one that will further

knowledge and understanding across cultures, technologies that will fuel socio-

economic development.

Nanotechnology is the current culmination of development in scientific research.

The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, for example, catalyzed further

development and fabrication of materials that can be understood and studied using this
new tool. The tool opened up new opportunities and paradigms for investigation, and

the new paradigms of investigation will open up new technologies.

In the advanced economies, growth is largely fueled by advancement in technology and

therefore policies concerning emerging technologies are key issues. In contrast, many

countries which remain categorized as under-developed or developing still struggle with

other concerns for growth and development. In the case of the Philippines, key issues

are poverty alleviation, political and economic stabilization, and industrialization. The

government would therefore understandably spend its resources to address these

important issues. Science and technology is therefore usually left at the sidelines,

necessary but not necessarily a priority. Therefore, the dream and realities for

nanotechnology are very different for an advanced economy (the U. S., Japan, the

European Union, and others) compared with a developing economy.

In the Philippines, the dream and reality for nanotechnology could specifically

address the following:

(a) finding a means to educate the people in this emerging discipline and technology,

(b) formulate technologies (possibly nano) that will uplift socio-economic status, one

specifically bent on poverty alleviation and one that could tap on its unique, indigenous

natural resources, without compromising the environment, and

(c) finding a means to catch up in this emerging technology so that the country does

not become only a recipient or user of the products of nanotechnology, but also emerge

as a contributor to its development.

What is the current involvement of Philippine institutions in nanotechnology

R&D?

Scientific research in the Philippines is concentrated in government research and

development (R&D) institutes and in the seven top universities. The main areas of

research in terms of number of projects are in biology and chemistry. Strictly speaking,

there are no institutions which are doing nanotechnology research. However, for

purposes of this discussion, we shall include related areas which have the potential to

advance to nanotechnology.

R&D support for nanotechnology falls under the Philippine Council for Advanced

Scientific Research and Development (PCASTRD), which is one of the funding

agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Although the DOST

has its various centers of research, most of their efforts are focused on addressing the

R&D needs of the local industry.

Research in industry or private companies in the country is very low, and is

directed mainly towards concerns of quality assurance. Recently however, the threat of

competition due to globalization has spurred local industry to consider R&D initiatives to

come up with more competitive products and technologies. However, these efforts

usually consider only existing technologies or are usually product development driven.
Collaborations between industry and research institutions in government or the

academe are usually short-term contract research projects.

In general, the directions of scientific research are diffuse, fragmented and

discontinuous. Although the Philippines has one of the largest concentrations of

colleges and universities in Southeast Asia, these are primarily teaching institutions and

generally engage in research as a secondary activity. The universities with the heaviest

involvement in research are: the University of the Philippines system (primarily UP-

Diliman and UP Los Baos), Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and

the University of Santo Tomas, all in the main island of Luzon; the University of San

Carlos in the Visayas; and the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

in Mindanao.

In 1994-1999, these universities were beneficiaries of a US$ 200 million DOST

project called the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP), which was

funded from a World Bank loan. The major goals of ESEP were to upgrade the

university's R&D facilities and to increase the number of scientific manpower in the

country. This project in turn also motivated universities to engage in research towards

more advanced topics, and indirectly serviced the R&D needs of local industries.

What is the potential impact of nanotechnology on the Philippine economy?

Just based on the economies of scale and current socio-political problems that

beset the country, it is only reasonable to take a conservative outlook in terms of the

impact of nanotechnology on the country's economy. Because of the inevitable

developments in nanotechnology, it is certain that it will affect the country in the near

future, one way or another.

In the case of the Philippines, the likely direct impact is two-fold: as a recipient (or

user) of this new technology and as a minor contributor in the field in a specific niche

area. As an end user of the technology, the country cannot afford not to have in-house

basic capabilities for analysis of nano-devices and nanostructured materials and a

minimum critical pool of expertise for effective management and use of the new

technology. As a potential contributor to the field, the country cannot afford to remain too

far behind in nanotechnology, if the plan is to find a niche area.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This particular chapter discusses the method done by the researchers for the

study. The chapter also describes the methods of research used in the study, the

research instruments used and the statistical treatments employed to analyze the data.

