Speed Acceleration

Kinematics Grundgroessen
Time, location, speed, acceleration

Tasks
Direct proportionality speed acceleration
Experiments
Length measuring length measuring devices Messchieber
Views
History of timekeeping history length measurement speed acceleration speed measu
rement examples examples stopping the free fall Galileo
Unit Conversion Cycle speed measuring measure orders of magnitude diagrams patte
rn tasks LEIFI tests of 10 questions, extra tasks Grand Prix speed speed speed s
peed of sound placement Geschwindigkeitsumrechner
Tachograph
Physics Web 7th Class - Rupprecht-Gymnasium - (C) LEIFI Last update: See the fil
e "New" on index page
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Basic Information
Basic Information
Unit conversion for speed
Theory:
A physical quantity can be understood: v = 10 as a product of numerical value an
d unit can also take the form v = 1, 10 ·. or v = written 10 ·
If you want to specify only the size of a unit, so we write [v] = 1
=
.
The units are usually specified in the so-called SI-system. They say this also M
KSA system (meter, kilogram, second, ampere system). Yet, there are other units
are common, such as the speed limit given in
Prime example:
How much? Short: 10, 10 =?
1st Step: Press the given size 10 in the requested unit. 10 = 10 ° = 10 °
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Basic Information
Note: 1000 m = 1 km that is, 1 km, m = 3600 s = 1 h, then 1 s = h, second Step:
Eliminate any double strand breaks. 10 ° = 10 ° = 10 · 3.6;
Score: 10
= 36
Responsibilities:
a) 100 =? [27.8]
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Basic Information
b) 120 c) 720
=? =?
[7.20]
Note: keep the number of valid points must be obtained from the transformation (
see Basic Information: accuracy in figures)
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Basic Information
Basic Information
Important quantities of the theory of motion (kinematics)
q
q
On the following pages, build on each other, you will experience the most import
ant thing about the sizes, which are used in physics to describe motion. If you
still have little idea, it is best if you work through the pages - with the intr
oduction of starting - in order. If you are only interested in the definitions o
f the various sizes, you can go directly to these specifications.
Introduction Average speed Current speed Average speed
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Basic Information
Basic Information
Average speed Current speed 1
If you have worked through the basic side of the uniform motion, you will immedi
ately recognize that describes the following graph, which documented the rectili
near drive a car, no uniform motion.
Task: Characterize the movement shown by the graph in words. In order to solve a
nd continue to overview
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Basic Information
Basic Information
q q
q
q
The motion starts at x = 0 In the first section between t = 0 and t = t1 (0 <t <
t1) the car is getting faster. This can be seen from the fact that increasing th
e distance traveled at a fixed time period Δt Δx. In the second section (t1 <t <
t2) the car slows down again (see animation below). In the third section (t2 <t
<t3) is the car as there is no change of location with fortscheitender time.
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Basic Information
It is obvious that in the considered movement time and place not directly propor
tional to each other are, and that therefore there is no uniform motion. In orde
r to describe the "speed" of a non-uniform motion, may have the physicists, the
terms mean velocity (also called average speed) and instantaneous velocity v cre
ated. Next Back To Overview
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Basic Information
Basic Information
To calculate the average speed over a period (eg between t = 0 and t = t3) we di
vide the distance you Δx by the required time Δt.Average speed (average speed):
Notes:
q
q
You'll probably imagine that this definition is the same as setting the speed of
uniform motion. The definition of the average speed is not limited to the unifo
rm motion, but is applicable to all transaction types. xe and te is the spatial
coordinate and the time at the end of the considered period, ta and xa are the c
orresponding quantities at the beginning of the period.
The following figure shows the graph of two movements, whose average speed (rela
tive to total movement time) match, but which are nevertheless very different:
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Basic Information
In order to describe details in the "speed" of a movement may have been introduc
ed in physics the concept of instantaneous speed. The instantaneous describes th
e "speed" in a time when the average velocity characterizes the "speed" in a (us
ually larger) period. If we want to determine the instantaneous speed at the lef
t displayed movement with simple tools, we will use our knowledge of the average
velocity.
