1

AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION
OF THE MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY
D.S. Suranto
Jalan Tebet Barat Dalam X-E No. 2, Jakarta 12810
Email: ds_suranto@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This journal is a condensed form of a thesis on annotated translation. The source
of the study is a novel The Mutiny of HMS Bounty written by Sir John Barrow. The
problems of this study are (1) What difficulties are encountered by the researcher when
translating The Mutiny of HMS Bounty into Indonesian, and (2) How those difficulties
are solved in the translation The purposes of this study are: (1) to attain factual
information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source
text; and (2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated
translation, the researcher answers the questions that emerge in the introspective and
retrospective study. The outcome of the study consists of two main points. First, the
finding revealed that from the twenty-five most difficult problems, six were in the form
of words, seventeen were in phrases, one was idiomatic expression, one was clause, and
no one sentence was suitable the annotation. These annotations indicated that during the
course of his translating, he had difficulties with them. Second, those difficulties were
solved by referring to the relevant theories of translation and the theories of English and
Indonesian languages.
Keywords: annotated translation, Mutiny of the Bounty, and Sir John Barrow.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The background of this study contains the justification of the study, pertinent
studies referred to, position of the study, and the significance of the study.
In this study, the researcher found out the difficulties when translating texts from
English into Indonesian. These difficulties were in grammatical, syntactical, semantic,
stylistic, and cultural aspects, as the structure of English and Indonesian is quite
different.
The researcher carried out this study in order to increase his knowledge in
translation that is in line with what he has learned during the two-year course. In the
course of translating the texts, problems emerged, which then analyzed and given
plausible reasons for their solutions. The translation from English into Indonesian is
taken due to the familiarity of the language, Indonesian, that is mostly known by the
researcher as his native language. The researcher has chosen a novel The Mutiny of the
Bounty because this novel is unique in two respects. First, its author, Sir John Barrow,
was the only Civil Servant whose name was in his lifetime always linked with the
British Royal Navy that he served. Second, this book, which was first published in
1931, was still in print more than a century later.
It is important to carry out this study as annotated translation applies in practical
sense the theories the researcher has studied in class, namely theories of translation and
theories of the English as well as Indonesian language. Furthermore, this study deepens
ones ability in analyzing source language and target language texts, especially for those
who are interested in translation.
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The researcher, who was at the same time the translator, annotated those
difficulties, analyzed, and solved the problems by referring to the relevant theories and
translation strategies. The term problems here is the difficulties mentioned above.
Relevant Studies. Relevant studies in relation to this study are:
A research conducted in 2008 by Suratni. She conducted a study with the topic
My Lover My Friend written by Suprina Frazier as a partial requirement to graduate
from the Magister Program in Translation, Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta.
Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory,
Tokyo, Japan conducted a study in 2008. Their study has a topic Multilingual
Translation via Annotated Hub Language. The annotation is represented by using the
Linguistic Annotation Language. (Retrieved on 2009/11/17 from
http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf.)
Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the Computer Science Department,
Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, presented the work that originates from the
development of the commercial, wide-scale machine translation (MT) system. During
the construction of the system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be
created. A number of software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the
data set. The data sets are:
text segmentation: context free grammar being a base for performing the
segmentation,
Part of Speech Tagging: Corpuses + monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries,
parsing: monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries and sub categorization
dictionaries,
transfer: bilingual dictionaries, sub categorization dictionaries, bilingual sub
categorization dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries, word form generation:
monolingual dictionary.
(http://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piasecki
FDSL4.pdf: retrieved on 19/12/2009.
Purposes of the Study
The purposes of this study are:
1) to attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in
translating the source text;
2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this sub chapter, the researcher describes the theories used in this study.
Among others, she uses the theories of translation and theories of English and
Indonesian languages.
Theories of Translation
Principles of translation. These six principles of translation are taken from
Translation written by Duff (1981, p.10-11).
(1) Meaning. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original
text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of
the meaning can be transposed.
(2) Form. The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the
original as closely as possible. But differences of language structure often require
changes in the form and order of words.
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(3) Register. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in given
context (say the business letter). To resolve these differences, the translator must
distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.
For example: the phrase Please find enclosure in English formal letter. There is no
such phrase in Indonesian. Thus the phrase is translated into Terlampir.
(4) Source language influence. One of the most frequently criticisms of translation is
that it doesnt sound natural. This is because the translators thoughts and choice
of words are too strongly moulded by the original text.
(5) Style and clarity. The translator should not change the style of the original. But if
the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the
readers sake, correct the defects.
(6) Idiom. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes,
metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold), jargon, slang, and
colloquialisms (user-friendly, yuppie, the Big Apple), and (in English) phrasal verb.
If the idiom cannot be directly translated, try any of the following:
Retain the original word, in inverted commas.
Retain the original expression, with literal explanation in brackets.
Use a close equivalent
For example:
Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation
Applied Translation Theories
A. Theory of Shift
Catford divided his theory of shift into two categories (1) shift of level and (2)
shift of category.
~ Level shift. It means that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation
equivalent at a different level. For example:
~ Category shift are departures from formal correspondence in translation.
Munday (2001) citing Catford (1974) develops a tool for translation analysis
previously devised by Catford. This tool is widely used by translators and remained to
be a reference in translation work. Munday systematized the tool for the category shift
in translation as follows:
1). Structural shifts: the shifts in grammatical structure.
2). Class shifts: these comprise shifts from one part of speech to another.
3). Unit shifts or rank shifts. These are shifts where the translation equivalent in the
TL is at a different rank to the SL. Ranks here refers to the hierarchical
linguistic units of sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme.
4). Intra system shifts. These are shifts that occur when both SL and TL possess
approximately corresponding system, except if the translation involves
selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
B. Implicit and Explicit Meaning.
Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984), mentioned, It may be necessary to make some
information explicit in the translation, even though it was not explicit in the original
message (p. 125).
Further, Larson (1984) mentioned
Translation is communicating the same meaning in a second language as was
communicated in the first. But to do so adequately, one must be aware of the
fact that there are various kinds of meaning. Not all of the meaning, which is
being communicated, is stated overtly in the forms of the source language text.
 4

