Causality and teleology in the fight for science

"" Dit. Adler, nn

Sepanttbdnick on the "Marx-Studiena * S I. Btnd.

WIEN 1904.

On the occasion of the Triennial Treaty, Ifftat Bnnd

Unea, VI., OvtopMidarftfitnnB 18

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Table of Contents.

page

Introduction. On the relation of the theory of knowledge with modern soiia-

As a result of science 3

I. The subject of the dispute

N. Provisional definition of the concept of spiritual sciences ... 21

III. A brief outline of the development of the humanities'

Scientific basis 23

IV. The origin of the dispute 38

V. First Development of the Teleological Attachment: Explication of their

Positions 42

VL From the logical concept of science 5a

Theoretical turn of the conflict

VIII. Second development of the teleological attack; Critical cognition

Justification for the same

IX. Intermediate remarks: value and importance of a philosophical dispute

X. I'ixing the disputes 93

XI. Marx 's Relation to Critical Criticism

XII. The Provenance of the Purpose. . 133

XIII. "Should" or "must" as a character of the necessity of thought. . . 142

XIV. Of "consciousness at all"

XV. The transcendental character of the social experience

XVI. True and False no analogues to good and evil

XVII. Metaphysics or knowledge theory? 20S

XVIII. The logical conscience

XIX. The Special Dignity of Nature Recognition

XX. The delimitation of so - called spiritual sciences

238

Dr. Max Adler, causality, and teleology, are about science

Introduction.

On the conquest of the theory of knowledge

Modern sociallism as a result of the

science
Perhaps the time is not far away, in which it is unnecessarily
Will seem to advance a word of justification that
A work the content of which is essentially devoted to the religious and the religious
Methodological discussion, within the framework of a collection
Of "Marx Studies", that is, of essays which
To the scientific basis,
The modern economic socialism, as they are described by
The work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
have been. Today one must probably still expect that
Such a composition may be a bit of a surprise
And, indeed, to a distant past
could. And this especially with the yttigen, who are accustomed to a
To judge the matter at the first step
Not always the least of a judgment
Must be. At the same time, it is one of the main points of the
For this investigation, such a prejudice as dangerous and
To repent. To achieve this purpose too
The following preliminary remarks are permitted
I hopes that that should, once even scientific work
Without any prejudice, perhaps quite unlikely, but rather more
A favorable mood for the project of this paper.
Wake up. Is only that prejudice, which is due to all
Judgment or even interferes with it
The pure barren in the tree of the r-

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Dr. Max Adler

Knowledge On the other hand, hardly a doctrine ever becomes true

Or even only to recognize their error,
Which does not previously have a receptive mood like a
Favorable prejudice. By doing this in this way
An interested work-friendliness all new, yes perhaps even
Alien elements of the perception which they
With all the strength of the receiving per-
The amalgamation of their intellectual stock
It is now most clearly evident where this is impossible, and therefore on
One way or the other may mislead the cognition.
Thus it is by no means a crime of majesty on the sublime
Character of scientific work, to admit of it that
Also in the inaccessible amount of the duty made to her
Objective thinking does not want to miss the whirling ray,
The sun of an emotional disposition that
Her heavy work. Only in abstraction
Can be the scientific thinking of the most lifelike, all-round
The individual humanity,
In whose work alone the knowledge of its existence and historical
Development. And if it is certainly true that
Thus also with the fundamental lack of condition of all
Genuine scientific work we never do without the advance-
Of our personality
The discipline of the prejudices of the
The empirical condition of an undisturbed and critically
Scientific thinking
Of all the dogmatic feats of power.
Point to absolute freedom and, on the other hand,
Its inner harmony to each newly sounded sound.
Sound. The more gih this is probably when it is chief
Is not a new tone which, as in this study,
But it is that tremendous chord of the
Kritisdtiea philosophy Immanuel Kants is, who has been since
For a long time, the human mind was always richer
Always striving to grasp this most deeply. A stimulus-
Which are here satisfied or self - centered with their already
Achieved scientific results
That is to say, it is quite simply free for everyone
Think dangerous and repulsive.

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KranlitKI aad Tdeologle in the fight for the Witsantdimft

5
However, this is contrary to epistemological theory
Discussions still beaonden in the scientific field
The socialisninsy, because the vital nerve is the most important
Developmental thinking and thus also of any real
Science kills: the radical "that means that up to the
Basics of knowledge. Goade because by the
Marxism, the possibility of one of the natural
Like the precise treatment of social phenomena
Because this teaching makes it possible that
Within the framework of their system of the methods of natural knowledge
Educated concept of science in spite of its several times as deviant
Recognized internal bespoke facility glcdchwohi principle to the first-
To the spiritual-social life.
Can be used, it is precisely for this reason that Marxism can
At least to avoid criticism which would
Itself, which is thus concerned with the possibility and the
The validity of scientific knowledge.

But icnes prejudice is also obnoxious because it is against

Its own power, because it misunderstands how the Marxist geo-
World itself in a splendid,
Critical critical process from the Hegelschn Speku-
Lation. Thinking about thinking
Its scope and validity, and its striving, clarity
To win over the actual science of their science
Power and its limitations, which in our days with so
Elementary power precisely from the studies of exact naturalists
On all sides (jini, a new epoch of knowledge theory).
Was also the keyword for the intellectual struggle of Karl Marx.
"Reform of consciousness", "self-understanding (critical
Philosophy) of the time about their struggles and desires, "which were
The leading stars, followed by Karl Marx in association with Friedrich
Engels in the "German-French Yearbooks" his critical
Work began. This reform of consciousness "not by dogma,
But through the analysis of the mystical, self-evident
Consciousness *, *) as he first expressed in the overwhelming trans *

(I) Ver. "From the literary NacWass of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
And Ferdinand Las "all." Edited by F. Mehring, btaUgart 1902: I.Band,
S 3e3.

*) Vergl. CImL, p. 383.

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Dr. Max Adler

Aducot prosecutor of the Phlecphysis, and later

In the doctrine which is also not yet a tidy on the earth
Fire Tower Tom * ment essence * deprived; Delivered the
Of the real, peculiar
Tied people, who only do this in this connection
To develop, to fight itself, and even to fight its own
As a condition of knowledge of social science. How much
This systematic realization, which in its further development
To the materialist upholding of history and thus to a
The foundation of Marxism, a result of methodo *
Logically "critical work on contemporary philosophy was"
We know this not only of Marx himself, which is clearly allowed
The importance of the transformation of dialecti-
Method for his honor. Much more detailed yet
We learn this from the mouths of his fellow - worker, Engels, who in
A recent essay from the year iSSgV)
When discussing Marx's recent publication
"Towards the Critique of Political Economy"
That the new the-
The basis of socialism in the thinking of its Creator
By a criterion of that method
In which, until then, the most important social theories
The Hegelian Di-
Lektik.-) This method had already been distinguished from the standpujikic of the "pure"
Thought "of the results of social historical knowledge
She was, in spite of her metaphysics, with the "enormous histo-
Meaning "was compatible with Hegel, so there had to be more in it than"
Sophistry and hair-splitting. "It was thus, its core straight
In application of the historiadie L '
So freed from the mysticisms of Hegelian philosophy,
To acquire the instrument of knowledge itself, which "Hegels
Real discoveries ** in this field. And
Engels arrives at a statement which is necessary for understanding
Ton Karl Mant as a conscious pathbreaker of social theory
To a new, peculiar development, and not merely as a thinker,
Which, as recent times, voices have become loud, only

, FFriedrich Engels on Karl Marx. "Communicated by Max Nettlan to the

"Social Contracts". 1900, IV, p. 388!
*) bd., Pp.

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Kausalitit and Teleolosi In the Streets around the Isis of Wisase 7

In front of him ready-to-fly, had "Hoch-

It is as follows: "The cultivation of the Me"
The Marxian criticism of the political odculia,
We hold for a result that is hardly significant in the material
The basic idea is not the same
To confuse the whole authority of this proposition
May be possible, when it becomes clearer, in which intimate
This is indeed the fact that the man's playing of the Manches
Method with a recognition-theoretical foundation of social-
Science. For the time being, it is sufficient, from the mouth
Not only to be hunted, but to be aware of the new
The foundation of the social partnership at its first verde
In a completely dubious language, but also at the same time
How this foundation is used in a methodological-
Critical work is done.

Thus it was a piece of critique of knowledge

Recognizing the Marxism method and systematic insight
Has delivered a criticism that no fortress unspoiled in the back
But their results were obtained by looking up and
Fighting the opponent. This has remained so.
Only "in the more recent times, which now also
Might be a certain anti - philosophical move
Had gained him power, which would probably still be him from days
In the masses of his followers with the natural-
Scientific materialism of the Seventies and Ai: eriabre
Of the TQ century. in-
Consequently, it seemed as if Marxism was not willing
The philosophical and critical aspects of the
With the social theoric
To be granted, as though it was often
Of the theory of knowledge,

') Ibid., P. 44.

This, however, is only so far as it is from the point of view of Marxism

Was possible, who wanted to establish a science for all, and that was why
Cognitive linguistics of the orthem of the form wiMr dfeaea Iffdfhodologie,
It is true that this is the case. Tdier of the eyes,

By the historically peculiarly contingent, especially by the Hegelian

Speculation, the philosophical miliems of Marxism are a direct

Of the epistemology problem in the sense of Kant,
See later chapter XI.

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8th

Dr. Max Adl

What he himself as an anguish. Alieui within the own

The critical weapon with all precision
This field itself, the claimed scientific value of its one-
The Atiiscbility chain of his at the leading end of the Kansalitilt
Not only for
Assured sni hold, but perhaps even the eyes red the
To solve the problems which the allendudboi
The work of great thinkers, would not be
Barren contradiction? If this does not spoil your own weapon, do it
From a defense in the proudest struggle of the spirits
A makeshift tool for right and bad house-
use? All the remaining sharpness would then
Truly only serve to shape our own thinking formally.
Cut off from the great spiritual movement of philosophy, which
No longer has the extravagant wish, the all in thought
To penetrate, but for this reason their greatest spiritual power
To get to know the limits of possible knowledge.

Thus the modern social theory sees its original

In Marxism, as well as through the powerful one-
Of science, which, as a scientific ideal
Was always exemplary, in the same direction with its modern
Development, namely the theory and criticism of the
Knowledge through which it is created and carried,
Then to the methodology, from there for her works those
Safe course of investigations and self-assurance
Their prerequisites and methods to win that so far
By the exclusion of a conscious connection; with these
Fundamental critical disciplines.

But there is another. You often have it already

With regret, how much scientific work
The present because of the constant duplication of their tasks
And of the immeasurable growing wealth of their material
Is more and more specialized, and has a lot to do
On the dangers of this specialization. Alone
It should not be overlooked how these particular
Runii, as soon as you just do not get the things from the closest facial-
Circle of any specialist, the unity of the whole
It is a more intimate, because a thousandfold interwoven
has become. If August ConiLc had already

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Conflict, and Teleolosia in the Streite nm

The cohesion of all sciences in its linear form

The arrangement in a hierarchy clearly becomes consciousness
It was still necessary to improve this insight.
That the actual context of the knowledge-
Not in accordance with a logical scheme
Direction in which the more abstract and simpler
Which is less abstract and more complete, but,
That he em ailscitiper. Mutually supportive and encouraging
Is. ^ The physiologist and biologist, though, preferably work with

>) Vergl. Wilhelm Wnndt, On the Undertaking,

Philosophical Studies, v. Jahrgangf, 1889, p. 31. - This correct knowledge

Must not, however, be contrasted with the problem of classification

And to call for a strict concept of science itself,
Can be used. Where that pushed - and such, itself uncommonly critical
Dnkende, in truth, however, heilios confused views are unfortunately not rare -
This is the reason why, in the case of the dif- ferences,
Not only in their various fields of specialization, but
With all other mental and mental powers, every divorce only a flowing,
Relatively legitimate and the problern of a strict division of the sciences, such as
Even that of a strict determination of the concept of science itself, only by
A modification of the character of the wilderndiaittiche Atbett is possible
be. However, since dietoe so hochmtttlg abgegenrtete start a main task of the following
Which is the work to be done, let us here draw attention to the easily discovered error of a
This view. The actual interlacing of the knowledge-
Subjectively with the whole actuality of personal life, objectively with the
In a period of which we discussed above,
Is a historico-psychological phenomenon, the question however, after the
Division of the sciences, and the necessary advance-
The determination of science itself is a logi - ness et is ch es l'roblein. Those
Is not the task of a history of the knowledge-
Or a psychological investigation of their working methods. On the other hand
Can you be a logical-scientific problem of science only in a most conscientious manner?
By means of which the elements constituting them are derived from the
The entire activity of our spiritual life. And
Likewise separates itself from the logical point of view in unchanging sharpness
The territory of each individual thus recognized as conceptually peculiar
. Discipline of that of others, however much they are in the factories not only
But may not be anonymous
can. The Untitcheidong of this logical (theoretical) concept of the
Science of the practical of the concrete scientific
Work will have to be legitimated in our treatise as fundamental,
If it may be shown in the state that only the
The value and the task of science were put to an end
can be.

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10

Dr. Max Adler

The results of physics and chemistry on its peculiar

Territories, without, however, being able to disprove the points of reference which are to
him
The psychology and the historical sciences. Of the
Physicists and au; The chemist both utilize the
Calculus of the mathematician, but the vigor of her v ^ -rc-st-
Leading stimulus the physiological and psychological
Investigations. * Psychology and the various psychology
The social sciences also rely on the
They are the result of the naming contexts, when they are interrelated
And in return for those often
Which has a transforming effect. To have only one face-
Point: does not the whole modern development
The theory of the natural sciences with the sphere of the spiritual
Life, as for all those of development
Self-sufficiency, self-adjustment, self-determination, self-determination, etc.?
They all, however, use the mediods, which are one for their part
The progress of the individual sciences
Logic to them as a separate object of their own investigation
Now, with greater or lesser consciousness
Expansion of their systems. By finally not taking a step,
Without moving in terms and assumptions which
Only the theory of knowledge can be used as a guide
Theoretical work, even where it leads to recent practical
Gave in the most ordinary life of the day, with the
Most seemingly quite remote from all practical interests
Problems of Philosophy. How could it be so
For one of these so intimately connected
The great network of our theoretical knowledge,
Truly remain indifferent to what in any of its node-
Points more firmly or no longer wants to hold?

It is no different with the scientific division of labor

"" Analysis of the Sensations ", 3rd edition, 19o8, page V:

"The deep knowledge of the laws of physics and physics,
Particular the ntdlten large enlightenment over their bases from the
Biology, and rwfir from the analysis of sense-sense,
I have been repeatedly led to this area. "- Here too, remember
To the basic observation of Robert Mayers But the hdlere coloring of the
VeniSwm Blntes in the tropics, VergL. Alois Riehl: "Robert Bfayeis Discovered
And proof of the principle of energy "in the philosophical treatises
Sigwart's 70th birthday ^, Tbingen t90CS page 163.

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II

As with the economic shifts in the production process. Like this

Every unit into which it is divided, only meaning and
For the whole, to which the production
Process, each of them has, in its special
Sation
Individual aspiration is not in itself reason and purpose, but
Both as a means of producing the great connexion
Of human knowledge. And as in the economic pro-
Production processes none of the lim composing activities
If the whole work is to come into being, it can be done
May still be so strange, incomprehensible to the uninformed,
Indeed mandinial, do not seem to belong to the matter at all
In the realm of mental cognition
No 'chtei Ptoblem {you do not blow about as a sham-
Perpetually sneezing, and sinking into barren waters)
It may still seem "impractical", as is the case
The solution of which is, for the last time, almost unaffected
The most precise and practical fields of investigation, no,
Radezu for this crucial wire. Dairon will be the yor-
If there is sufficient work to be done,
In the course of its explanation, will show how the specific
Character of science, including social science, and
So that it may be cut down into our ordinary judgments
On the basis of their statements on objec-
Tity, and certainty have not even come off the question
The transcendence of the environment and the true meaning of the
Tiel, and even more, "thing-in-itself."
.

The so complete from the highest point of thought

Into the broad base of its villous streams into the
Daily life pulling connection of the thought work does however
At once the necessity of intercultural understanding
Especially for the humanities and social sciences at one of the
Most important points in a new light. It is not
More, this intimate intertwining of everything
Directed thinking alone, which causes the scientific
Do not work on any of their prob- lems! C.
Together with the whole of knowledge
They did not soon find, where they believed, for themselves

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13

Dr. Max Adler

The best thing to come home, at first sight

To be confused and disarmed by the set of respects,
Standpoints and doubts, which are outside their range
Have opened. No longer, therefore, this theoretical life-
Interests, but also, and especially, the practical
Men, which all science as a
Pioneer, they are the ones who seem to be the most remote
Mental regions with the sphere of the full, real life-
Interest, the purpose-conscious, meuiodischca Ilaui-lclas:
Quite to the scorn of those short - sighted people, who continue the
Appeal to the "only-practical" in the mouth and thus
Only document how impractical they themselves are for the
As well as any deeper
Critical critical spirit. This practical practical study,
Interpretation of all the theories of the theory of knowledge is not at all
To be misunderstood if one remembers in the eye that it is their yorzOg '
Is the specific task of science
To ensure the science but again it is through which
We are talking about the spacidities and signs of
Of our existence
To bring What science does for the practical natural reproduction
Has taught the great development of the industrial sector
Technology itself to the stamp & ten viewer. A similar performance
The humanities and social sciences also for the so-called "
A science-based policy, the dream is all den-
Kens superhuman things since the days of Plato. If we
Will now see how straight through this direction
Karl Marx's ideas on the subject
Leading strivings into a powerful force, the
To the crstenmale really a policy through scientific one-
In its principal direction and objectives.
The critical importance of the critical importance of the indifference
Question about the nature of scientific knowledge in
The most glaring dexterity before the eyes and it becomes unmanageable,
Which is fundamental importance of the secured concept of
Science is gaining practicality for everything. Far
Removed, perhaps to surmise science, much-
More in the clear consciousness that they, as shown later
The whole reality of life.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

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Is so strong that it is the most powerful

Means for the safe management and control of the outer life-
Course. And so it can be no different than that, as already
Formerly for the Xaturv, and now also for the spiritual and spiritual
Social science is the cause of the self-consciousness with which the
As a completely self-evident,
The most difficult problem would be what he meant to them
And how far past the goal of safe influencing the
Practice, which one expects from him. Unncherhett Uber
The question must be answered at the very spot where
The theory of the Prazii has always been fought on the meiaten
In the consideration of the social phenomena and the history-
Becoming. That is why it was also consistent "when the first in
Individual points against the teachings of Ton Karl Marx
And then to a revision of the foundations of the Mandsmus- ten-
Ding criticism by Eduard Bernstein, since it nevertheless nevertheless
To clarify their own prerequisites critically
Hence the lack of precision of some of their positions
- many errors of the system they criticized
Muscat, schliodidi in a sketched peninsula of Zwetfd at the
Tion of a genuine social practice such as
His lecture: "How is knowledgeable socialism possible?"
Has been expressed.

