LUTHERAN UNIVERSITY OF BRAZIL COURSE OF MEDICINE Department of Radiology and Dia

gnostic Imaging
ULTRASOUND: BASIC FUNDAMENTALS
What is ultrasound? The ultrasound (or sonography) is an imaging method that use
s high frequency sound waves, which after passing through the tissues of the org
ans studied, return in the form of echoes providing instant images during the pr
ocedure.
What are the uses of ultrasound? In medicine, ultrasound examination allows us t
o evaluate organs and structures within the body such as heart, kidney, liver, g
allbladder, ovaries, uterus and others.
Sound: mechanical energy that passes through matter as a wave, producing alterna
ting rarefaction and compression. It's the same principle as radar. Transducer:
A device that transforms one form of energy into another, in the case of ultraso
und, converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa.
The ultrasound transducers utilize the principle of piezoelectricity, piezoelect
ric materials respond to the action of an electric field changing form - expandi
ng and contracting - thus generating mechanical waves that can be transmitted to
the body.
dependent. -Some exams require preparation of patients: Urinary Tract and Abdome
n total - must be patient with a full bladder and fasting for six hours. Upper a
bdomen-starvation for 6 hours.
FASTING: try to reduce the amount of intestinal gas and waste FULL BLADDER: "win
dow" to examine acoustic
Transducers
Convex: they have a lower frequency between 3-7 Hz in general are used for the s
tudy of internal organs or structures in greater depth. Linear: they have a high
er frequency, lower penetration of the beam, can reach 20 Hz, used for the study
of surface structures. Endocavitary: used for study uterus, ovaries, prostate,
rectum
The findings of the inspection should be described in terms of:
Echogenicity - hypoechogenic (darker), hyperechoic (bright white), isoecogênico
(equal to adjacent tissue) Texture - homogeneous, heterogeneous Outline Dimensi
ons Shadow Acoustic Reinforcement Sound
Ultrasonography of liver and bile ducts can be observed the appearance of
parenchyma, the contours, dimensions, distribution of vessels and biliary tract
and topography with other organs.
It is observed how, distension, content and thickness of walls
Sound Reinforcement
Ultrasonography of liver and biliary calculus hyperechoic
The sound of that surface as the beam reflects back a wave of high intensity whi
ch will generate an image hiperecogêniCálculo hyperechoic ca
Acoustic shadow
The sound stops coming through non-recurring information
Acoustic shadow
Ultrasonography of liver and biliary
NORMAL
HETEROGENEITY parenchyma, increased echogenicity
Ultrasound Urinary Tract
Normal Normal
Kidney stone
Ultrasonography of the Urinary Tract
NORMAL OBSTRUCTION IRC
ilatação renal pelvis and retain
Loss of differentiation between the cortex and medulla
Ultrasound of superficial structures
THYROID Lobo Lobo left right Trachea
Ultrasound of superficial structures
SHOULDER Deltoid transdisciplinarity. linear
Since the above esp Humerus
Ultrasound of superficial structures
TESTES
Ultrasound in invasive procedures
Needle
Assist with collections or abscesses drainages, biopsies and aspiration biopsies
ULTRASOUND
Main points:-Does not use ionizing radiation-images are evaluated for texture (h
omogeneity / heterogeneity), echogenicity (hyperechoic / hypoechoic / ISOEC Ogen
), shape, dimensions, producing acoustic shadowing and / or strengthening and ac
cessible acoustic-Method Low-cost factors that hinder the formation of the image
: gas, fat, bone surfaces