Discovering the meaning of the text to be translated includes considerations of

both explicit and implicit information (p. 36).
C. Naturalizing
Newmark (1981, p. 128) mentioned that Normally, the translator should write
within his own idiolect or his conception of the source language text authors, always
provided the text appears to be written naturally.
On the same topic, Larson (1984, p. 16) stated that Literal translation of words,
idioms, figures of speech etc. results in unclear, unnatural, and sometime nonsensical
translation.
D. Translation by Addition and Translation by Omission
The above term is mentioned by Mona Baker (1977, p. 40).
Nida and Taber (1982) uses the term expansion and reduction; Newmark (1986) calls
it over translation and under translation; Duff (1991) uses the term too many words
and too few words (padding and gutting). Williams and Chesterman (2002) citing Gabr
(2000) calls it adding information and omitting information.
Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned on expansion as follows:
. . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than
the originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations are
necessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from one
linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the
resulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163)
On reduction, Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned that There are quite naturally some
expressions which are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another
(p. 168).
On over translation, Newmark (1986) said:
A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more
detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than
the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more
specific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for one
nuance of meaning. (p. 39)
On under translation, Newmark (1986) mentioned that Generally, a communicative
translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional,
conforming to a particular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to use
more generic, hold-all terms in difficult passages
(p. 39).
On padding, Alan Duff (1984) mentioned that ... a translation may be longer than the
original ... (p. 22).
On gutting, Alan Duff (1984, p. 22) in his study said, ... a translation may be shorter
than the original ....
Strategies of translation
There are many strategies suggested by numerous experts in translation to be
used in translating. The strategies which are listed below are mostly proposed by
Williams and Chesterman (2002) in their book The Map: a Beginners Guide to Doing
Research in Translation Studies, supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974),
Mona Baker (1997) and Larson (1984).
1. Syntactic strategies such as shifting the word-class, changing the clause or
sentence structure, adding, or changing cohesion;
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2.. Semantic strategies such as using hyponyms or super-ordinates, altering the

level of abstraction, redistributing the information over more or fewer elements;
3. Pragmatic strategies such as naturalizing or exoticizing, altering the level of
explicitness, adding or omitting information.
Note: point A, B, and C are taken from Williams and Chesterman (2002) citing
Gabr (2000)
4. Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness. Emphasis are features such as: the
choice of oral or written mode; the role of sociolinguistic and situation factors;
the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse; appropriate language
varieties or styles; and the choice of formal features and lexical items.
E. Steps in a Translation Project.
Larson (1984, pp. 46-51) mentioned There are seven steps in a translation project,
namely, (a) establishing the project, (b) exegesis, (c) transfer and initial draft, (d)
evaluation, (e) revise draft, (f)consultation, and (g) final draft.
Theories of English and Indonesian Language
Omission of that and subordinator bahwa.
The researcher chose one of English language theories from Marcella Frank (1972, pp.
291-292), namely the omission of that in object clauses.
Frank said that in informal speech, the word that is frequently omitted from object
clauses if the meaning is clear without it.
Similarly, in the Indonesian language, Alwi et al. (2003 p. 410) mentioned that Dalam
hubungan komplementasi, klausa subordinatif melengkapi apa yang dinyatakan oleh
makna verba klausa utama atau oleh nomina subjek, baik dinyatakan maupun tidak.
Subordinator yang sering dipakai adalah kata bahwa.
Jika susunan kalimat cukup terang, kata penghubung bahwa dalam bahasa yang tidak
formal sering dihilangkan, seperti dalam kalimat berikut ini:
Emphasizers and Partikel Penegas
Frank (1972) stated, Distinguishing adverbs (emphasizers) emphasize particular
words or grammatical constructions especially, even, exactly, just, merely, not, only,
purely, simply, solely. Such adverbs usually appear immediately before the words or
constructions they modify. (p.143-144)
Hasan Alwi, Sunyono Darjowijoyo, Hans Lapoliwa, Anton M. Muliono, (2003),
mentioned that there are some adverbia tunggal (justru, paling, tentu, sungguh, pasti)
and adverbia kata ulang (benar-benar, sungguh-sungguh, diam-diam, lagi-lagi, lekas-
lekas) (p. 211) whose modifying function is to emphasize
Similarly, Abdul Chaer (2006) mentioned that there are several penegas dalam
kalimat, one of them is in the form of partikel, which accompany the word they modify
(yang, -kah, -lah, -tah and pun). (p. 365).
English and Indonesian Idiom, Indonesian Verba majemuk, nomina majemuk and
adjektiva majemuk.
Larson (1984), defined that idiom is a string of words whose meaning is
different than the meaning conveyed by the individual words. (p. 20)
Hasan Alwi (2003) mentioned that an idiom is perpaduan dua kata atau lebih,
tetapi makna dari perpaduan ini tidak dapat secara langsung ditelusuri dari makna
masing-masing kata yang tergabung. (p. 151)
Verba majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003. p. 151) define that verba majemuk is verba yang
terbentuk melalui proses penggabungan satu kata dengan kata yang lain.
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Nomina majemuk. Hasan Alwi et al, (2003, p. 241) stated that the criteria of difference
between nomina majemuk and nomina idiom is the same as criteria that is used to
distinguish verba majemuk and verba idiom.
Adjektiva majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003) mentioned that Adjektiva majemuk adalah
adjektiva yang merupakan bentuk majemuk, ada yang merupakan gabungan morfem
terikat dengan morfem bebas dan ada yang merupakan gabungan dua morfem bebas
(atau lebih). Termasuk di dalamnya bentuk-bentuk yang tergolong idiom. Artinya,
makna bentuk gabingan itu tidak dapat dijabarkan dari penjumlahan makna unsure
unsurnya (pp. 191-193).
Proverbs
Oxford Encyclopedic Dictionary (1992 p. 723) defines proverb as short well-
known saying that states a general truth or gives advice.
Jakob Sumardjo and Junus Melalatoa, in the Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia
(1990 p. 65) defined that
Peribahasa adalah suatu bentuk sastra lisan masyarakat Melayu berupa ucapan atau
ungkapan pendek yang mengesankan, luas artinya, dan bijak isinya. Peribahasa
berfungsi sebagai perbandingan, teladan, dan pendidikan dalam hal hidup susila.
Personal Pronoun in English and Indonesian
Frank (1972. p. 21) mentioned that personal pronouns refer to three things:
1. The speaker, called the first person, if singular I, if plural we (includes the speaker
and one or more others).
2. The person spoken to, called the second person you (singular and plural)
3. The person or thing being spoken of, called the third person;
If singular he (males), she (females), it (things); also for live being whose sex is
unknown or unimportant to the speaker).
If plural they: (all live beings and all things).

