Water hammer

1.- Input data

Operating pressure and flowrate Pipe section area
pop = 13.8 bar A= (pi()/4)*d^2
Q= 636.0 m /h 3
d= 0.2027 m
A= 0.0323 m2
Pipe data
Material: Carbon Steel Fluid velocity
dn = 8 in v= Q/A
sch = 40 - Q= 0.1767 m3/s
L= 1524.0 m A= 0.0323 m2
Steel pipe elasticity module v= 5.47 m/s
Et = 2,059,397 bar
s Wave speed in water
Bulk modulus and density of water
K= 20,684 bar K
c
= 1,000 kg/m
c: speed of sound (m/s)
2.- Auxiliary variables K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Pipe dimensions : water density (kg/m)
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch c (K / )^0.5
di = 202.74 mm K= 2.1E+09 Pa
s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch = 1000 kg/m
s= 8.18 mm c= 1438 m/s

7. Critical time Michaud (Not sudden)

Maximum over- pressure or under- 2 L v

pressure are obtained when the hNSS
g
shutoff time "", is less or equal to
the critical time "c", v 2 L
hNSS
g
2 L
c hNSS
a v 2 L

a g a
c = 2*L/a
a v
L= 1,524 m h SS
a= 1287 m/s
g
c = 2.4 s 2 L
hNSS h SS
a
SS: sudden shutoff 2 L 1
hNSS h SS
a
with
2 L
c
 2 L
hNSS h SS
a
2 L 1
NS: Not sudden shutoff hNSS h SS
a
with
2 L
c
a
1
hNSS h SS c

c
hNSS h SS

3.- Celerity 4.- Velocity change
Initial velocity ptot_SS =
c vi = pop =
a= 5.47 m/s

( 1+
K d

Et s ) Final velocity
vf =
Velocity change
0.00 m/s
hSS =
ptot_SS =

a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s) v = vf - vi m/s

c: speed of sound (m/s) v = -5.47 m/s
d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s: minimum wall thickness (mm) 5.- Pressure increment due to water
K: water bulk modulus (bar) hammer produced by a sudden shutoff.
a= c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5) The pressure increment can be
c= 1438 m/s calculated with Joukovsky elasticity
K= 2.1E+09 Pa theory, by a Sudden Shutoff "SS"
Et = 2.1E+11 Pa
d= 202.74 mm hSS = (- a * v ) / g
s= 8.18 mm a= 1286.9 m/s
a= 1287 m/s v = -5.47 m/s
h= 718 m
hSS = 70.4 bar

www.piping-tools.net
Water hammer. Water and slurry hammer

8.- Pressure increment due to water 9. Pressure developed due to valve

hammer produced by a Not Sudden shutoff in the time interval > c
Shutoff "NSS" with
= 5.0 s
For a shutoff time greater than the ptot_NSS = pop + hNSS
critical time, the Michaud relation can pop = 13.8 bar
be used. hNSS = 33.4 bar
ptot_NSS = 47.2 bar
hNSS h SS c

hNSS: presure increment in a Non
Sudden Shutoff
hSS : Pressure increment in a Sudden
Shutoff (Joukovsky)
c : Critical time
Valver closing time Bulk modulus of water
K=
Let valve closing time K=
= 5.0 s
Steel elasticity modulus
Pressure ncrement (NSS) Et =
hNSS = hSS *( c / Et =
hSS = 70.4 bar Et =
c = 2.4 s
= 5.0 s
hNSS = 33.4 bar
 Rev. cjc 27.05.2016

pop + hSS Michad

13.8 bar 2 L v
hNSS
70.4 bar g
84.2 bar
c
hNSS h SS

Joujovsky
a v
hSS
g

2 L
c
a

Et = 2,059,397 bar
s
Bulk modulus and density of water
K= 20,684 bar

ww.piping-tools.net
ater hammer. Water and slurry hammer
ulk modulus of water
2.1E+09 Pa
20,684 bar

eel elasticity modulus

2.10E+06 kp/cm
2.06E+11 Pa
2.1E+06 bar
Water hammer [2] Tyler, page 228

Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps disc
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum p
the valve closes in a time ""?

