Documents - Tips Modul Kimia Tingkatan 4

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(919810-T)
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No. 35, Jalan 5/10B
Spring Crest Industrial Park
68100 Batu Caves
Selangor Darul Ehsan
CONTENTS
KANDUNGAN
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

1 1
STRUKTUR ATOM
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

2 22
FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
PERIODIC TABLE
3 49
JADUAL BERKALA
CHEMICAL BOND
4 72
IKATAN KIMIA
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
5 88
ELEKTROKIMIA
ACID AND BASES

6 114
ASID DAN BES
SALT
7 139
GARAM
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

8 168
BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI
Con-Chem F4 (B).indd 3 12/9/2011 6:00:06 PM

Chemistry Form 4 MODULE
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

1 STRUKTUR ATOM
MATTER / JIRIM
PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

To state the particle theory of matter
Menyatakan teori zarah jirim
To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul
To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is
made up of tiny and discrete particles)
Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan bahawa jirim terdiri daripada
zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

To state the kinetic theory of matter
Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim
To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga
To relate the change of energy in the particles with kinetic particle theory of matter
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan tenaga dalam zarah dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM
HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,
nucleus, neutron and shell
Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron, proton, nukleus, neutron dan
petala
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass
and location
Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan kedudukan
To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom
To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
ISOTOPE / ISOTOP
To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell
Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3
To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of valence
electron
Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan bilangan elektron valens
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MODULE Chemistry Form 4
MATTER / JIRIM
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim

1 Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are atoms , ions and molecules .
Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom , ion dan molekul .
2 Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian.
3 Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
MATTER / JIRIM
ELEMENT / UNSUR COMPOUND / SEBATIAN

A substance made from only satu type of atom. A substance made from two or more different
satu elements which are bonded together.
Bahan yang terdiri daripada jenis atom sahaja.
Bahan yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih
unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.
Types of particles / Jenis zarah Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Atom / Atom Molecule / Molekul Molecule / Molekul Ion / Ion

The smallest neutral particle A neutral particle consists A neutral particle consists Positively or negatively
of an element (Normally pure of similar non-metal atoms of different non-metal atoms charged particles, which
metals, noble gases and a which are covalently-bonded. which are covalently-bonded. are formed from metal
few non-metal elements such Zarah neutral terdiri daripada Zarah neutral terdiri daripada atom and non-metal atom
as carbon and silicon). atom-atom bukan logam serupa atom-atom bukan logam berlainan respectively. The force of
Zarah neutral yang paling kecil terikat secara ikatan kovalen. terikat secara ikatan kovalen. attraction between the two
bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya logam oppositely charged ions
tulen, gas adi dan beberapa unsur Example: Example:
forms an ionic bond.
bukan logam seperti karbon dan Contoh: Contoh:
Zarah bercas positif atau negatif
silikon). terbentuk dari logam dan bukan
Oxygen gas, O2 Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
logam terikat secara ikatan ion.
Example: Gas oksigen, O2 Gas karbon dioksida, CO2 Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang
Contoh: berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan
Sodium metal, Na O C O ion.
Logam natrium, Na O O O O
O C O
Example:
Na Na Na Na Na O O O C O Contoh:
Na Na Na Na Na Na Sodium chloride, NaCl
Hydrogen gas, H2 Natrium klorida, NaCl
Na Na Na Na Na Water, H2O
Gas hidrogen, H2 Air, H2O Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+
Neon gas, Ne
Cl Na+ Cl Na + Cl
Gas Neon, Ne H H H H H O H
Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+
H O H
Ne Ne H H H O H Calcium oxide, CaO
Kalsium oksida, CaO
Ne
Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+
O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2
Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+
Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).
Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
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4 Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:
Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle

Bahan Jenis zarah Bahan Jenis zarah Bahan Jenis zarah
Sulphur dioxide
Hydrogen gas (H2) (SO2) Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
Molecule Sulfur dioksida Molecule Tetraklorometana (CCl4) Molecule
Gas hidrogen (H2)
(SO2)
Copper(II) sulphate
(CuSO4) Zink chloride (ZnCl2)
Iron (Fe)
Ion Atom Zink klorida Ion
Kuprum(II) sulfat Ferum (Fe)
(ZnCl2 )
(CuSO4 )
Argon (Ar) Carbon (C) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Argon (Ar) Atom Karbon (C) Atom Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) Molecule
5 Diffusion
Resapan
(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart
from each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah berjauhan
antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya disusun dengan sangat
padat dan teratur.
(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.
Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:
Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Diffusion in a gas Diffusion in a liquid Diffusion in a solid

Resapan dalam gas Resapan dalam cecair Resapan dalam pepejal
A few drops After few

of bromine minutes Water After a After a
liquid Air
few hours Gel
Experiment Selepas Agar-agar day
Beberapa titis beberapa Selepas
Eksperimen cecair bromin Selepas
minit beberapa jam Copper(II) sehari
Potassium manganate(VII) sulphate
Kalium manganat(VII) Kuprum(II) sulfat
The brown colour of bromine vapour, The purple colour of solid potassium The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,
Br2 spreads far throughout manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads CuSO4 spreads very slowly
Observation the two jars. slowly throughout the water. throughout the gel.
Pemerhatian Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII), Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat,
dengan cepat memenuhi kedua-dua KMnO merebak dengan perlahan sangat perlahan
4 CuSO4 merebak
balang gas. di dalam air. di dalam agar-agar.
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made Potassium manganate(VII) is Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made
up of molecules . made up of potassium ions and up of copper(II) ions and
manganate(VII) ions. The ions ions . The ions
Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri sulphate
molekul diffuse slowly between close
daripada . diffuse very slow between
Bromine molecules diffuse space of water particles which is in closely packed space of gel particles
Explanation quickly between large liquid form. which is in solid form.
Penerangan Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada
space of air particles which is in gas ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII). ion ion
kuprum(II) dan
form. Ion-ion ini meresap perlahan
Ion-ion
Molekul pantas rapat sulfat. ini meresap dengan
bromin meresap antara ruang zarah air
sangat perlahan antara ruang
melalui ruang besar antara zarah- yang berbentuk cecair. padat zarah agar-agar yang
zarah udara yang berbentuk gas.
berbentuk pepejal.
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(d) Conclusions:
Kesimpulan:
(i) Diffusion occurs faster in gas than in liquid. There is larger space in between the particles of
a gas than a liquid. Particles in a gas are further apart. The particles in the liquid
are closer together.
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam gas berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang lebih besar
antara zarah-zarah gas berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah gas adalah berjauhan
antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah lebih rapat antara satu sama lain.
(ii) Diffusion occurs faster in a liquid than in solid. There is larger space in between the particles
of a liquid than a solid. The particles in the solid are very close together.
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam cecair berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang lebih besar
antara zarah-zarah cecair berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat rapat
dan padat antara satu sama lain.
(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of tiny and discrete
particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .
Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit
yang sentiasa bergerak .
The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim
1 Matter exists in three different states which are solid , liquid and gas .
Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal , cecair dan gas .
2 Matter that made up of tiny and discrete particles which are always in constantly moving .
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak .
3 As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases and the particles move faster .
Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan lebih cepat .
4 Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and
energy content.
Zarah-zarah dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan kandungan
tenaga yang berbeza.
5 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Keadaan jirim Pepejal Cecair Gas
Draw the particles arrangement.

Each particle (atom/ ion/
molecule) is represented by
Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah
(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili dengan

The particles are arranged The particles are arranged The particles are very
closely packed in closely packed but not in widely separated
Particles arrangement from
orderly manner. orderly manner . each other.
Susunan zarah
Zarah-zarah tersusun padat Zarah-zarah tersusun padat Zarah-zarah terpisah jauh
dan teratur . tetapi tidak teratur . antara satu sama lain.
Particles can only vibrate Particles can vibrate , Particles can vibrate ,
and rotate about their rotate and move rotate and move
Particles movement
Pergerakan zarah fixed position. throughout the liquid. freely.
Zarah bergetar dan berputar Zarah bergetar , berputar dan Zarah bergetar , berputar dan
pada kedudukan tetap. bergerak dalam cecair. bergerak bebas.
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Strong forces between the

Very strong forces particles but weaker than Weak forces between
Attractive forces between the the forces in the solid.
between the particles. the perticles
particles Daya tarikan yang kuat
Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat Daya tarikan yang lemah
Daya tarikan antara zarah antara zarah-zarah tetapi
antara zarah-zarah. antara zarah-zarah.
lebih lemah berbanding di
dalam pepejal.
Energy content is higher

than solid but less than in a Energy content is very
Energy content is very low .
Energy content of the particles gas. high.
Kandungan tenaga sangat
Kandungan tenaga zarah
rendah Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi Kandungan tenaga sangat
.
daripada pepejal tetapi tinggi.
lebih rendah daripada gas.
6 Changes in the state of matter

Perubahan keadaan jirim
(a) Matter undergoes change of state when heat energy is absorbed or released/lose :
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga haba di serap atau di bebaskan :
(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles
increases and they vibrate faster.
Apabila tenaga haba diserap oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah
dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles decreases and
they vibrate less vigorously.
Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah berkurang dan
zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:
Perubahan keadaan jirim:
Melting / Peleburan Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan

Solid Liquid Gas
Pepejal Cecair Gas
Freezing / Pembekuan Condensation / Kondensasi
7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water
Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand, thermometer 0 100C, stopwatch,
Bunsen burner and wire gauze
Procedure / Prosedur:
I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena
Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan radas:
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih

Water / Air
Naphthalene / Naftalena
Heat
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(a) A boiling tube is filled 3 - 5 cm height with naphthalene powder and a thermometer is
placed into it.
Tabung didih diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi 3 5 cm dan termometer diletakkan
di dalamnya.
(b) The boiling tube is immersed in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath
is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi
daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
(c) The water is heated and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with thermometer .
Air dipanaskan dan naftalena dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer .
(d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60C , the stopwatch is started. The temperature of
naphthalene is recorded at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90C .
Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai 60C , mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat
sehingga suhunya mencapai 90C .
II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena
Naphthalene
Naftalena
(a) The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a conical flask as shown
in the diagram.
Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon seperti
dalam gambar rajah.
(b) The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly with thermometer throughout cooling
process to avoid supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without
the appearance of a solid).
Kandungan dalam tabung didih dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk
mengelakkan penyejukan lampau (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan
pepejal).
(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops
to 60C .
Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 60C .
(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.
Graf suhu melawan masa dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.
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The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan
1 The heating curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
F
D E
B C
A
Time/s
Masa/s
2 When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and move faster as its energy content increases. As the heat
energy is absorbed , the state of matter will change.
Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak lebih cepat disebabkan kandungan tenaga bertambah.
Tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.
Point State of Matter Explanation

Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan
Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid naphthalene causing their
kinetic energy to increase and vibrate faster . The temperature
A to B
Solid increases.
A ke B
Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah pepejal naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan
bertambah dan zarah bergetar dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .
Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome forces between particles so that the solid turn to liquid . The
B to C Solid and
temperature remains constant .
B ke C Liquid
Tenaga haba yang diserap
oleh zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena digunakan untuk mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair . Suhu adalah tetap .
Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene causing their
kinetic energy to increase and move faster . The temperature
C to D
Liquid increases .
C ke D
Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah cecair naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan
bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .
Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move freely
D to E Liquid and to form a gas . The temperature remains constant .
D ke E Gas diserap cecair digunakan
Tenaga haba oleh zarah-zarah dalam naftalena untuk mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak bebas untuk membentuk gas . Suhu
adalah tetap .
Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the gas causing their kinetic
E to F energy to incerease and move faster . The temperature increases .
Gas
E ke F Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan bertambah
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .
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3 The constant temperature at which a solid

completely changes to become a liquid is called the melting point .
During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles
is used to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to turn into a liquid .
Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil takat lebur .
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk
mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair .
4 The constant temperature at which a liquid

completely changes to become a gas is called the boiling point .
During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles
is used to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid change to turn into a gas.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecair berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil takat didih .
Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk
mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The Explanation for the Cooling Process of Matter: / Penerangan Proses Penyejukan Bahan:
1 The cooling curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
Q R
S
Time/s
Masa/s
2 When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as its energy content
decreases. As the energy is released to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.
Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah cecair membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Keadaan jirim
berubah semasa tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.
Point State of matter Explanation

Titik Keadaan jirim Penerangan
Heat is released/given out to the surrounding by the particles in the liquid naphthalene.
The particles in the liquid lose their kinetic energy and move slower. The
P to Q
P ke Q
Liquid temperature decreases .
Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
cecair kehilangan tenaga kinetik dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin menurun .
The heat released to the surrounding by the particles in liquid naphthalene is balanced
by the heat energy released as the particles attract one another to form a solid .
Q to R Liquid and The temperature remains constant .
Q ke R Solid Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena diimbangi oleh
tenaga haba yang terbebas apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
pepejal . Suhu adalah tetap .
The particles in the solid naphthalene releases heat and vibrate slower . The temperature
R to S decreases .
R ke S
Solid membebaskan lebih perlahan
Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena tenaga dan bergetar dengan .
Suhu semakin menurun .
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3 The constant temperature at which a liquid

changes to a solid is called freezing point . During the freezing
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced by the
heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a solid .
Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecair berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil takat beku . Semasa proses
pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang terbebas
apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk pepejal .
Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State Of A Substance At Any Given Temperature:
1 A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.
2 A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
3 A substance is in gas state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.
Substance / Bahan Chemical formula / Formula kimia Type of particle / Jenis zarah
Silver / Argentum Ag Atom

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O Ion
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molecule
Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 Molecule
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.
Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of one type of atom
(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements
2 The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.
Substance / Bahan Melting point / Takat lebur / C Boiling point / Takat didih / C
P 36 6
Q 18 70
R 98 230
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(a) (i) What is meant by melting point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?
The constant temperature at which a solid charges to a liquid at particular pressure
(ii) What is meant by boiling point?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat didih?
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure
(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.

Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.
Substance P / Bahan P Substance Q / Bahan Q Substance R / Bahan R
(c) (i) What is the substance that exist in the form of liquid at 0C.
Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0C.
P, Q
(ii) Give reason to your answer.

Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The temperature 0C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling point of Q
(d) (i) Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the
heating of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q terhadap masa
untuk pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature/C
70
Time/s
(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70C?

Apakah keadaan zik bahan Q pada 70C?
Liquid and gas
(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The melting point of substance R is higher than subtance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R
is stronger than Q. More heat is needed to overcome the force between particles in substance R.
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3 The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram
below. The temperature of acetemide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Suhu asetamida
dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Acetamide / Asetamida
(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?
To ensure even heating of acetemide. Acetamide is easily combustible.
(b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown
in the above diagram.
Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.
Naphthalene
(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the
water bath as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.
Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
No, because the melting point of water is 100C which is less than the melting point of sodium nitrate.
(d) Why do we need to stir the acetemide in the boiling tube in above experiment?
Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
To make sure the heat is distributed evenly
(e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.
Temperature / Suhu/ C
T3
Q R
T2
T1 Time / Masa/s
(i) What is the freezing point of acetamide?

Apakah takat beku asetamida?
T2C
(ii) The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain.
Suhu antara titik Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.
The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles
rearrange themselves to become solid.
(f) Acetemide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.
Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.
Water/naphthalene
(g) What is the melting point of acetamide?

Apakah takat lebur asetamida?
T2C
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The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom
1 History of the development of atomic models:

Sejarah perkembangan model atom:
Scientist Atomic Model Discovery

Saintis Model atom Penemuan
(i) Matter is made up of particles called atoms .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil atom .
(ii) Atoms cannot be created , destroyed or divided .
Dalton dicipta dimusnah dibahagi
Atom tidak boleh , atau .
(iii) Atoms from the same element are identical .
Atom daripada unsur sama adalah sama .
(i) Discovered the electrons , the first subatomic particle.

Positively charged sphere
Menjumpai elektron , zarah subatom yang pertama.
Sfera bercas positif
(ii) Atom is sphere of positive
charge which embedded with
Thomson
Electron charges negative negatively charged particles called electrons .
Atom adalah sfera yang bercas positif yang mengandungi zarah
Elektron bercas negatif
bercas negatif dipanggil elektron .
(i) Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and

Electron moves positively charged .
outside the nucleus Menjumpai nukleus yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan
Elektron bergerak di luar bercas positif .
nukleus
(ii) Proton is a part of the nucleus.
Rutherford
mengandungi Proton adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.
Nucleus that
contain proton (iii) Electron move outside the nucleus.
Nukleus mengandungi Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.
proton
(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the nucleus .
Nukleus mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.
Shell
Nucleus that (i) Discovered the existence of electron shells .

contain proton Menjumpai kewujudan petala elektron.
Neils Bohr
Nukleus mengandungi (ii) Electrons move in the shells around the nucleus.
proton Elektron nukleus
bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi .
Electron
(i) Discovered the existence of neutron .

Shell Menjumpai kewujudan neutron .
(ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called
Nucleus that contain
proton and neutron neutron and positively charged particles called
James
Chadwick Nukleus mengandungi proton .
proton dan neutron Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil neutron dan
zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil proton .
Electron (iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.
Jisim neutron dan proton adalah hampir sama.
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2 The structure of an atom: / Struktur Atom:
Shell / Petala
Nucleus that contain proton and neutron

Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron
Electron / Elektron
(a) An atom has a central nucleus and electrons that move in the shells around the nucleus.
Atom mempunyai nukleus di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi nukleus tersebut.
(b) The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Nukleus mengandungi proton dan neutron.
(c) Each proton has charge of +1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of 1 . The neutron has no
charge (it is neutral ). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge
of atom is zero . Atom is neutral . (If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion formation
of ion will be studied in Chapter 4)
Setiap proton bercas +1 . Setiap elektron bercas 1 . Neutron tidak mempunyai cas
(ianya adalah neutral ).
Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah sifar . Atom
adalah neutral . (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron pembentukan ion akan
dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)
(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly
from the number of proton and neutron .
Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan proton
dan bilangan neutron .
1
(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about times the size of a proton or
1 840
neutron.
Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu 1 daripada jisim proton dan neutron.
1 840
3 Complete the following table:
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative atomic mass Position

Zarah subatom Simbol Cas Jisim atom relatif Kedudukan
1
Electron/Elektron e (negative) =0 In the shells
1 840
Proton/Proton p + (positive) 1 In the nucleus
Neutron/Neutron n neutral 1 In the nucleus
4 Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element.

Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.
Complete the following diagram: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na Na
Na
Na Na Na Na
Sodium element Sodium element Sodium element Sodium atom

Unsur natrium Unsur natrium Unsur natrium Atom natrium
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5 Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element)

Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Proton number of an element is the number of proton in its atom .
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam atom .
(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because atom is neutral .
Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah neutral .
(c) Every element has its own proton number:
Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:
Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons
in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19. Atom kalium mempunyai 19 proton di dalam nukleus dan
19 elektron di dalam petala.
Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen atom has 8 protons in the nucleus and 8 electrons
in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8. Atom oksigen mempunyai 8 proton di dalam nukleus dan
8 elektron di dalam petala.
6 Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element)
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom .
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom .
(b) Nucleon number is also known as a mass number.
Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.
(c) Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.
Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
Symbol of Element And Standard Representation For An Atom of Element

Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu Unsur
1 The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital
letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf
besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.
Example: / Contoh:
Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol
Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol
Oxygen/Oksigen O Nitrogen/Nitrogen N Calcium/Kalsium Ca
Magnesium/Magnesium Mg Sodium/Natrium Na Copper/Kuprum Cu
Hydrogen/Hidrogen H Potassium/Kalium K Chlorine/Klorin Cl
The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula.
For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and
chlorine.
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula
kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
2 Standard representation symbol represents one atom of an element. It can be written as:
Simbol perwakilan piawai mewakili satu atom sesuatu unsur. Ianya boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon A

X Symbol of an element/Simbol unsur
Proton number/Nombor proton Z
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Example: / Contoh:
27
A1
13
The element is Aluminium.
Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
The nucleon number of Aluminium is 27 .
Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah 27 .
The proton number of Aluminium is 13 .
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah 13 .
Aluminium has 13 protons , 14 neutrons and 13 electrons.
Atom Aluminium mempunyai 13 proton , 14 neutron dan 13 elektron.
3 Isotope / Isotop
(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Or / Atau
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon number.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang
berbeza.
Example: / Contoh:
1 2
1 H 1 H
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1 Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1 Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0 Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same
number of protons but different in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of neutron .
Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang berbeza
kerana perbezaan bilangan neutron .
Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties because they have the same electron
arrangements.
Isotop mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat zik yang berbeza.
(b) Examples of the usage of isotopes:

Contoh kegunaan isotop:
i. Medical field
Bidang perubatan
To detect brain cancer.
Untuk mengesan barah otak.
To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Natrium-24
Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60
To kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan.
ii. In the industrial field
Bidang industri
To detect wearing out in machines.
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.
To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
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To detect leakage of pipes underground.

Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah.
To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
iii. In the agriculture field
Bidang pertanian
To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan.
To sterile insect pests for plants.
Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
iv. In the archeology field
Bidang arkeologi
Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.
Karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia sesuatu artifak.
4 Electron Arrangement
Susunan elektron
(a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the
elements with atomic numbers 1-20:
Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang
mempunyai nombor proton 120:
First shell can be filled with a maximum of 2 electrons.
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 2 elektron.
Second shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
Third shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)
Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)
Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)

Petala ketiga disi 8 elektron (oktet)
(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:
Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Standard
Electron arrangement
representation
of an atom Description
of an element
Lukiskan susunan elektron Penerangan
Perwakilan piawai
bagi atom
unsur
Number of protons/Bilangan proton 1

Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
Number of eletrons/Bilangan elektron 1
1 Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 0

H H
1
Proton number/Nombor proton 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 1
Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron 1

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Number of protons/Bilangan proton 11

Sodium Atom
Atom Natrium
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 11
23
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 12
Na
11 Na
Proton number/Nombor proton 11
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 23
Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron 2.8.1
(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X.

Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.
23
Na
11
Statement Tick ( / )
Pernyataan Tanda ( / )
Element X has 11 proton number.

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.

The proton number of element X is 11.

Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.

The proton number of atom X is 11.

Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.

The number of proton of element X is 11.

Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.

The number of proton of atom X is 11.

Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.

Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.

Nucleon number of atom X is 23.

Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.

Number of nucleon of element X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.

Atom X has 23 nucleon number.

Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.

Neutron number of atom X is 12.

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.

Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.

Number of neutron of element X is 12.

Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.

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EXERCISE / LATIHAN

Number
Number of Number of Number of Proton Nucleon Electron
Symbol of of valence
Element proton electron neutron number number arrangement
element electron
Unsur Bilangan Bilangan Bilangan Nombor Nombor Susunan
Simbol unsur Bilangan
proton elektron neutron proton nukleon elektron atom
elektron valens
Hydrogen 1
Hidrogen 1 H 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Helium 4
He 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
Helium 2
Boron 11
Boron 5 B 5 5 6 5 11 2.3 3
Carbon 12
Karbon 6 C 6 6 6 6 12 2.4 4
Nitrogen 14
Nitrogen 7 N 7 7 7 7 14 2.5 5
Neon 20
Ne 10 10 10 10 20 2.8 8
Neon 10
Sodium 23
Na 11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1 1
Natrium 11
Magnesium 24
Mg 12 12 12 12 24 2.8.2 2
Magnesium 12
Calcium 40
Ca 20 20 20 20 40 2.8.8.2 2
Kalsium 20
2 The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.
35 12 37
P R S
17 6 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
(b) What is the nucleon number of P / Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?

35
(c) State the number of neutron in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.
18
(d) State number of proton in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.

17
(e) (i) What is meant by isotope / Apakah maksud isotop?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons
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(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.
P and S
(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).
Atom P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron
(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.
Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
14
R
6
3 The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element Number of proton Number of neutron

Unsur Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
P 1 0
Q 1 1
R 6 6
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atom P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.
(b) (i) Write the standard representation of element Q.

Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
2
Q
1
(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
The proton number of element Q is 1 // Number of proton of atom Q is 1
Nucleon number of element Q is 2 // Atomic mass of atom Q is 2
Number of neutron of atom Q is 1
Nucleus of atom Q contains 1p and 1n
(c) (i) Draw atomic structure for atom of element R.

Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.
6 protons + 6 neutrons
(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i).

Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).
The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.
The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.
The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of
four electrons.
Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.

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(d) Element R react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the
graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27C is cooled to 5C.
Unsur R bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf
apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27C disejukkan sehingga 5C.
Temperature /C
Suhu /C
0 Time /s
t1 t2 Masa /s
(i) What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from
t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the particles at 0 C
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles of Z at 20C.
Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20C.
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5C.
Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5C.
The particles move slower
Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif
1 The diagram shows the arrangement of particles for a type 3 The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X.
of matter that undergoes a change in physical state through Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.
process X.
Temperature / Suhu C
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan yang
mengalami perubahan keadaan zik melalui proses X. U
S
Q T
X R
P Time (m)
Masa (m)
What is process X? Which region of the graph does boiling process occur?
Apakah proses X ? Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?
A Melting C Freezing A PQ C ST
Peleburan Pembekuan B QR D TU
B Boiling D Sublimation
Pendidihan Pemejalwapan 4 Which of the following information is true?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul?
2 Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation Change of state Process Heat energy
when heated? Perubahan keadaan Proses Tenaga haba
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami pemejalwapan apabila
dipanaskan? A Solid Liquid Melting Released
A Sulphur C Glucose Pepejal Cecair Peleburan Dibebaskan
Sulfur Glukosa B Liquid Gas Evaporation Released
B Ammonium chloride D Sodium chloride Cecair Gas Penyejatan Dibebaskan
Ammonium klorida Natrium klorida
C Gas Solid Sublimation Released
Gas Pepejal Pemejalwapan Dibebaskan
D Gas Liquid Condensation Absorbed
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5 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against

Substance Melting point/C Boiling point/C
time when a liquid Y is cooled. Bahan Takat lebur/C Takat didih/C
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y
disejukkan. S 182 162
Temperature / Suhu C T 23 77
U 97 65
t3 P
V 41 182
t2 Q R W 132 290
Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature?

t1 Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?
S
Time (m) A S only C T and U only
Masa (m) S sahaja T dan U sahaja
B S and T only D V and W only
Which of the following statements are true about the curve? S dan T sahaja V dan W sahaja
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang lengkung
itu? 8 The diagram below shows standard representation of an atom
I At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze. copper.
Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom kuprum.
II At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings.
Pada PQ, zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari persekitaran. 64
III Liquid Y freezes completely at S. Cu
29
Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.
IV The freezing point of Y is t2C. Which of the following is correct based on the symbol the
Takat beku bagi Y adalah t2C. diagram?
A I and III only C II and III only Antara berikut, yang manakah betul berdasarkan rajah di atas?
I dan III sahaja II dan III sahaja
B I and IV only D II and IV only Proton number Nucleon number Number of electron
I dan IV sahaja II dan IV sahaja Nombor proton Nombor nukleon Bilangan elektron
A 29 64 29
6 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against
time when solid Z is heated. B 35 29 64
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z C 64 35 29
dipanaskan.
D 29 64 35
Temperature / Suhu C
9 The diagram below shows the standard representation of

beryllium atom.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom berillium.
80
9
Be
4
What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?
Time (m) Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Masa (m)
A 2 C 4
B 3 D 7
Which of the following is true during the fourth minute?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit keempat?
10 The table below shows the proton number and the number of
A All the molecules are in random motion.
neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi
B All the molecules are closely packed and in random atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.
motion.
Element Proton number Number of neutrons
Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.
Atom Nombor proton Bilangan neutron
C All the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions.
Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap. W 7 7
D Some of the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions but X 8 8
some are in random motion. Y 8 9
Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan Z 9 10
sebahagian bergerak secara rawak. Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?
7 The table shows the melting points and boiling points of A W and X C X and Y
substances S, T, U, V and W. W dan X X dan Y
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U, B W and Y D Y and Z
V dan W. W dan Y Y dan Z
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CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

2 FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
RELATIF MASS / JISIM RELATIF
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)

To state the meaning of relative mass and solve numerical problems
Menyatakan maksud jisim atom relatif dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan
RELATIVE FORMULA MASS / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)

To state the meaning of RAM, RMM and RFM based on carbon-12 scale
Menyatakan maksud JAR, JMR dan JFR berdasarkan skala karbon-12
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS / JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR)

To calculate RAM, RMM and RFM using the chemical formulae of various substances
Menghitung JAR, JMR dan JFR menggunakan formula kimia beberapa bahan
MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL
MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES / MOL DAN BILANGAN ZARAH

To solve numerical problems involving mole and the number of atoms/ ions/ molecules
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol dan bilangan atom, ion dan molekul
MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES / MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN

To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole
concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF GAS / MOL DAN ISIPADU GAS

To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole
concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS / FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK

Stating the purpose and describe the empirical formula laboratory activities to determine the formula empirical
Menyatakan maksud formula empirik dan menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk menentukan formula empirik
MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL

Solve calculation problems involving empirical formula
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan formula empirik
CHEMICAL FORMULAE / FORMULA KIMIA

To write formula of anion and cation and to write chemical formula for ionic compounds
Menulis formula kation dan anion dan menulis formula kimia untuk sebatian ion
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA

Write a balanced chemical equation and solve problems arrangements involving the mole concept
Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan yang melibatkan konsep mol
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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)
1 A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly.
Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.
2 The best way to determine the mass of a single atom is to compare its mass to the mass of another atom of an element
that is used as a standard.
Cara yang paling sesuai untuk menentukan jisim satu atom ialah dengan membandingkan jisimnya dengan jisim suatu atom unsur lain
yang dianggap sebagai piawai.
3 Hydrogen was the first element to be chosen as the standard for comparing mass because the hydrogen atom is the
lightest atom with a mass of 1.0 a.m.u (atomic mass unit).
Hidrogen adalah unsur pertama dipilih sebagai piawai untuk membandingkan jisim kerana atom hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling
ringan dengan jisim 1.0 u.j.a (unit jisim atom).
Example:
Contoh:
The mass of one helium atom is four times larger than one hydrogen atom.
Jisim satu atom Helium adalah 4 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom hidrogen.
RAM for He is 4.
JAR untuk He ialah 4.
4 On the hydrogen scale, the relative atomic mass of an element means the mass of one atom of the element compared to
the mass of a single hydrogen atom:
Pada skala hidrogen, jisim atom relatif suatu unsur ditakrifkan sebagai jisim satu atom unsur berbanding jisim satu atom hidrogen:
Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jism atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
Mass of one hydrogen atom / Jisim satu atom hidrogen
RAM has no unit.

