English Grammar: Fundamentals

For more information visit us at http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.
net/
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
FUNDAMENTALS
ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN VERSION
-
Larisa School of Language

1
For more information visit us at http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/
Copyright 2012 LSL Education Network
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find references to North American and British
English contained in this publication.
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First Publication, 2012
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2
CONTENTS
Contact Larisa@larisaschooloflanguage.com
6
The English Alphabet
7
Consonants
7
Vowels
8
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
8
Compound Numbers Reading and Writing Examples
? 9
Telling Time in English
10
Countries and Nationalities
11
Parts of Speech in English
12
The Verb To Be
To Have (to have got) 13
The Verb To Have (to have got)
15
Pronouns
16
Personal Pronouns
18
Demonstrative Pronouns
. 18
Possessive Pronouns
20
-, -, , -, -,
Indefinite Pronouns
3
many, few, a few, much, little, a little 21

Quantitative Pronouns
22
Reflexive Pronouns
23
Modal Verbs
25
Months and Days of the Week
. 26
Types of questions
28
General Questions
28
Special Questions
28
Questions to the Subject
29
Alternative Questions
29
Disjunctive Questions / Question Tags
30
English Tenses Review
31
The Present Simple Tense
32
The Past Simple Tense
33
The Future Simple Tense
35
The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense
36
The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense
4
37
The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense
38
The Present Perfect Tense
40
The Past Perfect Tense
42
The Future Perfect Tense
44
Articles
45
Singular and Plural Nouns
47
The Possessive Case of Nouns
48
Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison
50
Adverbs. Degrees of Comparison
51
Conditional Sentences
52
English Prepositions and Conjunctions
53
The Future in the Past
54
The Sequence of Tenses
55
Irregular English Verbs
Elementary Wordlist 61
Elementary
5
THE ENGLISH ALPHABET

1 Aa a [e]
2 Bb bee [bi]
3 Cc cee [si]
4 Dd dee [di]
5 Ee e [i]
6 Ff ef [f] , eff
7 Gg gee [di]
haitch [het]
8 Hh aitch [et]
,
9 Ii i [a]
10 Jj jay [de]
11 Kk kay [ke]
12 Ll el [l]
13 Mm em [m]
14 Nn en [n]
15 Oo o []
16 Pp pee [pi]
17 Qq cue [kju]
[r]
,
18 Rr ar [] [r] :,

es-
19 Ss ess [s]
20 Tt tee [ti]
21 Uu u [ju]
22 Vv vee [vi]
23 Ww double-u [db()l ju] -
24 Xx ex [ks]

25 Yy wy [wa]
wye
26 Zz zed, zee [zd], [zi] , zee -
6

CONSONANTS

-
1. Bb bee [bi]
2. Cc cee [si]
3. Dd dee [di]
4. Ff ef [f]
5. Gg gee [di]
6. Hh aitch [et]
7. Jj jay [de]
8. Kk kay [ke]
9. Ll el [l]
10. Mm em [m]
11. Nn en [n]
12. Pp pee [pi]
13. Qq cue [kju]
14. Rr ar [] [] :,
15. Ss ess [s]
16. Tt tee [ti]
17. Vv vee [vi]
18. Ww Double-u [db()l ju] -
19. Xx ex [ks]
20 Zz Zed, zee [zd], [zi] ,
VOWELS

-
1. Aa a [e]
2. Ee e [i]
3. Ii i [a]
4. Oo o []
5. Uu u [ju]
6. Yy its more used for [wa]
sounds
(can be both a vowel
and a consonant )
For more information, see the following links:
The English Alphabet with Audio
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/English_Alphabet_Audio.html 7

CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS
one / first [wn] [fst] /

two / second [tu] [sk()nd] /
three / third [ri] [d] /
four / fourth [f] [f] /
five / fifth [fav] [ff] /
six / sixth [sks] [sks] /
seven / seventh [sev()n] [sv()n] /
eight / eighth [et] [sv()n] /
nine / ninth [nan] [nn] /
ten / tenth [ten] [tn] /
eleven / eleventh ['lev()n] [lv()n] ()
twelve / twelfth [twelv] [twlf] ()
thirteen / thirteenth ['tin] ['tin] ()
fourteen / fourteenth [f'tin] [f'tin] ()
fifteen / fifteenth [ff'tin] [ff'tin] ()
sixteen / sixteenth [sk'stin] [sk'stin] ()
seventeen / seventeenth [sev()n'tin] [sev()n'tin] ()
eighteen / eighteenth [e'tin] [e'tin] ()
nineteen / nineteenth [nan'tin] [nan'tin] ()
twenty / twentieth ['twent] ['twent] ()
20 - 90 (+TY), COMPOUND NUMERALS
100, 1000, 1000000
30 thirty 20
40 forty 100 ,
50 fifty :
60 sixty 25 - twentyfive,
70 seventy 93 - ninetythree.
80 eighty
90 ninety 100 , ,
100 one (a) hundred ,
1,000 one (a) thousand and: 375 (three hundred and seventy-
1,000,000 one (a) million five), 2941 (two thousand nine
1,000,000,000 a (one) milliard ( ); hundred and forty-one)
a (one) billion ( )

Numerals
8
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Number_Flashcards.html
? TELLING TIME IN ENGLISH

There are two common ways of telling the time.
1. Formal but easier way: say the hours first and then the minutes.
Example: 7:45 - seven forty-five ['sev()n 'ft fav]
For minutes 01 through 09, you can pronounce the '0' as oh. [u]
Example: 11:06 - eleven (oh) six ['lev()n (u) sks]
2. More popular way: say the minutes first and then the hours. Use past and the preceding hour for
minutes 01 through 30. Use to and the forthcoming hour for minutes 31 through 59 .
Example: 7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven [ff'tin 'mnt pst 'sev()n]
Example: 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight [ff'tin 'mnt tu et]
Another possibility of saying '15 minutes past' is: a quarter past ['kwt pst]
Another possibility of saying '15 minutes to' is: a quarter to ['kwt tu:]
Another possibility of saying '30 minutes past' is: half past [hf pst]
Example: 5:30 - half past five [hf pst fav]

Reading Phone Numbers
347 978 three four seven nine seven eight
[ri f sv()n nn sv()n et]
07700 900318 oh double seven double oh nine double oh three one eight
[u db()l sv()n db()l u nn db()l u ri]
Reading Compound Numerals

15, 728 fifteen thousand seven hundred twenty eight
[ff'tin 'auz()nd sv()n 'hndrd 'twent et ]
364 three hundred sixty four [ri 'hndrd 'skst f]
7, 103 seven thousand one hundred and three

[sv()n 'auz()nd wn 'hndrd nd ri]

Telling Time in English
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/flashcards_time.html
The Learning Clock
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Games.html
9

COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
Countries Adjectives Nationality
Russia / Russian a Russian the Russians
America / American an American the Americans
Germany / German a German the Germans

Italy / Italian an Italian the Italians
Belgium / Belgian a Belgian the Belgians
Brazil / Brazilian a Brazilian the Brazilians

Mexico / Mexican a Mexican the Mexicans
Norway / Norwegian a Norwegian the Norwegians
China / Chinese a Chinese the Chinese
Portugal / Portuguese a Portuguese the Portuguese

(also Japanese, Burmese, Lebanese, Vietnamese, Congolese)
Switzerland / Swiss a Swiss the Swiss
Denmark / Danish a Dane the Danes

Finland / Finnish; a Finn the Finns
Poland / Polish a Pole the Poles
a Scot, a Scotsman /
Scotland / Scottish the Scotsmen
woman
Sweden / Swedish a Swede the Swedes
Turkey / Turkish a Turk the Turks
England / English an Englishman / woman the English

France / French a Frenchman / woman the French
the Netherlands (Holland)

/ Dutch a Dutchman / woman the Dutch
()
the Irishmen,
Ireland / Irish an Irishman / woman
the Irish
10

PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH
Nouns are parts of speech used to name people, places and things.
( - , , ,
.)
Examples: a girl, a town, an umbrella.
Verbs are parts of speech used to name actions or states.

( - , , .)
Examples: to run, to think, to feel.
Adjectives are parts of speech used to describe nouns.

( , .)
Examples: red, beautiful, big.
Adverbs are parts of speech used to describe verbs.

( .)
Examples: slowly, hard, well.
Pronouns are parts of speech used to replace nouns.

( , .)
Examples: I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
Prepositions join clauses, sentences and words.

( , .)
Examples: at, in, on, above.
Conjunctions join two words, phrases or sentences together.