1. Data, SI Pipe section 3.-Speed of sound in water

Tyler data in Anex A (This page, below) A= (pi()/4)*d^2
d= 0.2027 m K
c
Operating pressure and flowrate A= 0.0323 m2
p= 13.8 bar Material data c: speed of sound (m/s)
Q= 0.1767 m /s 3
Bulk modulus and density of water K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Pipe data K= 20,684 bar : water density (kg/m)
Material: Carbon steel = 1,000 kg/m c
dn = 8 in Steel pipe elasticity module K=
sch = 40 - Et = 2,068,428 bar =
L= 1524.0 m c=
Valve closing time 2. Fluid velocity
= 5.0 s v= Q/A
Pipe dimensions Q= 0.1767 m3/s
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch A= 0.0323 m2
di = 202.74 mm v= 5.47 m/s
s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch
s= 8.18 mm

5.- Pressure increment due to water 6.- Maximum pressure developed due to 8.- Pressure increment due t
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff hammer produced by a Not
shutoff.
The pressure increment can be calculated pmax = pop + h For a shutoff time greater tha
with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 13.8 bar critical time, the Michaud rela
h= 70.5 bar be used.
av
h= pmax = 84.2 bar 2 L v 2 L
g P h
h : pressure increment [mwc] pmax = 1221.8 psi g a
a : wave velocity [m/s]
v : speed variation [m/s] 7. Critical time P: presure increment (mwc)
v = vfinal - vinitial L : pipe length (m)
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under- v :speed change
The pressure change "h" is pressure are obtained when the g : acceleration of gravity m/s
h= (- a * v ) / g shutoff time "", is less or equal to : shutoff time interval (s)
 a= 1287.5 m/s the critical time "c",
v = vf - vi m/s P =
2 L
vf = 0 m/s c h=
vi = 5.47 m/s a L=
v = -5.47 m/s c = 2*L/a a=
g= 9.81 m/s L= 1,524 m =
h= 718 mwc a= 1287.5 m/s P =
h= 70.5 bar c = 2.4 s

Anex A in SI units

Anex A. Tyler data Data, SI Tyler results

p= 200 psi p= 13.8 bar
dn = 8 in dn = 8 in 5.- Celerity
sch = 40 sch = 40 a=
L= 5,000 ft L= 1,524 m Calculated value
Q= 2,800 gpm Q= 0.177 m3/s a=
= 5 s = 5 s 6.- Pressure increment due t
Bulk modulus of water hammer produced by a sudd
k= 300,000 psi k= 20,684 bar h=
= 1000 kg/m k= 2,068 Mpa Calculated value
Pipe elasticity module h=
E= 30,000,000 psi E= 2,068,428 bar 8. Pressure developed due to
E= 206,843 Mpa shutoff in the time interval
pmax =
di = 202.74 mm Calculated value
s= 8.18 mm pmax =

g= 9.80665 m/s

Water hammer [2] Tyler, page 228

Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps disc
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum p
the valve closes in a time "Dt"?

1. Data, SI Pipe section 3.-Water speed of sound

Tyler data in Anex A (This page, below) A= (pi()/4)*d^2
d= 0.20 m
Operating pressure and flowrate A= 0.03 m2
p= 13.79 bar Material data c: speed of sound (m/s)
Q= 0.18 m3/s Bulk modulus and density of water K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Pipe data K= 20684 bar r: water density (kg/m)
Material: Carbon steel r= 1000 kg/m c
dn = 8 in Steel pipe elasticity module K=
sch = 40 - Et = 2068428 bar r=
L= 1524 m c=
Valve closing time 2. Fluid velocity
Dt = 5 s v= Q/A
Pipe dimensions Q= 0.18 m3/s
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch A= 0.03 m2
di = 202.74 mm v= 5.47 m/s
s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch
s= 8.18 mm