It does not pretend that we have the name here

Ed. Bernstein's name and thus the still fresh memory of
The lengthy struggle within Marxism,
Whose reawakening no one will wish for. No
Doubt that many of the questions he
And that there is no such thing as respect
Political body can speak the decisive word.
No doubt, however, that the Social Democratic Party with
She could breathe a sigh of relief when she had succeeded. Through their poli-
Strength and unity of this discussion.
For as soon as the deputies so thoroughly dealt with, as did all
Revisions, which were introduced against Marxism,
In particular the alleged need for the inclusion of a
Idealistic moment in the materialistic view of history,
The designation of the dialectic as a dangerous, logical- construc-
The theory of the theory, the criticism of the so-called "

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Dn Max Adier

And "economic necessity of the development"

And others, in their proofs
Appeared, whether and which precise views on certain
On the other hand, all the members of the Committee are to be found
It also had to be clear that the way of the
In countless individual questions, lost the great "Bernstein Debatre"
It was impossible to arrive at any results.
These basic principles therefore had to be
To make a difference
To acquire what may be set aside as: Knowledge
Shank and puddle, regularity at all and nature-
In particular, historical and social laws, necessity,
Freedom and Zufdl, Mcdianism and teleology, development,
Conscious purpose, value etc. Whoever is only a few
The scientific discussion in both the Bernstein-
As well as in the social sciences
Ever followed, would not mind that it is always the same
Which are not unambiguous.
The dispute is continually being ignited, so that
All the tone the one to which he went, to these
Fundamentalsproblems! Likewise, the
Reristonism with its individual exeptions first within
Of the system of Marxism the structure of his teachings on no one
Points basically shaken; Indeed, this unsystema-
And, in many cases, purely empirical discourse, a word Ed.
Bernstein himself, which he once gave in a very correct insight
English critic of the German Social Democracy, without
To be sure, to be sure of his own future direction
For the most part wrote their verdict, namely, that the Marxists
Theory does not collapse long when the actual
Development of things in individual points is not accurate
With the consequences which Marx derives from his own
Material pulled. Its essential content is thereby
But rather in no way touched. "'J But he has
The urgent need made possible, the uncertainties,
Duplicate, even possible contradictions in the approval and
Continuing his views from there, from where

'). ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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CATALOG AND TELEOLOGY IN THE STREAM OF THE WINE

Have their origin: apart from the lack of precision of the

Basic concept.

Thus it is not merely the powerful epistemological theory

And methodological flow in the field of modern
Science and philosophy, combined with the same
The so - called "spiritual sciences", which
Making Marxism impossible, even longer in a way
Naive positivism, all these investigations are easy to do
Or even for itself as superfluous. Ks is rather
The desire for clarification in our own camp,
To be freed from a plethora of annoying misunderstandings,
Often by the appearance of strict consistency
The most personal followers - in short, it is the own theo-
Retentive nozzle interest of Marxism, which leads to a knowledge-
Theoretical and methodological treatment of these terms and
Intuitions, which is a system of social science
Are appropriate.

That these arbcic lushcr to the rastest part outside our

And that in this effort it is much better
Critical investigations came to the field, with great sharpness
The thought and unity of the argumentation.
The same concepts, the possibility of social science
And thus also form the basis of Marxism
Their suitability for such a task in the most urgent
It was, in my opinion, what the theoretical
Background for the so-called "crisis of Marxism". I
Considers that it is no coincidence that the first re-
Visions articles Ed. Bernstein's time in the "New Age"
The epoch-making book Rud. Stammler Economy and Business
Law ", with which the conscious knowledge
Retrospective coverage of the problems of Marxism in particular,
Theory in general
Their first systematic advance into the field of social
Tions. And who then had eight, like the problems
Ed. Bernstein more and more into critical doubts about the

'} Rud. Stammler "" Wimchaft und Recht "of the materialikUscheu GeschichUt-
Ftuffassong ^^ appeared in the winter of 1895/96, Ed. Bernstein's first problem article
Fall into the autumn of 1896, the second, the second
Series of the same icebones in the spring of 1898.

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Dr. Max Adler

Relationship of necessity and willing, natural and moral

Need, science, and practice, who liked
Easily overlook the numerous threads that go to them, perhaps
Less by a direct influence than in the manner of a
Psychic endosmosis just from the fullness of the in the area of the
Critical philosophy, the neo - Kantian ethical movement, the
Methods in the national economy and social-
Rical literature. So
The "crisis of Marxism" was essentially nothing more than that
Igniting and balancing-and putting two high-
Taut, and almost entirely isolated, intellectual masses
Theoretical system on the one hand and a critical problem
On the other hand, in their tumultuous encounter, of course, the first
Veiuuttki'i., Ac hard luitgcMoumi cn, had to be, wunuirch him
But never the great merit to be daubed, just this
Intermediary. What as a danger to Marxism
Has become a fountain for him.
True to the highest basic theoretical foundation, the
Still much too little dialectic, is just the intellec '
Tual unpleasure, with waking one on the other the end of the revisioni-
Striving for the spring spring
Interest has been brought on by the causes of this
And, as soon as the evil had been recognized,
A spike seemed to remove it * At the same time, however, this left
See us as all the theoretical rush, that
A time long was so threatening, so that together,
Where so long as the name of Marx and Engels unknown
Their teachings had penetrated, thought connections
Timely; Transformations, contradiction; short,
Most vigorous life, which, like all young life,
The producer's room of life, whether it was long
Not out of his leadership. Clarification and self-
Reflection inside, advancing spreading
Its influence, growing theoretical attention,
If also hostility from outside - that was the
"The crisis of Marxism" which, with its end and
Fali has just as much resemblance as the opening of the
Seed from the decaying seed. That Marxism now
First, the entire wealth of set-

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Points after having entered the river of the whole spiritual

Development, is a further development of all his
Trailers. For this reason, however,
Of these abstract-theoretical efforts also within
Of the region, which we here justify
have.

So perhaps hope is given to the fact that debates,

Which, vr.c, for the time being, forbade them to refer to the [
Of Marxism, but only in view of this
In order to free up the space on which one
Undisturbed work on their critical exposition and development
Is just as necessary as being valid
Should. Of course I mean that only from the direction
Of these discussions, and not of their present
Content, whose incomprehensibility is fully aware of myself. Unfortunately
This lack, apart from the power of his own strength,
Not to do so, without the merely as an orientational introduction
Would have had to swell.
In the first place, too, there was only one fundamental point of view
The i'etitized flage n the Wisdom of the so-called spirituality
The sciences of knowledge,
Can not be won. The whole complex of many other
With concomitant problems, how much he often gets here
Already for discussion, to propose special following works before "
Remain.

I.
The object of the dispute.

"The Srreit is the father of all things." - It seems that

This word of the dark philosopher of the spiritual consciousness
Still in a quite different sense from what he had otherwise taught
becomes. Which confusing diversity, in part,
Barer things has not just here the dispute of the opinions henror-

1) the act is so far only as a movement within philosophy

To ascertain the empiricist and methodological criteria for the
Social science now also in the economic and juridical
PaeUcrebe Torgedningeii. Comp. "Dr. W. Ed. Bictiii iio, Wilhelm Wandt, and the
Logic of the SosislwiiteitMiutlt * ^ in Conindi, Sequence, 15th volume (1903),
Page soff.

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Dr. Max Adler

And, above all, what does not exist at all

Had already been disputed, what possible view of being
And from the method of the human sciences,
Which would have remained untried here! It is sincere. How far
Area of knowledge, whether it is at all
From which natural science is separate, disputed theirs
Classification, highly disputed their method, and no wonder therefore,
That even through the name no agreement can be reached, the
This problematieche & Wiwensgebieten darkened enough
(*) What is the degree of appropriateness to them, whether
Compulsion of Effolgena in the sense of an inexorable Natumotwen *
Or blotaerRhythmua dea Geecfaehena, a mild rule-
Which also appoints an apprentice
Are strings of sound. Ab : this is what rolls
As well as the entire abysmal problem
: What is the importance of human freedom,
Whether it is merely illusion ai, and which Plata, if its
Reactivi can then be shown in the works of the Geiateswiasen "
Shafts. Yes, lastly, the
Skeptical Gnindfrsge, who has always had all the nutical doubts
The possibility of the so-called spiritual sciences again and again
Recourse, whether man's doing and handi, since it is everywhere
Based on his will, and this in the act of experiencing
Must necessarily always free itself, at all into a law
Science?

And this, and many other equally problematic ones

The question arises, but there is often no quarreling
A fixed view of it from another as well
In himself, fought, but the one here and there somehow
A problem for himself and so to solve tries, unknown
How and whether this solution is integrated into the whole of a
Spiritual sciences

"" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ""

Page 6.

1). Ed. Bernstein, "The core of the conflict"

"" My brethren trust the fact
Of the
meningiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

To scientifically predetermine historical developments. "

Aehiilicli in his lecture: "How is scientific socialism possible?"

Pages 21 to 22, and earlier, "Socialist Monthly Quotes", IV (1900), pages 7 to 8.

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Causation and Teleology In the struggle for science

'9

Love It should not be misunderstood "that in all these often long-

Ivy and passionate problem struggles, such as
In the diaconation on the subject and the surrender of the statuary "Ober daa
The law of the large numbers, and the deeds of the moral-
Scstisiik n, sw, much TV * ertvoUe sosialwiasenschaMiche Blaxel *
EtlEenntnia mtege has been promoted,
Our days in front of the national economy
And the ever-changing groundwork of a
New social philosophy
Allowed. The dispute was here also the father of all things;
But that at any rate he found every insight found equal, and with the
Best glow in question, and what he could do in this way
KadoL had yet revealed, besides the sparse truths,
These countless resurrections of old, already long-rebuffed
Errors, these new and ever-
Shifts - just think, for example, of all thinking
Restless mobility of such indispensable phrases, such as
Freedom and necessity, motivation and fatigue etc. - this
All together that made you feel with only one feeling
Great discomfort and deepest sorrow to a field of knowledge
Thinking, on which a more than iSo-yearly conscious work
Of the most comprehensive minds should no longer have been the greatest
Multiplicity of all confused and definite contest
Of all clear views.

However, it is not to be overlooked that in the midst of this

The apparent shaking of their foundations and the flow of
The development of so-called spiritual sciences
A steady and siclieren progress gmninmca liat. I say "so-
"Because we are not rash
That there are such, or what spiritual
In which direction their true development is
Trickle.

It is precisely at this point that in the last time the

Old controversy in the intellectuals are concentrated and developed
To a dispute over the spiritual sciences, and indeed to the
Head of science, in which all the arguments of
Zeldiskussion collected and with new force were used in
A grand grand view, which is consistent with
To the pride of the

S*

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Dr. Max Adler

Modern social theory: its science of nature

More and more n & henide training their methods and uncovering
Their laws. It is precisely because of the tireless
Set endeavor lo Tieler thinker, also the social-historical
Life of a similar scienceful handiing
As it had long been possible for the natural processes alone,
In which all the results of his predecessors in
Thank Karl Marx had learned their highest promotion, so
That even the dream of a "history as science"
But not in the uncritical sense of a content of its own
Constructive, but one the lawfulness of the course
And the system of knowledge which comprehends the sequence of this content
Logically possible: just this completion of the so far the
The science-based scientific
Also in the field of spiritual and social life
The most violent antagonism, which is now in a new turn
Their attitude of this whole high development of theoretical
Insight into social and intellectual
Of the G eistes wjsscnscli.il t. The
A force has been laid down for its own purpose. Because they
The title of a science from the
Principles and methods with those of nature-
Science, then it is only a part of it.
The genesis of mental and social phenomena and the particular, these
It had not yet covered such a law
And therefore can not see that it is beyond the causal
The world of natural events,
Precisely the realm of the spirit, of whose quite peculiar legal-
For this reason, there is only one particular science
Spiritual science, customer. The unity of the
Science is, therefore, an uncritical dogma
Spiritual sciences are not merely their object, but
Also their whole conception, according to their logical nature
Than the natural sciences. What is the cause of unity here
Law, that is the work of the worker, and therefore it is not
The causality, but only the teleological, conscious of the value
In the humanities
Aliein knowledge of the law is capable of yermittehi
It is only from the misunderstanding of this real,
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K & OMility and 'i leology' in the field of science

21

Science, logically, entirely different in nature,

(*) The so unfortunate uncertainties and
Contradictions in the scientific and
The investigations also designated as spiritual science
Historical or historical phenomena. - This is in
Proving the position of the teleological
Whose whole, the causal view is very anti-
We will only be able to understand the situation when we come to our attention
With their scientific justification.

II.

Provisional definition of the concept of spirit-

Sciences.

Compared to the soldier's dispute,

Scientific thought
We had to be in the meantime, for the time being,
And when we have previously sound their sure progress
It may be found where the questionable concept of the spirit
Sciences has not yet been established, only to act that
And whether a complex of opinions and judgments,
The event takes place, as far as it is by the only in communion with
Or is concerned with, or affected
For the sake of convenience, as an object of the
Spiritual sciences, indeed since the
Time, since one has begun to give it a systematic consideration
To be worthy of an inner connection and mediation
More penetrating understanding. But to do this
Claimed to be clearly recognizable, it is necessary to get a
Guide to yerhafia, which guides us through the labyrinth of the
But also to the
The risk that we may be affected by this temporary disregard for all
And controversial points of view,
To the exercise of their power. But it is not possible

1) Vergi. Already in Dilthey aa O., p. 30: "The scandal of science

Form Bkbt dn Gwies of iaer logbelm, which is of the Guedenmg
Of the Nttarerkennetii snelog wlre. "Rope 136!" These wildernesses raise one
On the other hand, GroadUtge and Stniktur ended the old days. 34 and 150.

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Dr Mw Adl r

Right from the beginning, at the beginning of the year,

It must be attended by the meittien
Standpoint, we believe aetber Witten or au Witten.
Before we enter into the dispute, the Geittetwitt communities
Burned, before we even the lo loosely cleared
Question about a fortune of the Geittetwitt communities
Can we have a "if aodi only preliminary concept of
The Wittentchaft have formed "And only, by the way
And perhaps even better
It may be possible, either in the struggle of opinions
Or clearly see where he is flawed, yes, whether he is in the end
Not to mention the often misleading inaccuracy
. Positively; assert; pleadsagen,. In order that / to;
Itt alt Principle of the theory
Yes unpretentious itt tie alt Maxime of any theoryitchen Ditkustion *
There is no need to change this
Old is a corollary of the identity; Soft requires
Datt, who once thought in thinking with a certain name
Content also tteti unchanged remains as soon as the same name
Is called

In order to describe alto under the name of the humanities,

And therefore their development in question
To pursue, we take as a guide the concept of science
In its application to the peculiar
Complex of events through and to humans first in the
The same sense as the knowledge of nature has formed. Here
The empirical concept of science was first developed,
In the striving to know how things relate to things,
Which surround the people, and what he expected from them
Has. Here, he is also involved in the development of natural-
And their methods to the highest perfection,
To finally be logical in the epistemological criticism
Correlate, or rather, its archetype.

The task of science, therefore, seems to be the processes

The world which surrounds us, that is to say, subordinate them
(^ Laws), which are to be found in the following
To determine each individual in unquestioning validity, so that each
Special in his concrete relations as a mere special case
From these general laws in their application to the

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Kuwalitlt, and Telelogy, in a stream about the wind

Which are deduced from the results obtained

Let us suppose, according to this "Richtnie yoe, do zoniichtc aui

The maMe of the man with the men and his soldiers standing pale
To secure the safe facts which we have
In which special sense can be addressed as science,
Is no doubt, not only that one such is found
Can, if only, not only in the pursuit of the
Acquisition of such a science as ready in possession
But also that in this sense we have a whole
Great development of the mind-science-before us.

III.

A brief abortion of the development of spiritual

On a scientific basis.

From two apparently quite opposing sources

The current originates with increasing violence
The whole field of human activity and destiny
From the land of the land, to be wholly uninhabited;
Mighty emriments of unorthodox powers, and it leads to the
Wide empires, which seem to be indeterminate only at the borders

As is well known, Kirchhoff asked the vld benifeiie

Who, as a result of Mechnnik's wish, would only acknowledge their actions "
Constantly and in the simplest way to describe an opposition vidier
PositivistiM-nttarfonoher against the requirement that the "Wlstni"
Mlwfk Bridlningien. The whole subordination was to be undertaken
Logical inadequacies has often been shown, as well as that
Logical deficiencies. <\ ^ T own opinion of Kirchhoff,
Which is cautious enough in the significant addition of a fully-
Constant description at least implicite all those of many of his
Summers UbefadMn logbeben criteria in its definition of the Beechreibnng
If these are the first things to be done, it is a question of each other
difference. That the consequence of such a distinction is,
A modification of the terminology which results from a mere controversy is the
There is also the danger of obscuring real problems,
Heinrich Rlekert, "Orensen of the Non-Knowledge-
Bildnng ", Tbingen and Leipsig 1908, p. 132 and Wflbdm Wnndt, ntnr-
Science, and psychology, * Leipzig, 1903, pp. 9-10. Ttbrigeas also
Dr. Alois H 8 f 1 er, "Studies on the Present Philosophy of Mechanics",
L eipzig 1900, p. 41 ff., And recently (only during this "correction appeared)
Harald Hffding, "Problems of Philosophy ^^ Leipzig, Keisland, 1903, page 56.

