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Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS I. INTRODUCTION Organic Function: is a set of
substances with similar chemical properties (functional properties) Functional g
roup: the atom or group of atoms responsible (s) by chemical compounds belonging
to a specific chemical function. The official nomenclature organic began to be
created in 1892 at an international conference in Geneva, after several meetings
came the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The IUPAC n
omenclature the following principles: I. Each compound has a unique name that di
stinguishes it from others; II. Given the structural formula of a compound, you
can draw your name, and vice versa. Note: Although the IUPAC is the official, th
ere are other types of nomenclature such as the usual nomenclature.
II. EACH OIL (CxHy) compounds belonging to this function are made entirely of ca
rbon and hydrogen, so have the general formula: CxHy. Hydrocarbons are very impo
rtant because they form the skeleton of other bodily functions. Hydrocarbons are
divided into several classes, among which worth mentioning the alkanes, alkenes
(alkenes), alkynes (alkynes), Diene, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons Cy
cloalkene. A. Alcan or PARAFFINS are saturated open-chain (acyclic). They have t
he general formula: CnH2n +2. I. Fundamentals of Organic Nomenclature: AFIX PREF
IX + SUFFIX + Prefix: indicates the number of carbon atoms belonging to the main
chain.
1C = 2C = Met et
6C = 7C = hex hept
11C = 12C = undec dodecahydrate
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Prop = 3C = 4C = 5C But pent
8C = 9C = oct non dec = 10C
TRIDEC 13C = 15C = 20C = pentadec EICOS
Kennel or infix: indicates the connection type between the carbons:
all simple = an = en double in a triple =
two double three double dien = = = trien two triple Diino
Suffix: indicates the function of the organic compound chemistry: hydrocarbon =
no alcohol = ol al = aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ona = = = oic amine ether a
mine oxides =
II. Nomenclature of Alkanes Chain Normal: Joins the prefix + infix + suffix. For
example, methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, no
nane, decane, undecane, dodecane, etc..
III. Splits or groups derived from alkanes. Grouping: is the structure that resu
lts when you remove one or more atoms of a molecule. Grouping Alkyl (a) or alcoi
l (a) is the cluster formed from an alkane by removing a hydrogen atom: Note: Al
though the word radical to be widely used it is the correct name is wrong or clu
ster group: methyl group (correct), methyl radical (wrong).
IV. Nomenclature of Branched Alkanes. To name a branched alkane, you simply foll
ow the following rules established by IUPAC: 1. Shall be considered as the main
chain, the carbon chain longer possible if more than one chain of the same lengt
h as the main chain choose the most branched . 2. Shall enumerate the main chain
so that the ramifications receive the lowest possible numbers (rule of smaller
numbers). 3. Shall draw the name of the hydrocarbon citing the ramifications in
alphabetical order, preceded by their numbers placed in the main chain and end w
ith the name corresponding to the main chain. 4. No numbers are separated from e
ach other by commas. 5. Of the numbers of words must be separated by hyphens.
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Note1: in the case of two, three, four, etc.. equal groups linked in the main ch
ain, they use the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra, etc.. before the names of the group
s. Note 2: The prefixes di, tri, tetra, iso, sec, tert, neo is not taken into co
nsideration in the placement of names in alphabetical order.
B. OR Olefins Alkenes Alkenes, alkanes, olefins, hydrocarbons etenilênicos are o
pen-chain hydrocarbons (linear) containing a single double bond. They have the g
eneral formula CnH2n. I) Nomenclature of Alkenes Chain Normal and Branched Chain
is very similar to the nomenclature used for alkanes.€Exchange to the terminati
ng year of the alkane by eno. 1) The main chain is the longest that contains a d
ouble bond. 2) The numbering of the main chain is always made from the end neare
st the double bond, regardless of branching present in the chain. In the name of
the position of the alkene double is given by the number of the first carbon of
the double, and this number is written before the name of the alkene. 3) If mor
e than one possibility for the main chain adopts the rule of the smaller numbers
.
C. Alkyne Alkynes OR ALQUINI, alkynes or acetylenic hydrocarbons are acyclic hyd
rocarbons containing one triple bond. They have the general formula CnH2n-2. Nom
enclature of Alkynes Chain Normal and Branched Chain is very similar to the nome
nclature used for alkanes. Exchange to the terminating year of the alkane by ino
. 1) The main chain is the largest chain containing the triple bond. 2) The numb
ering of the chain is made from the end closest to the triple bond. (The views o
f the other rules also apply alongside the alkenes alkynes).
