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1.TheNehruvianvisionoflargedamsastemplesandmosquesforanewbornecountrydidbearfruits
butitcreatedmanyriftsinthesocioeconomiclandscape.Criticallyexamine.

Introduction:

NehruenvisionedIndiawhichwasnotonlyculturallyrichbutwasalsotechnologicallyadvancedandeconomically
prosperous,toachievethisendheplacedlotoffocusoninfrastructureespeciallytheMultipurposeprojects.

Body:

Positiveeffectsofthedams:

1.ThedamshelpedinproducingthemuchneededelectricityfortheCapitalgoodsindustriesformedunderthe
FiveYearPlans
2.Leadtocleanerenergyminimizingourcarbonemissiontohavesustainabledevelopment.
3.IrrigationfacilitiestoagriculturetoachievefoodselfsufficiencyinindependentIndiabyensuringthe
availabilityofwaterinleanseasons.
4.Checkedfloodsbyregulatingtheflowofrunoffanddivertingitintothechannels.

Duetoimproperutilizationithadsomedrawbackstoo:

1.RiverdisputesduetonotclearlydemarcatedboundariesbetweenstateslikeongoingCauveryandMahanadi
waterdisputeswhichseveredagriculturalcrisisinlowstreamstates.
2.BiodiversitylossduetoartificiallinkagesofriversandcanalsleadingenvironmentalmovementslikeTawang
hydropowerproject.
3.Tribaldistresscausedbyrehabilitationandresettlementasmostofthelandacquiredwasinhabitedbythe
tribalcommunities.NarmadaBachaoAndolan.
4.PendingprojectswhichaddstogovernmentaldeficiencyanddroughtsasinMaharashtraandKarnatakalast
year
5.Changedcroppingpatterngrowingofwaterguzzlingcropsindrierareasalongwithheightenedriskofnatural
disasters.

Conclusion:

Writeabriefconclusion.

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Bestanswer:Vivek

ThefascinationforsupersizedindustrialprojectstodefinethenewphaseofindustrializationinIndiapast
Independencefounditspriorityinmostofthedevelopmentagendas.ThecaseofdamswereofnoexceptionFirst
fiveyearplanprovidedfortheBhakraNangaldaminPunjab,theHirakuddamontheMahanadiinOrissaandthe
NagarjunaSagardamontheKrishnaRiverinAndhraPradesh.

Thebenefitsoflargedamprojectsincluded:

1.CodevelopmentofIndustryandAgriculture :Multipuposedamswhichcanprovideirrigationfor
developmentofagricultureaswellaselectricityforindustrialdevelopment.
2.Investmentforthenextcentury:Benefitsextendedoveritslonglifetimeofmanydecades.
3.Impetustotechnologicalgrowth,engineeringandinnovationthroughtakingupchallengingprojects.
4.Floodcontrolandoptimumutilizationofwaterresources
5.Developmentoftourismandrecreationalbusinesses
6.Rural/TribaldevelopmentandIntegration:Asmostofthedamsarelocatedawayfromcities,itprovides
anopportunitytodevelopandintegratefarofflocationsandpeopleintodevelopment.

Althoughthelargedamprojectsweresuccessful,Indiasoonhadtoretreatintosmallerprojectsduetothefollowing
associatedsocioeconomicissues:

1.IssueswithTribalCommunity:Affectedtheirhabitatandtraditionallivelihoodmeans,problemswith
displacementetcleadtotension,protestsandfurtherisolationoftribalpopulation
2.Corruption:Thewholeprojectprocedureswereaccusedofequallylargescalecorruptionwhichpowered
publicanger.
3.LossofBiodiversityincludingforests,floraandfauna.
4.Calamities:Increasedlandslides,salinationinsoilduetowaterloggingetc.affectednearsitepopulation
badly.
5.Intensifiedwatersharingdisputesbetweenstatesaswellasamongintercommunities.

Bystrengtheningofantidammovements,Indiahadtoshifttosmallscaleprojects.Subsequently,apartfromthefirst
twodecades,allprojectsandplansfolloweddevelopmentofdistributedsmallscaledamsapproach.

2.WhatisyourassessmentofthelinguisticbasisofcreatingstatesinIndia?Hasitsucceeded?
Examine.