More
Back
To overview
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Basic Information
Basic Information
Average acceleration
q
q
To describe how fast a change of location takes place in a given time, we have i
ntroduced in physics the size of "speed". To describe how fast a speed change ta
kes place in a given time, leads to the size of "an acceleration".
The greater the Momentangeschwindigkeitszunahme in a given time, the greater wil
l be the acceleration. The acceleration in the car brochures will be given in th
e form of:
Porsche Carrera: From 0 to 100 km / h to 3.9 s
Fiat Punto: From 0 to 100 km / h in 14.5 s
In physics, the acceleration is set slightly more compact and in accordance with
the definition of speed:
Note: Record the velocity in the considered period from, so Δv negative and thus
the average acceleration. This is then usually of negative acceleration or dece
leration.
Chart 1
Task:
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Basic Information
a) Calculate the average speed of a Fiat Punto and a Porsche Carrera in the rang
e between 0 km / h and 100 km / h in units of 1 m/s2.
b) Describe in words the course of the acceleration in the first diagram Back So
lution Overview
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Basic Information
Basic Information
Mean acceleration solution
a) conversion of the speed 100 km / h:
Calculate the average acceleration:
b)
q
q
q
There is initially an accelerated motion, the speed increases (a> 0). Then (in t
he range of the highest part of the curve) remains constant speed for a short pe
riod. There is here a uniform motion before (a = 0). In the right part of the cu
rve movement is accelerated again. However, decreases the speed (a <0).
Back
To overview
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Index - Tasks
Ph 2007
Additional tasks
Overview M LED - light as a drawing of diagrams taillight M S S hunter and dog m
ovement on the highway O Bicycle Tour
L L rail joints country end plane interpretation of graphs M M M Auto Tour cycli
sts
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Additional task
Interpretation of charts
From a sports car that starts at A tv in the following diagram is known.
a) Characterize the ride of a sports car and go between A and E in particular (q
ualitative) relates to the acceleration.
b) What speed (in km / h) of the sports car? [109 km / h]
c) Calculate the average acceleration in the section between A and C. [1,5 m/s2]
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Additional task
d) Which route shall return the car between C and D? [0.40 km]
e) is located between A and E, the distance of about 950 m. With what average sp
eed transit of the cars that route? [22 m / s] Overview
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Additional task
Cyclist
a. b. c.
Decide which image to which the movement of Sections 1, 2 or 3 and is a reason f
or your decision. What speed (in km / h), the driver in the various sections of
movement? What average speed (in km / h has) the driver in the time interval [0s
, 1000s]? [4.3 km / h] Overview
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Additional task
Drawing diagrams
The following table are the start dates for a car listed.
Time in s velocity in m / s 0 0 1.0 10 2.0 20 3.0 29 4.0 37 6.0 50 8.0 59 10 64
12 65 14 65
a) Draw the time diagram for the speed racing car.
b) What is the acceleration at t = 13 s? [0 m/s2]
c) What is the acceleration at t = 1.0 s? [10 m/s2]
To overview
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Additional task
Movement on the highway
Provided by: Gerald Bright, Grafenau
From a helicopter, the positions of a large number of vehicles in the left lane
were recorded continuously and displayed in a ZeitWeg chart. The result is shown
on the right:
a.
b.
c.
What does the appearance and disappearance of lines? How fast are the vehicles o
n the average before and after the incident "event" in the middle of the divisio
n? What is the significance of this "event"? What qualities does it have?
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Additional task
To overview
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Different speeds
Ph 2007
View
Different speeds in m / s
Growth of a fingernail
0.000 000 001
Snail
0.000 002
Pedestrian
1.5
Sprinter
10
Express train
80
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Different speeds
Plane
250
Sound in air
340
Light
300 million
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Different accelerations
Ph 2007
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Cyclist
1-2 m/s2
Acceleration of Normalautos "
3-4 m/s2
9.81 m/s2 = 1 g
the frequently occurring case acceleration is written as 1g.
freely falling body
Often accelerations are expressed as multiples of g.