JAR tiada unit.
The new standard used today is the carbon-12 atom.
Piawai yang digunakan sekarang adalah berdasarkan atom karbon-12.
1
RAM based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with of the mass of an
atom of carbon-12: 12
1
JAR berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan jisim satu atom karbon-12:
12
Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
1
The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
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RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM) / RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM)

JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR) / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu molekul
1 RMM / JMR =
1
The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
2 RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the molecule.
JMR diperoleh dengan menambahkan JAR semua atom yang terdapat dalam satu molekul.
Molecular substance Molecular formula Relative molecular mass

Bahan molekul Formula molekul Jisim molekul relatif
Oxygen / Oksigen O2 2 16 = 32
Water / Air H2O 2 1 + 16 = 18
Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2 12 + 2 16 = 44
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 14 + 3 1 = 17
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, N = 14]
3 For ionic substances, RMM is replaced with Relative Formula Mass (RFM).
Untuk sebatian ion, JMR digantikan dengan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR).
Substance Chemical formula Relative molecular mass

Bahan Formula kimia Jisim formula relatif
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida NaCl 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K 2O 2 39 + 16 = 94
Copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat CuSO4 64 + 32 + 4 16 = 160
Ammonium carbonate / Ammonium karbonat (NH4)2CO3 2 [14 + 4 1] + 12 + 3 16 = 96
Aluminium nitrate / Aluminium nitrat Al(NO3)3 27 + 3 [14 + 3 16] = 213
Calcium hydroxide / Kalsium hidroksida Ca(OH)2 40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74
Lead(II) hydroxide / Plumbum(II) hidroksida Pb(OH)2 207 + 2 [16 + 1] = 241
Hydrated copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat CuSO45H2O 64 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 [2 1 + 16] = 250
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, Al = 27,
Ca = 40, Pb = 207]
(i) The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of
metal M?
Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M2O3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?
M = RAM for M
2M + 3 16 = 152
M = 52
(ii) Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x.
Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]
31 + x 35.5 = 208.5
35.5x = 208.5 31
35.5x = 177.5
x =5
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MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL
Mole and the Number of Particles / Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah
1 To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules, mole is used.
Untuk menyatakan jumlah atom, ion atau molekul, unit mol digunakan.
2 A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
Satu mol ialah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah seperti mana yang terdapat dalam 12 g atom karbon-12.
3 A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles (atoms, ions,
molecules), which is 6.02 1023.
Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang tetap (atom, molekul, ion) iaitu 6.02 1023.
4 The number 6.02 1023 is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number (NA).
Nombor 6.02 1023 dikenali sebagai Pemalar Avogadro atau Nombor Avogadro (NA ).
5 For compounds that exist as molecules/ions, the number of atoms/ions in that compound must be known.
Bagi sebatian yang wujud dalam bentuk molekul/ion, bilangan atom/ion dalam sebatian itu mestilah diketahui.
6 The symbol of mole is mol.
Simbol untuk mol ialah mol.
Substance Formula Type of Model / Figure Number of atom per

Bahan Formula particles Model / Rajah molecule/ Number of
Jenis zarah positive and negative ion
Bilangan atom per molekul/
Bilangan ion positif dan negatif
Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 Molecule Cl Cl Cl : 2
H: 2
Water / Air H2O Molecule H O H
O:1
H N:1
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molecule
H N H H: 3
S:1
Sulphur dioxide / Sulfur dioksida SO2 Molecule O S O
O:2
Mg2+ : 1
Magnesium chloride / Magnesium klorida MgCl2 Ion [Cl] [Mg]2+ [Cl]
Cl :2
Al3+ : 2
Aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida Al2O3 Ion [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2
O2 :3
8 Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atoms/ions/molecules):

Hubungan bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah (atom/ion/molekul):
Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
Number of moles Number of particles
Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah
Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
9 Complete the following: [Differentiate between mole dan molecule]

Lengkapkan yang berikut: [Bezakan antara mol dan molekul]
(a) 1 mol of Cl2 6.02 1023 molecules of chlorine, Cl2 / molekul klorin, Cl2
[Chlorine gas]
1 mol Cl2 2 6.02 1023 atoms of chlorine, Cl / atom klorin, Cl
[Gas klorin]
(b) 1 mol of NH3 6.02 1023 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3
[Ammonia gas] 1 mol of nitrogen atom, N / mol atom nitrogen, N
1 mol NH3 4 mol atoms / mol atom
[Gas ammonia] 3 mol of hydrogen atoms, H / mol atom hidrogen, H
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1 0.25 6.02 1023 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3

(c) mol of NH3
4 0.25 mol of N atoms / mol atom N,
[Ammonia gas] 23
number of N atoms / bilangan atom N = 0.25 6.02 10
1 1 mol of atoms
mol NH3
4 1
[Gas ammonia] mol atom 0.75 mol of H atoms / mol atom H,
number of H atoms / bilangan atom H = 0.75 6.02 1023
(d) 2 mol of MgCl2 2 mol of Mg2+ ions / mol ion Mg2+,

[Magnesium chloride] number of Mg2+ ions / bilangan ion Mg2+ = 2 6.02 1023
2 mol MgCl2
[Magnesium klorida] 4 mol of Cl ions / mol ion Cl,
number of Cl- ions / bilangan ion Cl = 4 6.02 1023
(e) 2 mol of SO2 2 6.02 1023 molecules of SO2 / molekul SO2

[Sulphur dioxide] 2 mol of S atoms / mol atom S,
2 mol SO2 2 6.02 1023
number of S atoms / bilangan atom S =
[Sulfur dioksida] 3 2 = 6 mol of atoms
32=6 mol atom 4 mol of O atoms / mol atom O,
number of O atoms / bilangan atom O = 4 6.02 1023
10 Complete the table below:
Number of moles Number of particles

Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah
0.5 mole of carbon, C 3.01 1023 atoms of carbon

0.5 mol atom karbon, C 3.01 1023 atom karbon
0.2 moles of hydrogen gas, H2 (i) 0.2 6.02 1023 molecules of hydrogen / molekul hidrogen
0.2 mol gas hidrogen, H2
(ii) 2 0.2 6.02 1023 atoms of hydrogen / atom hidrogen
1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2 6.02 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide contains:
1 mol molekul karbon dioksida, CO2 6.02 1023 molekul karbon dioksida mengandungi:
6.02 1023 atoms of C and 2 6.02 1023 atoms of O.
23
6.02 10 atom C dan 2 6.02 1023 atom O.
NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCE / BILANGAN MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN
1 Molar mass / Jisim molar

(a) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance / Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan.
(b) Molar Mass is the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass of a substance in
g mol1.
Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif suatu bahan dalam g mol1.
(c) Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass/ relative formula
mass/relative molecular mass).
Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif/ jisim formula relatif/ jisim molekul
relatif).
2 Example / Contoh:
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g mol1
Jisim molar H2O = 18 g mol1
RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Mass of 1 mol of H2O = 18 g
Jisim 1 mol H2O = 18 g Number of JAR/JFR/JMR
Mass in gram
Mass of 2 mol of H2O = 2 mol 18 g mol1 = 36 g moles
Jisim dalam gram
18 36
Bilangan mol RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Jisim 2 mol H2O = 2 mol g mol1 = g
JAR/JFR/JMR
Mass of 2.5 mol of H2O = 45 g
Jisim 2.5 mol H2O = 45 g
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Element/ Chemical
RAM/RMM/RFM Calculate
Compound formula JAR/JMR/JFR Penghitungan
Unsur/Sebatian Formula kimia
Copper Cu RAM/JAR = 64 1
(a) Mass of 1 mol of Cu / Jisim 1 mol Cu : 1 mol 64 g mol = 64 g
Kuprum
(b) Jisim 2 mol / Jisim 1 mol : 2 mol 64 g mol1 = 128 g
1
1 1 mol 64 g mol1 = 32 g
(c) Jisim mol / Jisim mol: 2
2 2
(d) Mass of 3.01 1023 Cu atoms / Jisim 3.01 1023 atom Cu: 32 g
Sodium hydroxide NaOH RFM/JFR = 40 120 g

(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide:
Natrium hidroksida
Jisim 3 mol natrium hidroksida: 120 g
(b) Number of moles in 20 g sodium hydroxide: 0.5 mol

Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida dalam 20 g: 0.5 mol
Oxygen gas O2 RMM/JMR = 32 (a) Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas: 2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g
Gas oksigen 2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g
Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen:
(b) Number of moles is 1.5 mol oxygen gas:
Bilangan molekul dalam 1.5 mol gas oksigen:
1.5 mol 6.02 1023
1
(c) Number of molecules in mol of oxygen gas:
2
1
Bilangan molekul dalam mol gas oksigen:
2
0.5 mol 6.02 1023
(d) Number of atoms in 2 mol of oxygen gas:
Bilangan atom dalam 2 mol gas oksigen:
2 2 6.02 1023
Sodium chloride NaCl RFM/JFR = 58.5 Mass of 0.5 mol of NaCl / Jisim bagi 0.5 mol NaCl:
Natrium klorida 0.5 mol 58.5 g mol1 = 29.25 g
Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 RFM/JFR = 189 Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate:
Zink nitrat Bilangan mol dalam 37.8 g zink nitrat:
37.8 g/189 g mol1 = 0.2 mol
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65, N = 14]
NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS / BILANGAN MOL DAN ISI PADU GAS
1 Molar volume of a gas: Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Isi padu molar gas: Isipadu yang dipenuhi oleh satu mol sebarang gas iaitu 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada suhu dan
tekanan piawai (STP).
2 The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at STP.
Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada STP.
3 Generalisation: One mole of any gas always occupies the same volume under the same temperature and pressure:
Umumnya: satu mol sebarang jenis gas menempati isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.
Example / Contoh:
(i) 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas dan 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupy the same
volume of 24 dm3 at room conditions.
1 mol gas oksigen, 1 mol gas ammonia, 1 mol gas helium dan 1 mol gas sulfur dioksida menempati isi padu yang sama iaitu 24 dm3
pada keadaan bilik.
(ii) 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas occupies 44.8 dm3 pada STP.
2 mol gas karbon dioksida menempati 44.8 dm3 pada STP.
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(iii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 12 dm3
at room conditions [Relative atomic mass: O =16]
16 g gas oksigen = 0.5 mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu 12 dm3 pada keadaan bilik.
[Jisim atom relatif; O = 16]
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
Number of moles of gas Volume of gas in dm2
Bilangan mol gas Isi padu gas dalam dm3
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
Formula for conversion of unit:
Formula untuk penukaran unit:
Volume of gas in dm3

Isi padu gas dalam dm3
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1 24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1

(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1 Number of (6.02 1023)
Mass in gram (g) moles Number of particles
Jisim dalam gram (g) Bilangan Bilangan zarah
(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1 (6.02 1023)
1 mol
(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Relative atomic mass of calcium is 40 based on the carbon-12 scale.