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34

Dr. MsLX Adler

Of the law and of the order. These two-

Are the materialism and deism of the 17th and 18th centuries,
The latter in his different forms, from the
Dogmatic faith, Catholicism, to the dissolution of the
Concept of God in a pure sense of reason, in which the
Deity is only the idea of a personal,
That is, rational legislation of the world in opposition to
The blind necessity of the natural mechanism. At the same time
Is the deistic direction in the formation of the legal concept
Also for the spiritual-sostal L ^ n more consistent
The French materialism and its baroque German continuation.
Although Le Tzterer has a radical way of breaking the prejudice
Known as the processes in the soul-life of man,
Together with the dependent effects on their environment
The sphere of the natural law would be exempted,
Away from the psychological phenomena effects of material, physical
Processes. "Man a machine * - yes, actually,
As Descartes had already told him of the animals to which he
Unaffected by the Inquisition the soul -
The human being an automaton, in which the blind relation is established
Mechanical and chemical forces.
But almost as strange, because lastly actually over-
Liquid effect of a conscious soul-life
Was, after all, a point of view, which at once
To make science possible also from the spiritual man
The exactness of which is still a favorite
Is a physiologically disorientated psychologist
Inconsistency was that of materialism about his individual man
Not even to go out. True, his doctrine seemed
As they are indeed the historical man
As the product of those relations and institutions
To whom he had to develop his life, and thus the theoretical
From which they then drew their so dreaded relativism
Against all "eternal" truths of law, morality, and religion
Etc., with accurate criticism. But as
Happy the materialists were, in all these social ideas

But the error and the error of the error are not considered

The so widespread opinion of the possibility of a complete reduction of the

Psychology on physiology neo-Hareld Hffding, . Tu O., page 16

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KaasaliUtt and Tdeologfo in the fight on the Wiiieniclmft

And facilities the variability of their content and the

Intimate relation of the respective historical design
The outward changes of space and time, in which they
Had been able to present, they were nevertheless tiny-
Like To form a clear view of where this
Social Fo in the cn itself originated and the ability
To acquire the changing historical content
And their nature. Here an ancient
Materialism: the spontaneity of the
Human spirit, the purposeful reason of the human being
Will was, strangely enough, already from so strict materialists
Such as an Epicurus and Lucretius Carus,
Indeed, have been expressly conceded: a
Human essence, the most important dincli the abstractions
Of scientific thought, but with
Its means of thought can only be made viable, so that he
As the water of the water was no hindrance, broke
For instance, the force of the fractions of the maternal *
Usmos To comprehend the existence of social forms sdbst,
Which, however, led to this kind of spontaneity
The same individual, which was still regarded as a mere natural product
Had, however, again been employed as a sovereign, by the
French materialists Law and Law, Moral and Reliability,
Domination, order, and slavery, as a result of a more subjective attitude
Grosstats of human reason either admired or,
When these ideas and institutions seemed to them to be a "centrant"
By supremacy, passion, ambiguity, and the like
Abusing the human mind. But they could
The real essence of these social powers, because their
Mmetaphysical Bornicness ", which Friedrich Engels particularly
Has made it completely immersed in the world of cattle,

The doctrine of the arbitrary deviation of the atoms from

The straight line, the Sdiole Epiknrs, their urea formation from the Wuiteni-
Free of charge. Ve l. Lucretius Cftrus, ff. By the nature of the dances,
Page ^ 45 - 250 (translated by Knebel, Ldpxig ^ Reclam):

If Hg is the Gnuidi of the nf Deviations,

Schelk hl dm mtaa KdnieB dei StolTi, in temhien dn Seblelual *

Bude, so that success is followed by succession:

Wherefore, from the deuce, only deokaa,

Diecer the Sehtetcaa) eBruUaeae WOI of the Jews Wewa,

By means of this,

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26

Dr. Max Adler

And thus narrowed it into the categories of formal logic,

So they did not just overlook what was out there, though not
Palpable, yet unfolding in the most emotive regency; the
B c pull people together in social life,
But even less could form a concept of the
Peculiar causal relations, which by the dialectical nature
Of man who asserts himself only in social associations
Between him and his surroundings. As early as 1845 had
Marx, this merely "observing" MaLcnaUsmus - so called in the
Opposition to his own, later by Engels as dialectical
Because in the former, the object, the reality,
Sensuality, only under the form of the object or the
But not as a human, sensual activity.
Keitp Prtzui * ^ - as a deficient and straight tem
ChanLteristiaches Unvermdgen emphasizes the change of people
Through their environment and this through the people in one
Thoughts interpenetrate. "The collapse of the
, Aendoms of the Uinstande and the human activity can only
As circulating praises, and be rationally supported.
The deepening of this deep truth, which, of course,
The development of dialectical thinking "
The French materialists had to be in that Yefderi's Zixkel
"G. Plekhanov in his minstrels to the story
Of materialism ^ so clear from the writings of two of the most important
Tone to them, in which we continually keep their opinions,
Ideas and arrangements of people from their real
Requirements and needs. "
By means of which the views, the insights, and, whether free, were unified
Imposed laws of the mighty. And so
It is no wonder that the man who is so insecure
Materialism, his inner contradiction also clearly
Though hardly even conscious of this
By the relativism of its historico-social criticism
Into a glorification of the law from mere reason,
The latter, in his opinion, only to develop
Finally, the vices and errors of the past history

* Marx, however, Fenerbadi, Aabang sn F. Engels * "Ludwig FenerlMcli,

I. Se, I. thesis, page 59.

Ibd ^ 3. ThciA) page 60 *

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

27

To escape. In place of the historical-social deter-

The French, who was the first Frenchman, was so far off
Materialism an almost naive pragmatism of history, and
At Jic Steile of a scientific insight into the law
The social Iviitwickhint; Jas philosophically spoiled the program
Its political Fordists.

Thus materialism, in addition to materialist materialism

Psychology, which was actually metaphysics and today completely
Tone physiology, and some Awfttsca mr Aiubdkltmg
A historical Detennius, which, however, he, like himself,
Again thoroughly fall itcss, sur development of the mind-
In their systematic design
Lasting valued articles contributed But its ownership and
The importance of this is due to the fact that,
Of its metaphysical standpoint, by the vehemence of the
But from him all the "
Simplicity and apparent self - certainty of his doctrine
In the stripping-off of all critical scruples and deeper intercourse
To gain a great clarity of their lecture
Weapon was, the miraculous, the isolation and
Sublimation of the human being is ridiculous to nature
And make with such a mind such an intellectual solution
Heads SU which was suitable by Tomherein, the application
Scientific methods in the field of
Life.

It may be thought that this link between the dis-

Position for a natural-
Science to the materialism of the eighteenth century,
Because it was unhistorical. For this whole dazzling epoch
Of French philosophy is, firstly, a result of the
The natural sciences of the 17th century.
And, in the second place, their time of blood falls
Already connected with the first systems of the philosophy of history.
Saniiiv.n, whose work is the modern spiritual sciences
Consciously.

Now, there is no doubt that the literally the world

Overthrowing conception of a Copernicus also the importance of the
People and his life appear in another light
As soon as the earth ceased to be that of the star in the middle-

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38

Dr. Mmx Adler

Point of the world, around which all are concerned; Uhr. And if
Cartesius in the so changed, altered world situation
For the first time, the idea of a mechanical one.
Order, Kepler the first grandeur of this order
Reveal its fixed path after the planet's
Respectively; If Galileo then helps the groping thinking on the track,
In his own constructive work, in the preconceived expedition
An ever larger section of this mechanical
To secure the world order, finally Newton 's skyward Femen through the
Earth-like feeling that connects us to one thing and with what is ours
Here so darniederdriu: kr. Which is the name of the dog
- this was not vainly ridiculous, from which also necessary
The thought had to spring, so also the man
Pleasure and suffering, their thinking, feeling and willing their firm limits
In the law must have?

Et would have been much logical. But - the logic is

No law of historical development, not even
The real thought of the day itself
Ways to be even further than we are today. Straight Des-
Despite the nature of the set, cartes has a natural perception and methodical insight
Into the nature of the knowledge, by which both he directly
The Aniang of modern thought is "also the
Other direction, which the spiritual life and thus also
The historical process in particular importance in principle
From the realm of causality. The man in whose
We read the following sentence, which is still more and more
The program of science was: "The essence of this
The whole world is much easier to stand by when they are in their
Gradual development, as if they were regarded as a bad-
And finished, which, as a result,
Mental task of science
To derive from the causes and, in so doing, to refer to numerous special cases
The same man wants all this
Expressly limited only to the material world,
For which, however, he also uses those functions of the human being
KOrpers, who, as he says, can be found without the co - operation of the

'). Ktai Deiwtes, "On the Method of Correct Vemotift,

(By Dr. L. Fischer), Leipsig, Redat, pp. 62-63.
*) Ibid., P. 83.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for the knowledge

29

Sede ToUziefaen. Therefore,

And are specific to man. Here

The realm of the freedom of the spirit, in which -with the
Godhood. *)

Thus Descartes is precisely the author of his dualism of

Soul, and body, of many thinkers, and not least
Just the he r ro r rag eadsten Naturforschern, was able to do what
As demands of the mind, religion, conscience
Felt that they were opposed to their otherwise closed mechanical
World view. Yes, the whole imposing amendment of the
Science now seemed to be a dualism.
Tion. For how different from a comprehensive, omnipotent
And perfect spirit, such an astonishing
The nature of nature
Divinity is not obvious, but is found in thought
Has been reported. So, in thought, a force that was capable of being documented
Was to enter into the infinity of the creative mind, the
Therefore, though at an infinite distance, be related to it
had to. It was the same spirit that flows through the universe
Also sparked the spark in the human brain and it was in this
To see his wonders. The more orderly
The world, the more the confusing
Showed an unimagined harmony of their phenomena,
The more stood above this world, which conceived all this -
The human mind.

It can not therefore be stressed enough that there is

Historical reformation is much later reflections
Is, if one is often heard, how the transformation of the
In this age with the earth also man
From the center of the world. On the contrary: in
This grandiose rise of science in the 17th

*) Ibid., Pp. 63-64. Comp. Detected, "Beti" on the basic

("Translated by Dr. L. Fischer"), Lei, and Keclam, p

"For this one reason, I also know that all the Gatlunjr of Ur-
For the physics of no one.
Interpretation. "

*) Vergl. Christoph Sigwart, little writings, Freiburg i. Br. 1889, II,

Page 13-14, On the Gods: Galatians Galileo and Kepler.

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Dr. Max Adler

Bimdeit, which was theoretically more important than the triumph of the natar-
Science in the 19th century *) and the
Think suddenly, after Ranm and time, a nnendlidies universe
Eternal Kriftespiel, part of the man in it not only
Not, but found himself elevated as the spiritual ruler
In this realm, subject to him by his knowing reason.
This became more and more the center of the world, a God *
But for us human beings the most important thing is
Middle of the divine being, as far as this is in the creation
A true son of God and a holy spirit at the same time.
Whether and how it is possible to "divine truth"
Leibniz, the synthetic judgments of a priori Kant
Proclaim, this has now become the subject of hot work,
Since with the solution of this problem also the whole value of the
Apodictic certainty of the causal consideration of nature
came. The direct philosophical product of Newton's
This is the reason why the
Terialism, which, in its uncritical simplicity. with the
He managed the category of natural reality, the problem
That the soil of the natural sciences was
, But the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which was developed in
Aware of this critical problem, without entering into the meta-
Physical dualism of Descartes, probably forever
Empire of the spirit in the peculiar forms of the law-
Of its action against that of nature.

But this heave of the dualism of body and soul,

Matter and spirit are still unrestrained today. And there was
It in iS. But it was not until the century that materialism,
Not the consequence of philosophical thought, but in any case
The method of natural sciences, as he did this
Dualism. From his point of view, this now appears
Scientific image of the world is no longer in the light in which
The spirit of his own fire shone, but as
A tremendous transmission, in which the man himself has only one
Small screw. For the spirit, however, which may be very much
Surprisingly, the materialist is still there
The space of the machine itself nowhere space, so that he probably

Ver. Wilhelm Wirndt, "Logic", 2nd edition, TL Band, Rope 7.

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KauMlitit and Teleologel in the dispute around the Wiiwuelmft

31

Or evil, since it has to be placed on it as an

Fall product come out muts. Was the Geiat only so full-
Was degraded to the object at the same time
Its historical achievements equal to all other Naturobjekten
Became the subject of science. This objectification
Of the spiritual life, this detachment of its phenomena
Her warm pulsating reality and her transformation into the
Form only, more accessible to causation, because only as
The effect of the causes of thought processes was, as already
Stressed the act of materialism, which, after stripping off its
Strusen metaphysical Aufmutzcs as a permanent acquisition
An element for the construction of the humanities.

But this time, at the time of the Blufte de France,

Mua readyi, as we mentioned Torhin, systems of history-
Philosophy, is a result of the second origin
The spiritual sciences of which we have just remembered. At the same time
Is also documented in the controversy of such stems,
Which is already the whole historical-social life of man
The greater consistency of this second
Point of view, of deism. In his essay "Sociology in the
The 19th century has already attracted Dr. Kellen-Krausz
Made "as not the eighteenth century of rationalism
Encyclopedia and revolution, but the more shady
18th century, to which the legacy of the centuries
Social thought of Catholicism, "the germ
Of the sociology of the first development
From the spiritual life interests of Catholicism,
Conditional subordination of the individual to the general public
Of the Church, in the camp of his representatives by the opposition
Against the more and more the theoretical advancing of the individual
Philosophy and natural law,
Had to develop, the absence of which had not been achieved by the French
Materialist is so peculiarly striking: the historical sense and the
Direction of thinking about man on his general
Connectedness in a larger context. He sees therefore
Already in Bossuet and especially in Vico rightly the initiators

*) A. A. O., page 4 (Berlin 1908, publisher "AttfUintng").

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Dr. Max Adler

Of sociology and calls August Comte the executioner

The contrary of the Testament of Catholicism,

So schistinni ^ now also in the spiritual preservation need

And thus, in the economic-political power struggle,
The interest of Catholicism, the motif is that which,
In contrast to the Cartesian-
Individualistism of modern philosophy, although its dualistic
Character otherwise fully meet his requirements
Seemed, it must not be known, that is, the theoretical
The power of the Catholicism, which is important here
The thought of a great societal detemunism, sound
Could not be provided by his specific means.
He was won by deduction from the concept of God, the
From the outset, a general connection of the world
But not so characteristic for Kadiolizism as such.
Teristic. ") He met with that in the concept
Intellectualism, which became Catholicism in the most violent society
Not only with Protestantism, but with all of them
Humanism and the explanation of the 18 th century. Century. Not
Actually August Comte, but born in the year of death
Jobann Gottfried Herder is his accomplice. In both shows
The deism as the springtime of the Social Deter-
They both say that they are the God who is in the
Nature, now also want to look in history, and they show
So that the path, on which alone the law of nature, finally also

>) Ibid., P. 21.

) Comp. Christoph Sigwart, ". O-, page 13: "The Monothelity of the
(Has) the feasible ground for the idea of a

The universal laws of the universe.

Tion. Or to which other pictures could the thought be expressed,
Go that heaven and earth vimffisst of a thought and that man
Is called to understand this idea, as in the belief in a Creator,
And made mankind according to their own accord.
Has created? In wdclier form, it could be effectively stated that
Is nothing, and things are not, according to blindness, in confusion
] 3ahncn themselves. In the idea of a providence, without their will
No sparrows fall to the ground? Partly the all too human pictures,. . . Partly the
Memories of the fighting against the dogmas of the Church,
Science is gross, easily leave the penetrating meaning
Of the Christian faith for the development of the knowledge-
As well as in the same way as W. Dilthey, op.

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In the kingdom of man. Because not
Just that there is no self-degradation of human reason
Was when, instead of the dead naturalism of the eternal
Order of God, so was a divine law by which,
No one seemed to be bound to a history of history. "
Dull, blind necessity more *
Who ruled the people endowed with reason, had to
Sense and purpose in the social regularity: in short, it was just
God in history. But by this god nothing more of
In the first place, with all the purposes which he gave to history
But only through the mechanism of the real
Events had to take place under this divine-
Took the category of causality, and with it the law
Into the historical view, in order to conclude so powerful
To unfold that also in the field of social life more and more
Reached the point at which scientific research was
The concept of God as a superfluous hypothesis
could. 1)

This development process is only possible in the

Is neither space nor occasion. It is enough for the
Keeping our guide, the whole fullness of its result
And for this purpose it is only a matter of time

In respect of G. Vi CO, Dr. J. Gold fr iedri ch, "The Historical Idea-

Lebre in Germany ^^, Berlin 1902, section Vico, p. 16: ^ The story becomes
(At Vico), on the territory of Vico, but only in the middle and in
To the necessity and advancement of the mentality,
Lence of imagination and imagination
Reason. We must not go out of the vestige; Is providence
Not in the middle, not at the beginning, but only at the end of history.
To this Herder: "The philosopher" of the final ends has no nonsense
But rather their love rather than the investigation
Seemingly delighted; How much more the thousand-minute, interlocking
People. . . . The God whom I am in history
Pure, as he is in the world, for man is but a small part of the whole
And its history is like the history of the worm with the tissue that it contains
Inhabited, intently. Thus in it too, natural laws must be applied which, in the
The essence of the matter, and the deity of which is so far removed,
Since it is precisely in them, which they themselves founded, that they are present in their
high opinion
An unchangeable, wise and graceful beauty. ""
Sophie of history in Herder's works, edited by Mr. In short, Leipzig,
BiU. Inst., III, pages 493 and 526.

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Dt. Max Adler

Components, which are the pull of the modern

Spiritual sciences.

There it is above all through the thinking of Saint-Simon

August Comte, whose great method of
The complete elimination of the social doctrines
The area of every kind of theology, and the
Full consciousness, the% 'on his own logically edited
Methods of natural science to the life principle
Has made every spiritual science. If he is the sociology in
Its hierarchy of scientists on the totality of everything else
Knowledge as its highest flower, he puts it with it
Only to the great consummation of science at all,
In the law of nature, the whole universe from the smallest elementary-
Movement to the most complex phenomenon of human
Together as a unique object mensdilidier
Inwieferne admits his system
Positiism is because it is Yon all that is the category of the
Law does not want to give up a moment, insoferae is still today
All science, and thus also every spiritual knowledge, is positive.
Dean only fiXT a philosophy it was not an excuse
Arbitrariness, beyond the limits of what is legally comprehensible
To think out, to even think, to be,
The form of the event, which is still used as a test
Reality of the well; The positive, to pick up on her. The knowledge *
Shaft, however, is such a standpoint of limitation
Necessary, since, as we shall see, they remain at all
Can never absorb the full reality of the happenings,
As little as the mash is nothing but cognition.

Comte's work is now everywhere in grateful appreciation.