( - , , , .)
Examples: but, so, and, because, or.
Interjections are unusual words, because they often stand alone. Interjections are words
which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks.
( , ,
.)
Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
Numerals are words denoting numbers.

( .)
Examples: one, first.
An article is used to introduce a noun.

( - , .)
Examples: the, a, an.

English Tenses
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/English_Russian_Flash_2.html
11
TO BE
THE VERB TO BE
The verb To be To be
- ", ". ,
(, , ),
, . ,
"to be" (.. ):
I am Im ()
He is Hes ()
She is Shes ()
It is Its , , , ()
We are Were ()
You are Youre , ()
hey are Theyre ()
I am
He
She
is
It from Ukraine
We
You
are
They
Examples:
I am in the room. ().

The book is on the table. .
I am a doctor. . ( ).
The weather is bad. .
They are from Paris. .

The Verb To Be
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/flashcards_english_to_be.html
12
The Petrovs
Liza is a Russian teacher. Shes thirty. Shes . 30

at school now. Her address is 18, Sretenka . . .
Street, Moscow. , 18, . .
Her husband, Sergey, is at work in his , ,

office. Hes a bank manager. His phone . .
number at work is 095 123 45 67. 095 123 45 67.
They have two children, Anna and Sveta. , .

Anna is ten and Sveta is seven. They are at 10 , 7 . .
school.
TO HAVE (TO HAVE GOT)

THE VERB TO HAVE (TO HAVE GOT)
- ", , ".
have, has have got, has got ( 've got
's got) ,
.
to have got ()
I have got (Ive got) I havent got

You have got (youve got) You havent got
H/She/It has got (hes got) H/She/It hasnt got
had
We have (weve got) We havent got
You have (youve got) You havent got
They have (theyve got) They havent got

.
(have/has) .
13
Yes, I/you/we/they have

Have I/you/we/they got? , ///
///? No, I/you/we/they havent
, ///
Yes, he/she/it has
Has he/she/it got? , /
/? No, he/she/it hasnt
, //
Examples:
We've got a nice flat. - .
Have you got any pets? - ?
Yes, a dog and a cat. - , .
! HAVE GOT, HAVE

, ,
.
Collocations with have:

to have a lesson / a lecture / a meeting
/ /
I have an English lesson every day.
NOT: Ive got an English lesson every day.
to have breakfast / lunch / dinner...
/
What time do you have dinner?
NOT: What time have you got dinner?
to have a rest / a swim / a wash
/ /
Did you have a swim in the pool last night?
NOT: Had you got a swim in the pool last night?
14
to have a drink / a cigarette / a day off

/ /
Let's have a drink at lunch.
NOT: Lets have got a drink at lunch.

Expressing Possession with To Have Got
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/To_Have_English_Grammar.html

ENGLISH PRONOUNS
, , ,
. ,
.
Personal Possessive Pronouns

Objective Pronouns
()
Person
Pronouns (
( ) ( )
) Whose , , Who(m) , ?
Who ? ?
I I- My / mine Me , ,
Your / yours
II You - You , ,

He - His / his - Him ,
III She Her / hers - Her ,
It - Its / its , It ,
15
Examples: Whose is this book? Who do I need to give a book to?

? ?
I am a teacher. This is my book. To me.

. . .
You are a teacher. This is your book. To you.

. . .
He is a teacher. This is his book. To him.

. . .
She is a teacher. This is her book. To her.

. - . .

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

The Nominative Case The Objective Case
I -
me - , ,
Singular he -
. she - him -, ,
her -, ,
it - (, )
it -/, /
-, ,
us
Plural we -
. you - , , -, ,
you

they -
them -, ,
16

USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
"I" . "he / she"

; "it" -
, . "they"
, .
Examples:
Does he know what I want? - , ?

Tell him to call me right away. - .
"it" "": "I hear a knock at the door. - I think

it's my wife. - . -, ."
it ,
, :
"The music stopped. He didn't notice it." - .

."
"it"
, , ,
.
Examples:
It's snowing. - .
It's very cold in the room. - .
It's three o'clock. - .
It's two miles to the station. - .
It's twenty degrees above zero. - .

17

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Singular Plural

this - , , these -
that - , , those -
. "this"
, , "that" -
; "that" ", ".

, .
This is my father. That is my uncle. . - .

I don't like these apples. .
They are too sour. .
This is not salt. It's sugar. . - .
What is this? - It's my bag. ? - .
These are our coats. .
Is that your watch? ?
This student works at that table. .

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Pronouns ()
Personal Possessive Absolute

I () my () mine -
Singular
he () his () his -
.
she () her () hers -

it () its () its -/
Plural we () our () ours -
. you (, ) your () yours -
they () their () theirs -
18
! , ,
. ,
.
,
whose? - ?
(possessive pronouns)

, , .
-
own [oun] , , :
This is my own car. .
He saw it with his own eyes. .
on ones own , ,
:
I like being on my own. .
She does all the cooking on her own. .
This is my brother Tom and that is his wife ,

Betty with their children. .
Do you know your lesson today? ?
The man put his hand into his pocket and

took out his wallet. .
I have some roses in my garden, too. .
19
-
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody
-, -, , -, -,

Somebody /
Positive
Something Somewhere
Someone
- -, -, -
-
Questions

Anything Anybody /
Anywhere
-, - Anyone
-, -
-, -
Nothing Nobody / No one

Negative

Nowhere
,
Not anything Not anybody

, "-body"/-one,
.
, "-thing",
.
Examples: Did you meet anybody/anyone interesting at the party?

- ?
I know somebody/someone you can talk to about this. -,
.
"some, any, no"

: "somebody/someone anybody/anyone nobody/no one;
something - anything - nothing; somewhere - anywhere - nowhere",
,
"some, any, no".
20

QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS
In negative sentences
We use
In positive sentences
CNs
count nouns
(
In questions
)
With CNs
With UNs
UNs
uncount nouns
(
)
Some
(sometimes)
Any
Much
Many
A lot/ lots of
A few
'some/ any'

A little
"/
"
.
"some"

. "Any" -
.
Examples:
They have many friends in London. - .

He has a few friends. He is very lonely. - . .
There is a little milk in the cup. - .
We havent spent much time on this experiment. -

.
21

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Person Singular Plural

1 myself [ma'self] ourselves [au'selvz]
2 yourself [j'self] yourselves [j'selvz]
himself [hm'self]
themselves [m'selvz]
3 herself [h'self]
itself [It'self]
- - oneself [wan'self]
, :
, , , -, -.
, :
, , ,
, "-self (-selves )",

. , ,
, , ,

.
Examples:
She rode a bike by herself. - .
They talked about themselves. - .
I can take care of myself. - .
, (,
, ), ,

I feel terrible.
.
Id like to have a Porsche but I cannot afford it.
, .
wash, bath, shave,
(un)dress change (clothes):
I dressed quickly, had my breakfast and left for work.
, .
22

MODAL VERBS

Examples Use
Modal Verb
He can find any street in London. Ability ()
CAN .
You can take a taxi. . Suggestion ()
Can you take me to Victoria Station? Request ()

?
BE ABLE TO He is able to find any street in London.
Ability ()

.
CANT This story cant be true. Certainty that something is

. impossible
( , -
)
I could play tennis when I was younger . Ability ()
COULD , .
Could you take me to Victoria Station? Request ()

?
Suggestion ()
You could take a taxi.
.
It may be quicker to travel by train. Possibility ()
MAY ,
.
Formal request
May I come in? ( )
?
It might be quicker to travel by train.
MIGHT , Possibility ()
.
You must be back at 10 oclock. Obligation ()
10 . Certainty that something is
MUST Look at the snow. It must be cold outside. true ( ,
. , - )
.
23
HAVE TO You have to be back at 10 oclock. Obligation ()

10 .
NEED TO You need to study a lot. Obligation ()
.
NEEDNT You neednt have a university degree. Lack of Obligation
. ( )

Examples Use
Modal Verb
You mustnt drive without a license. Prohibition ()
MUSTNT
.
DONT You dont have to call a taxi. Lack of Obligation

HAVE TO . ( )
SHOULD You should drive more carefully. Opinion/Advice

. (/)
Opinion/Advice
OUGHT TO You ought to drive more carefully.
. (/)
Positive
I Infinitive without to
He/She/It Modal verb (can, may, (swim/read/dance)
We/You/They must, might, could)
to
I can dance.
I must go to work.
I might come to your party tonight.
Negative
I Modal verb + not (cant, Infinitive without to
He/She/It may not, mustnt, might (swim/read/dance)
We/You/They not, couldnt)
to
I cant (can not) dance.