Jisim atom relatif kalsium berdasarkan skala karbon-12 ialah 40.
(a) State the meaning of the statement above.
Nyatakan maksud penyataan di atas.
1
Mass of calcium atom is 4 times greater than mass of carbon-12 atom.
12
(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [JAR: O = 16]
Relative atomic mass of calcium 40
= = 2.5 times
Relative atomic mass of oxygen 16
(c) How many calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine? [RAM Br = 80]
Berapakah bilangan atom kalsium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan dua atom bromin? [Jisim atom relatif: Br = 80]
Number of calcium atom 40 = 2 80
2 80
Number of calcium atom = =4
40
2 A sampel of chlorine gas weighs 14.2 g. Calculate / Suatu sampel gas klorin berjisim 14.2 g. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cl = 35.5]
(a) Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin.
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine atoms, Cl = = 0.4 mol
35.5
(b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl2 ).
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine molecule, Cl2 = = 0.2 mol
71
(c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
[Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai]
Volume of chlorine gas = 0.2 mol 24 dm3 mol1
= 4.8 dm3
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3 (a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]
(i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink
13
Number of mol of zinc atom = = 0.2 mol
65
Number of zinc atom = 0.2 6.02 1023
= 1.204 1023
(ii) 5.6 g of nitrogen gas / 5.6 g gas nitrogen

5.6
Number of mol of N atom = = 0.4 mol
14
Number of N atom = 0.4 6.02 1023
= 2.408 1023
(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]
(i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH3
8.5
6.02 1023
17
= 2.408 1023
(ii) 14.2 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 / 14.2 g gas klorin, Cl2

14.2
6.02 1023
71
= 1.2 1023
4 A gas jar contains 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. Calculate:

Suatu balang gas berisi 240 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas: 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
(a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:
240
Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.01 mol
24 000
(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida:
Number of molecules of CO2 = 0.01 6.02 1023
= 6.02 1021
(c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida:

Mass of CO2 = 0.01 mol [12 + 2 16] g mol1
= 0.44 g
5 What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as that found in 3.6 g of water?
Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2 ) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air?
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]
Number of moles of chlorine molecule = 2 no of mol in H2O
3.6
=2 = 0.4 mol
18
Mass of Cl2 = 0.4 71= 28.4 g
6 Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium.
Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]
2g
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7 Compare the number of molecule in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N2). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]
32
Number of moles of molecules in 32 g SO2 = = 0.5 mol
64
7
Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 = = 0.25 mol
28
Number of molecule in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N2.
Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecule is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecule.
8 Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]
1.28
Number of mol of O atoms in 1.28 g SO2 = = 0.08 mol
16
1.30
Number of mol of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn = = 0.04 mol
65
Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 2 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc.
Number of mol of oxygen atom is 2 times more than zinc atom.
CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
1 Symbol of elements use capital letters for the first alphabet and use small letters if there is a second alphabet.
Simbol unsur gunakan huruf besar untuk huruf pertama dan huruf kecil jika ada huruf kedua.
Example / Contoh: Potassium / Kalium K, Sodium / Natrium Na
Calcium / Kalsium Ca, Nitrogen / Nitrogen N
Iron / Ferum Fe, Fluorine / Fluorin F
Chemical Formula A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers representing chemical
substances.
Formula kimia Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan gandaan nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia.
Chemical substance Chemical formula Notes

Bahan kimia Formula kimia Catatan
Water 2 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of O.

H2O
Air 2 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom O.
Ammonia 3 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of N.

NH3
Ammonia 3 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom N.
Propane 3 atoms of C combines with 8 atoms of H.

C3H8
Propana 3 atom C bergabung dengan 8 atom H.
2 Information that can be obtained from the chemical formula / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada formula kimia:
(i) All the elements present in the compound / Jenis unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound / Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(iii) Calculation of RMM/RFM of the compound / Pengiraan JMR/JFR bagi sebatian.
3 Two types of chemical formula / Dua jenis formula kimia:
(i) Empirical formula / Formula empirik,
(ii) Molecular formula / Formula molekul.
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EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK
1 A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah nombor bulat teringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
2 The formula can be determined by calculating the simplest ratio of moles of atoms of each element in the compound.
Formula itu boleh ditentukan dengan menghitung nisbah bilangan mol atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
3 Experiments to determine empirical formula of metal oxide / Formula empirik bagi oksida logam diperoleh dengan cara:
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide

Formula empirik magnesium oksida Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas: Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Copper(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida
Magnesium
Magnesium
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Heat Heat
Panaskan
Panaskan
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku: Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Magnesium is burnt in a crucble to react with oxygen to form Hydrogen gas is passed through heated copper(II) oxide.
magnesium oxide. Hydrogen reduces copper(II) oxide to form copper and water.
Magnesium dipanaskan dengan kuat di dalam mangkuk pijar untuk Gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui kuprum(II) oksida yang dipanaskan.
bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk magnesium oksida. Hidrogen menurunkan kuprum(II) oksida kepada kuprum dan air.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
2Mg + O2 2MgO CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
This method can also be used to determine the empirical This method can also be used to determine the empirical
formulae of reactive metals such as aluminium oxide and zinc formulae of less reactive metals such as lead(II) oxide and
oxide. tin(II) oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam reaktif seperti aluminium oksida dan zink oksida. logam kurang reaktif seperti plumbum(II) oksida and stanum(II) oksida.
4 Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Magnesium Oksida
In this experiment, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide:
Semasa eksperimen ini, magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk asap putih, magnesium oksida:
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide

Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida
Material / Bahan: Magnesium ribbon, sand paper
Apparatus / Radas: Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand and balance
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Magnesium ribbon
Heat
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Procedure / Langkah:
(a) A crucible and its lid are weighed.
Mangkuk pijar dengan penutup ditimbang.
(b) 10 cm of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper .
10 cm pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan menggunakan kertas pasir ..
(c) The magnesium ribbon is coiled loosely and placed in the crucible.
Pita magnesium di gulung dan diletakkan dalam mangkuk pijar.
(d) The crucible together with the lid and magnesium ribbon are weighed again.
Mangkuk pijar bersama dengan penutup dan pita magnesium ditimbang.
(e) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.
Radas disusun seperti dalam gambar rajah.
(f) The crucible is heated strongly without its lid . When the magnesium starts to
burn , the crucible is covered with its lid .
Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan kuat tanpa penutup . Apabila pita magnesium mula
terbakar , mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan penutup .
(g) The lid of the crucible is lifted from time to time using a pair of tongs.
Penutup dibuka sekali sekala dengan menggunakan penyepit.
(h) When the magnesium ribbon stops burning , the lid is removed and the crucible is
heated strongly for another 2 minutes.
Apabila pita magnesium berhenti terbakar , penutup dibuka dan mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan
kuat selama 2 minit lagi.
(i) The crucible lid and its content are allowed to cool down to room temperature .
Mangkuk pijar , penutup dan kandungannya dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik .
(j) The crucible , lid and its content are weighed again .
Mangkuk pijar , penutup dan kandungannya ditimbang sekali lagi .
(k) The process of heating , cooling and weighing are repeated until a
constant mass is obtained.
Proses pemanasan , penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim
tetap diperoleh.
Observation / Pemerhatian:
Magnesium burns brightly to release white fumes and white solid is formed.
Magnesium terbakar dengan terang membebaskan wasap putih dan kemudiannya membentuk pepejal putih .
Inference / Inferens:
Magnesium is a reactive metal.

Magnesium adalah logam yang reaktif .
Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide .

Magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara membentuk magnesium oksida .
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Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Step taken / Langkah yang diambil Purpose / Tujuan
Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper . To remove the oxide layer on the surface of the magnesium
Pita magnesium perlu digosok dengan kertas pasir . ribbon.
Untuk membuang lapisan oksida pada permukaan magnesium oksida.
The crucible lid is lifted from time to time. To allow oxygen from the air to react with magnesium .
Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala. Untuk membenarkan oksigen masuk dan bertindak balas dengan magnesium .
crucible lid replaced To prevent fumes of magnesium oxide from escaping.

The then quickly.
Penutup mangkuk pijar kemudian ditutup semula dengan cepat. Untuk mengelakkan wasap magnesium oksida dari terbebas.
The process of heating , cooling and weighing are To ensure magnesium react completely with oxygen to
repeated until a constant mass is obtained. for magnesium oxide .
pemanasan , penyejukan penimbang Untuk memastikan semua magnesium telah bertindak balas lengkap
Proses dan
jisim tetap dengan oksigen untuk membentuk magnesium oksida .
diulang beberapa kali sehingga diperoleh.
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan Mass (g) / Jisim (g)
Mass of crucible + lid
x
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium

y
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide

z
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur Mg O
Mass (g) / Jisim (g) yx zy
yx zy
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom
24 16
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas p q
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgpOq .

Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah MgpOq .
5 Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Copper(II) Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Kuprum(II) Oksida
Copper(II) Oxide + Hidrogen Copper + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Hidrogen Kuprum + Air
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Copper(II) oxide
Burning of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas
Combustion tube
Heat
Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2

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Observation / Pemerhatian:
The black colour of copper(II) oxide turns brown .
Warna hitam kuprum(II) oksida menjadi perang .
Inference / Inferens:
Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen to produce the brown copper metal .
Kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk menghasilkan logam kuprum yang berwarna perang.
Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Step taken / Langkah yang ambil Purpose / Tujuan
Hydrogen gas is passed through anhydrous calcium Anhydrous calcium chloride absorb water vapour to dry
chloride. hydrogen gas.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui kalsium klorida kontang.
Kalsium klorida kontang menyerap wap air untuk mengering gas hidrogen.
Dry hydrogen is passed through the combustion To remove all the air in the combustion tube.
tube for 5 to 10 minutes. (The mixture of hydrogen gas and air explodes when lighted).
Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui tabung pembakaran
Untuk mengeluarkan semua udara dalam tabung pembakaran.
selama 5 hingga 10 minit. udara
(Campuran hidrogen dan menghasilkan letupan apabila dinyalakan)
The gas that comes out from the small hole is collected If the gas burns quietly without pop sound , all the air
in the test tube. Then, a lighted wooden splinter is has been removed from the combustion tube.
placed at mouth of the test tube. Jika gas terbakar tanpa bunyi pop , semua gas telah dikeluarkan
Gas yang keluar daripada lubang kecil dikumpul dalam sebuah daripada tabung pembakaran.
tabung uji. Kayu uji menyala di letakkan di mulut tabung

uji.
The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous To prevent hot copper from reacting with oxygen to form
throughout the experiment. copper(II) oxide again.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan secara berterusan sepanjang eksperimen. Untuk mengelakkan kuprum panas daripada bertindak balas dengan
oksigen dan membentuk kuprum(II) oksida .
The process of heating , cooling and weighing are To ensure all copper(II) oxide has changed to copper .
repeated until a constant mass is obtained. Untuk memastikan semua kuprum(II) oksida telah bertukar kepada kuprum .
Proses pemanasan , penyejukan dan penimbang

diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh.
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan Mass (g) / Jisim (g)
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
x
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide

y
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum(II) oksida
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper

z
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur Cu O
Mass (g) / Jisim (g) zx yz
zx yz
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom
64 16
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas p q
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CupOq .

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah CupOq .
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6 Explain why the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula in both the experiments is different.
Terangkan mengapa susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik dalam kedua-dua eksperimen itu berbeza.
(a) Magnesium is reactive metal (above hidrogen in reactivity series). Magnesium reacts easily to form
magnesium oxide .
Magnesium adalah logam reaktif (terletak di atas hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Magnesium mudah teroksida
membentuk magnesium oksida .

(b) Copper is below hydrogen in the metal reactivity series. Oxygen in copper(II) oxide can be reduced/removed
by hydrogen gas to form copper and water.

Kuprum di bawah hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Kuprum(II) okida boleh diturunkan/disingkirkan oleh
gas hidrogen untuk membentuk kuprum dan air.
7 To calculate the empirical formula of a compound, use the following table:
Untuk menghitung formula empirik suatu sebatian, jadual di bawah boleh digunakan sebagai panduan:
Calculation steps / Langkah pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
(a) Calculate the mass of each element in the compound.
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) Hitungkan jisim setiap unsur dalam sebatian.
(b) Convert the mass of each element to number of mole of atom.
Number of mole of atom / Bilangan mol atom Tukar jisim setiap unsur kepada bilangan mol atom.
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas (c) Calculate the simplest ratio of moles of atom of the elements.
Hitungkan nisbah bilangan mol atom teringkas unsur-unsur tersebut.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the empirical formula
of metal X oxide.
Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g logam terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[RAM / JAR: X = 207, O = 16]
Element / Unsur X O
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 10.35 1.6
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom 0.05 0.1
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 2
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 1 2
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: XO2 .
2 A certain compound contains the following composition / Satu sebatian mengandungi komposisi unsur seperti berikut:
Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 % [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80]
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Element / Unsur Na Br O
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 15.23 52.98 31.79
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom 0.66 0.66 1.99
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 1 3.01
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 1 1 3
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: NaBrO3 .
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3 2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5]
2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY3 . Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X.
[JAR: Y = 35.5]
Element / Unsur X Y x = relative atomic mass of X
Mass of element (g)
2.08 4.26 Mol X = 1
Jisim unsur (g)
Mol Y 3
Number of mole of atoms 2.08 4.26 = 0.12 2.08
Bilangan mol atom x 35.5 x 1
=
Simplest ratio of moles 0.12 3
1 3 x = 52
Nisbah mol teringkas
4 2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr2. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom relatif bagi
unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80]
Element / Unsur Z Br z = relative atomic mass of Z
Mass of element (g) Mol Z = 1

2.07 1.6
Jisim unsur (g) Mol Br 2
2.07 2.08
Number of mole of atoms 1.6 = 0.02
Bilangan mol atom z 80 z 1
=
0.02 2
Simplest ratio of moles
1 2
z = 207
Nisbah mol teringkas
5 The statement below is about compound J / Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai sebatian J.
It is black solid / Merupakan pepejal hitam.

Contains 12.8 g copper and 0.2 mol of oxygen / Mengandungi 12.8 g kuprum dan 0.2 mol oksigen.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64]
(a) What is meant by empirical formula / Apakah maksud formula empirik?
A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
(b) (i) Calculate the number of mol of copper atom / Hitung bilangan mol atom kuprum.
12.8
= 0.2 mol
64
(ii) What is the empirical formula of compound J / Apakah formula empirik sebatian J ?
0.2 mol Cu : 0.2 mol O.
1 mol Cu : 1 mol O.
Empirical formula of Compound J is CuO.
(c) Compound J reacts completely with hydrogen to produce copper and compound Q.
Sebatian J bertindak balas lengkap dengan hidrogen menghasilkan kuprum dan sebatian Q.
(i) State one observation for the reaction / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada tindak balas tersebut.
Black solid change to brown
(ii) Name two the substances that can be used to prepare hydrogen gas.
Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen.
Zinc/magnesium and hydrochloric acid/nitric acid/sulphuric acid.
(iii) Name compound Q / Nama sebatian Q.
Water
(iv) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas tersebut.
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
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(d) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Gas hidrogen Compound J
Heat
(e) (i) Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube after heating has stpopped?
Mengapakah gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan dihentikan?
To avoid copper produced react with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide.
(ii) State how to determine that the reaction between compound J and hydrogen has completed.
Nyatakan bagaimana menentukan tindak balas antara sebatian J dengan hidrogen telah lengkap.
By repeating the process of heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is obtained.
(f) (i) Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method? Explain your answer.
Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan cara yang sama? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Cannot. Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen. Hydrogen cannot reduce magnesium oxide to form
magnesium.
(ii) Magnesium can reduce copper oxide to copper. Explain why the empirical formula of the copper oxide cannot
be determined by heating the mixture of copper oxide and magnesium powder.
Magnesium boleh menurunkan kuprum oksida kepada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa formula empirik kuprum oksida tidak boleh
ditentukan dengan pemanasan campuran kuprum oksida dengan serbuk magnesium.
Magnesium oxide and copper produced are in solid form, copper cannot be separated from magnesium oxide.
The mass of copper cannot be weighed.
MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL
1 Molecular formula of a compound shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of
the compound.
Formula molekul suatu sebatian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam satu molekul sebatian.
Molecular Formula = (empirical formula)n, where n is a integer.

Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n, di mana n adalah integer.
2 Example / Contoh:
Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula Value of n
Sebatian Formula molekul Formula empirik Nilai n
Water / Air H2O H2O 1
Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2 CO2 1
Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik H2SO4 H2SO4 1
Ethene / Etena C2H4 CH2 2
Benzene / Benzena C6H6 CH 6
Glucose / Glukosa C6H12O6 CH2O 6

The molecular formula and the empirical formula of a compound may be the same if the value of n = 1 but different if the
value is n > 1.
Formula molekul dan formula empirik suatu sebatian akan sama sekiranya nilai n = 1 tetapi akan berbeza sekiranya nilai n > 1.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The empirical formula of compound X is CH2 and relative molecular mass is 56. Determine the molecular formula of
compound X. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12]
Formula empirik sebatian X adalah CH2 dan JMR adalah 56. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian X. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12]
(12 + 2)n = 56
56
n= =4
14
Molecular formula = (CH2)4 = C4H8
2 2.58 g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
2.58 g suatu hidrokarbon mengandungi 2.16 g karbon. Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 86.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1; C = 12]
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon / Hitungkan formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon ini.
Element C H
Mass of element (g) 2.16 0.42
Number of mole of atoms 0.18 0.42
Ratio of moles 1 21 = 7
3 3
Simplest ratio of moles 3 7
Empirical formula = C3H7
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon / Tentukan formula molekul hidrokarbon tersebut.
(12 3 + 7 1)n = 86
86
n= =2
43
Molecular formula = (C3H7)2 = C6H14
3 The diagram below shows the structural formula for benzene molecule.
Rajah di bawah menujukkan formula struktur bagi benzena.
H
H C H
C C
H C C H
C
H
(a) Name the element that make up benzene / Namakan unsur yang membentuk benzena.
Carbon and hydrogen
(b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene?
Apakah formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena?
Molecular formula / Formula molekul: C6H6
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: CH
(c) Compare and contrast the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene.
Banding dan bezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena.
Both empirical formula and molecular formula shows benzene is made up of carbon and hydrogen
elements.
Kedua-dua fomula molekul dan formula empirik menunjukkan benzena terdiri dari unsur karbon dan hidrogen .
Molecular formula shows the actual number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms in benzene
molecule . Each benzene molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms.
Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan sebenar bagi atom karbon dan atom hidrogen dalam molekul
benzena. Setiap molekul benzena terdiri daripada 6 atom karbon dan 6 atom
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Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of number carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, the simplest
ratio of number of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms in benzene is 1:1 .
Formula empirik benzena menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atoms karbon kepada atom hidrogen .
Nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom karbon kepada hidrogen adalah 1:1 .
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION BY MASS OF AN ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND

PERATUS KOMPOSISI UNSUR MENGIKUT JISIM DALAM SEBATIAN
Total RAM of the element in the compound 100%

Jumlah JAR unsur dalam suatu sebatian 100%
1 % composition by mass of an element =
% komposisi unsur mengikut jisim RMM/RFM of compound/JMR/JFR sebatian
2 Example / Contoh:
Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
Hitungkan peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam sebatian berikut:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39]
(i) (NH4)2SO4
2 14
%N = 100%
132
= 21.2%
(ii) KNO3
14
%N = 100%
101
= 13.9%
CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS / FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN ION
1 Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn is by exchanging the charges on each ion.
The formula obtained will be XmYn.
Formula kimia sebatian ion yang mengandungi ion X m + dan Y n boleh diperoleh melalui pertukaran bilangan cas setiap ion. Formula yang
diperoleh ialah XnYm.
2 Example / Contoh:
(i) Sodium oxide / Natrium oksida
Ion / Ion Na+ O2
Charges / Bilangan cas +1 2
Exchange of charges / Pertukaran bilangan cas 2 1
Smallest ratio / Nisbah teringkas 2 1