Form of Personal Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns

Possessive Possessive
As Subject As Object Reflexive
Adjective Pronouns
I me my mine myself
You you your yours yourself
He him his his himself
She her her hers herself
It it its itself
We us our ours ourselves
You you your yours yourselves
They them their theirs themselves
The personal pronouns change their form for person (first, second, third), for case
(subject, object, possessive), number (singular, plural)), and gender (masculine,
feminine, neuter). Except for case, the reflexive pronouns make the same kinds of
changes.
Hasan Alwi (2003). mentioned,
Pronomina persona adalah pronomina yang dipakai untuk mengacu pada orang.
Pronomina persona dapat mengacu pada diri sendiri (pronomina persona pertama),
 7

mengacu pada orang yang diajak bicara (pronomina persona kedua), atau mengacu
pada orang yang ddibicarakan (persona nomina ketiga). Di antara pronomina itu, ada
yang mengaacu pada jumlah satu atau lebih dari satu. Ada bentuk yang bersifat
eksklusif, ada yang bersifat inklusif, dan ada yang bersifat netral (p. 249).

Makna

Persona Jamak
Tunggal
Netral Eksklusif Inklusif
saya, aku, ku-,
Pertama kami kita
-ku
engkau, kamu, kalian, kamu,
Kedua Anda, dikau, kamu sekalian
kau-, -mu Anda sekalian
ia, dia, beliau, mereka
Ketiga -nya

Cohesion in English and Indonesian

Larson (1984) mentioned, There are many devices which give cohesion to a text
(p.394). They are pronoun, substitute words, verb affixes (derivatives or inflectional
forms), conjunctions, etc.
Kohesi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia :
Hasan Alwi, (2003) mengatakan bahwa kohesi merujuk pada keterkaitan antar
proposisi yang secara eksplisit diungkapkan oleh kalimat-kalimat yang digunakan.
Keterkaitan itu dinyatakan dalam kalimat-kalimat yang secara gramatikal berkaitan.
(p. 41)

CHAPTER III DESIGN AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

Design of the Study
This study belongs to the area of analysis of the original and source text which
covers a study on annotated translation. Introspective and retrospective research are
included in this annotated translation study. Introspective study is a study of looking
into the translators own feelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. It
means that when she faced a problem in translating certain words/phrases/idioms
/clauses/sentences then she wrote the problems and the solutions she had in her
annotations. A retrospective study is a study investigating the mental processes through
the researchers original memory immediately after she has translated.
Source of the Data
The data is taken from a novel The Mutiny of the Bounty written by Sir John Barrow,
published for the first time in 1831.
Definition of Terms
In this study, some terms need to be defined and clarified:
1. Problem and difficulty: In this study, problem and difficulty is interchangeable. If
the researcher/translator encounters a difficulty how to translate a certain aspect of
language, then it means that it is a problem for him.
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2. Annotated. Inflected form of transitive/intransitive verb: annotate, to make or furnish