I mustnt (must not) go to work.
I mightnt (might not) come to your party tonight.
24
Questions
Modal verb (can, may, must, I Infinitive without to
might, could) He/She/It (swim/read/dance)?
We/You/They to
Question word Modal verb I Infinitive without to

(What?/Why?/ (can, may, He/She/It (swim/read/dance)?
Where?/When?/ must, might, We/You/They to
Which?) could)
Can you swim? Yes, I can. / No, I cant.
Why must you go to work tonight?
,

, , .
? ,
, , , , ,
, , . .

Modal Verbs
www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Modal_Verb_Can.html
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Verb_Flashcards_01OK.html
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Modal_Verb_Must.html

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
Months of the year ( ) Time of the day ( )
January ()
February ()
March ()
April () the morning
May () the afternoon
in June () in Dates ()
the evening
July ()
August () exception!
September () third june
at night
October () ninth august
November ()
December ()
25
Dates () Days of the week ( )

Sunday ()
first of May Monday ()
on the second of June on Tuesday ()
seventh of Decem Wednesday ()
ber Thursday ()
Friday ()
Saturday ()
Examples:
My birthday is on the seventh of March. .
I like drinking coffee in the mornings. .
Theres a big holiday on Sunday. .
My friends are coming to visit me in December.
.
Prepositions of Time
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_Prepositions_TR7.html
Prepositions of Place
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions_V8L.html
Prepositions of Movement
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions.html
Seasons, Months, Days of the Week, Dates
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/flashcards_seasons.html

TYPES OF QUESTIONS
5 :
1. (general questions);
2. (special questions);
3. (questions to the subject);
4. (tag questions / disjunctive questions);
5. (alternative questions).

. , , ,
.
.
(What? When? Why? Which? Where? Etc.)
26
, , ,
, :
S subject ( ,
, ).
V verb .
V2 verb2 -ed,
.
Ving verb ing -ing.
V3 verb3 -ed,
.
Wh .
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect

Continuous
To be (am/is/are) + Have/has + S + V3 Have/has + S +
Do (does) + S + V S + V-ing been + V-ing
Present
Do you work Are you working Have you worked Have you
here? here? here? been working
here?
Did + S + V To be (was/were) + Had + S + V3 Had + S +

S + V-ing been + V-ing
Past
Did you work Were you working Had you worked Had you been
here? here? here? working here?
Will + S + V Will + S + be + V-ing Will + S + have + V3 Will + S + have

+ been + V-ing
Future
Will you work Will you be working Will you have Will you have
here? here? worked here? been working
here?
27
(General Questions)

. .
yes / no question.
(do,
does, is ..) .
Examples:
Does she like knitting? ?
Do you play computer games? ?
Is this his book? ?
, to be
:
Are you at home? ? Was he at the cinema yesterday?
?
(Special Questions)
,
. ,
: What? ?; When? ?;
Where? ?; Why? ?; Which? ? .
Examples:
Where are you going to move? ?
What would you like to read? ?
When did you leave the house? ?
(Questions to the Subject)
(),
.

: Who? What? ( ). ,

.
shall / will, , ,
.
.
Examples:
What happened to us? ?
What makes you feel upset? ?
Who invites guests to the parties?
28
(Alternative Questions)
,
, ,
, ..
or.
Examples:
They finished writing the article at 5 p.m. 5 .
Did they finish writing the article in the morning or at night?
?
Did they finish writing or reading the article? ?
(Question Tags)

, , .
?, ?
, ,
, ;
,
, .
:
, ;
, .
Examples:
My mother prefers meat to fish, doesnt she? ,

?
I am a pessimist, aint/arent I? , ?
You can cook this dish, cant you? , ?
She doesnt go to the church, does she? , ?
29

ENGLISH TENSES REVIEW
12 ,
:
- simple indefinite ( );
- continuous progressive ( );
- perfect ( );
- perfect continuous perfect progressive (

).
Simple tenses describe general facts and regular, routine actions. (

,
. ,
).
Continuous tenses describe on-going actions and processes. We use an auxiliary verb
be and ing verb forms to form continuous tenses. ( ,
, -
(), , , .
be,
"-ing").
Perfect tenses describe actions that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that
began in the past and continue in the present. We use an auxiliary verb have and the
past participle to form perfect tenses. (
, - .
have,
(
).
Perfect Continuous tenses are used to express an action which begins in the past and
continues into the present moment or to express the duration of an activity that
begins in the past and continues into the present. We use two auxiliary verbs have
and been, and also an -ing verb form to build these tenses. (
, ,
, ,
.
have been,
"-ing").
30
()
THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
Positive/Negative/Question Use Signal Words
P: He/she/it speaks.
I/You/We/They speak. Regular/ routine actions

(/
N: He/she/it does not (doesnt) ); always, every ,
speak. Facts (); never, normally,
Actions taking place one after often, seldom,
I/You/We/They do not (dont) another (, sometimes, usually
speak. ); if sentences type I
Action set by a timetable or
(If I talk, )
schedule (,
Q: Does he/she/it speak? ).
Do I/you/we/they speak?
We use Present Simple with stative verbs. Present Simple

, . ,
,
, , , ,
., : to hear - , to love - , to want
- ,
Examples:
I see a ship in the distance. .
I do not understand you at all. .
I think we are wrong. , .
We use Present Simple for schedules and timetables.

: , ,
, , (
: soon , tomorrow ..).
Present Indefinite . , , . ,
:
31
to arrive , To return
to come , to sail
to go , to start
to leave
Examples:
My father goes to London next week.
.
The next train leaves in an hour. .
Our ship sails on next Tuesday.
.
Present Simple Tense

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Present_Simple.html
()
THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
Positives/ Negatives/ Use Time Expressions

Questions
action in the past taking
place once, never or several
P: He played / spoke. times ( ,
N: He didnt (did not) ,
play / speak. );
yesterday, 2 minutes ago,
Q: Did he play / actions taking place one after
in 1990, the other day,
speak? another (,
last Friday if sentence

type II (If I talked, )
);
action taking place in the
middle of another action
(,
)
Most of the verbs in Past Simple are regular. The form of the Past Simple is the same
in all persons. For using irregular verbs consult the list of irregular verbs. Past Simple is
formed for all persons by adding ed to the base form of the verb.
32
Past Simple (regular verbs)

-ed ,
[d] , [t]
, [id] d t. ,
(irregular verbs), Past Simple II-
(. ).
,
(auxiliary verb) did
( to).
Did you see him yesterday? - Yes, I did. ? - .
Did you hear the news? - No, I did not. ? - .
When did you see her? ?
What did he say? ?
:
I did not (didnt) see him yesterday. .
She did not (didnt) know this. .
Past Simple Tense

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_Simple.html
()
THE FUTURE SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
Positives/ Use Time Expressions

Negatives/
Questions
action in the future that cannot be in a year, next ,
influenced ( , tomorrow
P: He will speak. );
N: He wont (will spontaneous (on-the-spot) decision If-clause (real
not) speak. ( ); conditional - If you ask
Q: Will he speak? assumption with regard to the future her, she will help you)
( ). assumption: I think,
probably, perhaps
33
The Future Simple Tense is often called will, because we make the future simple tense
with the modal auxiliary will. For negative sentences in the future simple tense, we insert
not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the
subject and auxiliary verb. When we use the future simple tense in speaking, we often
contract the subject and auxiliary verb. For negative sentences in the future simple
tense, we contract with won't.
Future Simple shall (

) will .
will .
1- shall, will.
, . 'll.
,
shall/ will :
Will I see you tomorrow? ?
Will you go for a walk? ?
- Yes, I'll go for a walk. - . .
What shall we do tomorrow? ?
Will you :
Will you please open the window? , , .
:
I shall/will not do this. .
You will not (wont) be late. .
Future Simple
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Simple_Flashcards.html
34

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE

Questions
P: I am speaking. action taking place in the at the moment,
He/She/It is speaking. moment of speaking (, just, just now,
You/We/They are Listen!, Look!, now,
speaking. ); right now
action taking place only for a
N: Im not (am not) limited period of time (,
speaking.
He/She/It isnt (is not) );
speaking. action arranged for the future
You/We/They arent (are (,
not) speaking. )
Q: Am I speaking?
Is he/she/it speaking?
Are you/we/they
speaking?
P: Im (am) going to speak.