Material and Equipment

This research aims to find the Advantages of Nanotechnology in the Realm of

Construction Engineering with the help of the following: respondents (which include their

age, gender, religion, and monthly income), questionnaire/survey, books, newspapers

and related studies.

Procedure

The researchers will do the following procedure to find the Advantages of

Nanotechnology in the Realm of Construction Engineering. The procedures are

gathering information from related literature and studies, distributing questionnaires,

gathering questionnaires, tallying the mean of the samples, analyzing the data gathered

from the survey, organizing the data, and lastly, concluding from the data gathered.

Method of Research

The researchers used the descriptive method for this study. The researchers use

this kind of method in order to describe the perceptions of the students of Polytechnic

University of the Philippines. Likewise, this study describes the advantages of using

Nanotechnology in the realm of construction engineering. The researchers also

described how well the students assessed and liked the use of Nanotechnology.

Research Instrument

The researchers used the survey method in the data gathering procedure to

obtain the pertinent information from the freshmen students, and this obtained

information allowed the researchers to further examine the advantages of using

Nanotechnology in the realm of construction engineering and to arrive at specific

conclusion. A questionnaire was used to get significant and relevant information from

the students. The statements are about the advantages of using Nanotechnology in the

realm of construction engineering. The researchers used questionnaire to gather

immediately and accurately.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents if this study are coming from Polytechnic University of the

Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila, specifically the randomly selected freshmen students
from the department of Civil Engineering. They were Chosen as the respondents of this

study since they have enough time to study more about Nanotechnology and also for

our convenience.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering the information needed for the research, the first thing the

researchers did was to make a questionnaire corrected and approved by their adviser.

The researchers used the T-test. This was used in distributing the survey

questionnaires. Having conducted the survey, the researchers went on with the tallying

and making tables.

Statistical tools/ Treatment of the Data

The researchers determined the advantages of nanotechnology through the

evaluation of the 150 respondents. The raw data were tallied and presented in

tables to ensure accuracy. After which, the following statistical tools were applied.

A. Chi Square

To determine the advantages of nanotechnology in the realm of construction

engineering, the evaluation of the respondents were summarized and chi square test

was used. Chi-square is a statistical tool used to compare observed data and expected

data; wherein observed data comes from experiment and the expected data comes

from the null hypotheses given.

B. Percentage

These were used in the presentation of the distribution of respondents in terms of

categories. Percentage was computed by using the formula:

% = (f/N) X 100
Where: %- percentage N- number of respondents

f- frequency
 CHAPTER 4

Presentation Analysis and Interpretation of Data

In this chapter, the data gathered from selected Civil engineering students in

relation to the research objectives. This chapter discusses the result of the formulated

questionnaire responded by 150 selected students. Before we started to gather

information, the significance of the research was provided to the respondents.

Furthermore, we also give them the assurance that gathered data would be used for the

research and respondents background will be confidential. Through this survey we can

assess different opinion about the Advantages of Nanotechnology in the Realm of

Construction Engineering.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

The Respondents are looked upon their age, gender, location, and Educational

attainment. The following factors are presented using tables to determine and analyze

the following information clearly.

Table 1.Age of Respondents

AGE No. of Respondents Percentage distribution

17 years old 75 50 %
18 years old 40 27%
19 years old 20 13%
20 years old 15 10%
 The respondents are asked in terms of their age. The range of ages that

answered the evaluation was 17 years old 20 years old. Fifty percent (50%) of the

respondents were 17 years old. This shows that most respondents that took the

evaluation are adolescents. Twenty seven percent (27%) of the respondents were 18

years old. Thirteen percent (13%) of the respondents were 19 years old. Ten percent

(10%) of the respondents were 20 years old. This shows that the participants of the

survey are on the middle adoscelent stage. We can infer that these participants have

wide range of knowledge about modern technology.

Table 2.Gender of the Respondents

GENDER No. of Respondents Percentage distribution

Male 116 77%
Female 34 23%
Total: 150 100%

This profile shows the ratio of male and female that took participation on the research.

Seventy seven percent (77%) of the respondents were male and Thirty three percent

(33%) of the respondents are women. The large percentage of male is due to the

program of the respondents, Engineering. We all know that on the population of male

students are larger than those of the female.