especially critical or explanatory notes usually on a literary work or subject (Merriam-
Webster CD-ROM Version 2.5) (2000).
3. Annotation and Analysis is interchangeable. According to Webster Third New
International Dictionary (1993), annotation means a note added by way of comment or
explanation. In this study annotation is the note given after the researcher/translator has
found a difficulty or a problem. The note is in the form of analysis of the aspects of
language in line with the translation strategies and translation theories. The analysis
here is also called annotation.
4. Data. Data in this study are the collected grammatical, semantical, syntactical,
cultural, and stylistic aspects of the language that are difficult or become a problem for
the translator/researcher.
5. Relevant studies. In this study, belonging to the relevant studies are the studies on
annotation that have been conducted or works of annotation that have been done and
published
6. Annotated Translation. This study applies the term of annotated translation.
Williams and Chesterman (2002) explained:
Annotated translation is a translation with a commentary. Annotated
translation is a form of introspective and retrospective research where you
yourself translate a text and, at the same time, write a commentary on your
own translation process. This commentary will include some discussion of
the translation assignment, an analysis of aspects of the source text, and a
reasoned justification of the kinds of solutions you arrived at for particular
kinds of translation problems. One value of such research lies in the
contribution that increased self-awareness can make to translation quality. You
might also want to show whether you have found any helpful guidelines for your
translation decisions in what you have read in Translation Studies (p.7).
7. Introspective Study. The researcher also uses the terms of introspective study. This
definition of terms is taken from Websters Third New International Dictionary (1993).
Introspection is the examination of ones own thought and feeling; a looking into
oneself : self-examination; also such examination including ones sensory and
perceptual experience especially undertaken under controlled conditions of experiment
opposed to retrospection. And introspective is of or belonging to introspection;
employing, marked by, or tending to introspection (p. 1187).
So the term of introspective study is a study that investigates ones own thought
and feelings: a looking into oneself; in line with translation: asking one-self in which
part the researcher had difficulty and what the solutions are.
8. Retrospective Study. Retrospection is an observation of mental processes through
primal memory immediately after their occurrence. And retrospective is
contemplative of or relative to past events; characterized by, given to, or indulging in
retrospection (p. 1941).
So, the term of retrospective study is a study where the researcher is
contemplating of what theories and strategies he has used in the process of translating.
Procedures of the Study
In conducting this study, the researcher uses the following procedures:
1) The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content.
2) Independently the researcher translates the source text into Indonesian
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3) During the course of translating the text, the researcher regularly consults her
advisors to discuss problems she encounters referring to the task undertaken.
4) At the same time, she marks down the words/phrases/idioms/clauses/sentences that
have become a problem in translating the texts.
5) These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher then gives plausible
reasons as to the solving of these problems.
6) The problems found during the process of translation, the researcher takes only the
most crucial ones due to the limited time allotted.
Collection of the Data
The researcher has collected the data from the translated text, which poses
problems for him. The collected data are 114 items in number.
Analysis of the Data
The data to be annotated are categorized based on the grammatical items. There
are five main categories namely words, phrases, idioms, clauses, and sentences. From
the 114 data, the researcher has annotated 25 items that posed the most difficult
problems for the researcher. This sub chapter will be elaborated in detail in Chapter IV.
Synthesis of the Data
It will be shown in the following Chapter IV.

CHAPTER IV
TRANSLATION OF THE SOURCE TEXT AND THE ANNOTATIONS
Source Text and Target Text

Page Source Text Target Text

Chapter 1 Otaheite

21 |1| The reign of George III will
be distinguished in history by the great
extension and improvement which
geographical knowledge received
under the immediate auspices of this
sovereign.
At a very early period, after his
accession to the throne of these
1 realms, expeditions of discovery were
undertaken, not (as Dr. Hawkesworth
observes) with a view to the
acquisition of treasure, or the extent of
dominion, but for the improvement of
commerce, and the increase and
diffusion of knowledge.
This excellent monarch was
himself no mean proficient in the
science of geography; and it may be
doubted if any one of his subjects, at
the period alluded to was in possession
|1| Pemerintahan George III akan
dikenal dalam sejarah oleh perluasan
dan penyempurnaan pengetahuan ilmu
bumi dengan dukungan penuh raja
sendiri.
Dalam masa yang sangat awal,
setelah kenaikannya ke tahta, beberapa
perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah
penemuan dilakukan, (menurut
pengamatan Dr. Hawkesworth) tidak
untuk memperoleh harta karun, atau
untuk memperluas daerah jajahan,
tetapi untuk meningkatkan
perdagangan, dan untuk memajukan
serta menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan.
Raja ini sangat luar biasa dan
beliau sendiri sangat cakap dalam
pengetahuan ilmu bumi, dan sangat
diragukan kalau ada seorang saja
warga- negaranya pada waktu yang
 10

of so extensive or so well-arranged a dimaksud itu, yang memiliki begitu

cabinet of maps and charts as his was,
or who understood their merits or their
defects so well as he did.
|2| The first expeditions that
were sent forth, after the conclusion of
the war, were those of Byron, Wallis,
and Carteret.
banyak peta dan bagan dan demikian
rapi tersusun dalam almari seperti yang
beliau miliki, atau yang memahami
kelebihan dan kekurangan peta dan
bagan tersebut seperti beliau.
|2| Perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah
pertama yang dilakukan, setelah
perang usai, adalah yang dilakukan
oleh Byron, Wallis, dan Carteret.

In the instructions to the first of Dalam perintahnya kepada para

these commanders it is said, there is komandan pertama ini, dikatakan
reason to believe that lands and islands bahwa ada alasan yang dapat
of great extend, hitherto unvisited by dipercaya bahwa daratan dan pulau
any European power, may be found in yang sangat banyak jumlahnya, yang
the Atlantic Ocean, between the cape sampai saat itu belum dikunjungi oleh
of Good Hope and the Magellanic kekuatan Eropah, mungkin dapat
Strait, within the latitudes convenient ditemukan di Samudera Atlantik di
for navigation, and in climates adapted antara Semenanjung Good Hope dan
to the produce of commodities useful Selat Magellan, pada garis lintang yang
in commerce. nyaman bagi navigasi, dan dalam iklim
yang cocok untuk menghasilkan
barang yang dapat diperdagangkan.
It could not require much Tidak akan membutuhkan
knowledge or consideration to be banyak pengetahuan atau
assured that, between the Cape and the pertimbangan untuk meyakinkan
Strait, climate producing commodities bahwa di antara Semenanjung dan
useful in commerce, with the Selat itu wilayah yang menghasilkan
exception of whales and seals were barang yang dapat diperdagangkan,
likely to be found. kecuali ikan paus serta anjing laut,
kecil kemungkinannya dapat
ditemukan.
The fact was that, among the real Kenyataannya adalah, bahwa di
objects of this and other subsequent antara tujuan yang sebenarnya
voyages, there was one which had pelayaran ini dan pelayaran lain
engaged the attention of certain sesudah itu, terdapat sesuatu yang
philosophers, from the time of the menarik perhatian para ahli filsafat
Spanish navigator, Quiros: this able tertentu, dari masa ahli navigasi
navigator had maintained that a Terra Spanyol, Quiros: ahli mengemudi
Australis incognita must necessarily kapal yang cakap ini berkali-kali
exist, somewhere in the high latitudes mengatakan bahwa pasti ada sebuah
of the southern hemisphere, to daratan tersamar Australia, di suatu
counterbalance the great masses of tempat di garis lintang, jauh di belahan
22 land in those of the northern one, and bumi selatan, untuk mengimbangi
thus maintain a just equipoise of the daratan amat besar yang berada di
globe. belahan bumi utara, sehingga tercapai
keseimbangan yang benar atas bola
 11