+
Number of combining ions / Bilangan ion yang bergabung 2 Na O2
Formula / Formula Na2O
(ii) Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat (iii) Zinc oxide / Zink oksida
Cu 2+
NO 3
Zn2+ O2
+2 1 +2 2
1 2 (Ratio / Nisbah) 2 2
Cu(NO3)2
1 1 (Ratio / Nisbah)
ZnO
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Aktiviti 1: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN NAMA BAGI BAHAN KIMIA BERIKUT
O2, CO32, SO42, Cl, Br, I, OH, NO3,

Oxide ion Carbonat ion Sulphate ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion
Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat
K+
K2O K2CO3 K2SO4 KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3
Potassium ion
Potassium oxide Potassium carbonate Potassium sulphate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Potassium hydroxide Potassium nitrate
Ion kalium
Na+
Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3
Sodium ion
Sodium oxide Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate
Ion natrium
H+
H2CO3 H2SO4 HCl HBr HI HNO3
Hydrogen ion
Carbonic acid Sulphuric acid Hydrocloric acid Hydrobromic acid Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid
Ion hidrogen
Ag+
Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4 AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3
Silver ion
Silver oxide Silver carbonate Silver sulphate Silver chloride Silver bromide Silver iodide Silver hydroxide Silver nitrate
Ion argentum
NH4 + (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4Br NH4I NH4NO3

Ammonium ion Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium
Ion ammonium carbonate sulphate chloride bromide iodide nitrate
Ca2+
CaO CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3 )2
Calcium ion
Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Calcium bromide Calcium iodide Calcium hydroxide Calcium nitrate
Ion kalsium
Cu2+
CuO CuCO3 CuSO4 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3 )2
Copper(II) ion
Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) carbonate Copper(II) sulphate Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) iodide Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate
Ion kuprum(II)
Mg2+ MgO MgCO3 MgSO4 MgCl2 MgBr2 Mg(OH)2

MgI2 Mg(NO3 )2
Magnesium ion Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium
Magnesium iodide Magnesium nitrate
Ion magnesium oxide carbonate sulphate chloride bromide hydroxide
Zn2+
ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3 )2
Zinc ion
Zinc oxide Zinc carbonate Zinc sulphate Zinc chloride Zinc bromide Zinc iodide Zinc hydroxide Zinc nitrate
Ion zink
Pb2+
PbO PbCO3 PbSO4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3 )2
Lead(II) ion
Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) sulphate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) nitrate
Ion plumbum(II)
Al 3+ Al2(SO4 )3 AlCl3 Al(OH)3

Al2O3 Al2(CO3 )3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(NO3)3
Aluminium ion Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium
Aluminium oxide Aluminium carbonate Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide Aluminium nirate
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02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 41
ACTIVITY 2: WITHOUT REFERRING TO THE TABLE IN ACTIVITY 1, WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS
AKTIVITI 2: TANPA MERUJUK KEPADA JADUAL AKTIVITI 1, TULISKAN FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Oxide ion Carbonat ion Sulphate ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion
Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
K2O K2CO3 K2SO4 KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
H2CO3 H2SO4 HCl HBr HI HNO3
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4 AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
(NH4 )2CO3 (NH4 )2SO4 NH4Cl NH4 Br NH4 I NH4 NO3
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
CaO CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3 )2
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
CuO CuCO3 CuSO4 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3 )2
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
MgO MgCO3 MgSO4 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3 )2
Zinc ion
Ion zink
ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3 )2

Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
PbO PbCO3 PbSO4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3 )2
Aluminium ion
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Ion aluminium
Al2O3 Al2(CO3)3 Al2(SO4 )3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3 )3
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ACTIVITY 3: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND TYPE OF PARTICLES FOR THE FOLLOWING ELEMENT/COMPOUND
AKTIVITI 3: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN JENIS ZARAH UNTUK UNSUR/SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Compound / Element Formula Type of particles Compound / Element Formula Type of particles
Sebatian/Unsur Formula Jenis zarah Sebatian/Unsur Formula Jenis zarah
Sodium sulphate Zinc carbonate

Na2SO4 Ion ZnCO3 Ion
Natrium sulfat Zink karbonat
Ammonium carbonate Ammonium carbonate

(NH4 )2CO3 Ion (NH4 )2CO3 Ion
Ammonium karbonat Ammonium karbonat
Magnesium nitrate Silver chloride

Mg(NO3 )2 Ion AgCl Ion
Magnesium nitrat Argentum klorida
Hyrochloric acid Sulphuric acid

HCl Ion H2SO4 Ion
Asid hidroklorik Asid sulfurik
Potassium oxide Copper(II) nitrate

K2O Ion Cu(NO3 )2 Ion
Kalium oksida Kuprum(II) nitrat
Magnesium oxide Hydrogen gas

MgO Ion H2 Molecule
Magnesium oksida Gas hidrogen
Lead(II) carbonate Carbon dioxide gas

PbCO3 Ion CO2 Molecule
Plumbum(II) karbonat Gas karbon dioksida
Iron(III) sulphate Oxygen gas

Fe2(SO4)3 Ion O2 Molecule
Ferum(III) sulfat Gas oksigen
Magnesium chloride Aluminium sulphate

MgCl2 Ion Al2(SO4 )3 Ion
Magnesium klorida Aluminium sulfat
Zinc sulphate Lead(II) chloride

ZnSO4 Ion PbCl2 Ion
Zink sulfat Plumbun(II) klorida
Silver nitrate Potassium iodide

AgNO3 Ion KI Ion
Argentum nitrat Kalium iodida
Ammonium sulphate Copper(II) carbonate

(NH4 )2SO4 Ion CuCO3 Ion
Ammonium sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat
Zinc oxide Potasium carbonate

ZnO Ion K2CO3 Ion
Zink oksida Kalium karbonat
Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide

HNO3 Ion NaOH Ion
Asid nitrik Natrium hidroksida
Ammonia gas Aqueous ammonia

NH3 Molecule NH3(aq) Ion and molecule
Gas ammonia Ammonia akueus
Magnesium Ammonium chloride

Mg Atom NH4Cl Ion
Magnesium Ammonium klorida
Zinc Nitrogen dioxide gas

Zn Atom NO2 Molecule
Zink Gas nitrogen dioksida
Copper(II) sulphate Sodium chloride

CuSO4 Ion NaCl Ion
Kuprum(II) sulfat Natrium klorida
Iodine Silver
I2 Molecule Ag Atom
Iodin Argentum
Chlorine Bromine
Cl2 Molecule Br2 Molecule
Klorin Bromin
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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA
1 Two types of equation / Dua jenis persamaan:

Equation in words / Persamaan perkataan
using names of reactants and products / menggunakan nama bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas;
Equation using symbols / Persamaan menggunakan simbol
reactants and products are represented by chemical formulae and have certain meanings
menggunakan formula kimia untuk mewakili bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas serta menggunakan pelbagai jenis simbol yang
membawa makna tertentu.
Symbol / Simbol Meaning / Maksud Symbol / Simbol Meaning / Maksud
Separating 2 reactants / products (g) Gaseous state

+
Mengasingkan 2 bahan / hasil (g) Keadaan gas
Produces (aq) Aqueous state

Menghasilkan (ak) Keadaan akueus
Reversible reaction Gas released

Tindak balas berbalik Gas terbebas
(s) Solid state Precipitation

(p) Keadaan pepejal Bahan termendap
(l) Liquid state Heating / Heat energy is given

(ce) Keadaan cecair Pemanasan / Haba dibekalkan
2 Information obtained from chemical equation using symbols / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada persamaan kimia bersimbol:
(a) Qualitative aspect / Aspek kualitatif : type of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction and the state
of each reactant and product.
jenis bahan / hasil tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan zikal bagi
setiap bahan / hasil tindak balas.
(b) Quantitative aspect / Aspek kuantitatif : number of moles of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
that is the coeffficients involved in a balanced equation of the formulae of
reactants and products.
bilangan mol yang bertindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk iaitu pekali bagi
setiap formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Example / Contoh:
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zn (p) + 2HCl (ak) ZnCl2 (ak) + H2 (g)
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 mol
Interpretation / Tafsiran: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc chloride and
1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.
3 Writing balanced chemical equations / Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang:

Step 1 / Langkah 1 : Write the correct chemical formulae for each reactant and product.
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Step 2 / Langkah 2 : Detemine the number of atoms for each element / Tentukan bilangan atom setiap unsur.
Step 3 / Langkah 3 : Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulae.
Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di hadapan setiap formula kimia.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:

Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:
1 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
2 Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida Natrium sulfat + Air
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
3 Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
4 Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid Copper(II) chloride + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik Kuprum(II) klorida + Air
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
5 Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide / Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida

2Mg + O2 2MgO
6 Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
7 Potassium oxide + Water Potassium hydroxide / Kalium oksida + Air Kalium hidroksida
K 2O + H 2 O 2KOH
8 Zinc oxide + Nitric acid Zinc nitrate + Water / Zink oksida + Asid nitrik Zink nitrat + Air
ZnO + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3 )2 + H2O
9 Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum (II) oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
10 Aluminium nitrate Aluminium oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Aluminium nitrat Aluminium oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PENGHITUNGAN BERKAITAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
Calculation steps / Langkah perhitungan:

S1 / L1 : Write a balanced equation / Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang.
S2 / L2 : Write the information from the question above the equation / Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan.
S3 / L3 : Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (information about the number of moles of
reactants/products).
Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (Maklumat perhubungan bilangan mol bahan/hasil tindak balas
terlibat).
S4 / L4 : Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
Tukarkan maklumat L2 kepada mol menggunakan carta di bawah.
S5 / L5 : Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer.
Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mencari jawapan.
S6 / L6 : Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
Tukar maklumat kepada unit yang dikehendaki dengan menggunakan carta di bawah.
(RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol1 24 dm3 mol1 / 22.4 dm3 mol1

Mass (g) No. of moles (n) Volume of gas (dm3)
Jisim (g) Bilangan mol (n) Isipadu gas (dm3)
(RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol1 24 dm3 mol1 / 22.4 dm3 mol1
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The equation shows the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room
conditions. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Hitungkan jisim zink yang perlu ditindakbalaskan dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 6 dm3 gas hidrogen pada
keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
6 dm3
Mol of H2 = = 0.25 mol
24 dm3 mol1
From the equation,
1 mol of H2 : 1 mol of Zn
0.25 mol of H2 : 0.25 mol of Zn
Mass of Zn = 0.25 65 = 16.2 g
2 The equation shows the reaction between potassium and oxygen.

