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The sum of the exterior angles of

Co-ordinate Geometry any polygon is equal to 360


Straight line The angle sum of a quadrilateral is
Gradient form: y = m + b
360
General form: A + By + C = 0

Distance: d = (1-2)2 + (y1-y2)2


Tests for special quadrilaterals:
Midpoint: mp = (1 + 2 , y1 + y2 ) Parallelograms:
Two opposite sides equal and
2 2
parallel or
Gradient: m = y2-y1 Opposite sides are equal or
2-1 Opposite angles are equal or
Diagonals bisect each other
Perpendicular distance
Rhombus:
P= A1 + By1 + C All sides equal or
Diagonals bisect each other at right
A2 + B2
angles
m = tan Rectangle:
All angles are right angles or
Parallelogram with equal diagonals
Geometrical Properties Square:
Complementary angles add to 90 All sides equal and one angle right
Supplementary angle add to 180
or
Vertically opposite angles are equal
All angles right and two adjacent
Angles at a point add to 360
Angle sum of a triangle is 180 sides equal.
The exterior angle of a triangle is Tests for congruent triangles
SSS
equal to the sum of the opposite
interior angles SAS
An isosceles triangle has equal base AAS
angles RHS
Equilateral triangles have all angles Tests for similar triangles

60 AAA
Alternate angles on parallel lines are Corresponding sides proportional
equal (SSS)
Corresponding angles on parallel Two sides are proportional and
lines are equal included angles are equal (SAS)
Co-interior angles between parallel
lines are supplementary Applications of Differentiation
The angle sum of a polygon is First derivative dy/d
(n-2)x180 - Stationary point when equals 0
- Curve increasing>0

1
- Curve decreasing<0 e = e
-Max turning point if second
derivative negative
-Minimum turning point if second ec = cec
derivative positive
Second derivative d2y/d2
- Point of inflexion when equals 0 ef() = f() ef(x)
-Concave up when >0
e d = e + k
-Concave down when <0
Horizontal point of inflexion if both
ec d = ec + k
first and second derivative equals
zero.

Integration 6

1 5
n d = n+1 n+1 + c 4

1
Area between curve and axis 0

A = ba f() d -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Volume of revolution Logarithmic Functions


V = ba [ f() ]2 d loge =

Area between two curves


A = top curve - bottom curve logef() =

Volume between two curves


A = (top curve)2 (bottom curve)2 d = loge = c

Approximating integrals d = logef() + c


Simpsons Rule
A = h [ f(a) + 4 x f((a+b)/2) + f(b) ] Log laws
3 logee2 = 2logee = 2
Trapezoidal Rule logek = logek + loge
A = h [ f(a) + f(b) ]
loge = loge = loge
loge/k = loge - logek
Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions
Exponential functions

2
2.5

2

=1
1.5

1
Derivatives
0.5
sin = cos
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

cos = -sin

Trigonometric Functions
tan = sec2
Arc length
l = r
Integrals
area of sector
sina d = -1/a cos + c
A = r2
cosa d = 1/a sin + c
y = sin
1.5
sec2a d = 1/a tan + c
1

0.5 Rates of Change


0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The rate of change of some physical
-0.5
quantity Q is defined as dQ/dt
-1
Given Q = f(t) then rate of change,
-1.5
dQ/dt = f (t)
Period = 2 Given the rate of change, R = dQ/dt,
Amplitude = 1 then Q = R dt
y = cos
1.5

1 Kinematics
0.5 Displacement =
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Velocity = v = d/dt
-0.5

-1
Acceleration = a = dv/dt = d2/dt2

Period = 2
-1.5 = v dt
Amplitude = 1 v = a dt
y = tan
Exponential Growth and Decay
If e = a, then = logea
Growth y = aek

Decay y = Ae-k

Period =

3
2.5

1.5
A2 = P
1

0.5
And so on, so that investment = A1 +
0
A2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
E =P +P
xponential Growth
If the rate of change is proportional forms a geometric series with
to P, ie dP/dt = kP
Then P = Poekt a=P n = number of years
Exponential Decay
and r =
If dP/dt = -kP
Then P = Poe-kt
Where Po is the initial value of P
k is the constant of proportionality
P is the amount of quantity present at
Time payments
time t A person borrows $P at r% per term,
where the interest is compounded per
Series and Applications term on the amount owing. If they pay
Arithmetic Series off the loan in equal term instalments
Tn = a + (n-1)d over n terms, their equal term instalment
Sn = n/2 (a+l) or is M, where
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]
Geometric Series M=
Tn = arn-1
Sn = if r > 1
Deriving the equation:
Sn = if r < 1 An = P (rate)n M (1 + rate + rate2)

After fully paid An = 0


S = where <1 Rearrange to find M, using (1 + rate +
Compound Interest rate2) as a geometric series.

A=P Probability
Probability of an event occurring =
Superannuation
If $P is invested at the beginning of each
year in a superannuation fund earning
interest at r% pa, the investment after n
The probability of two events A and B
years will amount to T
occurring is given by:
P(AB) = P(A) x P(B)
A1 = P

4
a is the focal length
Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
X 3+ Y 3 = (x + y)(X 2 - XY + Y 2 )
X 3 -Y 3 = (X - Y)(X 2 + XY + Y 2 )

Parabolas
(-b)2 = 4a(y-c)
where (b,c) is the vertex

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