bumi
|1/1| While these expedition were |1/1| Ketika berbagai ekspedisi ini
in progress, The Royal Society, in tengah berlangsung, Royal Society,
2 1768, addressed an application to the pada 1768 mengajukan permintaan
king, praying him to appoint a ship of tertulis kepada raja, yang memohon
3 war to convey to the South Seas Mr. agar beliau menunjuk tuan Alexander
Alexander Dalrymple (who had Dalrymple (yang menganut pendapat
adopted the opinion of Quiros), and Quiros), dan beberapa orang lain
certain others, for the main purpose, tertentu membawa sebuah kapal perang
however, of observing the transit of ke Laut Selatan, tetapi terutama untuk
Venus over the suns disc, which was tujuan, mengamati perpindahan Venus
to happen in the year 1769. melewati garis lingkar matahari, yang
akan terjadi pada tahun 1769.
By the kings command, a bark Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapal
of three hundred and seventy tons was layar bertiang tiga berukuran tigaratus
taken up by the Admiralty to perform tujuhpuluh ton digunakan oleh
this service, but, as Mr. Dalrymple was Departemen Angkatan Laut untuk
a civilian , he could not entrusted with melaksanakan tugas ini, namun,
the command of the ship, and on that disebabkan tuan Dalrymple adalah
4 account declined going in her. warga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberi
kepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dan
karena alasan tersebut, ia menolak
berlayar dengan kapal itu.
|2| The command was therefore |2| Oleh karena itu, kepemimpinan
conferred on Lieutenant James Cook, diserahkan kepada Letnan James Cook,
an officer of undoubted ability, and seorang perwira yang kemampuannya
well versed in astronomy and the tidak diragukan, dan yang benar-benar
theory and practice of navigation, with tahu tentang astronomi dan teori serta
whom the Royal Society associated praktek navigasi, yang dikenalkan oleh
Mr. Charles Green, who had long been The Royal Society kepada tuan Charles
assistant to Dr. Bradley, the Green, yang telah lama menjadi asisten
astronomer royal to aid him in the Dr. Bradly, ahli perbintangan kerajaan,
observation of the transit. untuk membantu James Cook dalam
pengamatan perpindahan Venus itu.
Mr. Banks, a private gentleman Tuan Banks, seorang warga
of good fortune, who afterwards biasa yang kaya raya, yang kemudian
became the valuable and distinguished menjadi Presiden Royal Society yang
President of the Royal Society, and terkemuka dan terhormat, serta Dr.
Dr. Solander, a Swedish gentleman of Solander, orang Swedia yang
great acquirements, particularly in berkemampuan tinggi, khususnya
natural history, accompanied dalam ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan dan
Lieutenant Cook on this interesting binatang, menyertai Letnan Cook
voyage. dalam pelayaran menarik ini.
The islands of Marquesas de Pulau Marquesas de Mendoza,
Mendoza, or those of Rotterdam or atau pulau Rotterdam atau Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, were proposed by the diusulkan oleh Royal Society menjadi
Royal Society as proper places for tempat yang layak untuk pemasangan
making the observation. peralatan pengamatan itu.
 12

While fitting out however, Namun ketika sedang memasang

Captain Wallis returned from his
expedition, and strongly recommended
as most suitable for the purpose, Port
Royal Harbour, on an island he had
5 discovered, to which he had given the
name of King Georges Island, and
which has since been known by its
native name, Otaheite or Tahite.
The translated words amounts to 15,000
peralatan untuk pengamatan di tempat
yang diusulkan oleh Royal Society itu,
Kapten Wallis kembali dari
ekspedisinya, dan menyarankan
dengan penuh semangat, bahwa tempat
paling cocok untuk maksud itu adalah
Pelabuhan Port Royal, di pulau yang
ditemukannya, yang diberinya nama
Pulau Raja George, dan yang sejak
saat itu dikenal dengan nama asalnya,
Otaheite atau Tahite.

Analysis and Annotations

During translating the source text, the researcher has found many difficult
problems. However, in this sub chapter, the researcher has taken only 25 items from the
115 data, which are the most difficult problems for him to be annotated. Those 25 items
included in the category of words, phrases, idiomatic expression, clauses, and sentences.
In this journal, the researcher annotates each one in the category.
Words
In this category, there are six to be annotated.
No. The Annotated Words Data Number Page
1. ... her. 05 276
2. ... imagining ... 14 281
3. ... it ... 39 291
4. ... universal ... 84 305
5. ... where ... 111 314
6. ... cookery. 77 304
Annotation 1
SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT
By the kings command, a bark 05 Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapal layar
of three hundred and seventy bertiang tiga berukuran tigaratus tujuh
tons was taken up by the puluh ton digunakan oleh Departemen
Admiralty to perform this Angkatan Laut untuk melaksanakan
service, but, as Mr. Dalrymple tugas ini, namun, karena tuan Dalrymple
was a civilian, he could not adalah warga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberi
entrusted with the command of kepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dan
the ship, and on that account karena alasan tersebut, ia menolak
declined going in her. berlayar dalam kapal itu.