Introduction:

TheStatesReorganizationAct,1956wasamajorreformoftheboundariesofIndianstatesandterritories,
organizingthemalonglinguisticlines.

Body:

Positivesofthecreationonlinguisticbasis:

1.Ithasencouragedhealthycompetitionamongthestatesforimprovingtheireconomicandsocialindicators
andvyingforinvestments.
2.Peoplebecomeabletoaddresstheirconcernsrelatedtotheirregionintheirownlanguage
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3.Strengtheningoflocalcultureduetoeffortsoflocalpoliticalpartiesandthestategovernment.
4.FormationofregionalpartieslikeAIADMK,DMK,Trinamoolcongressetc.gavevoicetoregionalconcernsin
parliamentarydomain.
5.Creationofstates,homogeneousinnatureimprovedfunctioningofstateslikeseparationofGujaratfrom
Maharashtra

Howevertherearecertainconcernslike:

1creationoflinguisticenclaveswheresmallareadominatedbyonelanguageissurroundedbyotherlanguage
state.

2Regionaldisparities,richstateshaveexploitedthepoorstatesbyexploitingtheirnaturalandmineralresources.

3DiscriminatoryattitudeagainstnonregionalpeoplewhocannotspeaktheregionallanguageliketheSonsofsoil
policyandtheexodusofstudentsofN.EstatesfromBangalore.

4Uncheckedpromotionoflinguisticfeelingsthreatensnationalintegritybecauseofgrowthofregionalism.

Conclusion:

Writeabriefconclusion.

Bestanswer:Vivek

TheStatesReorganisationAct,1956wasamajorreformoftheboundariesofIndianstatesandterritories,
organisingthemalonglinguisticlines.Themainmotivebehindsuchastrategyanditsassessmentareasfollows:

1.Preservationofunityandsecurity:MostlylanguagerepresentadistinctculturalsectinIndiaanditis
importanttohavepoliticalandadministrativehomogeneitythatcouldprosperthecultureaswellasspreadthe
ideaofunityandsecurityfromdominancebyanyothermajoritygroups.Consideringthisobjective,themove
ishighlyappreciated.Thereorganizationhelpsindefiningculturalterritoryandtransferfederalpowersto
mostdominantcultures.
2.Linguisticandculturalhomogeneity:Sameasabove.
3.Financialandadministrativeconsideration:Beforereorganization,statesandlargeandnonuniformly
distributedwithdifferentculturesandlanguages.TheActhelpedinformationofsmallerhomogeneousstates,
whichareeasiertoadminister.
4.Planningandpromotionofwelfareofpeople:Helpsindevelopmentofeffectivestatelevelwelfare
schemesasperdemandsofeachstateandeasedimplementationofcentralschemes.

Thus,thereorganizationofstatesonlinguisticbasishadbeenhighlysuccessfulinmeetingallitsobjectives.
Although,fewchallengespertained,whichincludes:

1.RiseinRegionalism:Leadtostrengtheningregionalismoverpatriotism.Itleadtoconflictsandweakened
nationalunity.Eg.TamilprotestagainstincludingHindiinschoolcurriculum.
2.InterStatedisputes:Increasedcasesofinterstatedisputes.Eg.RecentCauveryriverwaterdispute
betweenTamilNaduandKarnatakecausingbreakdownoflawandorderandconflicts.
3.CulturalIsolation:Lessinteractionandinterchangebetweenvividculturesrestrictingevolutionand
progress.

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4.FragmentedDevelopment:Whilesomestatesobservedremarkableprogressinwelfareanddevelopment,
somestateslaggedbehindduetoitstraditionalinabilitiescausingwidesocioeconomicdisparitywithin
country.

Thoughthereexistsignificantchallenges,thereorganizationofstatesonlinguisticbasiswasasuccessfulapproach.
ThemodernIndiansocietyispositiveandcapabletoaddressthechallengeseffectivelyandmoveforwardupholding
nationalunityanddemocraticprinciples.

3.Indiahadtoenterintowarswithitsneighboursatthreedifferentoccasionsbytheyear1971.
However,allthesewarshaddifferentimplicationsforIndia.Doyouagree?Analyse.

Onemistakethatmostofyouhavecommitted,doesnotunderstandthequestionproperly.