The activity of Kant in the same sense begins only our time
To understand. As this powerful spirit also
Offer the most burning questions later in the future.
Has prepared, the fact proves that
Marxism, which is certainly the most advanced and consistent
Direction of spiritual sciences in modern times, in Kant
Works more and more of the happiest connecting points for his
Their own teachings and new ideas.
But still another classic witness confirms how it is
The thoughts of this philosopher, which he described in his writings on the

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science 35

Practical philosophy, anthropology, historical and legal

Philosophy, the consideration of social and historical
Problems hinged on the orbit, in which an exact passage
From their object. There is no one else
As August Comte himself, who in a letter of the lo. December 1828,
Still quite fulfilled by the impression that the reading of Kant
"The idea of a general history in a world-
In accordance with the communication of Rob Zimmermann
, If he had known the same 6 to 7 years earlier,
She would have spared him much trouble. . . . And "as room-
Weiler reports, "with a French honorary
He adds, he feels some gratitude for his lack
To erudition; For his work, as it is now, would be knowledge
Of Kant's writings had preceded him, that certainly would have much
Of their merits. * 'In fact, it is also an action
Kant's view is that such a system is in the sense of positively disjunction
Objects of the spirituality of the metaphysical
Intuitions and the acquisition of them for the methods of
Natural science, as its ever-recurring main idea
Is the teleology (the progress
Of mena-men's sex) as the effect of a mechanism
Which are the result of the resistance of its elementary forces
(The sociable disbelief of man) as a completely
Intentional, but the intellect of man, and therefore
Fixed property. '

The positive philosophy, in the session,

Of the KfttterUeheik Akmtonie of the Welfs,
Bend 77 (1874), page 34.

* This basic memory, the "Ib"

And, in fact, as not set out in more detail here
In the dialectical character of the materialistic obe-
Karl Marx, is to be distinguished from the
Kanti, in which, in his eu, his pnictic philosophy,
The same train of which he had never been born
Science philosophy. Fritz Medicus in his excellent mono-
"Kants rhno, oi) der Geschichte," Berlin, 1902), even this one
Difference between the theory of history and the philosophy of history clearly defined (aa
O.,
Page 10), Kant's significance for the theory of history seems to me to be
Very much to the urns. Vlelleidit would stand by the stronger emphasis of this
Point of view many things in the most distant part of the country,

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Dr. Max Atller

WaJ? Now fully the iq. Century to enrich the

Knowledge-based thinking in the social field, so
That in a constantly sharper outline a Svstcni of the mind-
Could be placed in the same position as that of the Xatur-
Can only be explained with a few words. Mat the
Consistent expansion of the training program
Of natural science methods, the theoretical
In which human life as a
Element of the natural whole, the
Modern descendant faecy, at a time also the physical
Context. To this end geology, pihistory and Edmo-
The sufficient time and space
The actual development of this wave
To make. And so was the spiritual-social event of the nature-
Law, so to speak, into a broad framework, so now stormed
The already used by sweet milk, sound Quetelet but new
Methods of social statistics in association with the
The development of the doctrine of the population, in order to take account of the diversity
The individual actions and the succession of the coincidences
Events, for example the designs of the human body,
Misfortunes, suicides, crimes, forgetfulness
And the like, in a strict,
Coherent regularity. On the inside
Understanding, however, worked a more and more perfect
Psychology, endeavored similarly to the spiritual life of the individual
Simple elements, such as the mechanics the body-
Far from atoms. Thus came the idea of psychology
As the basic science of all spiritual sciences, as a species
Mental mechanics.

But from another side came a more powerful one

In order to assist, an exact exploration
Of the spiritual life. The classic National-
Economics, in deliberate decomposition of the complex social
The laws of a side, the economic
Life. It was more
As a science, by taking advantage of the
At the same time, the historical character of the social

, Which now appears as a contradiction and inconsistency in the treatment of Medicus

Philosophical events Kftats "ufgo shows w fdea mimte.

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37

And thus from one of its essential elements.

Strained But she became a huge sponsor
The natural sciences of the humanities
It first in one of the most confused areas of social happening
But the methodical possibility of real laws. It
Was only to overcome their contradiction, which made them historical
Limited substance to construct eternal laws Hess. It was for everyone
Tying through the law seemingly defamatory change
Of the complex social phenomena themselves by an adequate one
Shape. This was the act of historical materialism
On Karl Marx. In the materialistic view of history
Social determinism
In the dialectics, which are still rarely appreciated
Peculiar grandeur.]] I; The eternal change.
Of the historical substance itself from an unchanging
Of the elements of social life in its test
Direction, in the analysis of the value and the (economic
Phenomena at least ultimately the purpose-conscious according to their
Interests acting people, in their specific
Human relations now all so strange and alien
Mysteriously opposed to their social powers
- these great, always still tortuous thoughts of Marxism
In their co-operation with the results of the
Scientific work at all, the individual and social
In particular, really a building of the humanities
Which are neither due to the strength of their
The extent of the outlook behind the natural sciences
To stand back. Yes, it's quite like Comte
It wanted a construction on their construction and are the unsettled ones
Foundations of the natural sciences.
Sdiaften.

So our guide has really become a more pleasing one

Picture of the state of the humanities
The sight of the multitude of philosophemes fighting here and
Theories. Not just the existence, but
Also the krafnroUe, safe and hopeful development of the
Spiritual sciences in the sense in which we for the time being
Would have been beyond doubt
Reality.
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Dr. Max Adler

IV.

The Origin of the Slab.

If this is so, if we actually do this itetig

Growing inner development of the social sciences
Where, however, the confusion, the uncertainty of the
Methods, the indeterminacy of the basic concepts and
Of demarcation? Who was bold today, about one
Definition of the national economy with the pretense,
That it is universally acknowledged, or even to sociology?
And what can we say, the social sciences
Today still so little a uniform, clear conception of the essence
Could make the society the common property of their work
CS even gives representatives of these disciplines, which are included in the term "the
Society can only be seen as an emergency, which never
It becomes a sharp one
Specific concept! ')

This confusion comes, in my opinion, because the

So-called spiritual sciences from the very beginning of their development.
Could never be uniformly understood
It is only today that he begins to become conscious, although it is already
Is an old truth, the scientific view
Is not the only way in which the spiritual life is more observant
It is also worth mentioning. As we shall see,
Not even the post-lul. But now,
The fundamental difference between the two
For the time being, which are briefly considered as those of the
Tion and the immediate experience of this
Scientific work is not aware or yet
Remains conscious, it must happen that forcwihrend problems only
The one immediate view, for example, that of the will-
Freedom, or that of the personality, is necessarily seen as unresolved,
Easily even as insoluble in the context of the other, science-
In which they actually have no meaning at all
have. For the latter, the problem arises
And thus the eager endeavor, the apparently revealing

*) Vergl. For example E. Gothein, article "Gesellschaft und Gesellschafts-

"In the words of Gonrsd and Lexti," Handbuchbuch der StaatswiaseiMch- fteii ^ S
A. AttfJa |, e, II., P. 20 ff., Pp., Pages 203 and 313.

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Unfinished and superficialities of naturalistic abandonment

to overcome. Of course, the now sought-after grounding
Only through the whole nature of the natural sciences
Method alien way of entering on the subjective b'aktoren
Of the spiritual life, and this now leads to that
All consistency of scientific knowledge is so perishable
Direction, which escapes its "Kuiseitigkeit" to escape, if
The strict and unambiguous conceptions of the science-
In direct relation, perhaps even interaction,
With categories of purpose and moral appreciation
And, of course, this kind of social science also
View is more versatile - up to the all-
Their basic concepts. From now on, it becomes impossible to imagine a
On the most elementary interpretations; Whether the social
Law is sought, an objectively valid general-
Or, because of the free-playing personality,
A mere non-committal regularity, which always sober
Has to refuse a) "quos ego" kraMos, whether the
In the social sphere, an actual
Or a murder of the will, and whether it be criminal
Is in the social sciences
Freedom, purpose and value, or not
Contrary to metaphysical AUvism, still hold fast to it.
No wonder, therefore, that those who - and rightly so

- in the extension of these subjective categories, the previous,

According to the nature of science, strictly objective, consideration of the
Social events, are facing each other in violent opposition
Against such aspirations. Because they unfortunately
The same as the differences between the
Are also aware of the types of mental phenomena
Were like those, they were not infrequent
The phenomena of immediate experience as such

- to derive causal relations, that is, to try to establish the validity

The ethical value distinction directly on the basis of utilitarian
Psychological associations founded on psychological disorders, or
The character resos from the milieu to explain, if they
Now and then of the futility of such efforts,
Tumultuary everything that occurs in the forms of causation
In other words

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Dr. Max Adler

But everything individual in its importance for the social world too
Neglect, if not deny. That was certainly true
The opponents have a vestige of the right to object to such "one-
"Which is only the consequence of a standpoint
Who, with its divergent two-sidedness,
Gentile gcdankcasystem - still the safest protection
Against one-sidedness.

So it can be said that, despite the previous charac-

And, on the whole, the so - called development of the
Mindsschattca each for itself nevertheless, as long as and so far
They are not aware of the difference of opinion mentioned
Was probably not a step in their development with a calm conscience
In the face of the inevitable problems which they,
Because they do not come from their own sphere
had to. Hence the so characteristic uncertainty in these
Sciences. For with every piece of meat,
Science, they always looked more strictly
Closed, which they could not ignore and therefore erroneous
Also in its immediate form as its own
Object: the current life with its felt freedom,
Its intended purposes, its ideal valuations. Again only
The doctrine of maneism, "which is justly justified as the con
The most sequential formation of the scientific approach
Also for the spiritual-social life, remained yon
Uncertainties, by not involving the causal process
The human being as a game ball, or even through him a chain
Free purpose to the mechanism,
But this causality continues to be the same in man
Stringency, in whose inner experience only
This whole process is now the form of the will-
For the sake of spontaneity, purposefulness and value judgment
Must accept. For Marx, therefore, the
Into the social law and the
Ability of the people who first rape them
Social processes more and more according to their interests.
But not the slightest demolition of the stringency of the
Natural law of social activity, not the least
Restriction on the history of "must-see". As with reference
To which, as is well-known, this is often the case

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Reviews Ed. Bernstein, *) as an explicit interpretation of the

Since then so often misunderstood against the need of social
Life in each, even the most developed, most rational form
To the position of Friedrich Engels
The Reidie of necessity in you of freedom read the
Words Karl Mant ': "How the savage must wrestle with nature,
To satisfy his needs, to maintain his life and
To reproduce, so it must be the civilized, and he must
In all forms of society and under all kinds of production
Wow With its development, this realm of nature-
Necessary because the needs; But at the same time expand
The productive forces that satisfy them. Freedom in this
Areas can only consist in the fact that the retired man,
The associated producers, this their metabolism with the
Nature rationally regulate, bring under their common control,
Instead of being dominated by him as a blind power,
With the slightest expenditure of power,
Natural and dignified conditions.
But there is always a realm of necessity,
And that of Marx beyond this sphere
"True realm of freedom, that of human power *
For its own self-imposed purposes, is still not
The peculiar freedom we experience in the will, but
Only those which we perform in action, and therefore as a part
Of the events are still completely under the natural sciences
Point of view falls, or, as Marx puts it, "only on one
Empire of necessity can flourish as its basis. "

'). Ed. Berustein, "Advances of Socialism", StaUgart 1899,

Page 4 - 14.

S) Karl Mux, "Du Kapital," III, 2, p. 555. It is permissible,

At this point, to refer to some of the thoughts which I have here
On the relationship of willingness and necessity on the occasion of Ed. Bern"
In the sense of Rudolf Stammler 's problem
Allegedly from natural necessity of agile development of the
Socialist social order leading historical process and
The simultaneous presentation of this goal as a socialist program-
Demandng briefly ddssierte. This happened in my two articles "Zur Re-
Vision of the party program "in the Viennese" Arbeiter-Zeitung "from 22nd and 24th
October,
Tober 19OI. Incidentally, this j; an / e. Many comrades so disturbing
And confusing "problem" its reason in the not-aware, above

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Dr. Max Adler

The whole spiritual being of man in an

The understanding of the laws of the laws of the Natar
At the same time, its other, the sphere of the immediate eruption
The same side is completely unaffected, it was Marxism

Possible, the closed objectivity of its scientific

To protect against all turbidity and flattening as they do
By the incorporation of so-called ideational moments.
Would have to adjust; And it is also known with which
Violent hostility from outside and within him this consequence
Was worth it.

V.

First development of the teleological view:

Presentation of their position.

In this respect, the last two

The tenth of which was little noticed for the longest time, "but in the
Most recent present
And also a winning twist, which finally brought us from
The controversy over the countless singles in the mind-
But no more and not
Less than the whole hitherto existing kind of spiritual miracles
Question. It is this change of the strife which we have done earlier
As the dispute over science itself. Of the
The dichotomy between the conceptions, which had been latent for so long,
Was finally revealed with awareness: the criticism did not
More in individual questions, but in the fundamental views themselves
at. A great onslaught now takes place against the idea
A spiritual science that is only in its object and not
Also in its entire nature by science.
And while the existence of social as well as historical laws
Is negated at the same time, a special and very
Like concept of regularity, which alone the
Essentiality of the spiritual-social life
Of causal natural law.

Which is characterized in the text, is a true one

Shibirolo. "Wullen * 'and' Mssen 'are two distinct spheres
Of the aggression of meachic events. Darttber t |) in the second Artikcd
In the Wiener, ArbeitBr-Zeitan | p * '.

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43

Not only the deference and meaning of the arguments, already

The sound of the names alone, which lead this new direction,
The most intense attention and the most thorough beach-
Protection. They are to be mentioned here, in chronological order
Order of their occurrence: Wilhelm Dilthey, Wil-
Helm diaper band, Heinrich Rickert. Rudolf Stammler
And Hugo M o nsterber
Thinks very wide differences in execution
Their position, as they are not all the same area
The social sciences,
In general, Dilthev, Wojdelband, and Rickert
The history, Mnsterberg finally the relationship of Geistes-
Science and especially history of psychology. But I
Believe that these personal differences, to which, unfortunately,
Where we are concerned only with the representation of a
The position adopted by the Commission.
Can not be approached, but nevertheless
Did not go so far that they became it unmghca machuii, into the
Teachings of the aforementioned thinkers a common outlook
To recognize. . \ Ls, this can be thought of as follows:
As well.

They go almost duidians Yon a self-reflection But that

Essence of the natural sciences and find it
Characterized by the following features. Everything is natural *
Schafdiche thinking takes its object as an object

* Of the writings, which are written in French, in the text,

Authors are here, besides the other works that are still to be named later
In the meantime, altogether, the "unquestioning"
Works: W. Dutheysi Elaldlnng Into the Death of Lelpti, 1883;

W. Windelband, "Prladien", "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "'"
"History and Natural Sciences", Strassburp 1900 Heinrich Rickert, "The Limits
Of the natural sciences, "Tubingen, and Leipzig. I. Part 1896,
Part II, Part 1902, "KttltanrfneiMCliaft and Naturwinentchaft," 1, 899 Rudolf Stamm *
1, "The History and Law," Leipcip, 1896; Hngo Mttnslerberg, "Gnind2ttga of the
Psychologie ^^ Leip / ifj 1900. - In the sense of the word, the most recent
Hallene lstoricE! 11 irci Meyer, "On the Theory and Methodology of History'-, Halle
Ad Saaie, 1902. Vergl. ScUc 23 - 29. Moreover, the rejection seems to me more historical
Laws by Meyer only in the methodological point of view with that of the
The above mentioned Denicem rertreteaea RiciitaBg, in particular with the
Mefer, on the other hand, was a far-off relative to Riekert
an inflammation, which was developed by the state, and which was thus repelled.

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44

Or. Max Adler

on. Jasmine, as one of the empirical subject

Lust, independence, its immediate, dia. Subiect
Almost violent, transgressing in this the BjJnnis
The gap between himself and the object.
Clarify this mysterious bridge. But this is only
Possible when the object from its isolation, in which it occurs,
From setner gldscheitigen overwhelming manifoldness, in which
It is repeated here and there in a form
Which protects this proteus-like being in its proper
Which are designed to help with all their needs
Places, at any time and in any design
Can be recognised, even predestined.
Therefore, all science takes its direction to the general.
The individual object in its concrete form does not have that
Great interest in science. For them, this whole thing exists
World - wide, this joyous construction of the
Free nature, the constellation of the designs in the realm
Of organic life, the deep traces of the wanderings,
Thank and feel] [in the realm of the spiritual, no other than in the realm of the spiritual
Abstraction of the concept which prepares the Getzet; or,
To talk with the diaper: "So vividly her outline
May be - their recognition goals are the theories, in the last
Instance mathematical formulations of laws of motion:
It makes the only meaningfulness, which is truly platonic,
Stands, and passes away, in the vague light, and strives
To the knowledge of the legal necessities, which in timeless
Unchangeability prevail over all events. From the colored
World of the senses, it prepares a system of construction
In which they are the true, behind the phenomena
Essence of things, a world of atoms, colorless and
Soundless, without all the earth's smell of sensual quality - the triumph
Of thinking about perception. Equally
It throws their anchors in Jas eternally themselves equal lead-
To be; It seeks not the changeable as such, but the
Invariable form of change. "

W. Windelbftnd, "Gesdiichte und NatnnrisMiwchaft," pp. Comp.

W. Wiftddband, "Madien's Edition, pp. 290-291; H. Kickert, ^^ Greuender

Natural science, conceptual formation, Chapter. The conceptual realization

The Kipenrelt, pp. 31-147, the result of which is, moreover, well documented

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Kftusalitt und Tcleologie in the field of science 45

Explaining is the vital nerve of this science: but

To explain, to look at the actual process as an object and to see it

Thus in a context borne by the causal scheme

In which he has only with his place, what
In him is addressed to the universal and therefore to the universal
Directed abstraction. Everything about the singing
Otler Vorgani; Is not part of the general, which is
Its historical concreteness, its individuality
Of the natural sciences.
Excluded by the meshes of their net
Formless sediment. Therefore it must be in its very own
Areas in which the object wck, the science all Hoihiung
Let them, by means of their conceptions and laws
Adopted. The space of a Lapiacian world lornia, which the
Universe in its manifold individual sequence of events.
Can not be more than a dream. Because
A definite storage state of the atoms, in which these
Formula resolved every moment of the universe never follows
Of the formula itself, but only of the formula from the
Previous storage state. The Law, the Forn
Says only how such a state calculates from the other
But to carry out this calculation. Should be
This other condition must be given, so the storage
The world atoms in the sand grain and sea drops as well as in the
Humanhim and Siriusstirn, which, quite apart from
The actual impossibility, also priapism from any nature-
Science "because it is not a conceptual general
Work more, but a historical-individual recording everything

The sentence, p. 212: "But then we can call the nat of things also,
Which is expressed in the concepts, (cjer most briefly expressing us, the
Naturally, the practicality with respect to the.
Thus the word (natural sciences) gains only a logical meaning. "W. Dilthey,
, ^ I] |] ettung% page 12, 19; Page 181-: '"The confusion can only be caused by Atmon-
The individual discourse, as well as the special knowledge of the same
Be subject to the thought, for in its complex form it is for
Not the same. "- Through these logical nature of the universe
The "limits of the Naiur"
In the sense of Windelbendi and Rickerts,
Half aptly placed together, for example, on the other hand.