He/She/Its (is) going to
speak. GOING TO
You/We/Theyre (are)
going to speak. decision made for the future
(,
N: Im not going to speak. )
He/She/Its not going to conclusion with regard to the in one year, next
speak. future ( week, tomorrow
You/They/Were not going )
to speak.
Q: Am I going to speak?
Is he/she/it going to
speak?
Are you/we/they going to
speak?
The Present Progressive Tense (also sometimes called the "present continuous") is formed
with the present tense of the verb to be + a main verb + -ing. Present Continuous
to be (
am, is, are ) - Present Participle
(IV- ing-).
35
We also use Present Progressive for expressing future intentions.

(
,
, , ..), ,
.
.
, Present Indefinite - .
Im leaving tomorrow. .
Were flying to Paris in the morning. .
We are dining out on Saturday. .

He is taking his examination on Friday
..
Present Continuous
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Present_continuous.html

THE PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE

Questions
action going on at a certain
time in the past (,
P: I/He/She/It was speaking.
You/Were/They were
speaking. );
actions taking place at the
N: I/He/She/It wasnt (was same time in the past
not) speaking. (, when, while, as long as
You/We/They werent (were
not) speaking. );
action in the past that is
Q: Was I/he/she/it interrupted by another
speaking? action (,
Were you/we/they ,
speaking?
)
36
The Past Progressive Tense (also sometimes called "past continuous") is formed by using
was/were + main verb + ing. Past Continuous
to be ( was, were )
- Present Participle (IV- ing-
).
A Past Simple action can interrupt a Past Continuous activity in progress. ,

Past Simple, ,
Past progressive.
When I came, my parents were having ,

tea. .
He was doing his homework when I ,
entered the room. .
Present Continuous
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Present_continuous.html

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
Questions
action that is going on at a
certain time in the future
P: Hell be (will be) (,
speaking.
N: He wont (will not) be in one year, next
speaking. ); week, tomorrow
Q: Will he be speaking? action that is sure to
happen in the near future
(,

)
The Future Progressive Tense is formed with will be + main verb + ing. The negative form
of this tense is won't be + main verb + ing.
37
Future Continuous to be
( will be) -
Present Participle (IV- ing-).
,
,
, :
at noon at five oclock
at midnight at 3 oclock tomorrow 3
at that moment
:
In an hour Ill be flying over the sea. .
Ill be waiting for you at 9 oclock 9 .
tomorrow.
Just think. This time tomorrow Ill be lying .
on the beach. .
Past Continuous
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Tense_Flashcards.html

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
Questions
P: I/We/You/They have putting emphasis on the already, ever, just,
spoken. result ( never, not yet, so far,
till now, up to now
He/She/It has spoken.
)
N: I/We/You/They havent action that started in the
(have not) spoken. past and is still going on
He/She/It hasnt (has not) (,
spoken.

Q: Have I/We/You/They )
spoken? action that stopped
Has he/she/it spoken? recently (,
38

)
finished action that has an
influence on the present
( ,

)
action that has taken place
once, never or several
times before the moment of
speaking (,

,

)
The Present Perfect Tense is formed with have/has + a past participle. There are several
situations in which we use this tense: 1) to talk about something that was true in the past,
and is still true in the present, as in, "I have been married for five years."
2) to refer to something that happened at an unspecified time in the past, as in, "Becky
has visited China several times already."
3) to talk about something that happened during a period of time that has not yet
ended, as in, "I have gone to three parties so far this month." When used with "just," to
refer to something that happened very recently, as in, "My mother has just arrived."
When you see words like for, since, ever, already, and so far in a sentence, it often
means that you need to use the present perfect tense.
Present Perfect to have

( have, has )
- Past Participle (III- ed-).
Present Perfect " "

, ,
, ( ,
), ,
: I have lost the key. . ( )
39
,
, ,
.
Present Perfect ,
- .

,
Past Simple:
I have seen the film. I saw it in London. .
Did you like the film? .
?
Well, I have had a word with the boss. , .
He said he would think it over. , .
Present Perfect Simple

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/flashcards_perfect_J56U.html

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
Questions
P: He had spoken. action taking place before a already, just, never,
N: He hadnt (had not) certain time in the past not yet, once, until
spoken. (, that day, by then
Q: Had he spoken? - if - sentence type III (If
); I had talked, )
sometimes interchangeable
with past perfect progressive
(
past perfect progressive );
putting emphasis only on the
fact (not the duration)
(
- ,
);
40
Past Perfect ,
,
,
:
by two oclock by then /
by noon by that time
by Saturday by the end of the week
by the 15th of September
15 by the end of the year

:
By six o'clock on Sunday I had already
learned all the words. .
She had left by the 1st of June. () .
She had written only two letters by noon. 2
.
, Past
Simple, , Past
Perfect:
When we came to the station the train had ,
already gone. .
She had just made coffee when I arrived. ,
.
: ,
, ,
Past Indefinite:
I took a bath and went to bed.
.
Past Perfect ,
:
41
I hadnt read the book by Saturday. .

When we called for Julia, she hadnt yet ,
got up. ( ).
Past Perfect Simple

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_perfect_.html

THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
Positives/Negatives/Questions Use Time Expressions
P: I/We/You/ They/ He /She/ It action that will be by Monday, in a week, by

will have spoken. finished at a certain 2015
time in the future
N: I/We/You/ They/ He /She/ It
will not have spoken.
Q: Will I/We/You/ They/ He

/She/ It have spoken?
The Future Perfect Tense is formed with will have + past participle, as in, "I will have left by
tomorrow" or "They will have been friends for a long time." The form stays the same no
matter what subject you use.
We use the Future Perfect Tense to talk about an action that will be completed
sometime in the future. Usually this action will be completed before something else
happens or by a certain time in the future. For example, we can say, "I will have
graduated by the time I turn 18." This means that I will turn 18 in the future, and at some
point before then, I will graduate in the future.
Future Perfect to have

( shall have, will have )
- Past Participle (III- ed-).
42
Future Perfect ,
,
,
:
by five oclock by that time
by noon by the end of the year
by Saturday
by then
:
We shall have translated the article by ()
five oclock. .
I shall have finished the report by tonight. .
The workers will have built this school by 1
September 1st. .
Present Indefinite (
), ,
Future Perfect ( ) .
, before , when :
I shall have finished this work before you ,

return. .
I shall have written him a letter by the ,
time his mother comes to me. .
, Perfect
. Future Perfect
.
Future Perfect Simple

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_perfect_.html
43

ARTICLES
-
. : (the indefinite article) "a" ( "an",
) (the definite article) "the".
"",

: a tree - , an apple - .

.
.
.
""
.
Examples:
What did he give you? - A book.

? .
What did he tell you? - He asked me a question.
? - .
I saw a letter on the table.
(-) .
I saw letters on the table.
(-) .
I saw snow in the fields.
.
(the definite article) ,

, ,
:
Ann, put the kettle on the stove, please. - , , .
,
,
.
44
Examples:
a cat / a black cat / a dirty black cat
/ /
the man / the old man / the fat old man

/ / .
,
:
this dictionary -
my dictionary -
The Article
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Article.html

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

s.
Singular Plural
camera () cameras
pen () pens
phone () phones
, -ch, -sh, -s -x,
-es.
Singular Plural
watch ( ) watches
brush () brushes
bus () buses
box () boxes
Tomato () potato ()
-es: tomatoes, potatoes.
45
, + -y (, -ty, -ly), -
ies.
Singular Plural
city () cities
family () families
, fl, -fe
f v -es
Singular Plural
loaf ( ) loaves
wife (, ) wives
-s -es. :
Singular Translation Plural
woman () women
person (, ) people
tooth () teeth
foot () Feet
mouse () mice
child () children
deer () deer
fish () fish
goose () geese
sheep () sheep
Plural Forms of Nouns

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Plural_of_nouns.html
46

POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS
1. :
(the Common ase) (the Possessive Case).
.
:
After exams ( ) students () of the history faculty

() left for an archaeological expedition.