Thequestionisaskingaboutthreewarsby1971,i.e.upto1971.ThismeansthatyouhadtotalkaboutIndiaPak
warof1948,IndoChinaof1962andIndoPakof1965.Thewarof1971wasthe4th warthatIndiafought.

AllthesewarshaddifferentimplicationsforIndia:

IndoPakWarof1948:

TherewasanattackonKashmirbyPakistanimilitarybackedPathans(Pakistandeniesitsrollinthisattack).Hari
SinghtheKingofKashmirrequestedIndiatocomeforhelpandhesignedtheinstrumentofaccession.Indianarmy
wasairliftedtoSrinagartocontrolthesituation.PakistanclaimedKashmirtobeitsterritoryandstartedawarknown
asthewarofKashmir.Indianarmywasmarchingforwardandprobablywouldhavecapturedtheterritorybut
becauseoftheinterventionofUN,aceasefirewasorderedandKashmirwasdividedintoPoKandIndianKashmir.
Thesituationisstillthesame.

SinoIndiaWarof1962:

Thewarisofutmostimportance.Hereinordertogiveyoucompleteinformationofthewar,Iamsharingthe
completedetailsofthewar.ThiswillhelpyouinMainstotackleotherquestions.

SinoIndiarelationsbeforewar:

OneofthemostbasicpoliciesforthenewIndiangovernmentwasthatofmaintainingcordialrelationswith
China,revivingitsancientfriendlyties.Indiawasamongthefirstnationstograntdiplomaticrecognitiontothe
newlycreatedPRC.
AccordingtoNehruthisneighbourwasalsocomingoutofthewesternshadowanditwasexeedinglyunlikely
unlikelythatIndiawillfaceanattackfromChina.
WithChinesepremiere,NehrusignedPanchsheelthefiveprinciplesofpeacefulcoexistence.
Leadersofboththecountriesvisitedeachotherandgreetedwithlargefriendlycrowds.Especiallywhen
Nehruvisitedchina,thefamousHindiCheeniBhaiBhaislogancameup.
ForaverylongtimetheChineseborderwasguardedbytheparamilitaryforcesandnotthearmy.

BoneofContention:

Thesefriendlyrelationsweredisruptedbytwomajorevents:

1.Theborderdispute
2.TibetanoccupationofChina

Aftereffectsofwar:

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Political:

UnitedStatesviewedChinesemilitaryactionasanaggressivepolicyofPRCtosolveborderdisputesandto
distractworldfromitsinternalissues.
WesternnationsatthetimeviewedChinaasanaggressorduringtheChinaIndiaborderwar,andthewar
waspartofamonolithiccommunistobjectiveforaworlddictatorshipoftheproletariat.
Thenonalignednationsremainedmostlyuninvolved,andonlytheUnitedArabRepublicopenlysupported
India.ThefailureofthesesixnationstounequivocallycondemnChinadeeplydisappointedIndia.
PrimeMinisterNehrufacedharshcriticismfromgovernmentofficials,forhavingpromotedpacifistrelations
withChina.Thepublicsawthewaraspoliticalandmilitarydebacle.
TheunpreparednessofthearmywasblamedonDefenceMinisterMenon,whoresignedhisgovernmentpost
toallowforsomeonewhomightmoderniseIndiasmilitaryfurther.
ThewaralsoputanendtoNehrusearlierhopesthatIndiaandChinawouldformastrongAsianAxisto
counteracttheincreasinginfluenceoftheColdWarblocsuperpowers.
ThewarwithChinaalertedtheIndianleadershiptothevolatilesituationintheNortheastregion.Apartfrom
beingisolatedandextremelyunderdeveloped,thisregionalsopresentedIndiawiththechallengeofnational
integrationandpoliticalunity.TheprocessofitsreorganisationbegansoonaftertheChinawar.Nagaland
wasgrantedstatehoodManipurandTripura,thoughUnionTerritories,weregiventherighttoelecttheirown
legislativeassemblies.

Military:

Someofthetoparmycommanderseitherresignedorwereretired.

ThewarwasaneyeopenerabouttheunpreparednessoftheIndianarmy.Indiasperformanceinhighaltitude
combatin1962ledtoanoverhauloftheIndianArmyintermsofdoctrine,training,organisationand
equipment.
Themilitarybecamemorealertandpreparedtoforfuture.ThispreparationhelpedIndiatosuccessfully
counterPakistansattackin1965andagainin1971.