5.- Pressure increment due to water 6.- Maximum pressure developed due to 8.- Pressure increment due t
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff hammer produced by a Not
shutoff.
The pressure increment can be calculated pmax = pop + h For a shutoff time greater tha
with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 13.8 bar critical time, the Michaud rela
h= 70.5 bar be used.
pmax = 84.2 bar
h : pressure increment [mwc] pmax = 1221.8 psi
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Dv : speed variation [m/s] 7. Critical time DP: presure increment (mwc
Dv = vfinal - vinitial L : pipe length (m)
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under- Dv :speed change
The pressure change "h" is pressure are obtained when the g : acceleration of gravity m/s
h= (- a * Dv ) / g shutoff time "Dt", is less or equal to Dt: shutoff time interval (s)
a= 1287.47643545 m/s the critical time "tc",
Dv = vf - vi m/s DP =
vf = 0 m/s h=
vi = 5.47 m/s L=
Dv = -5.47 m/s tc = 2*L/a a=
g= 9.80665 m/s L= 1524 m Dt =
 h= 718.4 mwc a= 1287.5 m/s DP =
h= 70.45 bar tc = 2.4 s

Anex A Imperial system units

Anex A. Tyler data Data, SI Tyler results

p= 200 psi p= 13.79 bar
dn = 8 in dn = 8 in 5.- Celerity
sch = 40 sch = 40 a=
L= 5000 ft L= 1524 m Calculated value
Q= 2800 gpm Q= 0.18 m3/s a=
t= 5 s t= 5 s 6.- Pressure increment due t
Bulk modulus of water hammer produced by a sudd
k= 300000 psi k= 20684 bar h=
r= 1000 kg/m k= 2068 Mpa Calculated value
Pipe elasticity module h=
E= 30000000 psi E= 2068428 bar 8. Pressure developed due to
E= 206843 Mpa shutoff in the time interval D
pmax =
di = 202.74 mm Calculated value
s= 8.18 mm pmax =

g= 9.80665 m/s
 Rev. cjc. 27.05.2016

2 L
P h
arly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are a
Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
a v
h
-Speed of sound in water 4.- Celerity
g
a v 2 L
c
K c 1483.2 P
a
K d
a
K d g a
1
1
speed of sound (m/s)
Et s Et s
v 2 L
water bulk modulus (Pa) P
water density (kg/m) a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s) g
(K / )^0.5 c: speed of sound (m/s)
2 L v
2.1E+09 Pa d: inside pipe diameter (mm) P
1000 kg/m s: minimum wall thickness (mm) g
1438 m/s K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a= c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
c= 1438.2 m/s 2 L v
K= 2.1E+09 Pa P
Et = 2.1E+11 Pa
g
d= 202.74 mm
s= 8.18 mm
a= 1287 m/s

- Pressure increment due to water P = h *( c /

ammer produced by a Not sudden h= 70.5 bar
c = 2.4 s
or a shutoff time greater than the = 5.0 s
tical time, the Michaud relation can P = 33.36 bar

2 L v 2 L 9. Pressure developed due to valve

P h h c shutoff in the time interval > c
g a
= 5 s
P: presure increment (mwc)
pipe length (m) pmax = pop + h
v :speed change pop = 13.8 bar
acceleration of gravity m/s h= 33.4 bar
: shutoff time interval (s) pmax = 47.1 bar
 pmax = 683.8 psi
2 * h * L / (a * )
70.5 bar
1524.0 m
1287.5 m/s
5.0 s
33.4 bar

1287.9 m/s
alculated value
1287.5 m/s
- Pressure increment due to water
ammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Bulk modulus of water
70.5 bar k= 22000 bar
alculated value
70.5 bar Pipe elasticity module
Pressure developed due to valve E= 2068428 bar
utoff in the time interval > c
44.7 bar Note 1.
alculated value Note 1 Tyler error
47.1 bar 484 + 200 = 684 (psi) = 47.16 (bar)
arly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if