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalium dengan oksigen.
4K + O2 2K2O
Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
Hitungkan jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 23.5 g kalium oksida. [Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, O = 16]
23.5 23.5
Mol of K2O = = = 0.25 mol
(2 39 + 16) 94
From the equation,
2 mol of K2O : 4 mol of K
0.25 mol of K2O : 0.5 mol of K
Mass of K = 0.5 mol 39 g mol1 = 19.5 g
3 The equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Persamaan menunjukkan penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
H2O2 H2O + O2
Balance the equation above. Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is collected
at STP. [Relative Atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at STP]
Seimbangkan persamaan di atas. Hitung bilangan mol H2O2 yang telah terurai sekiranya 11.2 dm3 gas oksigen dikumpulkan pada STP.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
11.2 dm3
Mol of O2 = = 0.5 mol
22.4 dm3 mol1
From the equation,
1 mol of O2 : 2 mol of H2O2
0.5 mol of O2 : 1.0 mol of H2O2
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4 8.0 g of copper(II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate
produced. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
8.0 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dicampurkan kepada asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan dan dihangatkan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) nitrat
yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3 )2 + H2O

8g
Mol of CuO = = 0.1 mol
(64 + 16)g mol1
From the equation,
1 mol of CuO : 1 mol of Cu(NO3)2
0.1 of CuO : 0.1 mol of Cu(NO3)2
Mass of Cu(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol 188 g mol1 = 18.8 g
5 1.3 g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The products are zinc sulphate and hydrogen. Calculate the
volume of hidrogen gas released at STP. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 mol1at STP]
1.3 g zink bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair yang berlebihan. Hasil tindak balas adalah zink sulfat dan hidrogen. Hitungkan isi padu
hidrogen yang terbebas pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, isipadu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
Answer/Jawapan: 448 cm3
6 0.46 g of sodium burns completely in chlorine gas at room conditions to produce sodium chloride. Calculate the
volume of chlorine gas that has reacted. [Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room
conditions]
0.46 g natrium terbakar lengkap dalam gas klorin pada keadaan bilik menghasilkan natrium klorida. Hitungkan isi padu klorin yang
diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: Na = 23, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan: 0.24 dm3
7 The equation shows the combustion of propane gas.

Persamaan menunjukkan pembakaran gas propana.
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room conditions burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed.
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
720 cm3 gas propana (C3H8) pada keadaan bilik terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim karbon dioksida yang terbentuk.
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan: 3.96 g
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Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif
1 The mass of one atom of element Y is two times more 5 The table below shows the relative atomic mass of neon,
than an atom of oxygen. What is the relative atomic carbon, oxygen and calcium.
mass of element Y? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16] Jadual berikut menunujukkan jisim atom relatif bagi neon,
Jisim satu atom unsur Y adalah dua kali lebih daripada karbon, oksigen dan kalsium.
satu atom oksigen. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi unsur Y?
Element/Unsur Relative atomic mass/Jisim atom relatif
[Jisim atom relatif: O = 16]
A 12 Neon / Neon 20
B 24 Carbon / Karbon 12
C 32
D 36 Oxygen / Oksigen 16
Calcium / Kalsium 40
2 The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Which of the
following statements are true about butane? Which of the following statements is true?
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C =12 and O =16, [Avogadro constant = 6.0 1023 mol1]
Avogadro Constant = 6 1023 mol1] Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar?
Formula kimia bagi butana ialah C4H10. Antara pernyataan [Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang butana? A Mass of one calcium atom is 40 g
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12 dan O = 16, Pemalar Avogadro = Jisim satu atom kalsium ialah 40 g
6 1023 mol1] B Mass of 1 mol of neon is 20 g
I The empirical formula for butane is CH2. Jisim 1 mol neon ialah 20 g
Formula empirik butana ialah CH2. C 16 g of oxygen contains 6.02 1023 oxygen
II Each butane molecule is made up of 4 carbon atoms molecule
and 10 hydrogen atoms. 16 g oksigen mengandungi 6.02 1023 molekul oksigen
Setiap molekul butana terdiri dari 4 atom karbon dan 10 D Mass of one oxygen atom is 16 times bigger than
atom hidrogen. one carbon atom
III 1 mol of butane contains a total of 8.4 1024 Jisim satu atom oksigen adalah 16 kali lebih besar daripada
atoms. satu atom karbon
Jumlah bilangan atom dalam 1 mol butana adalah 8.4
1024. 6 A bulb is filled with 1 800 cm3 of argon gas at room
IV One butane molecule has a mass of 84 times higher conditions. What is the number of argon atom in the
than the mass of 1 hydrogen atom. bulb?
Satu molekul butana mempunyai jisim 84 kali lebih daripada [Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions,
jisim satu atom hidrogen. Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]
A I and II only Sebuah belon diisi dengan 1 800 cm3 gas argon pada keadaan
I dan II sahaja bilik. Berapakah bilangan atom argon dalam belon itu?
B II and III only [Isipadu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik,
II dan III sahaja Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
C II, III and IV only A 4.515 1022 C 8.03 1022
II, III dan IV sahaja B 4.515 1023 D 8.03 1021
D I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV 7 What is the number of hydrogen atom in 0.1 mol of
water? [Avogadro constant: 6.02 1023 mol1]
3 A bottle contains 3.01 1023 of gas particles. What is Berapakah bilangan atom oksigen dalam 0.1 mol air?
the number of moles of the gas in the bottle? [Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
Sebuah botol mengandungi 3.01 1023 zarah gas. Berapakah A 6.02 1022 C 6.02 1023
bilangan mol zarah gas dalam botol itu? B 60.2 1023 D 3.01 1023
A 0.5 mol C 3.0 mol
B 1.0 mol D 6.0 mol 8 5 g of element X reacted with 8 g of element Y to form
a compound with the formula XY2. What is the relative
4 Which of the following gases contains 0.4 mol of atoms atomic mass of element X? [Relative atomic mass:
at room temperature and pressure? [Molar volume of Y = 80]
gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure] 5 g unsur X bertindak balas dengan 8 g unsur Y membentuk
Antara gas berikut, yang manakah mengandungi 0.4 mol atom sebatian dengan formula XY2. Apakah jisim atom relatif unsur X?
pada suhu dan tekanan bilik? [Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 [Jisim atom relatif: Y = 80]
pada suhu dan tekanan bilik] A 25 C 50
A 4.8 dm3 Ne C 4.8 dm3 CO2 B 40 D 100
B 4.8 dm3 O2 D 4.8 dm3 NH3
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02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 47 12/9/2011 5:59:10 PM

9 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to 11 The equation shows a decomposition of magnesium
determine the empirical formula of an oxide metal X. nitrate when heated.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan penguraian nitrat apabila
formula empirik oksida logam X. dipanaskan.
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Metal X
Logam X What is the number of oxygen molecules is produced
when 7.4 g magnesium nitrate decomposed when
heated.
Heat [Relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 148;
Panaskan
Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]
Which of the following is metal X? Berapakah bilangan molekul oksigen apabila 7.4 g magnesium
Antara berikut, yang manakah mungkin bagi logam X? nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan?
A Zinc C Tin [Jisim formula relatif Mg(NO3)2 = 148; Pemalar Avogadro =
Zink Stanum 6.02 1023 mol1]
B Lead D Copper A 1.505 1022
Plumbum Kuprum B 3.010 1022
C 1.505 1023
10 The following equation shows the decomposition reaction
D 3.010 1023
of lead(II) nitrate when heated at room temperature and
pressure.
12 The equation below shows the chemical equation of the
Persamaan tindak balas di bawah menunjukkan penguraian
plumbum(II) nitrat apabila dipanaskan pada suhu dan tekanan combustion of ethanol in excess oxygen.
bilik. Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan persamaan kimia pembakaran
etanol dalam oksigen berlebihan.
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
2C2H5OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Which of the following are true when 0.1 mol of lead(II)
nitrate is decomposed? What is the volume of carbon dioxide gas released when
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 9.20 g ethanol burnt completely?
and 1 mol gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room [Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol
temperature and pressure] of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition]
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar apabila 0.1 mol Apakah isi padu gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan apabila 9.20 g
plumbum(II) nitrat terurai? etanol terbakar lengkap?
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 dan 1 mol gas [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol gas menempati
menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik] 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
I 66.2 g of lead(II) oxide is formed A 4.8 cm3
66.2 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk B 9.6 cm3
II 22.3 g of lead(II) oxide is formed C 96.0 cm3
22.3 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk D 9 600 cm3
III 2.4 dm3 of oxygen gases is given off
2.4 dm3 gas oksigen dibebaskan 13 What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen content in
IV 4 800 cm3 of nitrogen dioxide given off urea, CO(NH2)2? [Relatie atomic mass: C = 12, N = 14,
4 800 cm3 nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan
A I and III only
I dan III sahaja
B I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
C II and III only
II dan III sahaja
D II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
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Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012

Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd.

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

ACID AND BASES

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Con-Chem F4 (B).indd 3 12/9/2011 6:00:06 PM

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 1 12/9/2011 5:59:26 PM

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim

ELEMENT / UNSUR COMPOUND / SEBATIAN

Types of particles / Jenis zarah Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Atom / Atom Molecule / Molekul Molecule / Molekul Ion / Ion

Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 2 12/9/2011 5:59:27 PM

4 Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle

Argon (Ar) Carbon (C) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Diffusion in a gas Diffusion in a liquid Diffusion in a solid

A few drops After few

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 3 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

dan padat antara satu sama lain.

yang sentiasa bergerak .

The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Draw the particles arrangement.

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 4 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

Strong forces between the

Energy content is higher

6 Changes in the state of matter

Melting / Peleburan Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan

7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Boiling tube / Tabung didih

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 5 12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM

sehingga suhunya mencapai 90C .

II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 6 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan

1 The heating curve of naphthalene:

Point State of Matter Explanation

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 7 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

3 The constant temperature at which a solid

4 The constant temperature at which a liquid

1 The cooling curve of naphthalene:

Point State of matter Explanation

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 8 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

3 The constant temperature at which a liquid

1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Silver / Argentum Ag Atom

(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.

01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 9 12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM

(a) (i) What is meant by melting point?

(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.