International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 512518, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_059

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF STRENGTH

PARAMETERS OF CEMENT AND CONCRETE BY
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH
INDIAN CALCIUM BENTONITE
G. Vamsi Krishna Reddy
P.G Student, Civil Engineering Department, K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India

V. Ranga Rao
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India

M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy

Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Portland cement is one of the expensive materials of concrete, causes a ton of harm to nature
by the outflow of CO2 gas into environment amid hydration procedure to accomplish quality, the
primary target of this paper is to create ease and eco amicable restricting material by incomplete
substitution of cement. Indian calcium bentonite is expansive clay, is tend to increase the volume by
addition of water and obeys pozzolanic properties. The experimental investigation in this paper
deals with the determination of strength properties of Portland cement and concrete by partial
replacement (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) of Portland cement with a mass of Indian calcium bentonite.
The higher consistency values observed in a blended binder than OPC. The Indian calcium
bentonite mortar mixes shown higher compressive strengths at 10% replacement, equates at 15%
then decreasing towards 30% than controlled mixes. Lower strengths were observed in Indian
calcium bentonite concrete mixes, at the ages 3days, 7 days as well as 28 days of curing.
Key words: Indian calcium bentonite, partial replacement, pozzolanic material, consistency and
compressive strength.
Cite this Article: G. Vamsi Krishna Reddy, V. Ranga Rao and M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy,
Experimental Investigation of Strength Parameters of Cement and Concrete By Partial Replacement
of Cement with Indian Calcium Bentonite. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 512518.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
The protection of environment became a challenge to many of the developing countries, nearly 7% of CO2
production by cement industry, causes huge damage to the environment. Bentonite is second largest
available raw material, the production cost of the bentonite is very less compared with Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) in India1. Bentonite is eco-friendly material, did not cause any damage to the environment2-

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 Experimental Investigation of Strength Parameters of Cement and Concrete By Partial Replacement of Cement
with Indian Calcium Bentonite
4
. Bentonite is one of the best expansive clays, which is generally used as a lubricant for inserting piles in
footings and bore wells. Bentonite clay can be used as a binding material, it obeys pozzolanic properties5-7.
Calcium bentonite, potassium bentonite, and sodium bentonite are the montmorillonites based on
bentonite, calcium bentonite was used in this experimental investigation.

2. MATERIALS
OPC 43 grade cement was used in this experimental investigation, specific gravity-3.15, standard
consistency 34, initial setting time 43 minutes and final setting time 125 minutes are within the limit as per
IS: 8112-19898. The brownish, finest form of calcium bentonite was purchased from the firm unique
bleaching clay located at Tandur, Telangana, India, shown in Figure 1. The comparison of chemical
properties OPC with Indian calcium bentonite is given in Table 1. The experimentally determined
properties of calcium bentonite are, specific gravity2.44, standard consistency 75, initial setting time 68
minutes and final setting time 190 minutes. Standard sand was used for determination of the compressive
strength of IBC, zone-III fine aggregate9, 20mm coarse aggregate and water of 6.2 PH value were used in
testing of IBC concrete.

Figure 1 Indian Calcium Bentonite

Table 1 The comparison of chemical properties OPC with Indian calcium bentonite
SI.No. Test Parameters (OPC (% by mass) Indian calcium bentonite
( % by mass)
1 Silica as SiO 21.77 51.11
2
2 Aluminum as Al O 2.59 6.38
2 3
3 Calcium as CaO 57.02 6.60
4 Magnesium as MgO 2.71 7.57
5 Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.41 ---
6 Iron as Fe O 0.65 7.65
2 3
7 Potassium as K O --- 1.34
2
8 Sodium as Na O --- 0.29
2
9 Phosphorus as P O --- 0.29
2 5
10 Manganese as MnO --- 0.14
11 Vanadium as V O --- 0.07
2 5
12 Titanium as TiO --- 1.29
2
13 Loss of Ignition 2.82 16.75

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 G. Vamsi Krishna Reddy, V. Ranga Rao and M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy

3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
In this experimental investigation of blended concrete partial replacement of cement with Indian bentonite
by mass, the partial replacement was done with 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. The new blended cement
was named as 10-30 followed by Indian bentonite cement (IBC), control mix was named as OPC, for
example, IBC10 indicates 10 % of cement was replaced with Indian calcium bentonite. A total number of
six exclusive mixes had been all set. These incorporate one manage combine which was as soon as all set
without the addition of bentonite and the leisure 5 mixes had been all set with considered one of a sort
proportions of bentonite as replacement of cement in cement mortar and concrete.