-Water speed of sound 4.- Celerity

speed of sound (m/s)

water bulk modulus (Pa)
water density (kg/m) a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
(K / r )^0.5 c: speed of sound (m/s)
2.07E+009 Pa d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
1000 kg/m s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
1438.203 m/s K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a= c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
c= 1438.203045 m/s
K= 2068428000 Pa
Et = 2.0684E+011 Pa
d= 202.74 mm
s= 8.18 mm
a= 1287.5 m/s

- Pressure increment due to water DP = h *( tc / Dt )

ammer produced by a Not sudden h= 70.45 bar
tc = 2.37 s
or a shutoff time greater than the Dt = 5.00 s
tical time, the Michaud relation can DP = 33.36 bar

9. Pressure developed due to valve

shutoff in the time interval Dt > tc
Dt = 5 s
P: presure increment (mwc)
pipe length (m) pmax = pop + h
v :speed change pop = 13.8 bar
acceleration of gravity m/s h= 33.4 bar
: shutoff time interval (s) pmax = 47.1 bar
pmax = 683.8 psi
2 * h * L / (a * Dt)
70.45 bar
1524.00 m
1287.48 m/s
5.00 s
 33.4 bar

1287.9 m/s
alculated value
1287.5 m/s
- Pressure increment due to water
ammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Bulk modulus of water
70.5 bar k= 22000 bar
alculated value
70.45 bar Pipe elasticity module
Pressure developed due to valve E= 2068428 bar
utoff in the time interval Dt > tc
44.67 bar Note 1.
alculated value Tyler error
47.15 bar 484 + 200 = 684 (psi) = 47.16 (bar)
 2 L
h
a
v
g
c
a v 2 L

a=
g
v 2 L

g
2 L v
a

( 1+
K
E

2 L v

P = h * 2 * L / (a * )
h= 718.4 m
L= 1524.0 m
a= 1287.5 m/s
= 5.0 s
P = 340.2 m
P = 33.4 bar
 c
a=

( 1+
K d

Et s )
Pehmco water-hammer [3], page 7.21

1. Data Pipe section 5.-Speed of sound in water

Operating pressure and flowrate A= (pi()/4)*d^2
pop = K
15 mwc d= #VALUE! m c
pop = 1.47 bar A= #VALUE! m2
Q= 2 l/s c: speed of sound (m/s)
Q= 0.002 m /s
3
3. Material data K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Pipe data Bulk modulus and density of water : water density (kg/m)
Material: HDPE PE80 k= 22,000 bar c
dn = 2 in = 1000 kg/m K=
PN 10 bar Pipe elasticity module =
L= 70 m Ep = 7,845 bar c=
Valve closing time 784.532 MPa 6.- Celerity
= < Tc 4. Fluid velocity
c
2. Pipe dimensions and section v= Q/A a

1 K d
de = Q= 0.0020 m3/s
Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dext_Dn
de = #VALUE! mm A= #VALUE! m2 Ep s

s = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Thickness_Dn_PN v= #VALUE! m/s
s= #VALUE! mm
di =
di = #VALUE! mm

7.- Pressure increment due to water 8.- Maximum pressure developed due to
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff (Joukovsky)

For this case, the pressure increment can be Pmax_Jouk = pop + hJouk
calculated with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 1.5 bar
a v hJouk = #VALUE! bar
hJouk
g Pmax_Jouk = #VALUE! bar
hJouk : pressure increment, Joukovsky #VALUE!
a : wave velocity [m/s]
v : speed variation [m/s] 9. Critical time
v = vfinal - vinitial
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under-
The pressure change "h" is pressures are obtained when the
hJouk = (- a * v ) / g m shutoff time "", is less or equal to
a= #VALUE! m/s the critical time "c",
v = vf - vi m/s
2 L
vf = 0 m/s c
vi = #VALUE! m/s a
v = #VALUE! m/s c = 2*L/a
g= 9.81 m/s L= 70 m
 hJouk = #VALUE! mwc a= #VALUE! m/s
hJouk = #VALUE! bar c = #VALUE! s

