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Introduction 1. The coffee and the industry first.

12 | That period of history,


the coffee crisis, is also the period of the replacement of slave labor for empl
oyee, market development, the rapid expansion of railroads, the appearance of th
e first industries. 2. 13 | The coffee expansion and industrialization are two s
tages of capitalist transition in Brazil. This is explained mainly by the rise o
f capitalist mode of production in its highest stage and the establishment of a
capitalist world economy. 2. Industrialization and capitalism 1. 14 | It is nece
ssary to understand how industrialization progress of productive forces, as a so
cial process. 2. 14 | The development of productive forces under capitalism is n
ot only that, but also development of capitalist social relations. 3. 15 | Indus
trialization indicates the upheaval (transformation) of the productive forces by
capitalist relations. 3. Industrialization and a transition. 16 | Industrializa
tion is the final stage of the transition period. This capitalist transition is
the result of a set of contradictions. 2. 17 | The existence of these pre-capita
list relations is the result of a particular form of domination of capital. 3. 1
8 | These relations do not exist except as articulated dominant-subordinate rela
tionships. 4. 18 | Ultimately, these are forms that explain the contradictions i
nherent to the capitalist transition and thus the process of creating the condit
ions for industrialization. 4. Transition and a global economy. 18 | For the Bra
zilian transition to be late, it features new contradictions. 2. 19 | World econ
omy: when the reproduction of capital on a national scale is submissive to the i
nternational scale, a structured whole and not a juxtaposition of parts. 3. 19 |
In those underdeveloped countries, contradictions are seen as "obstacles." 4. 2
0 | Imperialism is, at the same time, "obstacle" and "driving force" of developm
ent, the latter being the dominant feature. 5. 20 | The obstacle is the uneven d
evelopment, a fundamental characteristic of capitalism. 6. 21 | This relationshi
p of domination-subordination, the end of the century. 19, relies mainly on econ
omic relations. Conditions of Expansion Historical Coffee 1. External Conditions
1. Introduction 1. 23 | From 1851 to 1900, world trade grew at an amazing pace,
the incorporation of less developed countries, like Brazil. 2. World market for
export of capital first. 24 | The development of trade is a historical conditio
n for the development of capitalism. 2. 24 | This development changed the nature
of economic relations
international, the dominant role in exports of capital. 3. 25 | The development
of international trade becomes a part of capitalist development (of capitalist p
roduction). 4. 27 | To understand the actual movement of capital, it is necessar
y to move the analysis of movement for the reproduction of capital. At this leve
l, we can understand the capital as a relation of production. 5. 27 | Pe, borrow
ing by Brazil from 1851 to 1900 did not serve as an export of capital, but fundi
ng for immigration, railroads ... 6. 28 | The output of this capital in the form
of debt service, financially strangling the country, despite the positive trade
balance. 3. Some data on British investment in January. 32 | The British invest
ment has been growing massively, up to 3x in 1900 and exports two thirds of the
net domestic product. 2. An internal conditions. Capital 1. 34 | The opening of
ports (1808) and political independence (1822) are the dates of the bourgeoisie
magna Brazilian trade. 2. 33 | This process is part of an international framewor
k: the industrial revolution, "decadence" of merchant capital, the rise of indus
trial powers and the crisis of the old Portuguese colonial system (accelerated b
y a number of popular revolts in Brazil). 3. 34 | From these dates to enter the
big bourgeoisie importaçãoexportação world trade, developing rapidly thanks to c
onsolidation and expansion of coffee plantations. 4. 34 | From 1801 to 1850, cof
fee was using slave labor, an inner part, a larger part imported from Africa. Af
ter this time the coffee was already our most important product, and allowed the
creation of a class and wealthy. 2. Workforce 1. 35 | The possibilities for exp
ansion on the basis of slave labor was very limited. 2. 36 | Find the work force
within it was also difficult. They were poor, lived in self-maintenance and ver
y attached to large estates. 3. 36 | Small-holders and they are few, the autosub
sistência also lived in almost total isolation. 4.€37 | The pioneer of coffee th
en turned to immigration. 5. 37 | The farmer got the loan with the State and imm
igrants promised his future work. But they were partners, in harvest received a
share of income. Then lived almost as slaves. 6. 37 | This condition hampered im
migration, condition for growth of coffee. 7. 37 | It took 10 years to change th
is condition. 8. 38 | In 1870, the government of the Province of São Paulo assum
es all the costs of immigration and since 1880 immigration has become massive. 3
. FT: contradictory effects of a gradual abolition. 39 | The progressive aboliti
on did not reach large portion of this population. 2. 39 | Even the abolition in
1888 greatly expanded the job market. 3. 40 | This was due to minor ideological
adaptation to work and the possibility of escape for pre-capitalist forms or se
lf-sufficiency. 4. 41 | According to Furtado, the abolition "was a far more poli
tical than economic," unable to cause any "significant change in the way of prod
uction." 5. 41 | A "progressive abolition" did not involve a "phasing" of employ
ment, only slowed the very accumulation of defending the former regime. 6. 41 |
The ruling classes are a means of cushioning the abolishing and when she
reached had positive economic effects. Coffee Economy 1. Introduction 1. 43 | In
1880, there is a geographic shift: Coffee RJ for the SP. 2. 44 | Going up the h
ighlands of Brazil, the coffee production using wage labor and mechanization kno
w - even if only partially. Also benefits from a network of railroads, and expor
t houses and a network bank for now, advanced trading system. 2. Plantations 1.