Table 3.Educational attainment

Educational Attainment No. of Respondents Percentage distribution

First year college 75 50%
Second year college 40 27%
Third year college 20 13%
Fourth year college 15 10%
Total 150 100%
 This profile illustrates the respondents background in terms of their educational

attainment. Fifty percent (50%) of the respondents were freshmen students. Twenty-

seven percent (27%) of the respondents are Second year college students. Thirteen

percent (13%) of the respondents were Third year college students. Ten percent (10%)

of the respondents were Fourth year college students. The percentage of the

respondents educational attainment profile was based on their age. This shows that

there many freshmen students had given their opinion about the researchers study.

Table 4.Location

Location of Respondents No. of Respondents Percentage distribution

NCR 136 91%
CALABARZON 6 4%
Central Luzon 5 3%
Eastern Visayas 3 2%
Total 150 100%

Likewise, it shows the location profile of the respondents who participated the

research. Ninety one percent (91%) of the respondents came from NCR. Four percent

(4%) of the respondents came from CALABARZON region. Three percent (3%) came

from Central Luzon and the remaining Two percent (2%) came from the Eastern
Visayas region. The high percentage of respondents is due to the location of the

university the respondents are studying.

PERCEPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS

The respondents opinion and perception about the Nanotechnologys advantages in the

realm of construction engineering is stated on the following tables. Evaluation based on

the following answers on the questionnaire gave different findings and conclusions to

the researchers.

Table 5.Nanotechnology as an instrument in Construction Engineering

Response Frequency Percent Distribution

Yes 145 97%
No 5 3%
TOTAL 150 100 %

In the table above the respondents were asked if they are in favor of using

Nanotechnology as an instrument in construction Engineering. One hundred forty five

(145) of the respondents answered yes and five (5) of them answered no. The

frequency stated above gave the yielded percentage distribution of 97% for those who

answered yes while 3% for those who said no. The evaluation of the respondents varies

depending on different factors that they are considering such as the advantages and

disadvantages of technology.

Table 6.Nanotechnology as an advantage in constructing infrastructures

Response Frequency Percent Distribution

Yes 144 96%

No 6 4%

TOTAL 150 100%

The table above shows the respondents opinion whether the application of

Nanotechnology would be an advantage in construction engineering. The respondents

opinion come up to a tally of one hundred forty four (144) for those who said yes while

six (6) of the respondents answered no. A percent distribution of 96 % for those who

answered yes for they believe and rely on modern technologys benefits as we are

using them. For those who said no, a percent distribution of 4% was obtained. They

may concluded that modern technology may cause risks that could harm the people

using it. We can infer that there are many students that are believing to

Nanotechnologys capacity of making mankinds life more convenient.

Table 7.Advantages of Nanotechnology in Construction Engineering

Nanotechnologys

Advantages in 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Total Rank

Construction

Engineering
Quality 67 49 69 32 15 281 1

Safety 53 122 60 44 25 304 2

Convenience 12 44 141 124 190 511 3

Time 11 30 129 192 165 527 4

Cost 7 6 51 208 355 627 5

The researchers gave the respondents five (5) important factors that should be

considered upon the construction of different establishments. They are asked to rate the

following advantages for the researchers to know what factor should receive

importance. Points are given to each factor corresponding to their rank. As you may see

the relationship of the total points as the total points go higher it means that a certain

factor was rated by the respondent thinking that this factor shouldnt be given much

importance compared to other factors. The ranking was made placing Quality to be the

first, followed by safety, convenience, time and lastly, cost. Through this we can

conclude that the respondents value the quality of the construction most, leaving the

cost be the last factor to consider upon planning and creating different establishments.

Table 8.Nanotechnologys application for constructing your house.

Response Frequency Percent Distribution

Yes 119 79.33%
No 31 20.67%
TOTAL 150 100 %

The table above shows the respondents opinion about using this specific type of

technology, Nanotechnology, for the construction of their own house. For those who said
yes, a frequency of one hundred nineteen (119) is obtained while for those who said no,

a frequency of thirty one (31) was gained. This frequencies above yielded to a

percentage distribution of 79.33 % for those who said yes and 20.67% for those who

said no. This output shows that there are more respondents that are aiming on using

Nanotechnology applications for their own consumption.