3.1. Properties of IBC

The quite a few properties IBC mixes are tested ahead of determination of the properties of IBC concrete.
The mixes used in experimental approach are OPC, IBC10, IBC15, IBC20, IBC25, and IBC30. The
fineness of IBC mixes are tested by dry sieving method9, Swelling index10, consistency11, initial setting
time, final setting time12, are shown in Table 2. The typical dimensions of the specimen for determination
of compression strength of IBC mixes are shown in Figure 2, a set of test specimens are shown in Figure 3.
The specifications on compressive strength13 of IBC mixes are shown in Table 3.

Figure 2 Typical sizes of mould for finding compressive strength of IBC mixes

Figure 3 Specimens for determining compressive strength of IBC mixes

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 Experimental Investigation of Strength Parameters of Cement and Concrete By Partial Replacement of Cement
with Indian Calcium Bentonite

Table 2 The fineness, consistency, swelling index, Initial setting time and final setting time of IBC mixes
Swelling Initial Setting Final setting
Fineness
SI. No Mix name Consistency Index in time in time in
in %
% minutes minutes
1 OPC 6 34 36.36 43 125
2 IBC10 8 36 36.36 46 130
3 IBC15 7.5 37 --- 46 130
4 IBC20 6 38 36.36 49 138
5 IBC25 5 40 --- 54 148
6 IBC30 4.5 44 45.45 56 160
7 IBC40 4 48.5 50 --- ---
8 IBC50 4 51 59.09 --- ---
9 IBC100 12 75 50 68 190

Table 3 Compressive strength of IBC mixes

Weights of materials in grams
Water in Compressive strength in Mpa
Mix ml
SI.No OPC Calcium Standard
name 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
Bentonite Sand
1 OPC 200 0 600 92 ml 21.71 30.13 43.12
2 IBC10 180 20 600 96 ml 26.25 30.89 44.89
3 IBC15 170 30 600 98 ml 22.50 24.88 41.15
4 IBC20 160 40 600 100 ml 21.71 23.18 39.58
5 IBC25 150 50 600 104 ml 18.05 18.36 37.15
6 IBC30 140 60 600 112 ml 12.83 16.48 30.88

3.2. Properties of IBC Concrete

The mix design was done for M30 of various IBC mixes, the details are shown in Table 414. A set of the test
specimens of IBC mixes for compressive strength and split tensile strength. A total number of 54 cubes
were cast and tested to failure, typical dimensions of the specimen was shown in Figure 3. The
compressive strength [15] of IBC concrete mixes are shown in Table 5. A total number of 54 cylinders
were cast and tested to failure, typical dimensions of the specimen was shown in Figure 4. The split tensile
strength of IBC [16] concrete mixes is shown in Table 6.

Figure 4 Typical sizes of mould for finding compressive strength of IBC concrete mixes

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 G. Vamsi Krishna Reddy, V. Ranga Rao and M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy

Figure 5 Typical sizes of mould for finding split tensile strength of IBC concrete mixes

Table 4 Quantities of materials Per 1 m3 as per Mix design

Fine Coarse
Sl. Name of W/C Water Content Cement Mix
Aggregate Aggregate
No Mix Ratio In litres In Kg Proportion
In kg In kg
1 OPC 0.45 197 437 670.85 919.77 1:1.53:2.10
2 IBC10 0.45 197 393.3 665.80 913.20 1:1.52:2.08
3 IBC15 0.45 197 371.45 671.86 921.15 1:1.53:2.10
4 IBC20 0.45 197 349.6 667.82 915.62 1:1.528:2.09
5 IBC25 0.45 197 327.75 660.76 905.94 1:1.512:2.07
6 IBC30 0.45 197 305.9 657.73 902.73 1:1.505:2.064

Table 5 Compressive strength of IBC concrete mixes

Compressive strength in Mpa
SI.No Mix name
3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
1 OPC 22.454 26.814 39.894
2 IBC10 16.786 25.506 28.994
3 IBC15 9.156 19.62 26.596
4 IBC20 14.17 16.459 27.25
5 IBC25 12.644 15.478 17.004
6 IBC30 10.9 11.009 13.516