A salaried job. 45 | The immigrant, since replacing the slave, receives a base s
alary (the family), a commission by the size of the harvest and undertook to do
the planting outside services for a price stated in the contract, plus land for
its cultivation for self-sufficiency. 2. 45 | Workers preferred the interspersed
productions (where his land was adjacent to the cafe) as they could keep the tw
o cultures with less work. 3. 46 | After it is rare, because it prevents further
expansion of the coffee area. 4. 46 | After the first. World War, the Brazilian
immigrants become important for coffee (23.4% in 1918-1927) and decreases wages
in the plantations. 5. 47 | The immigrants did not accept the new situation wit
hout a fight. Strikes and even murders were onstage in the plantations. 6. 47 |
At the end of the contract (one year), the immigrants came from farms to cities,
new planting (even in other countries) or returned to Europe. 7. 48 | The insta
bility of manpower was an obstacle to coffee, but this is a result of this strug
gle between workers and farmers. 2. Mechanization 1. 48 | Transactions with bene
ficiation machines had a better price in the market, and address the lack of wor
kers on the farm. 2. 49 | This mechanization required significant properties to
make viable the use of this machinery. 3. Railways 1. 50 | The railroads were es
sential, as the troop of mules would not mind to sell the huge production. 2. 51
| The price of transportation by train was 6x lower than the troops of mules. 3
. 52 | The rapid development of the network of railroads, it constitutes a neces
sary infrastructure for the development of capitalism, with assistance from the
trees. 3. A coffee capital. Introduction 1. 53 | The development of the coffee e
conomy is the development of the coffee capital. But the economy and capital far
exceeds the coffee plantations. 2. 53 | The major growers were homeowners expor
t, railroads ... 3. 53 | These export houses have origins banks financed the pla
ntations and its mechanization. 2. Several aspects and dominant aspect of a coff
ee capital. 54 | The coffee capital had features of the commercial capital, indu
strial, and commercial banking. 2. 54 | With the development, there is a special
ization of the capital and the bourgeoisie. In Brazil, there was only one coffee
bourgeoisie with multiple functions
(Intercorrelated). 3. 55 | The big business defining a commercial bourgeoisie, b
ut the average capital, an agrarian bourgeoisie. 4. 55 | The coffee capital repr
esents the unity of the two, under the domination of the first. 5. 55 | The prep
onderance of the commercial capital is a result of weak development of capitalis
t production relations, a slower development of productive forces. 4. Developmen
t of the coffee economy in the beginning of the century. 20 1. Overproduction 1.