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Dr. Max AiUer

Concrete being in space and time. "Here everything is still so
Perfectly conceived knowledge of nature to one of its logical
Boundaries; Namely the irrationality of the original distribution
Of the substance in space and time, and its qualitative suitability,
Or with Kant, to the "given" in the perception.

There is, however, another limit for natural science,

Which is much more important because it is not merely like the previous one
With that of knowledge, but in the
Part through itself, and thus the recognition of nature
Of a kingdom much ticli .; LUII is in the know. The
Is the point at which that second mode of perception of human
Life, which was mentioned earlier, and the
In addition to that, all the existence of them at all
Quite peculiar, heterogeneous to the natural sciences
Point of view.

As soon as we revert to our ego, when we do so

To find ourselves in our peculiarity consciously 2a
We are not at first as a recognizing subject
We are immediately assured of our self,
Most surely feel what we regard as the most indisputable reality,
That is, with every thought and knowledge, with
Every feeling, with the powerful will-action as well as with
Emerging moods and changing moods in each
Life moments. Our being is
Not even before recognizing "intellectuality: it is whole and
First want, actuality. All real activity, in which
We perceive our life, our essence as real
Always take the continued position, one for true acceptance
Or as a false rejection, a cheap and ill-fated,
To strive for or to stand out. And so it is so characteristic,
That the whole content of our life is based on its three great
Offer, recognize, act and enjoy, everywhere
Into the elementary form of the polarity, into the through-
Contrasts of recognition and rejection, which only
If an opinion is given. In the
Great fundamentals of true and false, good and evil
Evil, beautiful, and ugly, it is always what the ego takes,

1) W. WinddUad, "Geichichte aad NaturwiswaschaA", S $ 2;

U. Rickert, "Limits", p. 508- ^ 511; W. Dthey, "Ebleituiig," p. 12.

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KauFalitnt and teleology in the fight for science

47

And then, through this act of action, it forms its world of

Truth, morality and the ideal - and another thing it does
And then, as the abyss of error, the
Depravity, and reticence
Such fundamental "renditions of the mind, these supreme
Sentence 7.U shadow, is a problem, the Krkenntaiitkuoric, perhaps
Also to solve metaphysics. This is not the case
To discuss the possibility, but the fact
Even fail to misunderstand that in this primttren opinion
Is located; And in order to avoid the far-
The whole lives which we have been accustomed to, and with
The objectifying, the spiritualizing categories of natural knowledge
To look wherever it is, in daily traffic
And in politics as well as in science, kumt, religion and religion
Morality is nothing else than a system sound opinions. "All
Our faith and knowledge and adherents and foals, "says Mnster-
Beig, pStellt Sjsteroe of real relations and denials,
Volitions and inhibitions, approvals and refusals,
Whose efficacy determines our historical position in life;
Be a Frenchman, be a Mohammedan, be a symbolist, be an atheist,
Hegelian means, in the historical world, that the subject is more certain
Systems of real acts of opinion. * ^ And that
Applies both to the forms in which the idi-idi lives
Only on oneself, as well as of those whose social
Nature is evident. For "this infinite variety of
The totality of which is the content of my real self
Means, becall points to strange habitations, which I recognize

1) Hnfo MttniteTberf, "GrandzUg" of Fiyeholofte ^ SL, i * AbteUimc

Page 7-2C50I, especially page 14, 50-55, 63; W. Dilthsy, "Introduction"

Page 7 - 8, 114. - Rud. Slanunl-r is, indeed, of the same type. of the
Timeliness and intelligence. But its so sharply worked out
Distinction between Erkeantnii and Wille,
And teleologi-
To mental phenomena, and in this way according to his doctrine
orial life as a nature of a life of nature
Of the total amount of water which is supplied by the water supply
Ollslandig in the course of the practice of the logical-
Cognition of the tliological theory. Vergl, "Economic Research
Nad Recht ", ipeueU" EinMtnng ", page 3 ff., Book II, section, page 33 ff.
And IV. Section I, Section 349 ff.
*) Mttnsterberg, ". A. O., p. 116.

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48

Dr. Max Adler

Or deny, imitate or overcome. . . . I say I am one

German, so I assert in the first place, that I a Ffille
Sound laws, institutions, beliefs and ideals,
All as the will-demands of an indeterminate subjectness
To me, a multiplicity whose totality is the history
Germany; And my recognition states that mine
Do not want with the willingness of the demanding ones, yooiogically, well
But teleologically identical. "

This statement, which is so thoroughly documented, comes

But now only in their concrete individuality.
It loses all meaning as soon as it somehow falls under a general
Concept of natural science, so, for example, as a product of this
Or of those influences. For now we want
Do not know how such an opinion at all possible
Or why they had to be done, but as they did
And whether it is true or false in this given form,
Good or evil, beautiful or ugly. In other words, this
The whole of the event, in which we humans only a
Part of it, does not run merely as an indifferent causal-
Kerte ah. But it has for us everywhere and in the individual
A value as long as we reflect on what is in the
Same is unique. For this very reason the value is necessary
Only to the concrete, which is the triad of the unique
The singular, the singular, the personality, what all
Just as singles, thus precisely in this valuable, from the
Can not be taken into account
This value is largely due to the fact that the human being
According to no-knowing, noological, but a purposeful
Positing, telephonic, and is in this character
Whole existence; The imminent supreme purpose of the Kr-
Know Trading and trading. Only in a
In the relation to the
For the purpose of truth, science develops, which is therefore far-reaching
From being able to lead a souyetine "omnipresent existence,
Nothing but a means is for the purpose of the unruly experience.

(1) On the other hand,

5) Diaper! > ->, n (i., History of Natural Science '", pp. 21 - 23, H. Kickert,
., (Irenzen, IV, Chapter II, "The Historical Individual", p
Pages 350-352.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

Just as the relation of value is thus all sides of the tneiuclilicheii

Daseins ", so also all his particulars gain first
In this respect to the supreme values their objectistic validity,
Since it instructs them the place they place with the whole
Realist and watch this principle
To every single accomplishment and subordinate valuation
Can claim. The individual acts of this strangulation take place
In which all these relationships in space and time are fully
Draw, make the actual content of human life,
His story. Let us rightly declare what is ours
As a special case of a general law,
We understand only what gives us an effusion of an opinion
Therefore, natural science is thought of us
Never reveal what has never been explained, but only experienced, only
Can be modeled internally. "Never can understand here
In rational rationalization. It's free
Circumstances of every kind make the hero or genius comprehensible
Zn want. The most personal access to him is the most subjective. Because
The highest possibility of grasping the power in him lies in
The experience of its effects on ourselves, in the continuing
Condition of our own vitality through him. "1 In the Er-
Of this peculiar interrelationship of the world into one
I open up a new one. as
The world of the spiritual of the world of natures.

In this way a new divorce of

Natural and spiritual sciences, but it is - and that is the charac-
Teristic of this kind of thinking - no longer
Distinction between nature and the spirit,
But only one such point of view. If the
Science in the individual only captures what it is with the
In order to make it possible in a large
Sammenhans; Of the law, as far as natural science is concerned
in front. But the same can also be expressed in its uniqueness
And uniqueness and thus into a completely different kind

DQdief, jfEfaildtWlf **: ^ We understand only by means of the trans

Of our inner experience is due to a dead reality, which is dead in itself.

* Contributions to the Sludium of the T-rh'vid Halitt, in which Pitrung.s-

Reports of the Berlin Academy, Volume 1896, page 311. Vergl. Dilthey, "one-
Line, "page 171.

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50

Dr. Ifu Adler

A general context in which there is nothing

Of its peculiarity, that is, in the
Of the value relationship, under which it can be used in logical, ethical or
For a stellar individual, and
Jas then yields a second, fundamentally different set of knowledge-
Which still lacks a generally accepted name, but
Exactly the place, which alone is a truly natural-
System of spiritual sciences
Can be used. And how different the name is
- actual spiritual sciences at Dikhey and Mnsterberg,
Cultural sciences at Rickert, idiographical or historical
(Events-Science at Windeiband, Social Sciences
Stammler - a difference arising from the difference of the
Meaning, with which these thinkers either have the value-
Or any particular form thereof or the one-
Of the event as a conditional basis for this event.
Relationship or, finally, the P ^ orm, in which this value
Generality becomes a distinguishing feature
I say, in spite of this external manifoldness of the
He points out, however, in a completely uniform force,
According to which direction all agree that the so far mostly as
Humanities as far as they are concerned with this value *
That is, for the sake of which it is
Even science as a spiritual science.
And no particular right to this title of honor
have. By pursuing the laws of the law,
Of the causal progress
Because they do not see their object in the dead or unreasonable
Nature, but in the living, ghostly human existence,
They do not only ignore the fact that their classification principle "nature and
Mind ** is quite uncritical, because basically the whole
Lifeless nature as the content of the consciousness is "spirit," but they notice it
Nor does it mean that they are able to maintain their existence through this intimate
Connection with science. For this type
Science differs in its consistent
The scientific ideal to which they
Strives to be in no way from the natural sciences. She's with them
The same means of thinking - general concepts, the same mediod -
The induction and deduction placed under the causal scheme,

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

51

Date objective - causal GMetsmsaig ^ C "gemetnum. Like it just

In the scientific consequence of natural science
Thought, that - at least as a postulate - a gap-
Loose chain of the atomic movement through the atomic
Different forms of inorganic matter
Until the concentration in the organism and from there up again
To a mechanics of the psychic life, so that only everywhere
The combination of natural forces changes and richer, more intertwined
But that nowhere else is anything but nature
In their eternal power-game, so it is also to this unity
Of the naturalistic conception, a void
Sharp divorce that separated nature from the spirit.
Organic and mental life are the basis of another
World as that of natural science. Just because the natural-
Scientific researcher, of course, as a human being,
He can be deceived that they have a place in his
Science, which will always strive afterwards, from both into their own
To solve formulas, which can be taken into account.

From this it follows in particular that psychology, far

Disappointment To be the basis of spiritual science
In the Burcicii of the Xaturvvissschnaltaltall, since it is applied to the Er-
The laws of the spiritual life, that is, with the universal,
Abstract in it; But on the other hand the history,
Which, in fact, can only be done with the concrete, with the same
Done and the unique development has to do with a real
Is, however, never general terms
In the science of natural science and laws. Of the
B <^ priff dnes htttorian law is a true a> ntradictio in
Adjecto. History as science - as soon as you just do not
With sociology yerwechsdt or even as a (possibly very
Interesting) mixed form of all kinds natural science, socio-
Logical, intellectual, and philosophical knowledge
- can not explain anything, but only seeks to understand.
From the natural sciences, psychology and socio-
The data they are looking for through interpretation
And intuition - the real metbod of the humanities
- persons, destinies and the meaning of the events of the inanimate
World for the people of every epoch
Through the stubbornness of the changing forms of life that they give us

4*
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Dr. Mm Adler

Errtfinct, the most powerful tool for the development and

In the realm of spiritual science. For "the ideal
The knowledge of the whale is, indeed, the confusion of the whole
Human-historical individuation from the
And the community in all life of soul. "

The contrast between the two possible conceptions of the spiritual-

Social life of mankind is thus, according to the aiistliaini
Of the thinkers, whose teachings were set forth here, become necessary
Double nature of science. It is not the
Of the object but of the method and the
For the purpose of separating nature and social life;
It is the fundamental kind of the ZainaininenhaDges (the Gesete-
), Here and there the individual embrace and to the
Makes a special, peculiar science.
"In this case, a genre of objects is placed under one
Is brought about by terms which have the purpose of
Dear specimen. In the other case, however, a
Certain series of effects are presented in such a way that the
The individuality and individuality of each individual,
Which is only possible under value aspects. The knowledge-
Work which, in its opinion, is based solely on methods
The nature-oriented kind also the spiritual-social life
Of the human being, is therefore confined to these
Way from every possibility of achieving this goal,
Since in such an uncritical and premature restriction,
The most valuable part of the human being
Existence completely escapes. The science-
Shafts' *, only the outer shell is always shown here.

VI.
From the logical concept of science.

Through the emergence of their own spiritual or social-

Science of a special kind, which contains all deeper impressions
The essence of the spiritual and social life for this very reason
Distinctively claimed, because they do not follow the laws of being

0 W. Diltbey. O., p. 399.

* H. Rickert, on the Tasks of a Logpk of History

Ftr Systemic Philosophy ** (Nene Episode), VIII., A. Booklet, page 141.

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Kftaiidtttt, and Teleo ^^ in the station to the WildenMilimft

Or pursue, a titd to which the naturalistic

Treatment of the psjchiadi-coxial phenomena their gharaactm as
The most important is the logical meaning
Of the natural history of the Ecumenism
Argued enough enough. The whole meaning dieaea Gegenaatses aiweier
The species of the winnipeg is only opened "as soon as the natural"
Atiache the direction of the geo-knowledge authorities
. By now, to the yollen consequent of the level
Developed doctrine, the defense law
Of naturalism in this area
Need to be aware of two very obvious logical dangers
Which have only too frequently been conspicuous, on the
Opponent's position directly Torbeizulaufen and finally
To strut alone with himself.

Above all, it would be a spoofing way, therefore, because the

Consequences which we have seen to develop and which are still
More aggressively, perhaps seem unacceptable,
Equally roundly its starting point, namely the fact of the
Described double view of the world, and even more
Origin of the current view. Not only,
That by doing so the most direct experience of each
Consciousness; One would be with it
At the same time, deprive them of every possibility, precisely within the framework of the
The nature of the psvish social subscriptions
To be able to. For nothing else has made us the most consistent
Naturalistic rundletrnnij of the (Teisteswissenschatten
Marx, taught that only ui the current or, to his word
"Practical man," but the latter, in his
Form, the starting point will be felled
Can be derived from the \\ cg to the solution of those peculiar problems
The social phenomena.
"Social life," says Karl Marx, "is essentially practical.
All the mysteries which seduce the theory of mysticism
Their rational solution in human practice and comprehension
This practice. "* Such a comprehension, however, is impossible without
Energetic grasping of the actuality of the nuisance.
Thus, a self-conception must be given only by

') Marx une-i Beuerbach, S. These, in Friedrich Engels's Ludwig Feuerbach,

2, support, page 6i.

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54

Dr. Max Adler

Causal clearing ultimately tortured social theory

With the impossibility of explaining the Philnonicne to be explained in her
Peculiarity, to bring all the maturity of their development.

But the second danger is an even greater that one

Namely, a pre-conception, merely based on the recognition of nature
The conception of science, and now as follows:
All scholarship consists in the explanation of the phenomena from the
Causes and finding the laws of action. Because now
But that other kind of aural of the psycho-social being
And the occurrence of the value relationship is never
For the completion of ivausal co-operation
Of the event - a change which, albeit from
The other side not only not disputed, but cumbersome and
Broadly - could be the result of such an
The disciplines do not explain anything "
WisBoisdiaft, thus also no Geistiskissdiaften deliver. It is
Clear that with such a reasoning is nothing but a
Petitio prindpii terrible species; that he
In this way actually only says as much as: I call now
Once only the explanation of causes and systemization of the
So gained insights under general science.
This would then be a mere word-strife, as he also did in
In fact, was often conducted, and with all the greater suffering-
As the controversies felt their infuriation,
That their best blows intersected only empty air.

Now, however, it is not to be recognized that, so logically missed

This kind of dissension is also to her the knowledge-
Critical critically important idea that it
It is no mere word to dispute what is called the "
Science. It has often been repeated what
Once Simmel has noticed that because it frnd everyone who
Concept of science in its definition to the knowledge of
Laws, from which it follows that
History is not a science, as it is not too historical
Laws, this whole distinction "a mere one
Matter of terminology to which is an unfair value
Had been laid. The decisive factor for the value of a per se
True knowledge is only the interest that is in them
Of course. It may still be a connotation of science

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ICausality and teleology in the field of science 55

She will not go after her if she does not

In itself worth appearing; If it does so, it is again very
Indifferent, in which form a formal category belongs. "
Heinrich Rickert has recently
Closed ^)

The matter can not be dismissed so easily; much more

"Cigt just an attitude that in the dispute about the right to the
Names of science nothing but "a mere matter of the
Terminology ", its own place where it becomes vulnerable
Is, namely, that the concept of science does not exist at all
In unambiguous determinateness. That will be soon
: But before, it will be necessary to recognize how wrong it is
At all. In the dispute over the title of science nothing
Other than an idle controversy.

It is an interpenetration of the psychological and

Cognition critique, on which such an opinion and
Also suffers from Simmel's discussion in this case. To
Here comes a quite disparate application of the concept
Science. What first affects the latter is certain
Can not be overlooked, that one may still be so super
In the granting, the definition of science
To let it lose all meaning, if he were to be replaced by a
Isolated individual knowledge is used, on whose value then,
As it happens at Suumel, is reflected. Science
- as will be explained below - always somehow
Related, unitary majority of knowledge
And requires only because of this peculiar,
Only to clarify individual insights
A particular name, with which they are always from mere "
Sound life experience is divorced and divorced. she can
Is, on the whole, an object of judgment, and is,
As will be revealed to us at the end, but this is quite something
Other than the value that interests in detail
In their results.

This is Yorangesbuck, it is now - and here lies the first

Emphasized the psychological " With the critiBChen

>) Georg SiniDel, "ProUene of the GescIiicischebenpbosopliie", Leipzig, 1903, Seile

Comp. H. Rickert, "On the Exercises," p. 146, p.

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56
Dr. Max Adler

Points of view - although it is clear that the

Our need for knowledge, that is, for the
Psychological process of their icing
Wdche formal conceptual category.
And thus also included individual discourses,
And how to name it. Enough that he gave us the
Knowledge, according to which it requires us. This is precisely why
Interest, which leads us to this, is only decisive for the
His being a "true" knowledge, but not indifferent
For this logical character of the "being-true-being-itself"
Of the whole knowledge-connection, in which every single cognition
A particular value. The interest of a
Cognition is therefore not yet identical
Their worth. For crsterer simply means one
Affective \ 'recognition of the knowing subject to his knowledge-
Objections and recognition, which is the whole of the historical
Contingency and changeability, but the latter
LTkcniiT-K-Lr ::; See the difference between all ivioal species.
Sanuiivalascnacr Reservation overhaupi. Ludi ciadi. \ V - ": l 5aiMi: el.
Which holds interest for the decisive, which is reflected in chl
But at the same time always only from a "true" self
Cognition speaks, the question is obvious, whether it is then not a
Certain special connection between the "true"
Is knowledge, which we mean when Yon science speaks
And in which they gain a new, peculiar value?
So that is certainly certainly without a linked interest
No true knowledge is valuable to us, but this interest
In essentially different and, perhaps, more perfect logical
Can be satisfied with such true knowledge,
Which can be categorized as such
Those in whom this is impossible? And if you
That Simmel's "interest" is the "true"
Knowledge in this property is simply presupposed
Nor the further question, whether not at the end of the questionable character
The science is just logically related to what the
"In-itself-true '' of the individual cognition, so that therefore
Not every single true knowledge in the context
A science in this sense
But is only true according to the "in itself true," which of her
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57

Can such a science schatt come? Certainly the

Freedom of the jet, of the world, is arbitrary
Also define the other freedom, these just-named races
Ztt atellea or even to omit. But so surely the latter
Is a mere matter of logic, so is also certain
Then the emphasis, the clear right to the name "science"
No matter of mere terminology,

Therefore, if we were not in the error "of a

Before the investigation.
From the teleological view of the nature of the
The right to this name
And nevertheless, for reasons of our conviction,
That this view is justified and that there is no mere
There is only one thing to help: before we get something to complain, simply because it is
New or unsympathetic seems to be clear from the past *
Which prevents us to immediately take the other position
Increase. This must either prove to be a mere affection;
Then we must wait until it has cooled down. Or it is
A logical reasoning; Then it will help more securely than on-
Excited reasoning.