Chapter 5

Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

After the following procedures in lieu to the gathering of data the purpose of this

chapter to summarize the findings was conducted. Included in this summary are a
review of the purpose of the study, a restatement of the research questions, the

research methodology used, and a summary of the study results, conclusions and

discussion. Recommendations for further research and possible studies conclude this

chapter.

Summary of Findings

Below is the summary of findings based on the results of analysis and

interpretation of data.

1. The profile of the students according to age was shown in figure 1, table 5 and it

shows that out 150 respondents 50% or 75 of them are 17 years of age, 27% or

40 are 18 years old, 13% or 20 of them are 19 years and 10% or 15 of them are

at the age of 20.

2. Figure 2, table 6 shows the total number of respondents which out of 150

respondents 116 of them are males while the remaining 36 are females.
3. National Capital Region got the highest percentage among the different location

listed. This means that most of our respondents came from the National Capital

Region. They are 137 or 91% out of 100%.

4. According to the ranking of different advantages, Cost ranked 5 th with highest

frequency and Quality ranked 1 with the lowest frequency.

Conclusions

1. There are many advantages of nanotechnology in the realm of construction

engineering. Based on the data gathered by the researchers by using the

references and the questionnaires, they found out that its first advantage in the
realm of nanotechnology is the quality of the product. Nanotechnology also gives

constructing buildings more safe. It may bring convenience to the people that will

use it. It may lessen the time of constructing and lastly, it may bring happiness to

the people who wants to do projects using nanotechnology. Lastly, at this

moment, the main limitation is the high costs of nanotechnology.

2. Based from the references gained by the researchers, they found out that

nanotechnology is related to construction engineering. They are related on using

scales to create a better product. Also engineers wants to have a better

understanding of the materials they are using in their projects. By using

nanotechnology, it is more efficient and easier for engineers to study and

understand the properties of the materials they are using.

3. Using the data gathered, the researchers found out that there are some output

regarding construction engineering that involves nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is used to strengthen and creates the product more durable by

manipulating the materials up to their molecular level. Nanotechnology also

offers engineers a brand new bags of tricks to make the living of mankind better.

4. Nanotechnology is highly significant in the realm of construction engineering.

The waves of change being propagated by progress at the Nano scale was

enormously advantageous in construction due to its large economic and social

presence. Producing for versatile and high standard material that could be used

upon the construction of different establishments. Due to improved properties,

 the output of this technology may open the minds of different engineers as they

encounter different challenges as technology continuously improving.

5. It creates new open doors for rising engineers. This could help on the strength

and reliability of certain materials that would be used upon construction. This

knowledge could add to the capacity of engineers to cope up with the latest

technology possible.

To make it easier and convenient for engineers. Through the use of

nanotechnology we can have a high quality buildings that can withstand different

calamities. Quality time and minutes, we can use our time more than twice that

normal way such creating, improving, and reconstructing designs. In a way, we

can utilize more materials that is a product of Nanotechnology to make us more

innovative.

Recommendations

Based on the results and findings, the following recommendations were made by the

researchers for further improvement of the study.

1. The use of Nanotechnology was highly recommended in construction

engineering for it offers the possibility of great advances whereas conventional

approaches, at best, offer only incremental improvements.

2. The researchers recommend to everyone that they should have a better

understanding of the materials they are using in their projects. By using

 nanotechnology, it is more efficient and easier for engineers to study and

understand the properties of the materials they are using.

3. The researchers recommend to use Nanotechnology because it strengthens and

creates the product more durable by manipulating the materials up to their

molecular level and also offers engineers a brand new bags of tricks to make the

living of mankind better.

4. The researchers recommend to produce versatile and high standard material that

could be used upon the construction of different establishments.

5. The researchers recommend constructing establishments through the use of

nanotechnology to have a high quality buildings that can withstand different

calamities.

Bibliography

Boudon, R. (1971). The uses of structuralism. London: Heinemann. (Translated from A

quoi sert la notion de structure by M. Vaughan. Paris: Gallimard, 1968.)

Broadbent, G. (1980). Architectural objects and their design as a subject for semiotic

studies. Design studies, 1(4), 207-216

Levi-Strauss, C. (1968). Structural Anthropology. London: Allen Lane. (Translated from

the Anthropologie structural by C. Jacobsen and B. Schoepf. Paris: Plon, 1958.)