56 | In 1882, world production exceeds consumption, and in 1893, with the crisi
s in the U.S., prices plummet. 2. 56 | With inflationary policy and currency dev
aluation,€the fall in prices is dampened by distributing the setback for the ent
ire Brazilian economy. 3. 57 | Politics generated inflationary increase in cost
of living and satisfaction of all other classes. 4. 57 | As the volume of export
s did not surpass the price decline, the government still had difficulties to se
rvice its debts. 5. 57 | The government sends ministers to establish a contract
with the English banker and debt service is suspended for 13 years in exchange f
or a stabilization policy, which is sustained for 20 years. 6. 58 | With this fu
nding loan, the bourgeois coffee becomes aware of the problem and the need to re
solve it. This temporarily solves the national finances; lacked resolve the prob
lem of overproduction. 2. Valuation 1. 60 | In 1906, defined the goals of "recov
ery" with the Covenant of Taubaté. 1. Purchase of surplus by the government to r
estore the balance of supply and demand 2. Financing these purchases by borrowin
g from foreign banks in March. Service payments on these loans through a new tax
(set in gold) on the export of coffee 4. Adoption of measures to discourage the
expansion of plantations 2. 61 | The federal government has not accepted, but t
he state of SP deploys. Later the federal government assumes for itself, not to
lose control of the economy. 3. 62 | With this policy, foreign capital becomes d
ominant at the marketing of coffee and its subsidiaries develop rapidly, and dom
estic banks. 4. 62 | With the crisis that the bourgeoisie is different than the
rest of the coffee bourgeoisie. 5. 62 | These powerful bankers lend to the whole
economy and, in time of war, the industrialization drive. 6. 62 | The "recovery
" is not the beginning of the end, but its highest stage, where foreign capital
and the coffee take their definitive forms in this period. 7. 63 | It's a contra
diction of capitalist development. 5. The issue of land and an abundance of land
. 64 | The coffee bourgeoisie owned the land for planting. 2. 64 | Legally, ther
e was property and unoccupied land. 3. 65 | As the bourgeoisie proceeded inland,
was occupying the lands occupied and could not a property deed. 4. 65 | If ever
there was someone there, used to violence and, if necessary, until the army. 5.
65 | Brazilian crossbred these lands were of European origin, Indians. 6. 65 |
When I met with land titles, it was for the owner: (1) become a grower or (2) se
ll the land.
7. 65 | Turning grower had to take loans from merchants Santos. 8. 66 | Selling
the land could a lot of money due to land speculation. 9. 66 | Land speculation
can not be explained outside the domination of capital that gives commercial val
ue to the land. 10. 67 | The abundance of land relative to capital is and is not
associated with abundance to those who should be the labor market. 11. 69 | At
the time of Brazil's coffee expansion, capitalism develops into other bases. 1.
Capitalist production breaks the boundaries of national territory. 2. The capita
l is the power to develop into viable places before, its development depends sol
ely on the international division of labor. 12. 69 | Is the transformation of ca
pitalism and the establishment of the capitalist world economy that leads to the
question of the abundance of land. 13. 70 | The transformations at the national
level (on one hand, capital accumulation, and others, greater division of labor
and market growth), modified forms of reproduction of capital driven world econ
omy, manifested by an accumulation of relatively fast compared to the growth of
domestic Origins of an Industry. The growth of an industry. 71 | Until 1875 indu
strial establishments existing in Brazil are few and unimportant. The industrial
boom occurring in 1880-1890. 2. 73 | The industry develops very unevenly: the f
irst and SP (regions of coffee), the latter faster. 3. 74 | The transformations
of the period - mainly wage labor, but also railways, banks, large retailers, ex
porter and importer and mechanization in the processing of coffee - the coffee e
conomy are the center of the rapid accumulation of capital. This accumulation wa
s born the industry in Brazil. 2. The growth of a large industry. 75 | From 1876
to 1900, features more similar to the later periods than the previous ones, eve
n with the predominance of coffee. 2. 80 | data clearly show that in 1907 the in
dustrial structure was characterized by a large or small companies, not manufact
uring. 3. 81 | From 1907 to 1920,€RJ major industries grew even more (2x RJ and
3x SP) 3. Origins of an industrial bourgeoisie. 85 | The industrial bourgeoisie
was of European origin. Those coming to Brazil in situations better than the mas
s of immigrants. 2. 89 | The beginning of the accumulation is not a small compan
y, but trade (export and import houses). 3. 89 | The study highlights the import
ance of the importer that acts to take control of relatively small companies tha
t grow, they draw on their holdings of capital. 4. 90 | The mother of infant ind
ustry is the big trade and not the middle class European. 5. 91 | Some members o
f the bourgeoisie also interested in the coffee industry, even family ties betwe
en it and the industrial bourgeoisie were important for the industry. 6. 91 | Fo
reign investment at that time were very low: 50% papers in the state and the rem
aining railroads, utilities, banks and insurance companies.
