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The calculations of displacements in larger more extensive structures by the means of the
matrix methods derived later requires that the structure be subject to loads applied only at the
joints. Thus in general, loads are categorized into those applied at joints, and those that are
not. Loads that are not applied to joints must be replaced with statically equivalent loads.
Consider the statically indeterminate frame with a distributed load between joints B and C:
2
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
The frame on the previous page is statically equivalent to the following two structure:
Example 8.1
The plane frame shown at the left has fixed
supports at A and C. The frame is acted upon
by the vertical load P as shown. In the analysis
account for both flexural and axial
deformations. The flexural rigidity EI is
Redundants constant. The axial rigidity EA is also constant.
are forces Joint B is a rigid connection and we will
and moments
endeavor to preserve equilibrium at Joint B and
throughout the structure.
First analyze the cantilever beam AB. The load P will cause a downward translation at
B and a clockwise rotation at B. There is no axial displacement thus
D
QL1 AB 0
The displacements DQL2 and DQL3 in the released structure AB consist of a vertical
displacement and a rotations, i.e.,
D
QL 2 AB
5PL3
D
QL 3 AB
PL2
48EI 8EI
However, since there is no load on member CB in the released structure, there will be no
displacement at end B and
D QL1 CB D QL 2 CB D
QL 3 CB 0
Even though the displacements at B in CB are zero, the total displacement of joint B
would be the summation of the two DQL components from AB and CB. Thus the DQL
matrix is
0 0
0
5PL3 PL 2
DQL 0 5 L
48EI 48EI 6
2
PL 0
8EI
We need to assemble the flexibility matrix F. Consider the released structure with
Q1 1
Q2 Q3 0
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
F11 AB
L
F21 AB 0 F31 AB 0
AE
H3 H2
F11 CB F21 CB 0 F31 CB
3EI 2 EI
L H3 H2
F11 F21 0 F31
AE 3EI 2 EI
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
Q2 1
Q1 Q3 0
CB : F12 CB 0 F22 CB
H
F32 CB 0
AE
Which leads to flexibility coefficients
L3 H L2
F21 0 F22 F32
3EI AE 2 EI
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
L2
AB : F13 AB 0 F23 AB F33 AB
L
2 EI EI
H2
CB : F13 CB F23 CB 0 F33 CB
H
2 EI EI
H2 L2
L
H
F13 F23 F33
2 EI 2 EI EI EI
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
L H3 H2
0
EA 3EI 2 EI
L3 H L2
F 0
3EI EA 2 EI
H2 L2 L H
2 EI 2 EI EI EI
Now let
P 10 K E 30,000 ksi
L H 12 ft 144 inches I 200 in 4
A 10 in 2
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
L H 144
0.00048 in / kip
EA EA 30,00010
H3
1443 0.165888 in / kip
3EI 330,000200
The axial compliance (flexibility) of each component is quite small relative to the
flexural compliance (flexibility). We will ignore the axial compliance of the beam
and the column when assembling the flexibility matrix. The inverse of compliance is
stiffness. This is equivalent to stating that the axial stiffness of the beam and column
is so large relative to flexural stiffness of the beam and column that axial
displacements are negligible.
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
With F-1 and DQL we can compute the unknown redundants utilizing the matrix
equation
Q F 1 DQ D
QL
i.e.,
Note that the displacements associated with the redundants in the original structural,
represented by the matrix {DQ} are zero because joint B is a rigid connection. One can
rationalize the rotation DQ3 is zero from this assumption.
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
Now examine the structure by omitting axial deformations. The flexibility matrix
Finding the inverse of this matrix (homework assignment) and substitution into
Q F 1 DQ D
QL
leads to
0.916272 kips
Q 4.03466 kips
88.2336 kip inches
which is less then 3% different from the computations where axial deformations are
included. This frequently happens in the analysis of typical frames and bolsters the
assumption that DQ1 and DQ2 (axial deformations associated with axial force redundants)
are zero. This allows the seasoned engineer to make judgments about considering only
bending in frame analyses.
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
Example 8.2
Lecture 8: Flexibility Method - Frames
Washkewicz College of Engineering
Example 8.3