IndoPakwarof1965

TheIndoPakistanWar,1965,thesecondwarbetweenIndiaandPakistansinceAugust1947,beganasalocalised
conflictbetweenIndiaandPakistan.Recoveringfromtheignominyofthe1962Chineseattack,Indiawasinthe
midstofgivingitsArmyafacelift.Pakistan,alreadybetterequippedandpreparedforwar,andstillsimmeringfrom
whatitcouldnotachievein194748,consideredthisanaptmomenttoattackIndiawhileitwasstillunprepared.

ThesecondIndoPakwarin1965wasstartedbythePakistaniArmy.ThewartookplaceafterPakistanlauncheda
covertoperationacrosstheceasefirelineinKashmir.PakistanattackedfirstbyoccupyingtheKanjarkotareain
Kutch.ItsubsequentlyopenednewareasofwarinJammuandKashmir.ThewarendedwithUNinterventionwith
bothsidesmovingbacktoprewarpositions.

Ceasefire:

TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionusedsignificantdiplomatictoolstopreventanyfurtherescalationinthe
conflictbetweenIndiaandPakistan.

TheSovietUnionhostedceasefirenegotiationsinTashkent(nowinUzbekistan),whereIndianPrimeMinisterLal
BahadurShastriandPakistaniPresidentAyubKhansignedtheTashkentAgreement,agreeingtowithdrawtopre
Augustlinesnolaterthan25February1966.

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Withdecliningstockpilesofammunition,PakistanileadersfearedthewartiltinginIndiasfavor.Therefore,they
quicklyacceptedtheceasefireinTashkent.DespitestrongoppositionfromIndianmilitaryleaders,Indiabowedto
growinginternationaldiplomaticpressureandacceptedtheceasefire.On22September,theUnitedNationsSecurity
Councilunanimouslypassedaresolutionthatcalledforanunconditionalceasefirefrombothnations.Thewar
endedthefollowingday.

IndiasPrimeMinister,Shastri,sufferedafatalheartattacksoonafterthedeclarationoftheceasefire.

DuringtheshortTenureofPrimeMinisterLalBahadurShastri,Indiafacedtwomajorchallenges,theIndoPakwar
whichhasbeendiscussedaboveandfailedmonsoonanddrought.

ThePrimeMinistergaveaslogan,JaiJawaan,JaiKisantoshowIndiasresolvetofightbothofthesechallenges.

4.WhatisBHIMapp?Howdoesitwork?HowcanithelpinrealisingthegoalsofDigitalIndia?Discuss.

Introduction:

BHIMBharatInterfaceforMoneynamedafterBabasahebDrBhimraoAmbedkar,isanewlyannounceddigital
paymentssolutionappbasedontheUnifiedPaymentsInterface(UPI)fromtheNationalPaymentsCorporationof
India(NPCI),theumbrellaorganisationforallretailpaymentssystemsinIndia.

HowdoesBHIMwork?

BHIMallowsustosendandreceivemoneyinstantaneously(24/7)toandfromUPIenabledbankaccounts
providedourbankaccountsareUPIenabled.ElseIFSC(IndianFinancialSystemCode)orMMID(MobileMoney
Identifier)codescanbeusedtotransactwithnonUPIenabledbankaccounts.BHIMappcanalsobeusedtopayoff
vendorsintransactions.

HowBHIMapprealizesthegoalsofDigitalIndia?

SomeofthemajorgoalsofDigitalIndia:

DigitalIndiaistotransformIndiaintodigitalempoweredsocietyandknowledgeeconomy.
DigitalIndiaaimstoimprovedigitalinfrastructureofthecountry,delivergovernmentserviceselectronically
andempowercitizensthroughdigitalliteracy.
DigitalIndiahasthreecorecomponents:digitalinfrastructure,deliveringservicesdigitallyanddigitalliteracy.

Inthisdirection,BHIMappenablesfast,secureandreliablecashlesspaymentsthroughmobilephones.

BHIMwillboostdigitalliteracyandenablesmoreparticipationindigitalandfinancialspaceatindividuallevel.

ThisappisinlinewithsomeoftheninepillarsofDigitalIndiaMissioneKranti,byproviding

Electronicdeliveryofbankingservices.
Governmentservicesinrealtimefromonlineandmobileplatforms.
ItsupportsDigitalresources/servicesinIndianlanguages.