4. Contradictory aspects of coffee-industry relations 1. 91 | Find the workforce
in immigration caused by the expansion of coffee, and consumer market. 2. 93 |
The dizzying growth of electrification and urbanization is a condition and resul
t of industrial developments. 3. 94 | The "obstacles" that requires the coffee i
ndustry are contradictions of capitalist development, whose center is coffee. 4.
97 | The relationship between international trade and the coffee economy, on on
e hand, and the nascent industry, on the other, involve the same time, the unity
and contradiction. 5. 97 | Unit: capitalist development based on coffee expansi
on causes the birth and development of a certain industry. 6. 97 | Contradiction
: the limits imposed on the development of the industry's own dominance of the c
offee economy in the accumulation of capital. 7. 98 | The situation of subordina
tion of Brazil in world capitalism explains the importance of the export sector
and puts the coffee economy as the center engine of capitalist development in Br
azil. 5. Contradictions of development based on a coffee economy. 99 | Brazil wa
s commercially and financially dependent, explicit in the growing foreign debt a
nd sudden changes in international prices of coffee. 2. 99 | External imbalances
are treated, at first, with the currency devaluation. 3. 99 | Do not resolved,
the government appeals for funding loan (grace period), but calls for policies o
f financial austerity, reduce costs and increase revenues, or raise taxes. 4. 99
| There could be tax exports for political imbalances and to be the center of c
apital accumulation. 5. 1999 | Rate the products for the domestic market, import
s (because taxing local production could further unbalance). 6. 100 | This Agree
ment is made with the British financial groups, which support the reduction of t
heir imports by an increased flow of money. 7. 101 | This taxation of imports se
rves the industrial, but this policy was adopted to focus on the coffee sector,
because the industry wanted was a differentiation between products that would co
mpete with them and the machinery they needed it. 8. 102 | Ideologically Brazil
had a "vocation land," according to the law of comparative advantage. 9. 103 | B
ut the very expansion of world capitalism imposes Brazil the local industrial pr
oduction, as output to external financial imbalances and increased accumulation.
10. 103 | Wage labor is not the cause of the external imbalance, but it is a ne
cessary condition for the transformation of the capitalist mode of production, e
specially industrialization. It is concerned rather to shatter the tranquility o
f the coffee farms to develop. 6. The first industrial capital. 105 | The form o
f development led to the dominance of commercial capital over the industrial (ma
nufacturing). 2. 105 | The return on investment resulting from the pricing struc
ture. 3. 105 | The form of industrialization took place under the international
division of labor (and its implication in the relationship between international
prices and its modification by Brazilian policies). 4. 107 | The form of indust
rialization was to concentrate on consumer goods. 5. 109 | This characteristic i
s also given as the imposition of international division of
work. To the extent that it was more profitable production of consumer goods, wi
th imports of machinery, the development of the incipient break IBConsumo IBProd
ução. 6. 109 | In this way allows a rapid accumulation of capital, allowing "ski
p steps" and does not need the processing or manufacturing of handicraft industr
y. 7. 109 | Even the industrial capital, in its contradiction, prevents the deve
lopment of IBProdução in its development.
Questions for class II 03/11/2009 first.) How to configure foreign loans, and fo
r what purposes intended in Brazil in the second half of the nineteenth century?
(P. 33-36) second.) How to configure England's investments in Brazil until the
early decades of the twentieth century? (P. 36-68) third.) Explain the factors t
hat contributed to Brazil's independence and the rise of commercial capital (p.
39-40) fourth.) What were the internal limits for creation of the working class
and the formula found for its constitution? (P. 41-44) 5th.) What were the contr
adictory effects of the abolition of slavery? (P. 44-47) 6th III.) As the employ
ment was part of the coffee plantations (p. 50-54) 7th ..) How advanced the prod
uctive forces - mechanization - the coffee activity? (P. 54-56) 8th ..) Characte
rize the expansion of the railroad and what it meant for the coffee activity. (P
. 56-58) 9th.) How did the coffee production, in particular the process of forma
tion of the coffee bourgeoisie? (P. 58-60) 10th.) What was the importance of the
coffee capital in carrying out its business functions (p. 60-62) 11th.) As the
problem of overproduction of coffee appeared as an expression of development of
this activity ? (P. 62-66) 12th.) As the policy of upgrading the coffee explains
capitalist development in Brazil in the first decades of the twentieth century?