High jumpers during the jump
3g
Acceleration in the formula one
3 - 4g
Acceleration that can stand the man but no serious damage
10g
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Laundry during the spin cycle
300g
Fled during the jump
300g
Sewing machine needle in
5000g
Golf Ball
12000g
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Speed Measurement
Ph 2007
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Speed Measurement
Velocity measurement for ships (historical) past the speed of vessels of the so-
called Handlog was measured: a lead weighted board was the ship's stern on a lin
e into the water. Due to the large frictional resistance was the board almost st
ationary in the water. The faster the ship sailed, the more rapid was the log-li
ne unrolled from the Logrolle. At intervals of about 7.2 m were on the line node
s. They put down now that the ship has the speed of a node when in the 14s strai
ght line between two nodes have been unwound.
Note: With the advance of technology we have to rely on this type is no longer t
he speed measurement. Today we use the radar or GPS.
Handlog with roller
Hourglass
Velocity measurement in air (with Pitot tube)
The speed of aircraft can be measured with a so-called Pitot tube (Pitot tube).
The inflowing air at the pitot tube effect in the middle, with the interior of t
he pressure cell
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Speed Measurement
related to the total pressure tube. With the help of the Blue drawn tube that is
connected to the airtight enclosure of the display instrument, we measure the s
tatic pressure. The extension of the pressure cell, which leads to the deflectio
n of the pointer is caused by the difference between total pressure and static p
ressure.This differential pressure depends on the speed of airflow and thus a m
easure of the speed.
Speed measurement using a tachometer In conventional tachometers used the rotati
on of the wheel on a so-called speedometer shaft for rotation of a magnet. By el
ectromagnetic effects, which at this point can not be explained, you reach a def
lection of the speedometer needle.
Note: More modern tachometers measure the speed electronically.
Speed Measurement
Velocity measurement at the traffic to check whether speed restrictions are met,
the police often use radar equipment. In a radar signal is sent to the mobile c
ar and the reflected signal analyzed by auto. Depending on how fast does the car
, the reflected signal changes in its quality, which allows a conclusion about t
he speed.
Explanation (not required curriculum): One can also imagine a light and radar si
gnal - with limitations - as a wave. Meeting of the waves emitted radar wave (gr
een lines) on the car, so this will be reflected (blue line). The speed of meand
returning wave is the same. Because of the speed of the car but the distances b
etween the reflected wave peaks (blue double arrow) is smaller than the distance
s between the incident wave peaks (green double arrow). The animation is the arr
ival of a "green" wave crest with the car caused an audible signal.
Tachograph
Ph 2007
Technology
Tachograph and tachograph
Since 1953, the tachograph is mandatory in Germany for trucks and buses with mor
e than 3.5 tons. It is used for documentation of vehicle data for a whole day. F
irst, the mechanical tachograph introduced with which this site deals primarily.
In the years 20052007 are the mechanical tachograph with electronic tachographs
that process the signals into digital form, to be replaced. With them, they're
hoping that manipulations are more difficult. Mechanical The mechanical tachogra
ph Tachograph describes a circular disc which is rotated by a clockwork in 24 ho
urs at 360 °. With the help of the (unmanipulated) tachographs can be checked wh
ether the speed limit was observed when a truck (eg 80 km / h). The control of t
he rest periods required by the driver is possible.
q
q
q
The outer edge of the disc is labeled with numbers 1 to 24 These are the tradema
rks hours a day. Over the disc is a writer needle from the disc center the farth
er away, the higher the velocity. Under this needle rotates the disk further wit
h time. In this way, a t-written vDiagramm. is on the inner concentric rings
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Tachograph
q
also recorded when the car is moving or when the car is at rest. In this way, a
review is possible if the Höchstfahrdauer a driver (the dates in the center of t
he disk must be written) is kept. On the innermost concentric ring is the distan
ce traveled is documented. To save space, the writer returns again and then pin
their direction when 5 km have been completed. If the zig-zag curve "eng", this
means that the vehicle is speeding.