ItalsoservesthekeycomponentofDigitalIndiaMissionbyprovidingservicesondemandsinceUPIbased
application24/7.

Itisasteptowardsmakingamoredigitaleconomyandwillempowerthepoorestofthepoor.DigitalIndia,Digital
Payment,DigiDhanarepartofthegovernmentscampaignstobuildadevelopedIndia.

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Bestanswer:Rex

1.BHIMstandsforBHaratInterfaceforMoney.ItsadigitalpaymentsapputilizingtheconceptsofUPI(Unified
PaymentsInterface)andAadhaarPay(Aadharenabledbiometricpaymentsystem).
2.BHIMallowsustosendandreceivemoneyinstantaneously(24/7)toandfromUPIenabledbankaccounts
providedourbankaccountsareUPIenabled.ElseIFSC/MMIDcodescanbeusedtotransactwithnonUPI
enabledbankaccounts.BHIMappcanalsobeusedtopayoffvendorsintransactions.
3.HowwillBHIMhelpinrealizingthegoalsofDigitalIndia?
4.Boosttocashlesseconomy:BHIMallowsfortransferofmoneyandpaymentsofbills.Noactualphysical
movementofcashrequireda/cwillbeupdatedtoreflectlatestbalanceinstantaneously.
5.Willhelpreducecorruptionandincreaseaccountability:eachelectronictransactionleavesatrailthatcannot
beerased.Soon,Aadhaarpaywillenableustoauthorizetransactionsusingbiometricdatalikefingerprints
thusreducingthechancesoftheftandscams.

iii.Willhelpreducepaperwork(shifttowardsapaperlesseconomy),andtheneedtoconductexercisestoreplace
wornoutcurrencynotesthus,goodfortheenvironment,andfortheGovtsbudgettoo.

1.Willboostmobileliteracy,whichisimperativeasoneofDigitalIndiasmainaimsistoensurethateachcitizen
hasaccesstoallthebenefits/servicesoftheGovtviaamobilephoneandnetconnection.
2.Willempowerthepoorandtheelderlynoneedforthemtotraveltobanksandwaitinline.Willalsoreduce
theburdenonbanks,andfreethemuptoimplementGovtsotherwelfareschemesandlendingactivities.
3.TheBHIMappisacrucialpartoftheDigitalIndiaplan.Itssuccesswillhingeonthemobilenetwork
infrastructureespeciallyinruralareasandthelearningcurveinvolved.Ifthelearningcurveissteep,then
peoplewillreverttocashespeciallynowthatthepositionofcashavailabilityhasimproved.

5.ThemandateofECItoconductfreeandfairelectionsmustberespectedbyvariousorganisations.
DiscussinlightoftherecentcontroversybetweenECIandRBI.

ElectionCommissionisapermanentandanindependentbodyestablishedbytheConstitutionofIndiadirectlyto
ensurefreeandfairelectionsinthecountry.Thefunctionofthecentralbankofacountry(RBI)istocontroland
monitorthebankingandfinancialsystemofthecountry.ThesolerightofRBIistoissuecurrencynotesandensure
financialsecurityofthenation.Bothshouldfunctionaccordingtotheirtermsforensuringsuccessfuldemocracyin
India.Buttherecentconflictbetweenthesetwobodieshasbecomeacauseofconcern.

ElectionCommissionhadrequestedRBItoenhancethecashwithdrawallimitperweek(frompresentRs24,000to2
lakhs)ofthecandidatescontestingelectionsinthefivepollboundstates.However,theRBIhasremainedmuteon
thisdecision.

WithRBIsdecisionnottoraisewithdrawallimit,itmayaffectsmallpartiesastheycannotcompetewithbigger
partiesandmightprovideundueadvantagetopartyinpower.
Lackoffundcanaffectpoliticalactivitiesatgrassrootleveldiscouragingthemoraleofdemocracy.
Lowusageofdigitaltransactioninruralpartswillputaseverconstraintonlocalpartiestocompetewithbigger
players.
Acutedemandcanpropelregenerationblackeconomyandillegalactivities.
ItshouldbenotedthatitistheconstitutionalmandateoftheECtoconductfreeandfairelectionsandto
providelevelplayingfieldtoallcandidates.