(P. 66-70) 13th.) As if the land issue was addressed in this period? (P. 70-75)
IV 14th.) How did the growth of industry and its peculiarities in the early twe
ntieth century? (P. 77-91) 15th.) Addresses the origins of the industrial bourge
oisie. (P. 91-96) 16th.) Point contradictory aspects of coffee-industry relation
s. (P. 97-110)
A) loans made by the public sector became one of the main forms of capital expor
ts. Government loans have made it possible for Brazil to become an exporter of c
apital, as well as return the principal, the country had to pay the interest and
financial charges related to these operations. These funds originated from the
loans used to finance the immigration of the labor force Europe, as well as inve
stment in infrastructure, especially railroads and utilities and industrial, suc
h as electricity, gas, urban transport, and construction and consolidation of th
e rule itself. However, they eventually got off capital that came in the form of
debt service. Capital outflows and balances for the developing countries are tw
o aspects of the movement of capital worldwide and export of capital is the domi
nant aspect. 2) In the first decades of the twentieth century, British investmen
ts in Brazil were predominant. The volume of these investments was three times t
he value of exports and over two thirds of domestic GDP. Britain has gained from
the opening of the ports of Brazil, ending with the Portuguese monopoly. The Br
azilian independence also has been a great help. England was intimately linked t
o the abolition of slavery, as would open market for their products, which would
increase imports into Brazil. The railways had a large impact on industrializat
ion in economies that have made their first industrial revolutions, and the same
happened in here, and England one of the major owners of these rails on Brazili
an soil, through the São Paulo Railway. (The banker Lord Rotthschild had enormou
s influence over the Brazilian government, and he half determined as the nationa
l state should act to contain the fall in coffee prices after overproduction, an
d the Council of Taubaté could generate a regional policy which was later elevat
ed to the national level. São Paulo managed to get funding out of the House Rott
hschild. The banker would earn much money from loans made to our government). Ba
nks and foreign capital coming in just several sectors of the Brazilian economy.
3) With the opening of the ports, after the arrival of the Portuguese Royal Fam
ily, Brazil has entered the global economy. The Brazilian independence was influ
enced by the Industrial Revolution, the decay of merchant capital, the rise of i
ndustrial powers and the decadence of the Portuguese Empire. Internally there we
re some armed revolts. With the opening of ports and political independence of t
he Brazilian commercial bourgeoisie develops, for now Portugal no longer had pow
er over commerce in Brazil. The trade was located on agricultural exports, espec
ially coffee, whose production was in the hands of the aristocrats and the risin
g bourgeoisie, and slave labor to productive matrix of coffee. 4) In the ninetee
nth century the work force was the dominant slave, however,€independence from Br
itain became the main influence on government, and demanded changes in the polic
y of slavery where the slave trade should end. To meet these demands the governm
ent was passing some laws that restricted a little bondage. With these restricti
ons and the expansion of trade and production of coffee, manpower became scarce.
Free workers were linked to self-sufficiency, but many worked on the land of la
ndowners in an almost feudal mode of production. With the reduction of variable
capital, the landowners eventually returning the land in the hands of peasants.
However, this stratum of society was not a labor market. Immigration has become
a way of creating a labor market. However, the first Europeans were sold as a co
mmodity, like slaves. This led European countries to create troubles for the arr
ival of immigrants. But over time the network was increased migration and Europe
an immigrants, primarily Italians, began to form the Brazilian labor market duri
ng the first decades of the twentieth century.