Moavenzadeh, F. (2004) Global Construction and the Environment: Strategies and

Opportunities; ISBN: 978-0-471-01289-4

Williams, L & Adams, W. (2007) : Products ;Materials Smart materials ;Bottom line

Risks and Benefits

Zube, E. H. (1989) Advances in Environment , Behavior, and Design Volume 2 ; Plenum

Press New York. A. Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation ; 233 Spring street, New

York, N. Y. 10013

Valdecantos, Josenico D. (2001) Nanotechnology, Gigas (p.10 p.15)

Shaffer, James P. et. al. (1995) ; The science and design of Engineering materials;

McGraw-Hill Companie, Inc. All Rights reserved (1999). Previous edition 1995 by Irwin,

Richard, a times Mirror Higher Education Group In. Company, Printed in U.S. America

Survey Questionnaire

Name (Optional):
Age:
Gender:
Location:

Are you in favor of using

Nanotechnology as an instrument in
Construction Engineering?
_Yes _No

Will it be an advantage in
constructing infrastructures?
_Yes _No

What most likely its advantages in

Construction Engineering? (1 as the
highest and 5 being the lowest)
_Time _Convenience
_Quality _ Cost
_Safety

Will you use Nanotechnology for

constructing your house?
_Yes _No
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Vladimir Garcia Farral

#113 T.Montes. St,Purok 4B, Longos, Kalayaan, Laguna

Vladimirfarral@gmail.com/09179203596(GLOBE)

--

Personal Information:
Birthday : November 19, 1996
Birth Place : Kalayaan, Laguna
Gender : Male
Age : 17
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Language : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mothers Name : Zenaida G. Farral
Occupation : Housewife
Fathers Name : Perfect P. Farral
Occupation : Traffic Enforcer

Educational Background

A.Elementary
School: St. Vincent de Paul Montessori and Science High School
Address: Lumban, Laguna

School: Longos Elementary School

Address: Real St, Longos, Kalayaan, Laguna

B.High School
School: Liceo de Pakil
Address: V.Rarela St, Burgos, Pakil, Laguna

C.College
Major: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
School: Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Address: Santa Mesa, Manila
Year and Section: First Year section 1

Seminars Attended
LACASA Youth Festival
Leadership training
Liceo De Pakil
Pakil, Laguna
January 19,2013

Civil Engineering Congress 2013

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
September 13, 2013

Organizations

Parish Youth Commission

St. John the Baptist Parish
Kalayaan, Laguna

ARCHCON Fraternity of Mary Help of Christians

Liceo De Pakil
Pakil, Laguna

JPICE (Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

Grace Joice Buenavidez Gaas

138 Ermin Garcia St. Cubao, Quezon City

grace.joice07@yahoo.com / 09352717970

--

Personal Information:
Birthday : September 10, 1996
Birth Place : Lawaan, Eastern Samar
Gender : Female
Age : 17
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Language : Filipino
Religion : Born Again Christian
Mothers Name : Marialyn Buenavidez Gaas
Occupation : Housewife
Fathers Name : Melvin Ecaldre Gaas
Occupation : Vendor

Educational Background

A.Elementary
School: Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School
Address: 159 Ermin Garcia St. Cubao, Quezon City

B.High School
School: Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School
Address: Ermin Garcia St. corner EDSA Cubao, Quezon City

C.College
Major: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
School: Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Address: Santa Mesa, Manila
Year and Section: First Year section 1

Seminars Attended

Civil Engineering Congress 2013

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
September 13, 2013

Leadership Training (Supreme Student Government)

Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School
Quezon City

Organizations

Mathematics Club S.Y. 11 12

Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School
Quezon City

PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

Awards

Elementary:

Third Honor
Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School

Third Place, Group

Math Expo ( MTAP)
Grade 1 Section 1

Third Honor
Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School
Grade 2 Section 1

First Honor
Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School

Fifth Place, Group

Math Expo (MTAP)
Grade 3 Section 1

First Honor
Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School
Grade 4 Section 1

Fourth Honor
Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School
Grade 5 Section 1

Third Honorable Mention

Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School
Grade 6 Section 1

High School:

Top 10
Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School
Engineering Science Education Program
Fourth Year Einstein (3)
CURRICULUM VITAE

Angelica F. Gicom

#53 A4 Natividad St., San Francisco Del Monte, Quezon City.