Approximate bulk modulus Steel elasticity modulus

E= 2.95E+07 psi
Water 2.2109 Pa (value increases at higher pressures) E= 2.03E+11 Pa
K= 2.20E+09 Pa E= 2.03E+06 bar
K= 22,000 bar
Water bulh modulus
Air 1.42105 Pa (adiabatic bulk modulus) Water
Air 1.01105 Pa (constant temperature bulk modulus) K= 2.06E+04 kp/cm
K= 2.2E+09 Pa
K= 22,000 bar
g= 9.80665 m/s
 Rev. cjc 27.05.2016

-Speed of sound in water a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)

c: speed of sound (m/s)
K
c d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
speed of sound (m/s) K: water bulk modulus (bar)
water bulk modulus (Pa) a= c / (1 + (K/Ep) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
water density (kg/m) c= 1483.2 m/s
(K / )^0.5 K= 2.20E+09 Pa
2.2E+09 Pa Ep = 7.8E+08 Pa
1000 kg/m d= #VALUE! mm
1483.2 m/s s= #VALUE! mm
a= #VALUE! m/s

c
a

1 K d
Ep s

HDPE elasticity modulus
PEEC
Ep = 8,000 kp/cm
Ep = 7.8E+08 Pa
Ep = 7,845 bar
Slurry hammer [8]

Data

Operating pressure and flowrate Water

pop = 15 mwc EL : 2.2E+09 Pa
pop = 1.47 bar L = 1000 kg/m
Q= 2 l/s
Q= 0.002 m3/s Valve closing time
= 0.0 s
Pipe data
Material: HDPE PE80
dn = 2 in
PN 10 bar
L= 70 m
EP : 7.8E+08 Pa

Slurry
Cv = 0.4 -
s = 1800 kg/m
L = 1000 kg/m
ES : 1.17E+11 Pa
(Copper)

Celerity of slurries Slurry celerity calculation

a= ( ( ( (Cv/s) + ((1-Cv) / (L)) )*EL ) / (1 - C
Eq. 20, [8], page 340 Cv = 0.4 -
Cv 1 Cv s = 1800 kg/m
E L
s L L = 1000 kg/m
am 2
E E D EP :
1 C v L Cv L 7.85E+08 Pa
ES EP e
EL : 2.2E+09 Pa
am2 : Celerity of an heterog. ES : 1.2E+11 Pa
Cv : Solids concentration vol. D: #VALUE! mm
s : Solids density e: #VALUE! mm
L : Water density a= #VALUE! m/s
EP : Elastic modulus pipe mat.
EL : Elastic modulus of liquid
 ES : Elastic modulus of solids
D: Pipe diameter
e: Pipe wall thickness

Pressure increment for heterogeneous sluryy, due to suddenly valve shut-off

In engineering practice the initial hammer pressure can usually be used to substitute
the slurry hammer pressure Eq. 33, page 344

am u m 0 L S
P
1 CV S CV L
P: slurry hammer pressure [Pa]
am : celerity of mixture (slurry) [m/s]
um0 : velocity ofmixture (slurrry) before valve closure [m/s]
L : liquid density [kg/m]
S : solids density [kg/m]
CV: Volume concentration [-]

P= am * um0 * L * S / ( (1 - CV) * S + CV *L )
am = #VALUE! m/s
um0 = #VALUE! m/s
L = 1000
S = 1800
CV = 0.4
P= #VALUE! Pa
P= #VALUE! bar
 Rev. cjc 27.05.2016

Pipe dimensions and section

de = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dext_Dn
de = #VALUE! mm
s = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Thickness_Dn_PN
s= #VALUE! mm
di = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dint_Dn_PN
di = #VALUE! mm
A= (pi()/4)*d^2
d= #VALUE! m
A= #VALUE! m2