.
2. ,
.
's ( s)
.
,
, .. :
1. [s]:
The cadet's book [kedets] -
2. [z]:
Frunze's works ['frunzaz] -
The worker's profession -
3. [iz]:
Bush's songs -
3. ,
-s, -ss, -x,
('). [iz]:
Dickens' ['dikinziz] works -
4. ,
-s,
('):
His brothers teacher -
,
, , ,
's:
47
Her children's room -
5. 's
:
Editor-in-chief' s room -
Live by one's finger's ends -

For pity's sake -
A pin's head - .

of. of
:
The centre of the city -

ADJECTIVES. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Adjective Comparative Superlative Degree
Degree

Regular Long () Longer Longest (
Cold () () )
Colder Coldest(
() )
Adjectives ending in -e Large () Larger () Largest (

, Wide () Wider () )
- Widest (
)
Adjectives ending in Hot () Hotter () Hottest (
vowel + -t or -d Red () Redder )
, () Reddest (
)
+ -t -d
Adjectives ending Happy Happier Happiest (
in y () () )
Heavy () Heavier Heaviest (
, Dry () () )
Drier () Driest ( )
-y
48
Adjectives with 3 or more Expensive More expensive The most expensive

syllables () ( ) ( )
3 Important More important The most important
() ( ) ( )
,
: , .

, ..
: difficult - , green - . ,
, "as ... as - ... ,
" "not so ... as - ... , ".
,
,
,
"-er" , .
There are also some irregular degrees of comparison you have to remember.
Good () - Better () - The best ()
Bad () - Worse () - The worst ()
Far () - Further/farther () - The furthest/farthest ( )
Little () - Less () - The least ()
Much/many () - More () - The most ()
Examples:
That is the highest building in the city. - - .
Andrew is studying harder than usual now. - .
This building is much higher than that one. , .
Comparative and Superlative

http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Comperative_Superlative.html
49

ADVERBS. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Adverbs describe verbs, showing the manner, place, time or frequency of an action.
- , , : "
(?) ; ( ?)",..
", ?".
(, , )
, .
Examples:
He reads well. -- .
She was wonderfully beautiful. -- .
He works slowly. -- .
I arrived early. -- .
I passed the exam easily. -- .
He bought a camera yesterday. -- .
We live here. -- .
I like her very much. -- .
They usually watch TV in the evenings. -- .
She is so nice. -- .
.
. - (here - , well - ),
"-ly" (slow / slowly -
/ , happy / happily - / ),
(nowhere - , downstairs - ),
(at first - , , all of a sudden - ).
50
,
:
1. - now, soon, yesterday ( , , ).
2. - sometimes, often ( , ).
3. - here, inside, abroad ( , , ).
4. - badly, quickly, suddenly ( , , ).
5. - very, completely, too ( , , ) ..
,
:
"-er"
"-est".
IF WHEN
IF AND WHEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
"
, , .
,
, .
, .
"clauses".
, -
,
"conditional clauses", "if ()"
"when ( - , )".
Examples:
If the weather is good on Sunday, I always go for a walk in the park.
, .
I often visit Martin when I go to London.
, .
, -
, -
51
, -
. , "if / when"
.
. :
If the weather is good on Sunday, I'll go for a walk in the park.

, .
I'll visit Martin when I go to London.
, .
If you read in bed, you will ruin your eyes.
, .
Tell him everything if he asks.
, .

PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS
Co-ordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions:

when -
and - () while -
but - ()
after -
or - ()
that -,
either... or - ...
neither...nor - ... as -
both ... and - ...
before -
as well as -
not only ...but - ... since -
if -
, ,
, :
Her hair was dark and long. - .
It's fine but cold. - , .
Tea or coffee? - ?
52
,
, :
When she read the letter, she locked it in her desk.
, .
He knew that I would go with him if he asked me to.
, , .
Prepositions of Movement
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions.html
Prepositions of Time
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_Prepositions_TR7.html
Prepositions of Place
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions_V8L.html

THE FUTURE IN THE PAST
,
.
"the Future in the Past" "should"
"would" ( to):
1. The Future Indefinite - The Future Indefinite in the Past

- (shall / will work - should / would work)
2. The Future Continuous - The Future Continuous in the Past

- (shall / will be working - should / would be working)
3. The Future Perfect - The Future Perfect in the Past

- (shall / will have worked - should / would have worked)
" " ,
,
, -
.
53
" "
:
We knew that we would manage somehow.

, - .
I expected we would be having coffee after dinner as usual.
, , , .
I hoped she would have got supper ready by the time we got home.
, .
The Future in the Past Tense ,

.
SHOULD
WOULD + INFINITIVE
Example:
Positive: He would speak.

Negative: He would not speak.
Question: Would he speak?
Short Answer: Yes, he would. / No, he would not. (No, he wouldn't.)

THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
it is interesting (now).
Jim says (that) it was interesting (yesterday).
it will be interesting (tomorrow).
it was interesting (now).

Jim said (that) it had been interesting (yesterday).
it would be interesting (tomorrow).
54
(sequence of tenses):
.
,
(indirect speech). , ,
.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

this, these that, those

now then, at that moment
here there
today that day
tomorrow the next day
the day after tomorrow two days later
in two days
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
ago before

IRREGULAR VERBS
50 .

Infinitive
Past Simple Past Participle
Beat
/bi:t/ beat /bi:t/ beaten /'bi:tn/

Become
/b 'km/ became /b 'kem/ become /b 'km/

Begin
/b 'gn/ began /b 'gn/ begun /b 'gn/

Bend
/bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/

Bind
/band/ bound /band/ bound /band/

55
Bite
/bat/ bit /bt/ bitten /'btn/

Bleed
/bli:d/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/

Blow
/blou/ blew /blu:/ blown /bloun/

Break
, /brek/ broke /brouk/ broken /'broukn/

Bring
/br/ brought /br:t/ brought /br:t/

Build
/bld/ built /blt/ built /blt/

Burn burnt /
/b:rn/ /b:rnt/ burnt / burned /b:rnt/
burned
Buy
/ba/ bought /b:t/ bought /b:t/

Catch
/kt/ caught /k:t/ caught /k:t/
,
Choose
/tu:z/ chose /touz/ chosen /'touzn/

Come
, /km/ came /kem/ come /km/

Cost
/kst/ cost /kst/ cost /kst/

Cut
/kt/ cut /kt/ cut /kt/

Dig
/dg/ dug /dg/ dug /dg/

Do
, /du:/ did /dd/ done /dn/

Draw
/dr:/ drew /dru:/ drawn /dr:n/

Dream
dreamt / dreamt /
, /dri:m/ /dremt/ /dremt/
dreamed dreamed

56
Drink
/drk/ drank /drk/ drunk /drk/

Drive
/drav/ drove /drouv/ driven /'drvn/

Eat
/i:t/ ate /et, et/ eaten /'i:tn/

Fall
/f:l/ fell /fel/ fallen /'f:ln/

Feed
/fi:d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/

Feel
/fi:l/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/

Fight
, /fat/ fought /f:t/ fought /f:t/

Find
/fand/ found /fand/ found /fand/

Fly
/fla/ flew /flu:/ flown /floun/

Forget
/fr 'get/ forgot /fr 'gt/ forgotten /fr 'gtn/

Forgive
/fr 'gv/ forgave /fr 'gev/ forgiven /fr 'gvn/

Freeze
/fri:z/ froze /frouz/ frozen /'frouzn/

Get
/get/ got /gt/ got / gotten /gt/

Give
/gv/ gave /gev/ given /'gvn/

Go
, /gou/ went /went/ gone /gn/

Grow
/grou/ grew /gru:/ grown /groun/

Hang
/h/ hung /h/ hung /h/
57
Have
/hv/ had /hd/ had /hd/

Hear
/hr/ heard /h:rd/ heard /h:rd/

Hide
/had/ hid /hd/ hidden /'hdn/

Hit
/ht/ hit /ht/ hit /ht/
,
Hold
, /hould/ held /held/ held /held/

Hurt
/h:rt/ hurt /h:rt/ hurt /h:rt/
,
Keep
/ki:p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/

Know
/nou/ knew /nu:/ known /noun/

Lay
/le/ laid /led/ laid /led/

Lead
/li:d/ led /led/ led /led/

Learn
learnt / learnt /
, /l:rn/ /l:rnt/ /l:rnt/
learned learned

Leave
, /li:v/ left /left/ left /left/

Lend
/lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/

Let
/let/ let /let/ let /let/

Lie
/la/ lay /le/ lain /len/
,
Lose
/lu:z/ lost /lst/ lost /lst/

Make
,
/mek/ made /med/ made /med/

58
Mean
/mi:n/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/

Meet
/mi:t/ met /met/ met /met/

Pay
/pe/ paid /ped/ paid /ped/

Put
/pt/ put /pt/ put /pt/
,
Read
/ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/