Picture from Wikipedia
Task: a) Check whether the driver has complied with the allowable for the vehicl
e speed of 80 km / h.
b) The truck driver, truck Clever is still far from its destination. To achieve
this as quickly as possible, he exceeds the speed limit significantly. So this i
s not documented on the recording device, it prevents the writers needle mechani
cally with a rubber out of the 80 km / h to cross - a circle. him a shrewd cop c
ould still convict on the basis of the otherwise proper tachograph?
c) In the image below the chart on the distance traveled is increased herausgeze
ichnet strong. How quickly (given in km / h) drove the truck?
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Tachograph
Electronic tachograph With the new electronic tachograph is the evaluation of th
e driving data through the suitable software much easier. It also believes that
this trip recorders are less susceptible to manipulation.
To solve
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Tachograph
Ph 2007
Technology
Tachograph and tachograph - Solution
a) The driver has exceeded the speed limit several times, as the tv-80 on the gr
aph repeats km / h-circle protruding.
b) Even if the needle for tv recording is blocked, it can be inferred from the s
teepness of the zig-zag curve for the consecutive positions on the speed (see pa
rt c).
c) In 15 minutes the ride back 20 km. Thus, it sets in 60 minutes back 80 km. So
v = 80 km / h. On the uniform "steepness" of the zig-zag sections can be seen t
hat the speed is constant.
The task
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Free fall
Ph 2007
View
Free Fall
The free event is one of the most important fast movements that we observe in ev
eryday life. Slips us a cup from his hand, it falls freely to the ground with a
known result. If we are not careful when walking, we may fall a little stretch f
reely, often with unpleasant consequences. Even in antiquity, occupied themselve
s with this type of movement, and developed ideas, which differ significantly fr
om today's beliefs, but they are often found as misconceptions in the learner. I
n the writings of Aristotle, the concept of the construction of the cosmos and c
onsequently presented the statement of the sequence of movements. With slight mo
difications are considered the teaching of the ancient Greeks until about the 16
th Century, ie about 2000 years. Only with a new approach to scientific problems
in which the experiment played a crucial role, has been subject to significantl
y different findings, but which are apparently - not bring our experience from d
aily life so readily into line.
Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher
The cosmos of the ancient Greeks and their statements about free fall in the cen
ter of the universe is the earth. The earthly sphere consists of the four elemen
ts of earth, water, air and fire. Above the terrestrial sphere, the celestial sp
here with the rising stars.
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Free fall
The movements in the different spheres are explained differently:
q
Celestial movements are harmonious you for an "eternal order". The stars are mov
ing by themselves on ideal uniform circular orbits. Earth movements, not to be r
egular, "divine" orbits, and must have a cause.
q
r
Movement of organisms, the cause of the movement of a body is its "vitality".
Examples: the swimming fish, flying birds, the going of people.
r
Natural movements through the natural movement is made into a disturbed order ag
ain. Heavy bodies are "down" arranged and light bodies "above". Therefore, a hea
vy stone has the natural tendency to fall down and the light smoke rises. Differ
ent weight to different degrees bodies tend to bottom: The higher the weight of
a body, the greater is its rate of fall.
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Free fall
r
Forced movements as opposed to the natural movements of forced movements require
an external active mover, or a permanently applied. Only thus can a body remove
d from its natural place or differ by a natural movement. A typical example here
is always given to the ox cart, the only moves if the ox pulls.
The investigation of the free fall by Galileo as a very important representative
of the 16th Century emerging scientific way of working is Galileo Galilei, who
is credited with the free fall. He came to the following conclusions:
q
q
q
The free fall is an accelerated motion with constant acceleration a = 9.81 m/s2.