It seems, indeed, a serious logical concern

To prevent the teleological conception of Tom psrchi-social
Life, which we have already experienced with the clearest consciousness.
Its develop its basic difference from the causal develop,
In their systematic results, nevertheless, with the same name
Which the systematic assumption of causal consideration
to lead. All the clarity caused by the conscious divorce of these two so
The same world of the world
Theoretical work would be immediately questionable
As soon as we continue with the one word of the
Science, two very different things. Or
In the end it would not be two different things but,
As Simmel thinks, is only the one great thing in itself.
Recognition, to which only two different paths led: Man
Sees immediately: it does not work, in the baroque rebuilt earlier
The only way to open up the idea of science is the science-
But it is not, on the other hand, any
Only. Who is seriously trying to do so;
Rather, then, is the most unavoidable effort,

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Dr. Max Adler

Whether it is possible for the concept of science

To get a logical one -degree criterion
Can be recognized as soon as it is still preferred, too
To name other names. It is about
Not the word, but the concept
But must be at the word. If, therefore, the dispute is concerned,
Which, from the two concepted views,
Title of the science can only claim for itself,
Or the doubt whether he is not equal to both,
Then it can only depend on whether it is a mere sound,
Who, from the word "science,
Times, or whether the word is a special oig-
Of the matter. This, if it is to strike,
Must be accurately established, it will be the essence of knowledge *
In the narrower sense of the word; and then first
One may see whether the peculiarity of both or multiply only one
The opposing views of the
speaks. The result to which we arrive in this way is
Then obviously no mere nomenclature, but an insight into
The nature of our knowledge at all.

But as for the task which demands its solution here,

Complicated, this is not just the difficulty of a safe one
Logical distinction between two quite different exposures.
Both of which are equally called science
Want, but much more of the fact that we do not at all
The next way, from this confusion
To come out: quite simply from the designation on their
Concept, in order to obtain its actual content.
And this is impossible because the term "science" does not mean any
Clear term and thus to those in the history of the
Philosophy, so dreaded, and the eternal
The use of so many in use is largely due to the sterility of so many
Of their problem struggles. If you as a science as well
Often refer to physics and chemistry as ethics and law
Hear of a science of medical science,
And even the fine arts or music
Judicial expert from the satchel or from any one
Branches of commercial technology in their oath, her
The art of science and science.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle do science

59

, It is quite clear that there is a language usage

Of the "old scholarship", which is nothing less than his own
Pnlgnanz of his concept. However, it is precisely this general,
Wide linguistic usage, not only of the most common
Where it is not exactly autologous precise definition
AtikTiunt. But is itself based there where it is
Is concerned with the famous, eminently logical problem of mitigation
Of the switch.

However, it will immediately show that this

Of the science can be sufficient here, where we follow
Dignity in its content. For he offers us
Only one side of it, and the one with which the
Specific (still unknown) peculiarity of a mimemnite, as a "knowledge-
Experience with a general purchasing power.
Which also belongs to other types of experience,
And which therefore do not include those of the latter.
To divorce. In its wider scope denotes rUimlich
The expression science obviously all human knowledge over-
But as a particularly qualified knowledge, just as
Science, that is, in contrast to the isolated,
Disordered knowledge as it is simply the result of life-
Experience is: in short, as a combined, processed,
Knowledge. In the feature of the syitematization of the
Is the specific characteristic by which
The individual recognition in all areas of experience, thus also
In their theoretical as well as in their practical, moral and
Aesthetic areas in a durdiaus novel and elevated
This is the feature that constitutes the concept
Of science in the wider sense of this word.

Why was it that a word so different

Pages of human-intellectual activity, must be certain
Seem strange enough, especially when one is still concerned
That it did not stop there, only the agreement
Of the manifold in the conscience, but of this
For the sake of consistency, an equality of the sub-

* In the Kant, "Meupiiysis, the Initial Reasons of the History of the History,
It is true that, when a system, a system,
That is, the whole of the Euphrinean, to be helmed
Science page 3.

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60

Dr. Mkz Adler

Was carried out. But as logically as this: Iuijj cia boichcr \ 'urang
Was so psychologically obvious crschieu he in the historical
A winding up of the concept of science. For the moment of the
Order of human experience was on each of them
Areas of such extraordinary importance are the livelihoods
And promotion in exchange, as in the country
The sound of which he was led by such a superiority.
Systematic thinking that this criterion seems to be apt
Had to ascertain the chaiacter of science.
And in the circumstance that on the foothills of the Natur-
Recognize the order of knowledge the furthest driven, yes up
For the predestination of nature in tides of its directions
It seems perfectly reasonable that now
The concept of science as a system of
Experience, so to speak, a potiori in the picture, yes, all the same
More than he at the same time a kind of model for the others,
Not yet so far advanced knowledge systems. So has become
Because despite dtr in logical distinctions so often already on-
Covered equilibrium in the use of the term "science"
His undifferentiated use of language is preserved to our own days,
And this - usus est tyrannus - often with the same thinkers
Had spoiled him sharply enough in their logical divisions.
However, it is clear that a
Already characterized by the systematic characterization of the
Experience sufficiently constituted is quite inadequate,
To tell us about it, whether the various, under him
Systems of knowledge
Or not. For he unites all socializations
Human experience, be they based on theoretical knowledge,
To practical work, or to ethical and aesthetic
Assessment. Precisely because in the narrow sense also
The scientific knowledge mentioned above
Only as coordinated subspecies of a superficial gratitude
Clear that here within the large common framework
A peculiarity begins, about which the usually same
Name in negligent language use.

I am not writing a treatise on division here

The science, and the logical nature of this idea
Itself. It is, therefore, also not necessary, in essence,

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science 6i

Building logiscb-noetischs Presentation the Reeriff of science

To accredit. This would mean the whole of the pre-
Work. Without that it would be njoilicli, on
The various versions, which this
Has been found here, or in his numerous accusations
From other spheres of human activity (phiiosophy, art
And practice), needs only one thing now
To be referred to, which is perhaps more than undisputed
Be allowed.

Since we found that all science at all svstematic

Experience, and thus only a
Experience, in order to achieve this
In each system of experience, the term "science"
The question of the particular one emerged
Character of these different experience systems. This
Special character is now either l me arbitrary assertion,
That is to say, the sciences of human knowledge,
Divide themselves at all by nothing but their substance;
Or it lies in a different cognitive value of the
Individual systems. For apart from the distinction
Of the substance, which, if there is no inevitability, nevertheless
Only of logical importance, can all be
Types of systematic experience
The logical value of the individual
Systems. And then it is obvious that those systems-
Tion, the impressions of absolute and objective generality
Which are therefore absolutely necessary for the
Of their knowledge, becomes sharp from each other
In which this is not the case.
Is still with this quite formal change of concept
Not even said which one of the others among the others
The concept of science covered by this requirement.

We must not think that this is the pedlio priaclpu. Because while it
Here still gtim remains, whether it is such an absolutely necessary
Context as a system of our cognition,
ehddend., That we are at all events the logical conception
And objectively valid. And only on the dne of this logtoehen
The out-of-the-line orientation of possible Wiisent-
"For the time being, it is hmddt

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Dr. Mtt Adkr

speaks. But gnaJc in this ease against the

Individual doctrines combined under the same name
We can now say that with logical rights em
Narrower concept of science, of all
May be considered further in so far as it is a question of certainty
Knowledge. The system of absolute and ob-
In general, there is a
In the true sense of the word.

This definition can not be replaced by historical ones

This information is provided for informational purposes only. Absolute
Ailgemciii the system is not valid in the Smac,
As if his individual knowledge had ever been absolutely established
Not in the river of spiritual development
To be; But msofnne, old his Oninung (law)
The same forms of thought and intuition are "founded by the same
Every simplest experience comes about; Their position
But is not one that can be taken or
Not, but according to the nature of our knowledge-
Apparently unconditionally.
In this absolute universality this is then different
Knowledge system for each other whose order (law-
Can be just as stagnant as his own, but in
Of its totality, exists only for the one who is based on that standpoint
From which only this regularity becomes visible
becomes. In all its closeness and without exception in its
Therefore, this latter generality is only a relative,
For it must first be released from a knowing consciousness
Or be preserved. That other order, however,
But is set with every consciousness and thus absolute.

Further: objectively general is our special

Knowledge system, because the generality of its propositions of each
Relation to being granted by the knowing subject
Is independent, that is, in contrast to those systems which,
Also contain general judgments, but only those of
That it recognizes every discriminating subject.
Know. The meaning of this difference lies then
Again the propositions of this latter system are strict

In the Kantian Church, p. H ', page 4, i ge titlic he WisseudiBft Imui only the-
Those whose certainty is apodictic

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Causal and teleology in the field of science 63

Conformity, which is not less than that of the enterm,

Represent for the person who establishes them, but that this
Through the fact that here a thoroughly subjective content - namely
The sentence contained in the sentence is expressed in a form,
Which leads to the judgment of the Ailgemeinschaft,
Whose recognition he therefore requires from everyone. Says to the
Example someone, this area is glorious or this act is noble,
He says, as long as he still naively judges and does not pay attention.
That he could only speak of his impressions,
That everyone should find the judged items as well. It
But is not a possibility. In all individual fills a further-
Going necessary consensus of thought in these
Points than that the forms themselves are considered as general
In which the one contests the other
This is described as glorious or noble. And there is no stand-
Point, from which a really inner to these forms
Judgment as an arbitrary, false, contradictory
Feasible. Here comes the full sub-
In the midst of the omnipotence of the forms of their activity
to expression ; And so trcicn i, iicucu jv: uc other judgments, whose
Invalidity from the conditions of experience
Against a subjective mood or aberration of thought
Their right can be proved by the contradiction
Of this thinking with the driving conditions.
The objectual validity of these seats thus corresponds only to one
In the necessary form of those judgments
Application for general application.

From this point of view, the natural-

Scientific knowledge of easily gained game
Exclusive right to the name of science.
Headed For the absolute and objective universality of the
Phrases in his domain simply assure him of the circumstance that
The same memorial of space, time, and categories of the
Mind through which at first a world of objects
As the object of the natural knowledge, there are also means
To which the laws are based, to determine this existence. The
Order, the lawfulness of his system is thus not at all
: It is so indispensable and invariably valid,
These are just the simplest ways of doing this

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Dr. Max Adler

Experience. ") A similar inescapable-

But the other system, which we consider as a second
Possibility of the conception of the world of man beside that
Of natural knowledge. The value relationship,
Which is here based on a general context
But also on a fundamental form of consciousness
The value of the distinction of value is simply an absolutely all-

>) There is also another reason for Jenas mercer

, The WisMiselMfl in the engomi sense "with a scerkmol ebes much
wefties, ie, the systematic WmMena. D * they only In dentdben

Thought process, to which all experience at least arose, the

Criteria of experience, precisely their unquestioning objective and absolute
For all experience subjects, no more than special features of the
Wetsmith Sit viperlir ali lemfastmindlidi nruttck opposite her
So more and more, from the time of the birth of the family
Order of the experiential. It is only from a critical point of view that the
Self-understanding of the experience of which the secret of the
Uncover the normality of our experience, which is the basis of all experience
Knowledge. Now the steady
Since all this modern science since Baeo aaf, A gatus
Aadere Bedcntnng. Bs is no longer the Dnalismus one in the science
Active thinking, which is a solid construction only in a strange stranger
"Experience" beyond its own domain, but knowledge-
Knowledge and experience form a great connection of thought
Sdlnt, in that knowledge is the most appropriate processing and conceptualization of Aos-
The existence of the regularity already existing in the ErMirvng itself
Is given), and with these only to the conscious development
Intuition, and methods of thought, with which even the most ordinary sense-
Perception. In this sense, immediately becomes clear how the view
Of science as an oil-toned achievement of thinking not only not
The logical purpose of the text attempted above in the text-
But rather as a purely historical and psychological one
Representation of the way in which that logical effect in the history-
Development of scientific work
Perfectly. And in this critical sense also appears
Another kind of positivist knowledge, namely that the "vis-
That thinking is not at all qualitatively different from the ordinary one
Only as a confirmation of our logical interpretation of the nature of the knowledge-
shaft. For if the certainty of science is no other than
The immediate reality with which the experience of our ordinary world "
Image, but only because the safe ground of this experience
Is anchored in the inescapability with which it is mediated by the formal
Action of conscience. The character of the all-
Must be immanent, the progress of our discussion can only take place.

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Is common. But within them, every

Value is a completely subjective one and therefore the law-
The value of such a value with merely subjective validity.
claims. Yes, even more: the distinction is itself in
Seen in this light, one can only be possible to the subject, but entirely
And not necessary at all. Only as soon as it wants to value, it is to him
Schema of oppositeness and thus the unfolding in it
Order (law) is inescapable. However,
Distinguishes, for example, the
Whole law which is dependent on it no longer, and with dtiea
Enthronement are now all by the value relationship alone
To a very precarious existence.
Moreover, the lawfulness which the value opens up becomes so
A relative only. On the other hand, the nature of nature is "
Whether I recognize them or not; And search for their territory
Science thus finds here only the firm "unshakable
Ground, from which they are the strength and serenity of their follies
Which is capable of effecting what has always been
The general character of scientific truth.
: That this remains untouched by all subjective
My, values and willing.

VIIL

Theoretical turn of the conflict.

At this point, however, the entire deep boring begins to unfold

And the science formally undermining the importance of the
Teleological conception, as we have come to know it here
have. With a bold twist, she beats the weapon that the
It is still so sure of them that they are recognized by nature
Lead to the ground and presses the attacker
To the wall in such a way that, with his own arguments, he
Can no longer dare to open their mouths. Because
Already, that he is at least something - be it ever -
Will, as will be shown, be presented to him as
Most self-assertion.

At the same time, the point where the

Is most closely related to questions of the theory of
And only by answering them the solution of their

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Dr. Max Adler

Special task, the essence and value of knowledge
Shank. Problems, which have always caused problems with the
Philosophy, and in the modern version they are
Since Kant, the focus of the recognition
Retical, and logical work of our time
Also here as the grand problems, since only when thinking through
She has penetrated it, finds it the solid ground, on the last
All the light spaces of science are at rest, in which it is so
Surely to be able to live safely - as long as the skeptical ambiguity
On the walls of which do not vibrate. These problems are the question
According to the transcendent reality of objects and thus, as we do
The inseparable, the question of the being
Of the judgment.

For the first glance, it may seem as if only

A very remote and subtle connection between ours
Task and these questions. How much, however, in fact
These two problems for an investigation of principle
Which, like the present one, do not want anything else,
As, in addition to the field of natural sciences, its own
To demarcate human sciences, this is perhaps even this
At first glance, when one begins to wonder
Recalls how the natural sciences alone
The objectivity of their insights was not least of all also due to the fact
Is founded, that they do it with a world of objects
The subjectivity of our senses
An indisputable, beyond our consciousness, if
Also for us perhaps unknowable reality, which (admittedly,
Very wrongly) so-called Kantian "thing-in-itself", as well as that,
What science and science may be, science
Is, in any case, a system of judgments in which and by which
Which all our knowledge first becomes conscious.

Therefore, the implicit application of the present

Investigation on the two problems identified, according to which
In the direction of the teleological conception
Wilhelm Windelb and and Heinrich Rickert in truth
Brilliantly. The basic ideas, whose
We will try to explain this in what follows
Almost all of them in Windelbands 'Preludes', smaller writings
The judgment, and in the lecture on "Natural
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Sheep and history *. In a closed context and the

Consequence of these thoughts with the spirit of the Fichte
, She then wrote H. Rickert in his book "Der Gegen-
Was the recognition of a theory of knowledge
To which his whole work is based
"The Limits of Scientific Conception."
Probably the logical-critical principle of the teleological direction
Of the humanities. By now I'm here
Only in large outlines the whole argumentation of skis, as
In these writings to the goal of natural science
Entirely in a new light, in which all that,
Which they have hitherto regarded as a justified justification of her exclusively
As a mere dogmatic one
Conceit and uncritical Hochmnr, it is hardly
Possible, the logical meeting security, even the elegance of the thought-
Especially in diapers "Prludien" and Rickert's work
"The object of knowledge" * from this representation of the
Thoughts as they are in their own development
Carry the reluctant reader wherever they want. And
Even if we shall proceed in the sequel,
Strebcn hinterdrein to a rational expression, thus
To give, if not in this appendix
So fixed chain logical KaiSunnersjiiS to bruchiges tiucd
A little more can be done here than merely the goal points
To which m. E. a counter - argumentation
Attack. For a discussion which is more to the point
Task and take the tasks that arise here
The two would now be in the fore-
Problems of the transcendent reality of the Ob-
As well as the nature of the decision-making process
A requirement that under this study, so much to her
However, may be disadvantageous
Without disturbing their entire economy. What is needed here,
Is just that of the connection with these problems
Should not be overlooked, but only an overview
Which recognizes the direction in which the
Investigation on the nature of science and thus also
Of the human sciences, if it were a safe one
As well as the nature of this.

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Dr. Max Adler

IX.

Second development of the teleological

Conception: Critical Criticism

the same.

The logical parade, through which the naturalism in

The science is to be entirely disarmed, is explained in the following
Way.