Ride
/rad/ rode /roud/ ridden /'rdn/

Ring
/r/ rang /r/ rung /r/

Rise
, /raz/ rose /rouz/ risen /'rzn/

Run
/rn/ ran /rn/ run /rn/

Say
/se/ said /sed/ said /sed/

See
/si:/ saw /s:/ seen /si:n/

Sell
/sel/ sold /sould/ sold /sould/

Send
/send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/

Set
, /set/ set /set/ set /set/

Shake
/ek/ shook /k/ shaken /'ekn/

Shine
/an/ shone /oun, n/ shone /oun, n/

Shoot
/u:t/ shot /t/ shot /t/
59
Show
/ou/ showed /oud/ shown /oun/

Shut
/t/ shut /t/ shut /t/

Sing
/s/ sang /s/ sung /s/

Sink
/sk/ sank /sk/ sunk /sk/

Sit
/st/ sat /st/ sat /st/

Sleep
/sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/

Smell smelt / smelt /
/smel/ /smelt/ /smelt/
smelled smelled
Speak
/spi:k/ spoke /spouk/ spoken /'spoukn/

Spell
spelt / spelt /
/spel/ /spelt/ /spelt/
spelled spelled

Spend

/spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
(),
()
Spill
/spl/ spilt / spilled /splt/ spilt / spilled /splt/

Spit
/spt/ spat / spit /spt/ spat / spit /spt/

Split
/splt/ split /splt/ split /splt/

Spoil spoilt / spoilt /
/spol/ /spolt/ /spolt/
spoiled spoiled
Stand
/stnd/ stood /std/ stood /std/

Steal
/sti:l/ stole /stoul/ stolen /'stouln/

Strike
/strak/ struck /strk/ struck /strk/

60
Swim
/swm/ swam /swm/ swum /swm/

Take
/tek/ took /tk/ taken /'tekn/

Teach
/ti:t/ taught /t:t/ taught /t:t/

Tear
/ter/ tore /tr/ torn /trn/

Tell
/tel/ told /tould/ told /tould/

Think
/k/ thought /:t/ thought /:t/

Throw
/rou/ threw /ru:/ thrown /roun/

Understand
/ndr 'stnd/ understood /ndr 'std/ understood /ndr 'std/

Wake
/wek/ woke /wouk/ woken /'woukn/

Wear
/wer/ wore /wr/ worn /wrn/

Win
/wn/ won /wn/ won /wn/

Write
/rat/ wrote /rout/ written /'rtn/

ELEMENTARY
ELEMENTARY WORDLIST
age (n)
all right (adj)
American (adj)
aunt (n)
bad (adj)
61
beautiful (adj)
big (adj)
blog (n)
boyfriend (n) ,
brother (n)
bye
cafe (n)
car (n) ,
centre (n)
cheap (adj)
children (pl n)
city (n)
class (n)
coffee bar (n)
cold (adj)
cousin (n) ()
darling (n) ,
difficult (adj)
doctor (n)
easy (adj)
Egypt (n)
email address (n)
English (adj)
Europe (n)
62
expensive (adj) ,
family (n)
fast (adj)
father (n) ,
first name (n)
free (adj) ,
French (adj)
Friday
friendly (adj)
from (prep) ,
gallery (n)
Germany (n)
girl (n)
girlfriend (n)
good (adj)
good afternoon
good morning
good night
goodbye ,
grandfather (n)
grandmother (n) ,
great (adj) ,
hello ,
her (pron) ,
63
hi
he (pron)
his (pron)
home (n) ( )
homework (n) ( )
horrible (adj) ,
hot (adj) ,
house (n) ( )
Hungary (n)
husband (n)
interesting (adj)
international (adj)
Italian (adj)
Japan (n)
language (n) ( )
like (v)
live (v)
look (v)
love (v)
lovely (adj) , ,
married (adj) ()
meal (n) ,
meet (v)
Mexico (n)
64
Monday
mother (n) ,
museum (n)
name (n) ,
near (adj/prep) ,
nephew (n)
nice (adj) , ,
niece (n)
office (n)
old (adj)
parents (pl n)
park (n)
people (n) ,
phone number (n)
places (pl n)
please
really (adv)
Rome (n)
salesman (n)
same (pron)
school (n)
shopping (n)
shops (pl n)
sister (n)
65
slow (adj)
small (adj)
son (n)
Spain (n)
speak (v)
spell (n)
student (n)
sunny (adj)
surname (n)
Switzerland (n)
teacher (n)
thank goodness
thanks ()
them (pron) ,
today (n) c
uncle (n)
underground (n) , ,
understand (v)
university (n)
very well (adj)
weather (n)
weekend (n) ( )
welcome
west (n)
66
what (pron) ,
where (adv) ,
wife (n)
year (n)
young (adj)
accountant (n)
actress (n)
airport (n)
animal (n) ,
architect (n)
ballet dancer (n)
banker (n)
Belgium (n)
Bengali (adj)
building (n)
busy (adj)
capital (n) , ,
clock (n)
come (v)
cost (v)
country (n) ,
cut (v)
67
dentist (n)
desert (n)
design (v)
disc jockey (n) ,
earn (v)
engineer (n)
exactly (adv)
exciting (adj) ,
famous (adj)
France (n)
free time (n)
go (v) ,
gym (n)
hair (n)
hairdresser (n)
have (v)
history (n)
hotel (n)
hour (n)
housework (n)
hurry (v)
India (n)
lnternet (n)
interpreter (n) ()
68
job (n)
journalist (n)
law firm (n)
Iawyer (n) ,
learn (v)
lucky (adj) ,
lunch (n)
many (pron) (
)
maths (n)
model (n)
money (n)
natural (adj) ,
never (adv)
New Zealand (n)
news story (n)
newspaper (n)
nurse (n)
oil rig (n)

outdoors (n)
physics (n)
pilot (n) ,
play (v)
poor (adj) ,
69
pop star (n)
reading (n)
receptionist (n) ,
salary (n) ,
Scotland (n)
snooker (n) ( )
sometimes (adv)
Spanish (adj)
study (v)
taxi driver (n)
teeth (n)
time (n)
tired (adj)
town (n)
travel (v)
TV (n) ,
village (n) ,
visit (v)
walk (v)
watch (v)
work (v)
world (n)
write (v)
zoologist (n)
70
always (adv)
apartment (n)
application form (n) ,
badminton (n)
band (n)
barefoot (adj)
bath (n)
bed (n)
bilingual (adj)
books (pl n)
bookstore (n) US
boutiques (pI n) ,
cards (pI n)
chicken (n)
cinema (n) ,
computer (n)
cook (v)
countryside (n)
cycling (n)
dancing (n)
early (adj)
enjoy (v)
evening (n)
71
excuse me
exercise (n)
finish (v)
flowers (pl n)
football (n) ,
foreign (adj)
garden centre (n)
get up (v)
golf (n)
grass (n)
happy (adj)
holiday (n) , , ,
indoor (adj) ,
,
Indian (adj)
Japanese (adj)
listen (v)
little (adj) ,
massage (n)
mobile phone (n)
music (n)
often (adv)
outdoor (adj)
pardon
personal (adj)
72
poker (n)
post code (n) ,
postcard (n)
problem (n) ,
programme (n)
pub (n) ,
pudding (n)
restaurant (n)
roast (n)
running (n)
sailing (n)
Saturday
singer (n)
skiing (n)
spa (n) ( )
squash (n) ()
sticky (adj) ,
Sunday
swimming (n)
takeaway (n) ,
tennis (n)
Thursday
toffee (n) ( )
traffic (n)
73
Tuesday
Turkey (n)
usually (adv)
warm (adj)
Wednesday
week (n)
windsurfing (n)
above (prep) ,
address book (n)
amazing (adj) ,
armchair (n)
awfuI (adj)
balcony (n)
bathroom (n)
bedroom (n)
bench (n) ,
birthday (n)
bookshelves (pl n)
boss (n) ,
bowling alley (n) ,
bus fare (n)
bus stop (n)
74
carpet (n)
cathedral (n)
chemist's (n)
choose (v)
clothes (pl n)
coat (n)
colour (n)
comfortable (adj) ,
cooker (n)
curtains (pl n)
desk (n) ,
diary (n)
dining room (n)
dinner (n)
DVD player (n)
eat (v)
elevator (n) US
excellent (adj)
fabulous (adj) ,
fantastic (adj)
fireplace (n)
first floor (n)
flat (n)
fridge (n)
75
fruit (n) ,
furniture (n)
gardener (n)
gift (n)
glass (n)
government building (n)
grow (v) ,
guest (n)
in (prep) ()
jogging track (n)
keys (pl n)
kitchen (n)
lamp (n)
library (n)
lipstick (n)
living room (n)
mirror (n)
movie theater (n) US
mug (n) ,
next to (prep) ()
on (prep) ()
opposite (prep) ()
outside (prep) ()
oven (n)
76
party (n)
pavement (n)
pen (n)
phone (n)
picture (n) ,
plate (n)
post office (n)
president (n)
public (n) ,
purse (n)
relax (v)
rent (v) , /
shoes (pl n) ,
shower (n)
sleep (v)
sofa (n)
swimming pool (n)
table (n)
tennis court (n)
terrible (adj)
third floor (n)
towel (n)
tree (n)
under (prep) ()
77
unfortunately (adv)
vegetables (pl n)
visitor (n)
wall (n)
wallet (n)
washing machine (n)
wedding (n)
window (n)
wine (n)
wing (n)
wonderful (adj)
worldfamous (adj)
advertisement (n)
afford (v) ()
art (n)
bag (n)
bike (n)
borrow (v)
business (n) ,
cello (n)
certainly (adv)
cheese (n)
78
child (n)
Chinese (adj) ,
classical music (n)
concert (n)
country and western (n)
credit card (n)
cry (v)
drive (v)
dry cleaning (n)
favour (n) ,
fly (v)
foreign language (n)
glasses (pl n)
guitar (n)
hard (adj)
hardworking (adj)
hero (n)
housewife (n)
icecream (n)
important (adj)
independent (adj)
interested (adj)
jeans (pl n)
jump (v)
79
lift (n) ,
light (n)
look after (v)
menu (n)
metre (n)
Mexican (n)
moment (n) ,
motorbike (n)
musical instrument (n)
occasion (n)
open (v)
painter (n)
painting (n)
passionate (adj)
pay (v)
petrol (n)
pianist (n)
post (v) ,
prodigy (n) ,
professionally (adv)
proud (adj)
resort (n)
return (v)
rich (adj)
80
ride (v) ()
sandwich (n)
send (v) ,
sentimental (adj)
shop (n)
sit (v)
skateboard (v) ,