In the sentence above, the word ... her is an object of a clause. It is a personal
pronoun, third person, female. This pronoun refers to a ship. The forms for feminine
pronouns are sometimes used figuratively for things to suggest gentleness, beauty, and
fertility. Feminine pronouns may also be used for nations, ships, machines, cars and
other vehicles to reflect a feeling of affection or familiarity with the object. In
Indonesian, there is a need to use pronouns that refer to non human things, especially in
the scientific writing.
 13

Considering that the source text was not a scientific writing, the translation of the
pronoun must refer to the noun previously mentioned, namely ... kapal itu.
Translation Strategy:
Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness, the role of sociolinguistic and situational
factors, namely ... her. Her referred to the ship which was associated with the feeling
of affection the captain had for his ship. It is translated into ... kapal itu.
Translation Theory:
(1) Frank (1972) mentioned that
The forms for feminine pronouns are sometimes used figuratively for
things to suggest gentleness, beauty, fertility. Feminine pronoun may also
be used for nations, ships, machines, cars and other vehicle to reflect a
feeling of affection, or familiarity with the object. (p. 30)
(2) Hasan Alwi et al. (2003) in the Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia mentioned, that
Karena ada kebutuhan untuk memakai pronomina yang tidak merujuk pada insan,
terutama dalam tulisan ilmiah, maka orang mulai memakai ia (bukan dia dan nya)
untuk merujuk pada sesuatu yang tunggal yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya (p. 256).
The translation of the personal pronoun, third person singular and feminine ... her in
Indonesian will be dia for subject, or dia dan nya for object. However, considering that
this source text is not a scientific writing, the correct translation of that pronoun should
refer to the object previously mentioned. Thus, the word ... her was translated into ...
kapal itu.
Annotation 2
SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT

Here they collected to the 14 Di sini mereka berkumpul sampai

amount of several thousands, beberapa ribu jumlahnya, sambil
imagining themselves at that membayangkan mereka sangat aman
distance to be perfectly safe. pada jarak sejauh itu.

The above sentence comprises a main clause, namely ... they collected to the
amount of several thousands ... and a participial phrase ... imagining themselves at
that distance to be perfectly safe. The participial phrase contains a participle form of a
verb imagine + ing, which in full it should be ... while they imagine ... . So, there are
adding information in the translation, namely the one word ... imagining ... which is
translated into two words ... sambil membayangkan ... .
Translation Strategy:
Pragmatic strategy: adding information, namely the one word ... imagining ... is
translated into two words... sambil membayangkan ... .
Translation Theory:
Nida and Taber (1982) mention that: . . . , there is a tendency for all good
translations to be somewhat longer than the originals. (p. 163).
For example:
The Otaheitans cannot resist pilfering. The translation is Orang Otaheite tak dapat
menahan diri dari perbuatan mencuri. The one word resist in the source text is
translated into three words menahan diri dari [ft31;B32.2].
Therefore, the translation is longer than the original.
Newmark (1986) mentioned that:
 14

A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more

detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than
the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more
specific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for one
nuance of meaning.(p. 39)
Example:
One of the chiefs of the district was the principal mourner, wearing a fantastical dress
[ft37; B35.2]. The translation of this sentence is Seorang dari para kepala suku di
wilayah itu menjadi ketua orang yang berkabung, dia mengenakan pakaian yang
sangat luar biasa aneh. The one word fantastical is rendered into a group of five
words. Thus, there is an over translation.
Phrases
In this category, there are seventeen to be annotated
No. The Annotated Phrases Data Number Page
7 fitting out 6 276
8 with their clubs and paddle in their hands 8 278
9 on which 13 281
10 my princess or rather queen 27 285
11 live wholly on 81 305
12 conscious superiority and habitual 24 284
command
13 the spontaneous product 83 305
14 each bigger than two fists 87 307
15 to his own house 101 311
16 full of expression 65 299
17 on boarding her 91 308
18 unbroken rest 93 309
19 had asked 85 306
20 but took little notice of any thing 35 289
21 being soon alarmed 42 292
22 is their own 104 312
23 of which 92 308
Annotation 7
SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT

While fitting out however, 06 Namun ketika sedang memperlengkapi

Captain Wallis returned from his
expedition, and strongly
recommended as most suitable for
the purpose, Port Royal Harbour,
on an island he had discovered, to
which he had given the name of
King Georges Island, and
which has since been known by
its native name, Otaheite or
Tahite.
dengan sebuah telescope dan peralatan
lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang
diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu,
Kapten Wallis kembali dari ekspedisinya,
dan menyarankan dengan penuh semangat,
bahwa tempat paling cocok untuk maksud
itu adalah Pelabuhan Port Royal, di pulau
yang ditemukannya, yang diberinya nama
Pulau Raja George, dan yang sejak saat
itu dikenal dengan nama asalnya, Otaheite
atau Tahite.
 15

Oxford (2003, p. 525) defined the above idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... as to
equip. It is often followed by with. The bilingual dictionary (Peter Salim, 1991, p.708)
defined the phrase as memperlengkapi. The idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... in the
phrase While fitting out, however ... , should actually sound While they are fitting out
a telescope and other necessary equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society in
order to observe the transit of Venus over the suns disc in 1769 (previous context).
That is why it should be translated into ... namun ketika mereka sedang
memperlengkapi dengan telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat
yang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ..., to make it clearer for the readers.
Translation Strategies:
Pragmatic strategies, (1) altering the level of explicitness, namely from the
implicit ... fitting out ... into an explicit translation ... memperlengkapi dengan sebuah
teleskop dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh The
Royal Society itu ..., (2) adding information, namely a telescope and other necessary
equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society, which was translated into ...
dengan sebuah telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang
diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ... .
Translation Theories:
(1) Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984) mentioned that Information which is
implicit may be understood because of any of three different factors:
..................................................................
among others, information which is already known to both the speaker and the hearer
because of shared previous experience or shared cultural background
(pp. 123-4).
Larson (1984) stated that
In every text that one may want to translate, there will be information
which is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an explicit form in the text itself.
Some information, or meaning, is left implicit because
............................................................
it has already been included elsewhere in the text,
............................................................
However, the implicit information is part of the meaning which is to be
communicated by the translation, because it is part of the meaning intended to
be understood by the original writer. (p. 38)
(2) Nida and Taber (1982) mention that:
. . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than
the originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations are
necessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from one
linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the
resulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163)
- Duff (1984) mentioned that ... a translation may be longer than the original ...
(p. 22).
- Likewise, Newmark (1986) said:
A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more
detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than
the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more
specific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for one
nuance of meaning. (p. 39)
 16