D. Diene hydrocarbons are acyclic (open) containing two double bonds. They have
the general formula: CnH2n-2. Nomenclature of Diene Chain Normal and Branched Ch
ain I. The IUPAC nomenclature is made with the termination Dien. II. The main ch
ain is the longest possible and must contain the two double bonds. III. The numb
ering of the chain starts by the end nearest the double bond so that the double
bonds remain with the smallest numbers possible. IV. In the event of a tie in th
e position of double bonds, one must number the chain so that the ramifications
from getting the lowest possible numbers;
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E. Cyclanes Cycloalkanes OR CYCLE OR PARAFFINS-chain hydrocarbons are cyclic (cl
osed) and saturated. They have the general formula CnH2n where n must be greater
than or equal to 3. Nomenclature of Cyclanes Chain Normal and Branched Chain I.
The name is given by adding the prefix CYCLE alkane corresponding to the name o
f II. When the chain is branched, the numbering of the chain starts from branch
simpler and follows clockwise or counterclockwise, so as to respect the rule of
the smaller numbers, III. The branches should be listed in alphabetical order;
F. Cyclenes alkanes OR CYCLE-CYCLE-olefins are cyclic hydrocarbons with one doub
le bond. The general formula is CnH2n-2; nomenclature cyclenes Chain Normal and
Branched Chain I. The name is given by adding the prefix to the name of CYCLE co
rresponding alkene II. When the chain is branched, the numbering of the chain st
arts from the carbon double bond (the double should be between carbon 1 and 2) a
nd follows clockwise or counterclockwise, so as to respect the rule of smaller n
umbers, III. The branches should be listed in alphabetical order;
G. Aromatic Hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons which have one or more benzene rings,
which are also called aromatic rings. Nomenclature of Aromatic Hydrocarbons I. T
he IUPAC considers aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene derivatives, II. When t
he benzene ring has more than one branch, the numbering of the chain starts from
branch simpler and follows clockwise or counterclockwise, so as to respect the
rule of the smaller numbers, III. When the benzene ring has two branches, the sa
me or different, you can use the classification ortho, meta, so instead of numbe
ring the benzene ring. 1.2 The position shall be indicated by ortho or simply "t
he", the position 1.3 is now indicated by goal or simply as "m" and finally the
position 1.4 is now indicated by or to simply by "p". IV. The branches should be
listed in alphabetical order;
03. ALCOHOL (R-OH) (OH attached to carbon saturated) Note: R = organic group or
cluster, Ar = aromatic ring or benzene ring. Journal (IUPAC)
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I. Switching to the termination of the corresponding hydrocarbon by OL II. The m
ain chain is the largest line of carbon atoms containing a hydroxyl, III. When m
ore than one possibility for the position of hydroxyl, it must be numbered, IV.
The numbering begins with the hydroxyl end closest to it; Note: In the hydroxy c
omplex molecules can be regarded as a branch call: hydroxy; Note: unsaturated al
cohols: position of unsaturation hydrocarbon + + corresponding position of the O
H + OL Obs .: dialcohol (termination: DIOL); trialcohol (termination: TRIOLE) et
c.. Usual: I.€alcohol + name + hydroxyl group linked to ICO II. Naming Kolbe (me
thanol = carbinol) and all other alcohols are considered as derivatives (+ name
of carbinol groups).
04. ETHER (ROR 'or Ar-O-Air or Air-O-Ar) Journal (IUPAC): (smaller group) oxy +
(hydrocarbon corresponding to the larger group) Usual: ether (smaller group) - (
larger group) + ICO
05. PHENOL (Ar-OH) Journal (IUPAC): Use the prefix HYDROXIDE; As appropriate num
bering, this begins with the hydroxyl and follows the direction of menosres numb
ers; Note: The number "1" assigned to hydroxyl can be omitted ; Usual: The hydro
xy-benzene is called PHENOL and all other phenols are regarded as derivatives;
06. ALDEHYDE (H-R-COH or COH or Ar-COH) official (IUPAC): Exchange is the termin
ation of the corresponding hydrocarbon by AL; The initial numbers are the carbon
functional group;
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Usual: The usual aldehydes have names corresponding to the usual names of carbox
ylic acids: metanal (formaldehyde or formaldehyde), ethanal (acetaldehyde or ace
taldehyde); etanodial (aldehyde or oxalic axaldeído) phenyl-metanal (benzoic ald
ehyde or benzaldehyde) etc..
07. KETONE (R-CO-R 'or R-CO-Ar or Ar-CO-Ar) Journal (IUPAC): Exchange is the ter
mination of the corresponding hydrocarbon by ONA, the numbering of the chain beg
ins with the end closest to the carbonyl ( -CO-); Note: unsaturated ketones rank
of the corresponding hydrocarbon unsaturation + + + carbonyl position of ONA; U
sual: (smaller group) - (larger group)-KETONE
08. Carboxylic acid (H-COOH or R-COOH or Ar-COOH) Journal (IUPAC): Switch to ter
mination of the hydrocarbon corresponding to hear; ACID + + corresponding hydroc
arbon hear; Usual: The usual nomenclature of carboxylic acids is related to orig
in of the acid or its properties: formic acid (formic acid) Acetic acid (acetic
acid), propanoic acid (propionic acid), butanoic acid (butyric acid); etanodióic
o acid (oxalic acid) etc..