One writes for the acceleration of gravity in honor of Galileo's and g = 9.81 m
/s2. Unlike Aristotle, Galileo, after all the fall regardless of their body weig
ht - the same rate. Even in Galileo emerges a vague suspicionthat there is no d
ifference between earthly and heavenly doctrine of motion.
Galilei (1564 - 1642)
For the experimental support of his statements could not examine Galileo free-fa
ll jump, since the precise measurement of the short fall times in his time was n
ot yet possible. He therefore investigated a "slow free fall" by a bullet an inc
lined plane
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Free fall
let roll off. The findings, he transferred to the perpendicular case, as the mov
ement of a ball on a more steeply sloping incline to the free case comes very cl
ose. to struggle with what Galileo had experimental difficulties goes out of his
"lab report shows. In addition, Galileo succeeded by a clever thought experimen
t, the thesis of Aristotle that heavier bodies fall faster than lighter must dis
prove to. In our time it is possible to film with a high-speed camera movement t
o the case.
The Laboratory Report
For the thought experiment
View Video
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Galileo
Ph 2007
History
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
Galileo Galilei was born on 15 Born in Pisa in February 1564. Here he learned wh
ile studying the writings of Archimedes know and received the 1589 Professor of
Mathematics in Pisa. The drop tests on the Leaning Tower are historically not be
en established. Because of better pay in the Padua took a mathematics professor
there in 1592. The case law, he led her 1609th He built the telescope, invented
by Holland. He sold his "invention" at a respectable price to the Doge of Venice
, who, as well as military - leaders in this instrument very interested. Galileo
makes with the new instrument astronomical observations and published them in 1
610 in his "Sidereus Nuncius," the "Starry Messenger". Galileo discovered the mo
untains of the moon, the star richness of the Milky Way, the phases of Venus and
Jupiter's moons.
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Galileo
In 1610 came as the court mathematician in the services of the Grand Duke of Flo
rence. He paid no attention to what it meant to protect the freedom of Venice ag
ainst the activity of a court mathematician of the exchange is under clerical in
fluence Tuscan Princely House. Vanity and the pursuit of influence seem to have
led him to this fateful step, for him. Galileo was a good Catholic and saw it we
ll for his calling to bring the church's doctrine of reconciliation, in accordan
ce with the scientific facts. In his dialogues he tried this with admirable pass
ion of teaching. He forgot that in 1600 had to die Giordano Bruno for similar ef
forts at the stake. Galileo was on 26 February 1616 by the Holy Office warned to
desist from the truth of the Copernican theory (not the Earth but the sun is at
the heart of our system to maintain). The
Galileo Galilei
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Galileo
Calculation of planetary positions after the Copernican hypothesis, in which it
was not truth, but rather a "mathematical fiction" was allowed. In this sense, i
t also allows Galileo, the Copernican system in his "Dialogo to treat" (1632). O
n papal order, however, the sale of the book was banned because it accused Galil
eo, is not adhered to the admonition of 1616 and not implemented agreed changes
to the text to have. The Inquisition process against Galileo ended in his renunc
iation and condemnation on 22 Juni 1633rd His alleged statement, "she Eppur muov
e" i.e. "And they (the Earth) moves yet," is a legend. Galileo was sentenced to
indefinite detention, which he spent in his villa near Florence to Arceti. Here,
written for the further development of physics, the most important work, "Disco
urses," which was printed in 1638 in Leiden. It contains the theory of falling b
odies and projectiles. Galileo wanted his scientific
Galileo before the Holy Office
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Galileo
Findings widely known of the Timorese people. Therefore, it writes the first sci
entist his dialogues not in the learned language of Latin, but in his native Ita
lian. He died on 8 January 1642 in Arceti. A year later, Newton was born, which
was to complete the work of Galileo.In 1993, Pope John Paul II rehabilitated th
e great scientist.
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Speed Acceleration

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Kinematics Grundgroessen

Time, location, speed, acceleration

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