Annotation 8
SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT

Finding no good anchorage at this place, 08 Karena tidak menemukan tempat

the ship proceeded to another part of the
island, where, on one of the boats being
assailed by the Indians in two or three
canoes, with their clubs and paddle in
their hands, Our people, says the
commander, being much pressed, were
obliged to fire, by which one of the
assailants was killed, and another much
wounded.
berlabuh yang baik di tempat ini, kapal
berpindah ke bagian lain pulau, di
tempat itu salah satu perahu diserang
oleh orang Indian dalam dua atau tiga
sampan, dengan pentungan dan
dayung, Orang kami, kata
komandan, karena sangat terdesak,
terpaksa menembak, yang berakibat
salah satu penyerang terbunuh, dan
seorang lainnya terluka parah.

The translation of the phrase ...with their clubs and paddle in their hands ... is
actually ... dengan pentungan dan dayung di tangan mereka ... , but the translator has
translated it into ... dengan pentungan dan dayung ...; There is an omission of the
words ... di tangan mereka ... because ... pentungan dan dayung ... is certainly in their
hands when they assailed a boat. Thus, the translation is shorter than the source text.
Translation Strategy:
Pragmatic strategy, omitting information, namely the words ... di tangan mereka
... was not translated.
Translation Theories:
Nida and Taber (1982) mention that There are quite naturally some expressions
which are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another
(p. 168).
Newmark (1986) also mentioned that Generally, a communicative translation is
likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a
particular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to use more generic,
hold-all terms in difficult passages (p. 39).
Idiomatic Expression
In this category, there is only one to be annotated.
No. The Annotated Idioms Data Number Page

1. to purchase the good graces 50 32

Annotation 24
SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT

But their thirst after iron was
irresistible; Walliss ship was stripped
of all the nails in her by the seamen to
purchase the good graces of the
women, who assembled in crowds on
the shore.
50 Akan tetapi kehausan mereka pada
besi tak dapat ditahan; semua paku
dicopoti dari badan kapal Wallis oleh
para pelaut untuk memikat para
perempuan, yang berkumpul
bergerombol di pantai.
 17

The idiomatic expression good graces in the phrase ... to purchase the good
graces of the women ... means favour or approval. Literally translated, the phrase
means untuk memperoleh persetujuan atau pengesahan para perempuan itu. But this
translation does not fit the context. Therefore, the researcher has translated it non-
idiomatically into ... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... .
Translation Strategy
Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness: the selection of appropriate genre and
type of discourse, namely the idiomatic expression good graces in the phrase ... to
purchase the good graces of the women ... has been translated non-idiomatically into
... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... .
Translation Theory
Duff (1990) in his Principles of Translation said, Idiomatic expressions are
notoriously untranslatable.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If the
expression cannot be directly translated, try the following:
.................................................................
use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation (p. 11).
Clause
In this category, there is only one to be annotated.
No. The Annotated Clause Data Number Page

1. ... which made it necessary to keep constant 99 78

fire night and day ...

Annotation 25
SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT

They soon after this had to encounter 99 Segera setelah ini, mereka mau
tremendous weather off Cape Horn, tidak mau menghadapi cuaca ganas
storms and wind, with hail and sleet, di lepas pantai Cape Horn, badai
which made it necessary to keep dan angin, dengan hujan es dan
constant fire night and day; and one of hujan salju, yang membuatnya
the watch always attended to dry the perlu untuk tetap menyalakan api
peoples wet clothes. siang dan malam; dan menyuruh
salah satu penjaga mengurusi
pengeringan pakaian basah para
awak kapal.

The clause ...which made it necessary ... is translated literally into ... yang
mana membuatnya perlu ... . According to the use of Bahasa Indonesia ... yang mana
... cannot be used (Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.), (2003). That is why the translation
becomes ... yang membuatnya perlu ... .
Translation Strategy:
Syntactic strategy: changing sentence structure, namely, the structure ... yang
mana membuatnya perlu ... becomes only ... yang membuatnya perlu ... as the
translation of ... which made it necessary ... .
Translation Theory:
Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.) (2003) explained on the use of yang mana as follows:
 18

Bentuk yang mana sering digunakan alih-alih bentuk yang. Contohnya

seperti berikut ini:
(1) Peminjam akan dikenai denda untuk buku yang mana tidak dikembalikan
setelah dua minggu masa pinjam. Penggunaan bentuk yang mana semacam itu
salah.
Kalimat yang benar untuk mengungkapkan hal itu adalah seperti berikut:
(2) Peminjam akan dikenai denda untuk buku yang tidak dikembalikan
setelah dua minggu masa pinjam.
Jadi, di sini kita hanya menghilangkan kata mana dan cukup
menggunakan kata yang (pp. 54-5).
Synthesis (composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole)
Based on the analysis of the selected data, it appears that a categorization of the
twenty-five annotated items can be made: six (6) of them are in the form of words;
seventeen (17) in the form of phrases, one (1) in the form of idiomatic expression, one
(1) in the form of clause; but there is no form of sentence available.
The following table shows the categories of the data and the quantity of each category,
both in numbers and percentage of the annotated items.
Numbers of
No. Categories Percentage (%)
Annotated Items
1. Words 6 24
2. Phrases 17 68
3. Idiomatic Expression 1 4
4. Clause 1 4
5. Sentence N/A N/A

Total Annotations 25 100 %

This pie chart is made in order to give a clear view for the readers.