All science of nature is a system of

Sentences in which certain relations are expressed to the voices and voices
Elements of the outside world are pronounced with the meaning "
That these judgments should be recognized by everyone. Of the
Reason of this requirement is a recognition by anyone
But because these sentences are valid judgments. In order to
Refers to the whole system of natural
To a value: the truth-
value. , Under the condition that some of the possible
Judgments of the truth, on the other hand,
The sciences to determine the whole scope of the
For this purpose, what is in danger is
With explicit justification
In the field of knowledge.
While affirming and denying, endorsing and disapproving out,
And in their outline they extend their activity to all
Objects, which are at all accessible to human insight
. "* Natural science, too, can, therefore, be without reference
To an evaluative subject can not be thought of at all
There can be no doubt about it, as oh with this
Gnmdeinsichr misunderstood that the abstraction of all values
Within their work {almost as a necessary \ 'or
Of all science. "It follows, however, from this
Not yet, that even with guiding principles of the natural
In all respects, independent of a
Evaluating subject. Yes, when we will see,
That the system of knowledge of nature is only one of the means

W. Windelfaand, "P) rSlwitan ^ s. AnnAge.

") H. Rickert," Grenzen ", page 66t.

H. Rickert, supra, pp. 663-664 *

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The ideal of a knowledge of one side

Za near, then we can "almost say that the Ab-
From all the relations of the
With due regard for the purpose of natural science,
Only as an act of a scientific conceptualization
Subject can be understood. "

This act, as already mentioned, is the relation

Of all knowledge to the truth. Let us now analyze,
What everything in such a relationship hangs and what the lineup
Of a truth-value, we become the result
That science is not only related to us
To the forms of their cognition, but even to their forms
Is nothing but a teleological, that is to say, as a
The realization of a certain value, of the truth-
Value, coordinated system.
The teleological relationship already begins with the indispensable
Most of all science, in judgment. All
Lrivcuntiiis, al ^ o also all science, completed i: ch i'a urul
Alone with only durcii judgments. But every judgment, niv-ht only that
Scientific, but also in the ordinary life a thousand-
Fold, does not exhaust its meaning in that in it
Any control connection is made as described by
The association with natural law,
Process, but that it should also be the same
Imagination connection as correct or as false Temetnt
becomes. "As far as our thinking is on knowledge, that is, on truth
All our judgments are immediately subject to an assessment,
Which is either the validity or the invalidity of the judgment in the judgment
Completed pilot connection. . . . All sentences of the
Thus, the judgment already contains a combination of the judgment
With the appraisal: they are conceptual connections,
Whose truth value by the affirmation or negation
Has been decided

II. Rickcrt, op. Cit., 663-664.

W. Wibidelband, "Preludes," p. 33. Compare W. Windelband,

Sur Lehr der iiegaiiven Judgment, "in the Strassburg treatises on the Philo-
ophlCf Tbingen 1884, pages 170 and 174-176. See also, however,
Biitoric relationship of this judgment on the basis of Franz Bren-
Tan and Joliu Bergmann But the same council.

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Dr. Max Adler

From this it follows, first, that not only the bcwusst with
The will and the feeling
Phenomena, but also the intellectual judgments
Only a particular way of determining value and that
The two fundamental functions of our consciousness, the theoretical
And the practical, also in the field of knowledge both effective
are. Furthermore, it follows that
Of course, a conjecture
\\ crrl c ^ t.mniuag as to whether this compound of pre-
With a top truth value
It is not here that thinking refers to a point of view,
Which is not a natural law, but is merely necessary,
Should apply. "Certainly, everyone thinks as necessary
He just thinks, and he considers his or others' ideas different
True, because he has to keep it necessary for it: nevertheless we are
Is convinced that, contrary to these requirements of the natural law
It is an absolute determination
, According to which the judgment is to be made true and false,
Whether this happens or not. Having this conviction
We all: for we have some idea on the basis of our
Is necessary to ensure that this is the case
Explanation has no meaning other than the claim that it is not
Only for us, but also for all others. "

Further still goes in the elaboration of the teleological

Character of the ruling form Rickert. It initially accepts full
The theory of judgment of the world, according to which every judgment is inseparable
In itself contains an assessment. Now, since every cognition with
Begins, advances, and ends with them
This alone characterizes recognition as a process,
Far from being merely intellectual,
In affirmation or negation, "recognition is acknowledgment or
Discard, "but in the case of a supreme truth-
As a mere normative point of reference, according to which the
The natural confusion of the associations of thought is reflected in its merits and
Fallacy, like the norms of truth,

X) W. Widdelband, "Priandlen", x Avtti ^ Page 39.

H. Rickert, "The History of Knowledge," 1893, chap. XI;

^ Boundaries "on page 664 ff.

3) Rickert, "Object etc.", page 58.

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In the controversy of Utit and Tdeolocie the Wisieradiftft

Good and beautiful, from an aleleae from the natural laws

Denote the bonds which are below the point of formation
En Striving! According to a system of truth, goodness, and beauty
Rickert, moreover, struggles to reach an absolute level
Transcendent, because only in the individual consciousness,
In "consciousness at all."
As well as what it is called, what is striking as good and what is beautiful
Are to be judged as true.
I can not, according to arbitrariness in the judgment, affirm,
But I feel certain of a feeling of
Evidence that I should judge so. The recognition of this
First confers truths on the judgments "truth is nothing
Other than the sum of the primal elements, which are recognized as valuable
That is, those judgments which, because they attach a value to them, are made
should. A judgment is therefore not valuable because it is true,
But the truth can only be as the peculiar value
Have judgments. Also judgments, which
Are not true because they testify,
What is real, but what we really call what is meant by
Judgments should be recognized. Reality is only one way
Of truth and truth is nothing but a value.

The concept of a cognitive-theoretically supra-individual

Evaluating subject is therefore a necessary prerequisite civ.ch
Only every actual judgment - since a fact at all
Can only be stated in the judgment - the more
Of the judgment. And so science is
As a value of the value, and this is precisely the case
In that point in which they are most securely free of all judgment
In which her life principle was a determining factor
To universality, that is the truth of their propositions.

Teleology, however, penetrates them much further and captures them

A predicate, according to the other, on which they usually have their valueless
Objectivity. There is, above all, their constant
Appeal to experience as their only foundation. Alone:
"Never are mere sensations and their additions,
Which may be applicable to know-

*) W. Windelband,, Prl'uH * n ", 2. Anflage, pp. 263-265.

Kickert, "object", page 63.
Rickert, supra, page 64.

72

Dr KK Adler

Every time an interpretation of the perception by basic-

And presuppositions which are regarded as directly certain
Are self-evident. * 'Thus every inductive proof,
For example, for a single natural law, his last justification
In the presupposition of a general legal context
Of natural phenomena, which, in its constant succession,
Of, from; Without the assumption of this axiom is any reinterpretation
The so far observed sequence into a "law" and every er
Maintenance of their repetition lapsed and groundless. "Just because these
"General conditions concerning the cohesion and
The terms of the conceptual content without which no
Induction is possible, as basic laws, any normal thinking
As is self-evident, it comes about that one is applied
Of the inductive method
Which, however, creates the risk of "
To completely overlook and to accept the premises of the
Inductive proof are exhausted with the facts,
Can be utilized. Thus this strong view could arise, as
If a science is a mere heap of facts
How to go with a broom. '^

These general conditions of all science, their

"Guiding principles," but their axioms can not at all
But are merely to be shown. "There is no logical
Which is proved by the axioms of the axioms
"For the proof would have to be the
The So you can only show that this is actually in ours
Thinking axioms and norms "
Necessity, the teleological necessity
Namely that their validity must be recognized in all cases where:
Otherwise certain purposes are to be attained, "when" thinking
The purpose of being true, the willing the purpose of being good, that
The purpose is to capture beauty, to recognize in general-
The way. * The universality of the advance-
And thus also the whole of the stringency
The certainty of natural science can only be proved,
That the axioms as an indispensable condition for the realization

1) Windeiband, "raludien", 2nd edition, page 131.

"" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" . Page 294-396.
*), Vol. 1, p. 294-296.

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Of the truth
As without giving them any general thought
Can "The justification of the axioms and norms is only
In themselves, in the teleological significance which they regard as
Have the means for the purpose of omnipotence. Where they as
Such can be proved ... there is the immanent
Necessity of the teleological connection. "

Thus it is shown that the so self-assertive

Natural science from a teleological criterion.
Is dependent on the belief in universal purposes, of which
One comes into consideration here and is the purpose of truth. Because
Only for the one who wants truth there is a necessary validity
The axioms, because these are nothing other than means to an end
The universality of knowledge. And this is also the case
Ultimate goal of science. The forms of which they are at
Their work, that is, the formation of general concepts
And the advance by means of these to natural laws are only means,
In order to arouse their object of knowledge;
Examination of the natural knowledge can show necessary means,
But only with regard to this purpose. The emergency services
Or validity of the scientific means of thought is therefore one
Teleological, since only by the detection of the manifoldness of the
Natural substances, under general principles and laws,
Is made possible by it. Just because science
Logically as the most conceivable substitute of an ideal
Intellect possible knowledge in our finite intellect.
, It has absolute value for us. The so our door
The necessity of the teleological necessity of the natural
Science then divides itself naturally. Because whoever wants the twosome, too
The means need to be, their denominators with, so this now
As badly nominally. ., Aui lieni soil of the naive
Realism will seem paradoxically paradoxical that the emergency-
In the last resort
Teleological, and we assert, of course
Also not at all that the monstrous this need ever
As a teleological comes to consciousness. We need individuals
Every natural law is something of our own.

>) Wunddband, n. O., page 320.

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Dr. Max Adler

Seem so little bound to us in its validity that

But rather depend on it. "
Critical discussion is, therefore, "all the surprises of the empirical
Science, and only the epistemological theory
The scientific forsdia it interprets so that
They completely detached the concept of a knowing subject
Reality into the concept of the necessary
Aggravated recognition of an overindividual value,
According to it, it is not a being, but an ought
To whom judgment is to be directed, and Jas the "counter-
Stood "to the knowledge of naturalness as well as of all knowledge.
Main forms ". ^

Ricken, "boundaries," "interesting", "

This recognition of cognition, which, in its ultimate logical consequence,

It is based on what is supposed to be, and, to be sure, terrified by naive realism
Moss, can be found in the teleological conception of the
The nature of science and the nature of the natural laws with the kiitisehen
ReRlismis Aex modern technology. Turn to the
Theory of Ernst M achs on the Economic Character of the Knowledge Causes
Work, on the other hand, science is a math
Which is the greatest possible order of the facts
With "very little work in the shortest possible time with very few
Thoughts even *. ("Lectures * '", i. Edition, page 16)
Then likewise the scientific writings and those with them
To the mere monuments of thought, the purpose of the knowledge-
Operation. ^ We get used to a term merely as a means sa one. I> e>
If we consider the purpose of the term, we are niiek inclined in the given case
Necessary walls in our thinking. "(" Principles of the
Heat Theory ", Sfite I.) Science divides itself into what Mach often does
Emphatically, to the full extent
Hbrlge purpose of human life, only that they, of course, one
Special and not often recognized as such;
Intellectual orientation in the world. Be careful with this purpose
Their conceptions. Their hypotheses. .,All
Which, by means of which scientific crops are to be weakened, the
Such as to achieve a life purpose
Necessary (intellectual) members "(Ibid., P. 119)
Note "This theory Mach" seemed to me in the place not only in order to pass through the
To the great and light thought-world of this exact researcher
The meaning of the "t"
Light, but also by highlighting the difference in these
Both forms of the teleology of the text illustrated in the text a better Ventindnis
Sn. The teleology of scientific work at Mach is a mere one

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This is the development of the teleological view

Reached a point where she took the naturalistic from her last
To be able to drive the rampart,
The ground beneath the feet. Not only (.las,
Whereby the natural science develops, the judgment, and that,
Which is aimed at facilitating the creation of a scientific, all-
Compulsive experience, will be understood as only teleological
Bewicsuii, sondcni aiKh Jas, what the Schibbolcth of modern natural-
Knowledge has become, the fact, indeed, the whole
Object world in their apparently so secure, any rating the
Soberness of their simple stock.
In the rapidly breaking sequence of the
Arguments which are always new to the teleological view.
White, into - transcendent ought, that each of the natural-
Science otherwise so noble a matter of factuality far from itself.

Indeed, the very fact, that is, the single material,

With which all the system is based, is no different
As teleological, for the very fact that, as they did,

Psychologiicli'biologische, the b "WindclbMid" Dd Rickert on the other hand

Lo gi s ch - 1 ran s. 1 e. The helst, for the crstere are the forms of the
Scientific thinking, only the middle of the empirical, historically
Degoing thought work to the chaotic mass of the real given tv,
Dominion, ar the letetere is not only the real thing through teleology
Besiebling of the thinking on itself given itself, since only by such a
Can be something as true and true, and the real is the truth,
But, moreover, that ecotonism of thought itself still problem
One that is more than a merely subjective simplification,
M> so that, as is the case in the case of the law, aof oh-
Can be claimed. This distinction of the
Works the psychological, antimetaphysical, positive trait of the former
Logical, transcendental, critical process of the latter. And though we
The transcendental-tecological interpretation of knowledge will have to be rejected,
Without this the psychologistic-teleological loses its redit, but it does
Such as the latter, the irvngtia, that the latter is not
In the strict sense, may be called a cognitive-critical one, indeed that "
Conscious limitation to psychological-historical facts and despite their
Funding on biological aspects consistently carried out to a
Reltivismn's ears, which are the real epistemic theories
Pkoblefli, the logging statingen of the judgment In all Ustoiiseh mchsdnden
Inlialt, in my opinion. - Vergl. On this, Oswald Klpe, "Philosophy
The present in Germany; Tcubner, 1902, p. 20- <24, and most recently
Harald Hffding, "Philosophical Problems", pp. 42-43.

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Dr. Max Adler

We have already heard only in a judgment

Which is a stimulus of the bead, in which
(For example, the sun warms) for us
The characteristics of the wakffacit. Then we have
Seen, as the whole experience, in the interior of the only tales
Are due precisely to their axioms
Necessary validity only as teleological. Without
The implicit presupposition of these principles would be none
The most important statement about the reverberation of individual things
In the course of the event it is possible to "
No measurement to be carried out, no maintenance required
It is precisely what is always held to be the most objective,
Namely, what can be grasped, measured, weighed, can only be measured in a teleo-
Logical reasoning in this exact determinateness.
Of course. But at last, as every fact in itself, is special
The scientific fact - and this is what it is here,
Where we deal with Jer's science, especially to a teleo-
Logical notation. "Not every real thing is a fact
For science, but only that from which they "in short
- can learn something, "-) which is so so, that it is in
The connection of knowledge, on the production of which
Science.

But still further: as long as the old naive view still agree
Credit had that with our thinking the world portray that
So that somehow the objects which are
We take it through our thinking, whether it be in
One more, the less faithful portrait, even in one
Kind of correlative analogy, so that always something
What is different to us perceived thing qualities
In any way corresponded, so long could one also mean,
That the certainty is something of every subjective factor of cognition
Free, because it is only in the consistency of the judgment
Its object, was then a straight line
More independent and of any snappy relations? More independent
Concept, how the objects there are independent of us
rails. But now, through Kant's epistemological criticism
And his followers have truly torn and destroyed this view.

Diaper band, "Preludes", 2nd edition, year 131.

* "Diaper cover," History, and Narrings, "page.

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77

Was already gradually being trained by everyone

Critical thinking has become indescribable depends on this
The truth and thus the authentic truth-
And its objectivity, which is based on objectivity, stands in the same way
Air. How then would the truth agree?
Its object as being in itself, if we, ourselves
Admitted that such "things" exist, but to do everything in the
World can never know how they are constituted and in which
To meet our expectations! "
Thing and idea are incommensurable since we never change
All ideas can be compared with conceptions, then f
To us aodi not the slightest possibility, Torhandeii, za enticfaeiden,
Whether any performance with something other than again with pre-
Controls. If this is so, it has no meaning,
Sound of the science ztx yerlangen that they are an image of the action *
Should be; The concept of truth can no longer be a
Consistency of ideas with things involved;
It is reduced to the consistency of ideas.
Each other. . . As shown in Fig.

But this consistency of ideas among themselves

Does not quite exist to those peculiarly contentious objdttives
Concept of truth; Who joined us to a real world.
For the desire for inner consistency of the pre *
Positions have only an objdttiven, generally valid
Truthfulness "when the ideas to be reconciled
Always refer to an X common to the premisses. "Without
This relation to one and the same ReaJitftt would be known
Not among the countless ideas.
And to bring about the immanent truth.
To be found. "* This is precisely the reality
We also have the truth which relates, and the existence of one
Outside, the objects around us, we affirm with the
Most decisive claim to the truth of this judgment. where does ... come from
This firm conviction of truth, from where,
The existence of transcendent objects.
Probably this unshakable certainty about the presence

) Windcliff, "Prelude". 2. In the last analysis,

^ Wiodelband, "Preludes", 2nd edition, page 140.

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78

Dr. Max Adler

An external world, from which the objectivity and

The universality of science?

The teleological theory of knowledge also holds to this point:

"That the meaning of knowledge rests upon the conviction,
That we discover an order existing in itself,
But it is an uncritical prejudice, we read from Rickert,
To say that this is just an order of Diagca
have to be. On the contrary, we can discover nothing else but the
Order of consciousness, that is, the relationships
Of the ideas which are supposed to be
Are therefore to be answered in the affirmative. Or, like Winddband,
Thank you, "truth is normality of thinking."

That is to say, since we are truth as a customer of one

Objectively existing and universally applicable
Objects, we are never unaware of these objects.
Depending on the subjectivities of our eikenns
But the truth from without
It can only come from within ourselves.
The anti-Christian truth, the being of things, is one supreme
Postulate of the mind, a categorical theoretical imperative,
That is, a principle of thought, according to which all his
Individual ideas. The
Mysterious relation of ideas to their object
Dissolves, as Kant first showed, in the concept of a rule
Of the preliminary connection. |, If after the popular
Concept of the "object" is the original, with which the
True conception must agree, he is, merely
Seen from the side of the imagination, a rule,
According to which certain representational elements are to be arranged,
So that they are recognized as universally valid in this arrangement. "
While the psychological association
It is clear: "from an" objective "
Think is only insofeme the speech, than in the infinite crowd
Of combinations which are possible in this way, only certain
To set aside arrangements which are intended to be conceived. . . .
Thus, according to the usual assumption, a "object"

') Rickert, "egeustaud", page 42. *

') Wkkdelbandf "Prladien", 2nd edition, page 146.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

79

Which is to be made in the convent, this is in condition

A conception of the conceptual connection ". *)

That is, the world we recognize is the same for everyone else
Tormenting Mi and disassembling Mrefden can be as we find it
Not the reason for our knowledge of its "
But the first requirement is the possibility of a
Such general validity, as soon as we know that
Of things in themselves can not know whether they are, nodi
as they are. Only by this whole tangible, sounding, luminous
And often hard-pressed world
As a thousandfold complex of
Rules governing the arrangement of our sensory material and
Consciousness, we come from the absolute bond
And stiffness of these rules of the rigid character of the reality of the
World. In their inviolable claim, for each
Consciousness, in the independent of each individual thought
Conflicting commandment, his connections of thought according to fixed rules
If they are to be regarded as true, then appears
Obedience, that thingness, in which we meet real
While they are the screws of thought that give us dn-
Tight And every special concept of everyday
Which gives us an "object"
Closer examination than depending on such most general rules:
"That two sensations a and h, as the simultaneous eigen-
Of the same thing
Possible only by applying a general rule whereby
In the form of sub-
Stantialitilt and Inhiiren /. Should be linked. "
And so the truth of everyday life arises
The conclusion is that of science and its consequences
Conditioned teleological character; All scientific, that

I) Diaper band, "Preludes", 2. Aullafe, page 143.