5) The end of slavery in Brazil was progressive, it ended up delaying the format
ion of a labor market, because for decades there were still slaves and only when
necessary for the sale of the workforce, the worker, it appears that the market
work. Such maintenance of slavery eventually slowing the economy. The character
istics of slavery remained for a long time, damaging the overall shift to capita
lism. Thus, the ruling classes retarded accumulation itself. Another factor that
the elite was exposed to free workers were lazy. 6) The employment was part of
the coffee plantations with the decline of slavery. The immigrants, mostly forme
d the basis of productive coffee, and they signed contracts of employment, even
at the time these contracts were being questioned by employees. 7) the mechaniza
tion emerged with the adoption of wage labor, because the marginal productivity
of capital has become greater than the work, so it is more advantageous to inves
t in capital assets in variable. Another factor that led to mechanization was th
e lack of manpower for the plantations. This mechanization led to a concentratio
n of capital in the hands of the wealthy. 8) With the increase in coffee product
ion mules, which were the main means of transportation of grain, became inadequa
te and ineffective. Thus, the railroad emerged as a solution in a time where thi
s means of transportation was used in industrialized countries. Foreign companie
s and large coffee growers invested heavily in the implementation of trills in B
razilian soil. With the rapid development of the network of railroads in Brazil
from 1860, constitutes a necessary infrastructure for the development of capital
ism, particularly in the coffee region. The railroads were responsible for major
coffee production in Sao Paulo, because this was the state with more miles of t
hese roads. 9) The major coffee growers were not limited to organizing and leadi
ng coffee plantations. They were also buyers of production of all the land owner
s. They exercised the functions of a bank, financing the establishment of new pl
antations and modernization of its equipment, lending to farmers in difficulty.
Thus, large coffee planters then spread by various sectors of the Brazilian econ
omy, thus creating the coffee production, which was controlled by the bourgeoisi
e of coffee which had the resources to do so. Agrarian capital, industrial capit
al, bank capital and commercial capital. The export houses in importance with th
e development of the coffee economy, because it centralized the purchase of all
production. 10) The capital was linked to agricultural trade, that capital did n
ot exist alone, they are intertwined. The coffee capital was characterized as a
predominantly commercial capital, as large producers is that had the commercial
capital. The coffee capital had characteristics of capital: industrial, banking
and shopping. This capital dominated the country's exports. 11) in the late nine
teenth century the production of coffee began consuming the same. What made the
price of the same fall. The agricultural exporting bourgeoisie clashed with the
other social classes. To protect the interests of coffee the government devalued
the currency, which has led to inflation, but it allowed the bourgeoisie to cus
hion the effects of coffee prices fell. However, the increase of coffee exports
has not offset the fall in coffee prices. 12) To the extent that ensured continu
ed accumulation in the coffee economy,€that was the core of capitalist developme
nt in Brazil. The appreciation has as main result the continuation of capitalist
development. With this policy, foreign capital and the coffee take their final
form during this period. Recovery and coffee economy underpinning the Brazilian
development. Ie maintaining the profitability of the coffee, the state maintaine
d the accumulation of capital in the country as growers were the main drivers of
development in Brazil. 13) There was the period two types of lands, which had o
ne owner, and unoccupied, which were not owned by anyone. Or rather, property an
d unoccupied land. With the
expansion of coffee production, the land became vacant property from day to nigh
t, so confusing. When the coffee was in his way lands which were property, the o
wners of these had two solutions: integrate into the coffee expansion, or sell t
heir land. The two led the domination of capital. At this time there was land sp
eculation, which raised the price reflects the land and land appropriation by ca
pital. It is the transformation of capitalism and the establishment of the capit
alist world economy that leads to the question of the abundance of land. These f
orms of capital development, where the accumulation relies mainly on extensive d
evelopment of production can not be attributed simply to the abundance of land,
given that the abundance of land must be explained by these new forms of accumul
ation by certain transformations capitalism and the establishment of the capital
ist world economy. 14) in the late nineteenth century were fledgling industries,
and the 1st industrial boom occurred in the last two decades. Since these texti
le companies and steel mills. Already in the first 2 decades of the 1900s there
was a large increase in industrialization. This industrialization has been uneve
n regionally, being implemented mainly in coffee regions. A major driver of indu
strialization was the abolition of slavery, since it has a consumer market, whic
h demanded products, and industrialization came to remedy this demand and reduce
imports. We must distinguish the manufacturing factory, the first owners are th
e employees and another for employees who are not owners, and this being the typ
ical unit capitalist. The larger firms is that better characterize the Brazilian
industrial structure during the period. These companies are scattered throughou
t the country and serving the local market, which characterize the nascent indus
try in Brazil. 15) the core of the industrial bourgeoisie is based on the origin
of its members, the Europeans. This bourgeoisie is characterized as a layer of
the urban petty bourgeoisie and not coming from the coffee. However, not all imm
igrants were part of that bourgeoisie, they were of a specific type of immigrant
or immigrant bourgeoisie. The latter had some experience in business or technic
al in Europe and came here with some kind of capital, just did not come with the
intention of being settlers. The formation of the Brazilian industrial bourgeoi
sie can only be properly explained by the internal dynamics of the very developm
ent of capitalism in Brazil. Immigrant bourgeoisie that specializes in trade, ma
inly internal. Since the products from imports, mostly. 16) The idea that the co
ffee economy provides an infrastructure for industry, for example, it seems high
ly misleading. In a place because, precisely, is impossible to attribute the pro
gress made at that time in sectors like electricity and urbanization, for exampl
e, only the growth of the coffee economy. This infrastructure is at the same tim
e, condition and result of the progress of the industry. The birth and growth of
the industry is one aspect of the development of capitalism in Brazil since the
last quarter century. XIX, in which the expansion of demand is a simple result.