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Inordertofacilitateproperconductofelections,itisimperativethatdirectionsissuedbytheCommissionare
compliedwith.Therefore,eachandeveryinstitutionpresentinourdemocracymustobeytoit.

TheblindignoranceonthepartofRBIaffectsourfairdemocracy.Therefore,thisshouldremainasacautionfor
futureforallinstitutionstomakesurethatthedemandsofECIregardingelectionsaretakencarewithatmost
importanceandrespect.

Bestanswer1:Vivek

Freeandfairelectionsarethesoulofanydemocraticsystem.InIndia,theresponsibilitytoconductfreeandfair
electionsarevestedwithElectionCommissionofIndia(ECI).ThismandatewidensthepowersofECItoallmatters
regardingtheelections,whichisobservedinconstitutionalprovisionsofArticle324,providingforoverridingjudicial
andexecutivepowersofECI.Thuseverydemocraticorganizationinthecountryhaveamoralresponsibilityto
cooperatewithECIforconductoffreeandfairelections.

ControversybetweenECIandRBI:

Inwakeofdemonetizationandongoingcashcrunch,theweeklywithdrawallimitisconstrainedtoRs.24000/per
account.Citingthedifficultyandimbalanceitcreatesintheupcomingelectionsin5states,ECIaskedRBItoraise
thelimitto2lakhperweekforpoliticalcandidates.ButRBIrejectedtheproposal.

ImportanceoftheIssue:

RBIPerspective:

1.TechnicaldifficultytoaccepttheproposalasRBIisalreadyworkingbeyonditslimitstomeetthecash
demandsthroughoutthecountrypostdemonetization.
2.Economicdisparity:Leadstocashcrunchandproblemsinotherpartscountry.Hampersdemandrecovery.

ECIPerspective:

1.Affectspoor/localpartiesandcandidatesbadly:Lowusageofdigitaltransactioninruralpartswillputasever
constraintonlocalpartiestocompetewithbiggerplayers.
2.Undueadvantagetopartyinpower
3.Lackoffundcanaffectpoliticalactivitiesatgrassrootleveldiscouragingthemoraleofdemocracy
4.Acutedemandcanpropelregenerationblackeconomyandillegalactivities

Mandate:

ThedemandsofECIarelegitimateandreasonable.Thewithdrawalconstraintshouldhavebeenrelaxedto
accommodatetheimportanceofconductingfreeandfairelections.Further,theblindrejectionfromRBI,undermines
themoralobligationofotherinstitutionsofdemocracytocooperatewithECI.

ThisshouldremainasacautionforfutureforallinstitutionstomakesurethatthedemandsofECIregarding
electionsaretakencarewithatmostimportanceandrespect.

Bestanswer2:lavanya

Electioncommissionisaconstitutionalbodycreatedunderarticle324tosuperintendence,directandconductfree
andfairelectionsalloverIndia.Onotherhand,RBIisastatutorybodytoensurefinancialsecurityofthenation.Both
shouldfunctionaccordingtotheirtermsforensuringsuccessfuldemocracyinIndia.Buttherecentconflictbetween
thesetwobodieshasbecomeacauseofconcern.

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EChasaskedRBItoraisethewithdrawallimitperweekfrompresent24,000to2lakhsinthefivestateswhere
electionsaregoingtobeheld.ButRBIremainedmuteonthisdecision.

ThoughtherearemanyconstraintsforRBItobesilenttoraisewithdrawallimitto2lakhsdemonitisation,monetary
crunch,lackofavailabilityofcurrency,etc,itshouldlookintothismattertoconductfreeandfairelectionsinthe5
statesofIndia

WithRBIsdecisionnottoraisewithdrawallimit,itwilleffectsmallpartiesastheycannotcompetewithbiggerparties,
peoplegetintoconfusioninelectingtheirleaders.OntheothersideifRBIraiseswithdrawallimitasperEC
recommendation,itleadstodemandingthesamefromtheotherstatesbystatingdifferentreasons.

However,ECbeingaconstitutionalandpowerfulbodytoconductfairelections,eachandeveryinstitutionpresentin
ourdemocracymustobeytoit.TheblindignoranceonthepartofRBIaffectsourfairdemocracy.Therefore,in
futureframeworkandguidelinesmustbemadeforalltheinstitutionstoobeyECguidelinesandrecommendations.

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