09. ESTER (H-COO-R or R-COO-R or Ar-COO-R or COO-Ar-Ar) Journal (IUPAC): Replace
s to the termination of the ICO carboxylic acid by ATO and Added to the name of
the cluster of connected oxygen; Note: the name of the grouping must end with IL
A and not IL. EX.: Methyl, ethyl etc.. Note: A reasoning is easier to add ATO co
rresponding hydrocarbon and is therefore not necessary to reason with the carbox
ylic acid; Usual: You, like the aldehydes, based on the nomenclature of carboxyl
ic acids: metanoato = formate; ethanoate = acetate; propanoate = propionate.
10. AMINA (R-NH2 or R-NH-R 'or R-NR'-R'')
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Journal (IUPAC): (groups linked to N) + AMINE; Note: The groups linked to N shou
ld be placed in alphabetical order (in increasing order of complexity is not rec
ommended by IUPAC) Note: In complex molecules the grouping characteristic amines
can be considered an offshoot called AMINO;
11. Starch (H-or R-CONH2 CONH2 CONH2, or Ar-, or H-CONH-R 'or R-CONH-R' or Ar-CO
NH-R ', or H-CONR'-R''or R-CONRADO' R-Air''or''CONR'-R) are compounds that have
the following functional group:
Journal (IUPAC): Switching to ICO termination of carboxylic acid on starch; Note
: An easy argument is to add starch content corresponding hydrocarbon and is the
refore not necessary to reason with the carboxylic acid, (similar reasoning was
proposed for esters).
12. Nitrile (R-CN or Ar-CN) Journal (IUPAC): Give the name of the corresponding
hydrocarbon by adding the termination NITRILE (corresponding hydrocarbon + nitri
le); Usual: Cyanide (name of the cluster connected to the-CN );
13. Nitro (R-NO2 or Ar-NO2) Journal (IUPAC): Use the prefix NITRO preceding the
name of which originates from the nitro hydrocarbon (hydrocarbon + NITRO corresp
ondent)
14. Organic halide (compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more
hydrogens by halogens (F, Cl, Br, I). Journal (IUPAC): It is the halides as cor
responding derivatives of hydrocarbons, halogen name precedes the name of hydroc
arbon like any one grouping;
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Note: If the chain exists only halogens as branches, the numbering of the chain
begins with the end closest to them, but if there is any other group connected t
o a main chain numbering starts by the end where it is possible to obtain the lo
west numbers possible. Usual: They use the words of chloride, bromide, etc..,€fo
llowed by the name of the cluster connected to the organic halogen, (name of the
halide) of (group name);
15. ANHYDROUS; are compounds that have the following functional group:
Note: The anhydrides are considered as derivatives of carboxylic acids; In anhyd
rides with carbon chains equal, one should mention the name of the corresponding
acid, preceded by the words ANHYDROUS; When the carbon chains have different fi
rst you must write the name of the minor acid exists;
16. SALT ORGANIC - Compounds that have the following functional group:
Journal (IUPAC): Replaces to the termination of the ICO carboxylic acid by ACT a
nd adds the name of the metal bonded to oxygen; Note: An easy argument is to add
the name of the ATO corresponding hydrocarbon, similar to what has been propose
d earlier for other functions; Usual: It is based on usual nomenclature of carbo
xylic acids: metanoato = formate; ethanoate = acetate, propanoate = propionate;
17. COMPOUNDS Grignard - Compounds that have the following functional group:
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Journal (IUPAC): (chloride, bromide, iodide) of (group linked to Mg) + Mg;
18. Sulfonic acids (R-SO3H or Ar-SO3H) Journal (IUPAC): Acid + (name of the corr
esponding hydrocarbon) + SULPHONATED
19. TIOÁLCOOL or thiol (R-SH) Oxygen alcohol function is replaced by sulfur. Jou
rnal (IUPAC): Note: UNCLE prefix indicates the replacement of an oxygen by a sul
fur; The nomenclature is similar to the corresponding alcohols by changing the e
nding OL by thiol; Usual: The SH-group is called Mercaptan (name group) + Mercap
tan;
20. Thioethers (RSR 'or Ar-S-Ar) The function of the ether oxygen is replaced by
sulfur. Journal (IUPAC): Note: The prefix indicates the TIO Substitution of an
oxygen by a sulfur; The nomenclature is similar to the corresponding ethers by c
hanging the ending OXI by TIO.
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