According to Dean, industrialization took place because of the 1st war, it was
very expensive to import. The relationship between foreign trade and the coffee
economy, on one hand, and the nascent industry, on the other, involve the same t
ime, the unity and contradiction. The unit is the fact that capitalist developme
nt based on coffee expansion causes the birth and development of certain industr
y, the contradiction within the limits imposed on the development of the industr
y's own dominance of the coffee economy in the accumulation of capital. With the
coffee crisis of 1901 was a rural exodus, which will nourish the industry with
workers.
QUESTION 1 The debt service increased by 1000% from 1851 to 1900.€The loans were
intended to finance the immigration, the construction of railroads, investment
in the energy sector (electricity, gas) and the actual construction and consolid
ation of the state. QUESTION 2 The British were to invest more than half the inv
estment in the country during that period. QUESTION 3 The independence is relate
d to the rise of industrial powers and decay of the capital market, and was acce
lerated by the riots (Rio, Bahia and Pernambuco). The commercial capital has gai
ned momentum in Brazil from the opening of ports (1808) and independence (to end
the trade monopoly Portuguese). QUESTION 4 With the restriction on the slave tr
ade, it was difficult to get manpower slave able to meet the growing need of the
coffee economy. Moreover, labor-free work in Brazil was inappropriate for large
coffee plantation (hick armadillo) and was not a labor market. The solution was
immigration (State Bank). QUESTION 5 If, on one hand the "progressive abolition
" prevented the ditches of the mass of slaves disappear from one day to another,
on the other hand she held the picture of slavery and was slowing the transitio
n to employment, including in particular the transformation of free men and form
er slaves in workers Assal. QUESTION 6 You entered through the immigration (inte
rnal migration was nil). The employment contract was one year, guaranteeing a ba
se salary plus one 'prize' in accordance with the harvest, plus a payment for wo
rk outside of the harvest (bagging, loading, etc.). One problem faced was abando
ned after one year . ISSUE 7 appliances wood, moved by water or by human power w
ere replaced by iron, steam. Were limited to processing operations. QUESTION 8 T
he coffee economy could not have developed without a railroad. The transportatio
n cost is six times smaller than the troops of mules. In 1908, SP had 3236km of
railways.
QUESTION 9 Pioneers of the process were not limited to organizing and leading co
ffee plantations. They were also buyers of production of all the landowners. The
y took the place of a bank, financing the estab. New plantings, lending to farme
rs in difficulty. The measure that gives the coffee expansion, they will get awa
y from the adm of plantations and focus on exports, giving rise to the creation
of the first banks in the country. QUESTION 10 The coffee capital was divided in
to two (theoretically) commercial (large capital) and agrarian capital (average
capital) being the predominant first, that given the lack of development of capi
talist production relations. Question 11 The coffee production soon showed his f
ace super-productive. In 1882 world production had surpassed consumption, causin
g the price of coffee fell. Faced with this, governments have adopted policies i
nflation (currency devaluation). QUESTION 12 The great bourgeois coffee is affir
med as the ruling class. The policy of leaving the coffee capital appreciation i
ncreasingly dependent on foreign funding. QUESTION 13 The lands were of two type
s: the properties and vacant. The vacant lands were those who had never had owne
rs (legally), simply evict the occupants (employees of subsistence, the Indians
...)

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