Words
Phrases
Idiomatic Expression
Clause
Sentences

Pie Chart: Result of the Annotations

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Discussion
 19

There are three relevant researches used as the standard of comparison in this
study namely those of Suratni (2008), of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo
(2009), and of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009).
The first relevant study is Suratnis Annotated Translation of a novel by Suprina
Frazier titled My Lover My Friend. In doing her study, she discovered problems, among
others: (1) Difficulties encountered during the process of translating My Lover My
Friend into Indonesian, and (2) The intricacies she had to face in doing the translation
and annotation. The purposes of her study were: [1] to attain factual information
concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; and [2] to
give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated translation, the
researcher answered the questions that emerged in the introspective and retrospective
analysis. In this study, she applied relevant theories and principles of translation,
theories of English and Indonesian languages. The strategies used in her study are
mostly proposed by Williams and Chesterman (2002) as advocated in their book The
Map: a Beginners Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. These strategies
were supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974), Mona Baker (1997) and
Larson (1984). Considering that the nature of her study was analysis, the researcher
employed an introspective and retrospective method suggested by Williams and
Chesterman in the annotating both source text and target text during the translation. An
introspective method she applied is an activity of looking into the translators own
feelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. It means that when she
faced problems in translating certain words/phrases/idioms /clauses/sentences then she
wrote the difficulties and the solutions she had in her annotations. A retrospective
method she used is an activity in investigating the mental processes through the
researchers original memory immediately after she conducted a translation. She
accounted for the outcome of her study in two respects. First, she revealed that from the
twenty-five most difficult problems she faced, six were in the form of words, seven
were phrases, two were idioms, four were clauses, and six were sentences. Her
annotations indicated that during the course of translation, she had difficulties with
them. Second, she solved those difficulties by employing the relevant theories of
translation and the theories of English and Indonesian languages.
The second relevant study is the work of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe
Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan conducted in 2009. Their study
has a topic Multilingual Translation via Annotated Hub Language. This study was
carried out due to the worldwide expansion of the internet and multilingual machine
translation systems that are more in demand than ever before. However, what has been
developed is only the translation engine that translates English into another language or
another language into English, as the developing of all translation engines including
ones such as Spanish-to-Chinese, or Japanese-to-Italian is extremely difficult. This
nave hub model has two fundamental problems, information loss and error
accumulation. However, the hub language approach allows translation between non-
English languages by making use of the existing English-related translation engines.
The result of this approach requires a much less labour than designing and
implementing all of the translation engines independently. Another advantageous point
is that any enhancement of a translation engine, it can be shared by all of the translation
systems which use the same engine.
To overcome this problem, the two researchers applied the annotated hub language
method, which has the same coverage as the nave hub method because the annotation
 20

solves the two problems. The English language remains the focal point. The any-to-
any translation system is conducted by using annotated English as the hub language.
The key feature of this method is to annotate the English sentences in order to solve the
problems in the hub language approach. The annotation is represented by using the
Linguistic Annotation Language.
The result of their research is the hub language approach that allows translation
between non-English languages by making use of the existing English-related
translation engines.
The third relevant study is that of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the
Computer Science Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland. They
presented the work that originates from the development of the commercial, wide-scale
machine translation (MT) system.
Its market name is English Translator (shorten further to ET.). The system was
planned from its very beginning to be fully automated and was designated for wide-
market. Naturally, the work presented has more technical than scientific character and is
primarily performance oriented. However, some experimental techniques were applied
and some data sets were created in the construction of the system so that it makes the
subject different from the mere technical features. During the construction of the
system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be created. A number of
software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the data set. The data sets
cover a significant amount of the real language. ET has the typical architecture of an
MT system based on transfer. It needs the linguistic data sets. It has to be created
especially for the needs of the ET, although there is a chance for the utilization of some
existing morpho-syntactic dictionary of Polish. All other data set had been simply non-
available in the time of the work on system had started. The resource consuming
process of fully annotated corpus creation is still in the experimental phase. The
researchers foresaw that the expectation would not fully been met, anyway, they are still
convinced that the methods of Machine Learning can be very useful in the construction
of the MT systems in the future. Further development was planned as the following:
The monolingual dictionary will be enlarged by new words, especially specialized ones
and the inflection will be corrected if any errors will be encountered. New derivation
links is also added. Bilingual dictionaries will be enlarged, especially by specialized
words and various phrases. Sub categorization dictionary is planned to cover all verbs
from monolingual dictionary. The English corpus will be further adapted to the
dictionary, parsing methods and the Polish one - enlarged and attempted to be utilized
especially in a tagging phase of the translation process.
There are similarities among these four studies the researchers and the
pertinent ones referred to first, the parallel experimental technical works being
developed in Japan and Poland, the similarity of the studies conducted scientifically in
Indonesia, and annotation is involved in these all studies.
Conclusion
This study has solved the problems encountered when the researcher translated
the English into Indonesian. The finding revealed that the hardest problems to solve are
twenty-five items in the aspect of grammar. Those twenty-five items are in the form of
seven words, seventeen phrases, and one idiomatic expression; there is no clause and no
sentence available. The theories used in solving the problems comprise theories of
translation, English and Indonesian. The difficulty encountered in the course of
 21

translating has been dealt with the relevant theories obtained during the researcher was
studying in the class.
Recommendation
Due to the weakness of this study, the researcher strongly suggests that
prospective researchers who intend to conduct a similar study are advisably encouraged
to render the entire book so that it might be more annotations are produced. The
researcher uses English as the source text and has translated it into Indonesian. For the
next researchers, it is recommended that they also make a study of annotated translation
from Indonesian into English.

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 22

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