Table 6 Split tensile strength of IBC concrete mixes

Compressive strength in Mpa
SI.No Mix name
3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
1 OPC 1.3 1.94 2.2
2 IBC10 1.24 1.66 1.94
3 IBC15 0.83 1.45 1.66
4 IBC20 0.83 1.04 1.6
5 IBC25 0.83 1.11 1.24
6 IBC30 0.55 0.69 `0.97

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 Experimental Investigation of Strength Parameters of Cement and Concrete By Partial Replacement of Cement
with Indian Calcium Bentonite

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The fineness of IBC mixes increasing when compare with OPC, The fineness of OPC was obtained as 6%,
end with a maximum value for IBC 100 at 12%, IBC10, IBC15, IBC20, IBC25, IBC30, IBC40, IBC50,
IBC100 are determined as 8%, 7.5%, 6%, 5%, 4.5%, 4% and 4% respectively. The swelling index of IBC
mixes increasing when compare with OPC, The swelling index of OPC was obtained as 36.66, end with a
maximum value for IBC 50 at 59.09, IBC10, IBC20, IBC30, IBC40, IBC100 are determined as 36.66,
36.66, 45.45, 50 and 50 respectively. The initial setting time of OPC was obtained as 43, end with the
maximum valve for IBC 100 at 68, IBC10, IBC15, IBC20, IBC25, IBC30, IBC50 are determined as 46,
46, 49, 54 and 56 respectively. The final setting time of IBC mixes increasing when compare with OPC,
The final setting time of OPC was obtained as 130, end with the maximum valve for IBC 100 at 190,
IBC10, IBC15, IBC20, IBC25, IBC30, are determined as 130, 130, 138, 148 and 160 respectively.
The consistency of IBC mixes increases gradually when compare with OPC, The consistency of OPC
was obtained as 34, ends with a maximum value for IBC100 at 75, IBC10, IBC15, IBC20, IBC25, IBC30,
IBC40, IBC50, IBC100 are determined as 36,37,38,40,44 and 51 respectively. The compressive strength of
IBC mixes indicated, after 28days of curing, IBC10 shown 44.82 MPa, 2% increased then OPC, IBC15
shown 41.15 MPa, 2.33% decreased then OPC, IBC20 shown 39.58 MPa, 4.28% decreased then OPC.
IBC25 shown 37.15 MPa, 7.43% decreased then OPC, IBC30 shown30.88 MPa, 15.24% decreased then
OPC. The compressive strength of IBC concrete mixes indicated, after 28 days of curing, IBC10 shown
28.994 MPa, 15.28% decreased than OPC concrete, IBC15 shown 26.596 Mpa, 20% decreased than OPC
concrete, IBC20 shown27.25 Mpa, 18% decreased than OPC concrete, IBC25 shown 17.004 Mpa, 40%
decreased than OPC concrete, IBC30shown 13.516 Mpa, 49% decreased than OPC concrete. The split
tensile strength of IBC concrete mixes indicated, IBC10 shown 1.94 Mpa , 6.24% decreased than OPC
concrete, IBC15 shown 1.66 Mpa, 13% decreased than OPC concrete, IBC20 shown 1.6 Mpa, 15%
decreased than OPC concrete, IBC25 shown1.24 Mpa, 27% decreased than OPC concrete, IBC30 shown
0.97 Mpa, 30% decreased then cement concrete.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions of the experimental analysis of different percentage of IBC,
The IBC mixes exhibits higher fineness modules then compare with OPC, The IBC50 shown optimum
fineness modulus among all mixes.
The consistency of IBC mixes increases gradually from 10 to 100, IBC100 shown at 75 while OPC had 34.
IBC mixes exhibits swelling property, the swelling index of IBC50 shown higher value while comparing
with OPC.
The initial and final setting time of IBC mixes were increasing gradually towards IBC100, IBC100 shown
higher initial setting time and final setting time of 68 and 180 minutes.
The compressive strength of IBC10 exhibits optimum value, it observed that 26.25 MPa, 44.89 MPa for 7
and 28 days of curing.
Detectable gradual reduction in compressive strength of IBC concrete and split tensile is observed with
increasing the percentage of bentonite partially substitute in concrete.
IBC exhibits high consistency values, w/c ratio adopted as per IS:10262 which is related to OPC,
compressive strengths are decreasing gradually due to high consistency values of IBC.

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 G. Vamsi Krishna Reddy, V. Ranga Rao and M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy

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