Ghiela_gie@yahoo.com / 09093328803

Personal Information:

Birthday : June 22, 1996

Birth Place : Manila
Gender : Female
Age : 17
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Language : English, Filipino, Ilocano
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mothers Name : Marissa F. Gicom
Occupation : Housewife
Fathers Name : Anthony P. Gicom
Occupation : Electrical Engineer

Educational Background

A.Elementary

School: Infant Jesus Learning Academy

Address: #70 Mendoza St, San Francisco Del Monte, Quezon City

B.High School

School: Don Eulogio de Guzman Memorial National High School

Address: Calumbaya, Bauang, La Union
C.College

Major: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

School: Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Address: Santa Mesa, Manila
Year and Section: First Year Section 1

Seminars Attended

Civil Engineering Congress 2013

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
September 13, 2013

Regional Leadership Training

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
November 29, 30, and December 1, 2012

Division Schools Press Conference

Agoo, La Union
December 12, 2012

Organizations

Alumni Association Officers (AY. 2012-2013)

Don Eulogio de Guzman Memorial National High School
La Union

Citizen Advancement Training (AY. 2012-2013)

Don Eulogio de Guzman Memorial National High School
La Union

The Bridge (school newspaper, AY. 2012-2013)

Don Eulogio de Guzman Memorial National High School
La Union

JPICE (Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
SPECTRUM (Engineering Paper)
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

Awards

Graduated with Honors (4th place) sy 2012-2013

Don Eulogio de Guzman Memorial National High School
4th Yr. Science Stream Curriculum
La Union

Math Scika Engineering Challenge (3rd place)

National Science Club Summit
Lorma Colleges, San Juan Campus, La Union.

Jester John S. Gonzales

#005 Palaris street. Barangay Parang, Marikina City

Jestergonzales00@yahoo.com / 09264242724

--

Personal Information:
Birthday : December 15, 1996
Birth Place : Antipolo City
Gender : Male
Age : 17
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Language : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mothers Name : Agapita Gonzales
Occupation : Housewife
Fathers Name : Ronaldo Gonzales
Occupation : Factory Worker

Educational Background
A.Elementary
School: Parang Elementary School
Address: P. Paterno St. Barangay Parang, Marikina City

B.High School
School: Roosevelt College Marikina
Address: JP Rizal street. Lamuan, Marikina City

C.College
Major: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
School: Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Address: Santa Mesa, Manila
Year and Section: First Year section 1

Seminars Attended

Civil Engineering Congress 2013

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Ma
Organizations

Rotaract Club of Marikina

Marikina City

PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

Awards

Graduated with Honors (6th place) sy 2012-2013

Roosevelt College Marikina

Marikina City

Best Thesis/ Researcher sy 2012-2013

Roosevelt College Marikina

Marikina City
Paulo T. Guario

#516 Katarungan street St. Francis Village- Blue vill. Brg. San
Agustin Novaliches Quezon City.

Paugua923@yahoo.com / 09066895202

--

Personal Information:
Birthday : September 23, 1996
Birth Place : Quezon City
Gender : Male
Age : 17
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Language : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mothers Name : Rosalyn T. Guario
Occupation : Business woman
Fathers Name : Danilo M. Guario
Occupation : Business man

Educational Background

A. Elementary
School: Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches
Address: F. palau st. Sacred Heart Village Novaliches, Quezon city

B. High School
School: Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches
Address: F. palau st. Sacred Heart Village Novaliches, Quezon city

C. College
Major: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
School: Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Address: Santa Mesa, Manila
Year and Section: First Year section 1

Seminars Attended

Civil Engineering Congress 2013

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
September 13, 2013

Leadership training
Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches
Quezon City
November 18, 2012

Organizations

Citizen Advancement Training Corps sy 12-13

Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches
Quezon City

CMSY (Carmelite Missionaries Secular-Alumni Youth)

Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches

Quezon City

PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

CEHS ( College of Engineering Honor Society)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

Awards

Graduated with Honors (6th place) sy 2012-2013

Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches

Quezon City

Leadership Awardee sy 2012-2013

Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches

Quezon City

CAT Leadership Awardee sy 2012-2013

Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches

Quezon City