Definition: Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other

calcium compounds having hydraulic properties (Macfadyen, 2006).

Classification Characteristics Applications

Type I General purpose Fairly high C3S content General construction

for good early strength (most buildings, bridges,
development pavements, precast
units, etc)

Type II Moderate sulfate Low C3A content (<8%) Structures exposed to

resistance soil or water containing
sulfate ions

Type III High early strength Ground more finely, may Rapid construction, cold
have slightly more C3S weather concreting

Type IV Low heat of hydration Low content of C3S Massive structures such
(slow reacting) (<50%) and C3A as dams. Now rare.

Type V High sulfate resistance Very low C3A content Structures exposed to
(<5%) high levels of sulfate
ions

White White color No C4AF, low MgO Decorative (otherwise

has properties similar to
Type I)

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with
water and portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete.
Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into
two distinct categories--fine and coarse.
Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 3/8-inch sieve.
Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8
and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete
with crushed stone making up most of the remainder.
Definition and uss

Purpose & Uses

1. Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost

2. Provide dimensional stability

3. Influence hardness, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus and other properties of concrete to
make it more durable, strong and cheaper.