speed (n)
station (n)
stop (v)
succeed (v) ,
success (n)
suit (n)
talented (adj)
talk (v)
television (n)
text message (n) ,
ticket (n)
tie (n)
turn back (v) () ()
violin (n)
violinist (n)
water (n)
wear (v)
81
advice (n)
again (adv) ,
annoyed (adj)
anymore (adv) (); ()

arrive (v) ;
artistic (adj) ; ;

ask (v)
award (n)
before (prep) ,
begin (v)
behaviour (n)
best friend (n)

billionaire (n)
boat (n)
bored (adj)
born (v)
breakfast (n)
businessman (n)
catch (v)
century (n)
charity (n)
childhood (n)
Christmas (n)
clean (v) ,
82
clever (adj)
coal mine (n)
company (n) ,
dad (n)
date (n) ,
daughters (pl n)
designer (n)
die (v)
dollars (pl n)
drama (n)
dyslexic (adj) ,
emails (pl n)
enough (adv)
entrepreneur (n) ,
everything (pron)
everywhere (adv)
exam (n)
excited (adj) ,
exclaim (v)
export (v)
fashion show (n)
film (n) ,
first (num) ,
fish (n)
83
fisherman (n)
football team (n)
friend (n)
tall (adj)
funny (adj) ,
gentleman (n) ,

give (v)
greatgrandparents (pl n)
help (v)
interview (v)
last night
last year
late (adj)
laugh (v)
leave (v) ,
lecture (n)
local (adj)
longer (adj)
lose (v)
lottery (n)
lots (of sth) (pl n) ()
make (v) ,
marathon (n)
match (n)
matter (v)
84
millionaire (v)
minutes (pl n)
month (n)
move (v) , ,
much (det)
nationality (n)
news (n) ,
nothing (pron)
present (n) ,
problems (pl n)
radio station (n)
receive (v)
richest (adj)
run a company
scholarship (n)
siesta (n)
software (n)
start (v) ()
stay in touch
successful (adj)
talk show (n)
toast (n)
tomorrow
TV star (n)
Valentine's Day (n) .
watch (v) ,
win (v)
85
women (pl n)
word (n)
worried (adj)
yesterday
Elementary Worldlist 7
accident (n)
air (n)
altitude (n)
arthritis (n)
astronaut (n)
at (prep) , ,
aviation (n)
badly (adv) ,
because (conj)
cake (n)
carefully (adv) ,
channels (pl n)
collect (v)
college (n)
comics (pl n)
compass (n)
complete (v) ,
congratulations (pl n)
crash (v) ,
crossing (n)
dangerous (adj)
86
deeply (adv)
dishwasher (n)
education (n)
enormous (adj) ,
equipment (n)
events (pl n) ,
exploration (n) ,
fast food (n) ; ,

finally (adv)
fireworks (pI n)
flag (n)
flight (n)
fluently (adv) ,
fog (n)
fortunately (adv)
giant (adj) ,
habit (n)
high school (n)
hits (pl n) ,
hospital (n)
ill (adj)
immediately (adv) ,
impossible (adj)
injury (n) ,
inscription (n)
87
invitation (n)
invite (v)
It sounds greatl! !
join (v) ,
journey (n)
know (v)
land (v)
leap (v) ,
Iife (n)
Iift off (v) ( )
lunar module (n)
man (n) ,
mankind (n)
midnight (n)
modern (adj)
moon (n)
movie (n)
no idea ,

nonstop (adj) ,
on (prep) , ()
passport (n)
peace (n)
philosophy (n)
pioneer (n) ,
planes (pl n)
pocket money (n)
88
prepare (v)
professor (n) , (
)
psychology (n)
publish (v)
put up (v) , ()
quickly (adv)
qietly (adv)
relativity (n)
remember (v)
reporters (pI n) ,
rocket (n)
rocks (pl n) ,
roses (pl n)
sailor (n)
samples (pl n) ,
sell (v)
shirt (n)
slowly (adv)
spend (time) (v) ()
step (v)
suddenly (adv)
summer (n)
surface (n)
sweets (pl n)
term (n) , ,
theme parks (pl n)
89
theory (n)
umbrella (n)
voyage (v) ,
wake up (v)
wave (v)
whole (adj)
wool (n)
adaptor (n) ,
add (v) , ,
()
any (det) ,
apple (n)
apple juice (n)
aspirin (n)
bacon (n) ;
banana (n)
basil (n)
batteries (pl n)
beef (n)
biscuits (pl n)
boil (n) ,
boring (adj)
bottle (n)
boy (n) ,
bread (n)
90
broccoli (n)
butter (n)
carrots (pl n) (.)
cartoon characters (pl n)
cats (pl n) ,
chef (n)
chips (pl n)
chocolate (n)
chop (v) ()
club (n)
coach (n) ,
cold drink (n)
cookbook (n)
cooking (n)
cottage pie (n)
crisps (pl n) ()
croissant (n)
daily (adj)
delicious (adj)
disgusting (adj)
dry (adj)
eggs (pl n)
envelopes (pl n)
especially (adv)
fashionable (adj)
favourite (adj)
fish fingers (pl n) (
;
)
forget (v)
91
fry (v)
fussy (adj) , ,
gamble (v)
grams (pl n)
ham (n)
hardware shop (n) /

herbs (pl n) ,
honey (n)
how much ? (
)
hungry (adj)
I'm afraid ( ),

ingredient (n) ,
kid (n)
large (adj)
layer (n)
list (n)
magazine (n)
meat (n)
medium (adj)
milk (n)
minced (adj) ,
miss (v) ,
mix (v)
mustard (n)
need (v)
newsagent's (n)
no problem
notebook (n)
nuts (pl n)
oil (n)
olives (pl n)
92
onions (pl n)
order (v)
out (prep) , ; ,
.
packet (n) , ,
pasta (n) ,
peanut butter (n)
peas (pl n)
pepper (n)
plasters (pl n)
pocket (n)
popular (adj)
potatoes (pl n)
raspberry (n)
recipe (n)
record (v)
salad (n)
salt (n)
scissors (pl n)
screwdriver (n)
sellotape (n) ,
shampoo (n)
size (n)
slice (n)
smoothie (n) ( )
some (def) ,
sorry
spaghetti (n)
spend (v) ,
spices (pl n) c
sports (pl n)
93
stamp (n)
starving (adj)
stationer's (n)
steak (n)
still (adv) ,
strawberries (pl n)
sugar (n)
survey (n)
tap water (n)
tea (n)
tomatoes (pl n)
toothpaste (n)
try (v) ,
until (prep) , ()
waitress (n)
worldwide (adj)
worry (v) ,
yoghurt (n)
accent (n)
architecture (n)
air (n)
area (n) ,
artists (pl n)
banks (pl n)
blossom (n)
94
capital city (n)

carefuI (adj) ,
celebrities (pl n)
central (adj)
change (v)
cherry (n)
climate (n)
clubs (pl n)
church (n)
coast (n)
colonial (adj)
commercial centres (pl n)
commuter (n) 1) ,