Fluid velocity
v= Q/A
Q= 0.0020 m3/s
A= #VALUE! m2
v= #VALUE! m/s

Cv) / (L)) )*EL ) / (1 - Cv + EL/Es * Cv + EL * D / (EP * e)) )^0.5

Pipe : HDPE
Liquid: Water
Solids: copper
Maximum pressure developed due to a sudden shutoff
Pmax_Jouk = pop + P
Pop = 1.47 bar
P= #VALUE! bar
Pmax_Jouk = #VALUE! bar
[9]
 c
a
k
1 DR 2
E
a= c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5

a: wave velocity
C: speed of sound
k: water bulk modulus
E:pipe elasticity modulus
DR: dimension Ratio

c= 4,660 fps
k= 300,000 psi
EPVC 12454 = 400,000 psi
EPE 3408 = 115,000 psi

a)
v = 2 fps
Material PVC 12454
DR = 25

Celerity
a= c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
c= 4,660 fps
K= 300,000 psi
E= 400,000 psi
DR = 25
a= 1,091 fps

Surge pressure
Ps = a * V / (2.31*g)
a= 1,091 fps
v = 2 fps
 g= 32.2 ft/s
Ps = 29.3 psi

b)
v = 2 fps
Material PE 3408
DR = 11

Celerity
a= c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
c= 4,660 fps
K= 300,000 psi
E= 115,000 psi
DR = 11
a= 942 fps

Surge pressure
Ps = a * V / (2.31*g)
a= 942 fps
v = 2 fps
g= 32.2 ft/s
Ps = 25.3 psi
Tehmco
 am2 : Celerity of an heterogeneous fluid
Cv 1 Cv
E L Cv :
s L Solids concentration by volume
am 2
1 Cv
EL
Cv
EL D s : Solids density
ES EP e L : Water density
EP : Elastic moduli of pipe material
EL : Elastic modulus of liquid
ES : Elastic modulus of solids
T : tension stress on the pipe wall
D: Pipe diameter
e: Pipe wall thickness
Eq. 20, [8], page 340

[8] http://tech.scichina.com:8082/sciEe/fileup/PDF/98ye0337.pdf
erogeneous fluid Pressure increment for heterogeneous sluryy, due to suddenly valve shut-off
tion by volume
am u m 0 L S
P
1 CV S CV L
pipe material

the pipe wall

ly valve shut-off
 a v w s
P
1 Cv s Cv w
[10]
http://www.plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter06.pdf
Design of PE Piping Systems
Chapter 6, page 161
Temporary surge pressures
PE pipes can safely tolerate the commonly observed maximum peak
temporary surge pressure of twice the steady state condition.

Repetead cyclel loads

Long-term strength of PE pipes is not adversely affected by repeated
cyclic load. Thus, PE pipes are very fatigue resistant.

Occasional surge pressures

Recurring surge pressures

Negative pressures

Design principles

Occasional surge pressures

Ptot Psustain ed Psurge

Ptot 2 PRtemerature_compensated

Recurring surge pressures

Ptot 1.5 PRtemerature_compensated

[2] Tyler
Power generation calculations reference
Tyler G. Hicks., P.E., Editor
The McGraw-Hill Engineering reference guide series
1985
Water-hammer in liquid pipelines. Page 228

[3] Productos PECC http://issuu.com/rockoicm/docs/catalogo_final_tehmco

Tehmco S.A.
Example page 7.21

[4] Heat ans mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin, 1995

[5] Heat transfer

J. P. Holman
McGraw-Hill, 1989

[6] Water Hammer

by Robert Pelikan
April 1, 2005

[7]

[8] http://tech.scichina.com:8082/sciEe/fileup/PDF/98ye0337.pdf
[9]

http://www.plasticengineeredproducts.com/manufacturers/unibell/pubs/uni-tr-7.pdf

[10] http://www.plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter06.pdf
Design of PE Piping Systems
inal_tehmco