( ); 2)

cool (adj)
crowded (adj) ,
culture (n)
earthquake (n)
east (n)
electricity (n)
elegant (adj)
emperor (n)
empire (n)
Englishman (n)
experience (n) ,
95
extreme (adj)
fashion (n)
fishing (n)
food (n)
foreigners (pI n)
generally (adv) , ;
gold (n)
goods (pl n)
handicrafts (pl n) ;
headquarters (n)
highclass (adj)
hill (n)
historic (adj)
huge (adj)
humid (adj) , , ,
hundreds (pl n)
independence (n)
industry (n) , ,

invade (v) ; ,
jewellery (n)
kilometre (n)
latest (adj) ,
Ioud (adj)
market (n)
megacity (n)
metro (n)
mountains (pI n)
multicultural (adj)
96
mysterious (adj)
nightclub (n)
north (n)
of course
orange (adj)
originally (adv)
palace (n)
pedestrian crossing (n)
pink (adj)
polite (adj)
pollution (n)
population (n)
poverty (n)
prefer (v)
produce (v)
public bath (n)
public transport (n)
quality (n)
quieter (adj)
railway system (n)
rainy (adj)
river (n)
romantic (adj)
roundabout (n) 1) ;
2)
;
safe (adj)
sanitation (n) 1) ,
2) 3) ;
97
season (n) ,
shrine (n)
skyscrapers (pl n)
slums (pl n)
snacks (pl n)
somewhere (adv)
south (n)
spring (n)
square (n)
stone (adj)
subway system (n)
sunrise (n) ,
sunset (n)
surrounded (adj)
take place (v) ,
tall (adj)
tattoo (n)
temple (n)
theatre (n)
tourist attraction (n) ,
toy shop (n)
traditional (adj)
traffic lights (pI n)
traffic sign (n)
transport (n)
true (adj)
unique (adj)
uptodate (adj) ,
valley (n)
98
variety (n)
wet (adj)
wood (n) ,
Elementary Worldlist 10
actor (n)
affect (v)
alike (adj)
attached (adj) 1) ; 2) (
, ); 3)

bank holiday (n)
below (prep)
blond (adj)
blue (n) ; ; ;
bone (n)
boots (pl n) ,
brown (n)
build (v) ,
coat (n)
compartment (n) , ( )
compete (v)
condition (pl n)
99
couple (n)
dark (adj)
decide (v)
detective (n)
develop (v) (); ()

dress (n)
earth (n)
effects (pl n) 1) , ; 2) ,
;
experiment (n)
fair (adj) ,
fight (v) ,
float (v)
glasses (pl n)
goodlooking (adj) , ;

gravity (n) ,
handsome (adj) , ( )
happen (v) ,
hat (n)
identical (adj) ,
incredible (adj)
instruments (pl n)
100
jeans (n)
laboratory (n)
laptop (n)
long (adj)
message (n)
muscle (n) ,
never mind ,

noise (n)
orbit (v) 1) (
)
origin (n)
oxygen (n)
planet (n)
preparation (n)
pretty (adj) , ( )
purple (n)
research (n)
romance (n) 1) ;
; 2)

sauce (n)
scarf (n)
shoes (pl n)
101
short (adj)
shorts (pl n)
skirt (n)
spicey (adj) , ( )
spoon (n)
star (n)
suit (n)
supplies (pl n) ,
switch on (v)
Tshirt (n)
tall (adj)
tasty (adj)
tin (n)
trainers (pl n)
truth (n)
twins (pl n)
universe (n)
unusual (adj)
washingup (n)
backpack (n)
carry (v)
102
climb (v) ,
colourful (adj)
cruise (n)
do the washing (v)
drop (v)
due (adj) , ,
fall (v)
fields (pl n)
folk song (n) ,
freedom (n)
frightened (adj)
future (n)
grow up (v)
harmony (n)
hat (n) ,
hire (v) ,
hospitality (n)
human (adj)
jacket (n) ,
kiss (v)
passersby (pI n)
pay rise (n)
peaceful (adj)
perfect (adj)
picnic (n)
plan (v)
podcasts (pl n) (
,
)
103
pyramids (pl n)
retire (v) ,
safari (n)
sign (n)
simple (adj)
sneeze (v)
soon (adv)
storm (n)
stressful (adj) , , ,

suitcase (n)
supper (n)
thunder (n)
Wales (n)
walking stick (n)
website (n)
woods (pl n) , ,
acres (pl n) 1) ( ; = 0,4
4047 2); 2) (acres) , ,

acts (pI n) ,
atmosphere (n)
attend (v)
Australia (n)
Brazil (n)
104
brilliant (adj)
cancel (v)
check in (v) ( ,
)
China (n)
cider (n)
colleague (n) ,
continual (adj)
crowd (n)
death (n)
definite (adj)
departures board (n)
disappointed (adj)
Egypt (n)
ever (adv)
express (v)
fail (v) ,
festival (n) ,
festival goers (pl n) ,
get on (v)
Great Britain (n)

Greece (n)
hand luggage (n)
Italy (n)
Japan (n)
jumbo jet (n)
just (adv)
105
knees (pl n)
luggage (n)
memories (pI n)
mud (n)
noisy (adj)
openair (adj)
packing (n)
performer (n)
piece (n)
platform (n)
poem (n)
print (v)
queue (n)
refer to (v) ,
rise (v)
rock concert (n)
rubbish (adj) ,
savings (pl n) ,
scuba dive (v)
security (n)
slogan (n) , ,
stage (n) , ,
sunshine (n) , ,
( )
taxi (n)
tent (n)
106
the US (n)
trip (n) ,
van (n) (),
yet (adv) 1) ( ); 2) (
)
107

English Grammar: Fundamentals

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For more information visit us at http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.

Larisa School of Language

Copyright 2012 LSL Education Network

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof

We have made every attempt to create an

Additional copies of this book may be found at

First Publication, 2012

Larisa School of Language LLC

Notice to Learning Institutions around the world.

Please contact us for more information at

many, few, a few, much, little, a little 21

THE ENGLISH ALPHABET

one / first [wn] [fst] /

For more information, see the following links:

? TELLING TIME IN ENGLISH

Example: 7:45 - seven forty-five ['sev()n 'ft fav]

Example: 11:06 - eleven (oh) six ['lev()n (u) sks]

Example: 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight [ff'tin 'mnt tu et]

Example: 5:30 - half past five [hf pst fav]

Reading Compound Numerals

364 three hundred sixty four [ri 'hndrd 'skst f]

7, 103 seven thousand one hundred and three

For more information, see the following links:

America / American an American the Americans

Germany / German a German the Germans

Belgium / Belgian a Belgian the Belgians

Brazil / Brazilian a Brazilian the Brazilians

Norway / Norwegian a Norwegian the Norwegians

China / Chinese a Chinese the Chinese

Portugal / Portuguese a Portuguese the Portuguese

Switzerland / Swiss a Swiss the Swiss

Denmark / Danish a Dane the Danes

Poland / Polish a Pole the Poles

Turkey / Turkish a Turk the Turks

England / English an Englishman / woman the English

the Netherlands (Holland)

Verbs are parts of speech used to name actions or states.

Adjectives are parts of speech used to describe nouns.

Adverbs are parts of speech used to describe verbs.

Pronouns are parts of speech used to replace nouns.

Prepositions join clauses, sentences and words.

Conjunctions join two words, phrases or sentences together.

Numerals are words denoting numbers.

An article is used to introduce a noun.

For more information, see the following links:

You are Youre , ()

hey are Theyre ()

I am in the room. ().

For more information, see the following links:

Liza is a Russian teacher. Shes thirty. Shes . 30

Her husband, Sergey, is at work in his , ,

They have two children, Anna and Sveta. , .

TO HAVE (TO HAVE GOT)

I have got (Ive got) I havent got

Yes, I/you/we/they have

! HAVE GOT, HAVE

Collocations with have:

to have a drink / a cigarette / a day off

For more information, see the following links:

Personal Possessive Pronouns

He - His / his - Him ,

III She Her / hers - Her ,

Examples: Whose is this book? Who do I need to give a book to?