*) Diaper band, "Preludes", 2nd edition, page 144. Verj; Also Mnster-
And all those things which we say are the same
There is no scientific doctrine in Ravim, and can be found in the time
All have logic, is not a peychological discovery *, physics, and
Psychology, on the other hand, rests itself on the basis of this epistemological criterion.

Thus, even in the original reality, this is not true

To a perceptible prevailing distance, but in every crest first
Only to a large number of orders, acknowledgments, evaluations. ''

Dr. Max Adler

Means normal and universal thinking is based on the constant

Application of the general rules.

Here, too, the ether reaches the same result,

Which she obtained at each of her critical individual courses, in which she
One props after another, on wdches the science
Their claim for a value-based objectivity
Their investigation. And the last, probably the most urgent
The result was already eigendich already with the first given. Because,
Which particularly emphasizes Rickert, of a being
Of things we know only in the judgment of a representation in itself
There is no being: we have it or we do not have it. If
I say of an idea that it is, it is a non-judgmental one
Linguistic expression, which one can not persuade anyone.
But the presented being color and the color presented are
Absolutely identical. Being is thus nothing but representation, but
Can only be considered as a predicate. It means a ^
Certain consciousness content, which is recognized as being in judgment
becomes. There is therefore no point in saying that the judgment is directed
According to the being, because one would already have to know what
Is, therefore, already to be judged - with which one in the
Most irreverent circle. The judgment is therefore not directed at
The stin, but the ruin of his mind, which dominates thought
Connections, this ought as a teleological necessity, says
But what is to be designated as being. Anyone who
Urgently inserted himself into thinking, so he really did it
The external paradox of the theorem no longer becomes
Fright: "The being of things has its ground in
Should."-)

Thus we can say, in summary, in the division of the

Right and wrong of their judgments, in this judgment itself,
In the processing of an objective law, indeed,
But not at least, in the relation to a world of objects,
Which is its real object, is all science
And so also the recognition of nature to a final value, the true-
Which is expressed in an absolute ought
The postulate of a general rule of thought and
The uniform design of their results. But whoever "Ueses

*) Diaper band, "Preludes, 2nd edition, page 146 - X47.

* Rickert, ^^ Object s Chap. Xni- XV.

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8t

Postulate defiantly denies, who says brOsk and idiotic, "I will
No truth and do not even want to want it because of it
Absolute truth does not exist, and every truth always only of the
Is the truth, he has not, in the first place, succeeded
It was not a question of any historical,
Haldicfa certain truth, but around the noologisdien
Reason why the truth of time is
Can be used. Second, however,
The truth does not want to be truly irrational, since such a thing also
Not a single meaning-demanding word
Without allowing themselves to be rebutted. Because we know who
Judges, already refers to truth, he wants that his
Judgments are considered to be true. Now the one who has the truth
Does not want either reasons for it or none. In the latter case
We need not stop at all, but in the worst case
He could only explain his reasons in the judgment
Himself testimony to the truth which he urged. But now he will
Also do not judge, so we simply assert him in the face
The absolute validity of the truth value. As soon as he objects,
So a judgment falls with the claim that its contradiction
To be valid, he has already negated his will and
Given what he would dispute.
IX.

Intermediate remark: value and meaning of a

Philosophical strife.

Motto: If individual individuals the modern philosophy

Do not digest aad to philo-bii IndiKeidon
Die, to bewdit no longer the Philo *
Sophie, "1" ea the MediaoUc proves, venn
U ii dB ein
To the left. * Kail Mm.

As, at the very least, the mighty seal of Salomonia

Vowed to press them into the bottle of a bottle su so seems
Here, too, the thinking in the fetters of a Crystalline Logic
To be beaten under the spell of a new,

>) Rickert, "Gegenstond", Ropes 76-77. Windelband, pPrJudieo ", a. Auf-

, Pages 305-306.

Karl Mbix, in n. 79, of the Time of the Day, page 262.

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8s

Dr. Max Adler

"For it is the seal of the critical philosophy, of

To which this wonderful effect emanates. This, of course, appears
Here not so much in its own way as it is to her by her founder
Immanuel Kant was given, and the only now in an always
Tieler penetrating and more comprehensive understanding their actual
But it is more that
Quite unusual and bold twist, which they
Ethics guided by moral considerations
had received. This is also the case with Windelband
Stresses that it is the size of the light, first
To recognize clearly the Kantian critical
Method, their perfection only in the most conscious knowledge of their
Teleological character; And how much the Rickertsche
Return of the head of being to a tranuendentet
In the spirit of the philosophy of Fichte
For us, perhaps, we succeed in doing so
This Fichtean Unigestaltong, in the form of the Transcendental-
Philosophy, as they laid themselves on Kant's tone
Has been able to break the spell, which also has that
Natural knowledge Thought in the gUseme capsd of the trans-
We want to do so
While at the same time gaining clarity about it,
Which the yoan view of the teleological character of everything
Cognized, not the mere appearance of a paradox.
Spring is really the impulse of a healthy instinct;
Which keeps us from accepting our error, even if he does
Still so enchanting with the robe of invincible truth
Has clothed.

But before we go to the attempt at such a refutation

, Which is in principle with the opposing view
The same ground of critical philosophy
I think it is necessary to discuss the issue.
The benefit of the present study
Is characterized by the fact that the latter will be the better,
For the more superfluous the former will be held. She is supposed to
Simple reason to justify that, because here the
The name Kant and Fichte have fallen, it is not about
A "mere" in the history of philosophy, and indeed only in
The domain of the Kant-Philoiogie.

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Kaunlittt niid TelcMiloeie in dispute around the Wiatenaduift 83

Et is, of course, one of the yeibreitetsceii and ittcfaerlicfastan beat-

Words, which are, indeed, an exceptionally well-informed mind
That the history of philosophy is nothing more than
An unprecedented hftufiing of old, always with new means again
Refreshed as well as refuted errors, a place
Loose dreams "of arbitrary constructions and endless word-
Cocks
"The philosophers alone do not grow like mushrooms from the earth,
They are the fruits of their time, their people, their most subtle,
The most humane and invisible juices in the philosophical ideas.
The same spirit builds the philosophical systems in the brain of the
Philosopher, of the railways with the hands of the trades
Building Philosophy does not stand outside of the world
The brain stands outside man, because it is not in the stomach;
But, to be sure, philosophy is earlier associated with the
Brain in the world, before at the feet of the
Ground poses while some other human spheres
Long with their feet in the earth and with the Flilnds
Pick the fruits of the world before they know that the "Kopt"
Of this world, or of this world of the head. "
In 1841, at a time when philosophical questions were still true
Daily questions were that in front of a broad, in them yet more or
Less-oriented public were displeased
Irritated, self-complacent superficiality, which in some stale
Newspaper phrases the long-term studies of genius, the laborious
Fruits of auloplfmder solitude, the results of those uiis clitbare, however
Slowly exhausting battles of contemplation, like soap bubbles
"(B) it is also an evil of lower times
And the more sensitive, because today at the (freilidi already
Gradually alienated) alienation of the general
Education as opposed to philosophy,
In the same way
Less control, and control in their inner cavity
To be revealed.

That only the gaze on the whole gtoea-like happens "

Lent process of philosophy here slowly, but steadily
The progressive development of thought must, of course,

* Karl Mmx, a. , P. 259.

(I) Karl Ibix, ibid., Sdta s6i.

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84
Dr. Max Adler

The very same judgment,

Usually only from the most fleeting thought work and to those
Moreover, their mental inability is
Founding for this kind of judgment on * the Philosojihie applies if
To see themselves out of the way, the irrational problems-
They like to call contradictions - by the Kralt own Deukeiis
to unite.

Because, oddly enough, they think that everything else in everything

The world some effort to acquire or to get it done,
But only the world of philosophical thoughts a kingdom
To which one can enter without any work of its own, yes, in which
In fact, everything should be so self-evident, that it should be any
Also Jenke could have had, if only their more important ones
Day business had left time for it, so now the
Lamentation of the Heavy Extinction of Philosophy
Confusion of her style and the immobility of her speech.
With amusing jokes and a kind of ample frugality
Of thinking sound mouth to mouth. It is only a soldier comfortable
Digestive mood in which the genuinely intellectual
Of the purely animal life
Nch again and again to the misunderstood word that each
With clear minds must also be clear to others. Certainly
This is true, but not so that it is easy for everyone else
But only to those who are not merely bor-
Knowledge, but also goodwill
Work, which was necessary to the creative thinking, with itself
To come to the clear, now also for their own thinking in the recording
Of the results of the former. Rightly so wrote also
Karl Marx on the "unpopular" Dantellunweise in his work
"On the Critique of Political Economy" to Dr, Kugelmann (28 De-
1862): "Really popular can be scientific
Attempts to revolutionize a science. "
And it was not one from the guild of philosophers themselves, it
Was the autodidact and simple Lohgerber Josef Dietzgen, whose
Work is not only a shining example of this
The untrained mind can also penetrate, if it be
"Striving to strive," but of it directly as propaedeutic

*) ^ "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "
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LUnsallUlt ttttd Teleology in the Strdte around science

Teaching that most of the "complaints about

The debility of the pupil. "

But, of course, there is still another bulwark against

Over the embarrassing requirements which the philosophy to the often
Most difficult meditation. Who would not have that already
Sad reckoning to the y, healthy human understanding "
Who cursed and prostrated in a breath, which she did not
Honor! Verily, here were the urgent words
Kants remain unforgotten, with whom he treated this kind of treatment
Difficult work of thought as a convenient means, "without any insight
Defiant, "debased:" In fact, it is a great gift of the
Heaven, a straight (or, as one has called it again,
Simple) to have a human understanding. But you have to go through it
Deeds, by the overwhelmed and rational,
Thinks and says, but not by that if
To his justification
An oracle. When insight and science are on the verge
Go, alniann and nidit rather udk on the gemi oi Mentchen-
Yentand, that is one of the subtle inventions
Of recent times, while it was the most stupid gossip with the most thorough
Can take up the head and take it with him. As long as
But still a small remainder of insight da nt. One will be well
To seize this emergency aid. And seen in the light, is
This appeal is nothing more than an appeal to
The judgment of the quantity, a clapping, Above that the philosopher
But the popular wit is triumphant and defiant

1) Josef Dietzgn, "Bnele ber Logik", page 105, Stuttgart, JRW

Dicte, iS95

Kant, "FMlegm nenft **, EioIititiig," Reelsoi, pp. 33 - 34. A "such

Berafang must now be fully aware of the dialectical standpoint of the
Marx's, and thought, seem to be reprehensible
Is to push the baking jaws securely before the head, with which the healthy
MansdMBventttid dl flun tM around Jn. ^ Ttekmi * is given.
Tariich and stkhaft as it offers sieli ilun. And so we find
This awareness is also exhausted: (i)
"Fs denotes the whole ruthlessness of the united humanity,
Stand ', which derives from the full life and is not influenced by any philosophical or
philosophical ideas
His stature is crippled, that he is there where he is
And the unit, and the unit where he is
The unit does not distinguish the difference. He makes different provisions
So that she immediately stood by his hand, and "

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Dr. M. Adler

What kind of bananism is more widespread than

One may think, as the vice of philosophy, that
Continuing circles of their thoughts about the problems of the day
And the imminent demise and reauthorisation of their systems,
Which is precisely the virtue and the power of philosophy. Because
Their problems are the eternal puzzles, where all human
From the very beginning, in an ever-new way, the uny-
Victorious Faustian pressures:

I'm going to learn what the world is

At heart,

Sdian * all activities Krsft and Sunen

And do not rummage in words.

But the position of thinking changes to these problems,

It is soon that the thought shines, into the interior of nature
Or whether it is rejected
To the realization of its limits. Every philosophical system is
So, quite apart from his inhaled teachings, a special one
The general value of which is limited to its historical value
Is limited by the knowledge and the
Degree of cultural development of their time From these historical events
Restrictions are then usually caused by most of what is in the
Syston is itself deficient, erroneous, vicious, so that a
New system, which has developed in a more developed time, sometimes has a great deal
Deeper thought, older for some time to the dead
The influence of science and all-
Common spirit development of any accumulated stofies into the
Old form suddenly makes it a new glamorous life,
So that now all the depths of a thought-world are astonished; The year-
Hundreds of them were for the first time born out of it
On which they, the present men, are the greatest
To gain insight into their own world. So live
Still today Plato and Aristotle, and not so much
By what we literally take from their steps for our
Knowledge can be gained, as by the Spirit, by their
Works, ie by their point of view
Human basic problems, the, we only really have it

In this case Sophiekkk, in so far as the latter is concerned, is so much the same

"Marx-Engels'" Nachlass ", II Bend," p. 456. Compare in the same

Senses according to Friedlich Engels, y, Umililig; Of science, 3 Attributes) page 7.

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"7

Inside. Even today, in the midst of modernity

Positive development of our knowledge has not stopped us
To lead to new insights. And also apart from that
Conscious further action of her thoughts, is evidence of almost even more
For the actually imperishable existence of the same,
That our modern thinking depends on its independent character
Has led to so many points as to link those thinkers.
But the same is true of every deep philosophy. Over
Is shown, as soon as we see its temporal form, which corresponds to error,
From the thought building that has supported her that
Then a kernel of Einaicfaten, a number of facial
Points of thought or of the world economy, which, if
They concern tasks of knowledge, as well as individual ones
Beams converge to a light, tone the truth
Always brighter, as the individual discoveries and one-
In the field of knowledge
But relate to ethical and aesthetic problems or over-
Work on the design of a WDOL fi nal,
Sometimes from another side the eternally processing
Of a general survey, the latter
A single thinker and a single time unrivaled
Bar would be. Where in philosophy there are really serious thoughts "
Work is the goal - and everything superficial, worthless, wrong is
Even in the struggle of the systems themselves,
And thoughtfully destroyed it so that it would almost be
Only in philosophical or pseudophilosophical minds
In order to come from here to the Philo-
Sophie itself - where, therefore, real philosophical
Problems with hot endeavors to solve were undertaken,
This work of thought is never lost, because it always has a
Point of view, which must be at any point in their place
According to the results of all times always the same
Formal legality of their function with a fundamental
The real character of our gratitude
In a momentary intuidon may seem to be one

1). The strange place in the letters Dr. Karl

Kngelmann: "On the other hand, Allerdmgs proves, as you have rightly pointed out

Conclusion of the theory that the perception of the value-trading is always

It was clearer or more unclear, with liltmons, or scientific

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88
Dr. Max Adler

Thinkers of the old time a glimmer of the realit, the

The nature of things. Centuries pass nadi
To him and all this time finds in his works only phantasms
Mkd strange triads. So it likes the Greeks and still late
A fairy tale, according to them,
When Anaximander taught that the living being from a
Steadily developing henrorgegangen that the animals from the
Mud, had originally been all fishy
Before they became land animals, and also humans
Through this fish- and land-deep form
The evolution of the animal species is the most proud of the
Modern knowledge.

In such basic ideas, which have never been so

Flashes of light such as the doctrine Anaxi-
Manders, but often whole systematic opinions
The lasting value of philosophical thought. And
This also explains the constant rebuilding of the philosophical
Work on the already learned teachings of their great representatives,
So that now a deeper penetration into the essence of philosophy
Judgment even might claim that there is nowhere less fruitless
Work as in the field of philosophy and, if one, of
The temporal design of their doctrines, merely the fiction
Their historical development, nowhere less
The progress in the size and security of their results
Will probably be as in philosophy.

However, because this progress is not as on the

The sciences in numerous works by many observers
Of nature, to all happy holy times
A great spirit points out new goals or ways, but it itself again
His work through the nameless work of the myrmidons of the knowledge-
But in the philosophy of all
To the great creators of the individual
Systems, because, therefore, philosophy is not similar

certain. There. The Derik {rozcs8 itself out of the circumstances, itself
A Natxir process is, so can the truly comprehensible thinking
Always only be the same (gtm) and only gradal according to the
And, therefore, the organ, which is thought of, Everything
"Bdeve iit Fuelei." "Nene Zeit", XX s, Setts aas.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for knowledge

Wissentdiaft product of a medical work, but sceti only of

To the individual, it appears here
Names of thinkers and schools in the Vofdergnind, making it
It seems as if there were only a struggle of opinions,
Where it is actually a balance and an inter-
The thought of things.

How short-sighted this prejudice is

Not only from the fact that, as shown, the inability
Arises from the historical context of the philosophical
Work, but becomes very clear
And deplorable, if one has eight, as it is in itself quite
Is a random external circumstance, which is caused by the provocation of a fienddien
And the unfavorable difference between them.
Over the science of this prejudice.
Grnking. This is the fact that the
With the teachings of the science
But rather a dop - matical representation
As is well-known in philosophy
Behavior. In particular as far as the school is concerned, which
Of the acquired knowledge of their time.
Which is the basis of the so-called general education
, The sciences are presented to their pupils as a finished,
Established communicated, leaving only the order and security
In them express the Knipic and Errors, the
Doubles and indeterminations from which all these stol / cu
The scientific community,
Rival of their representatives, the happy-hearted hearers
But remain almost unknown. And even where the lessons
Historical notes, it is usually not
- to which the essential difference is essential here
Histotis the prosperity of the truth itself by its
After-experience in a kind of spiritual ontogenesis
Great philogeneity of philosophical knowledge in each
Individual thought on the new,
Wickehi, but it is more the comfortable retrospect of the
Heirs to a vigil with whom he was not so much
By means of the consciousness of the means which arise from
Of the past, to his presence
The flattering thoughts:

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Dr. M. Adler

"As a veil has been conceived before us,

And as we are now,

Once the deep, penetrating spirit of the histori-

Understanding and historical criticism also on the outside
Education in the schools will have an influence
Which a Ernst Mach has lent us to "natural science
To look at it historically and to see from it how in the
According to scientific knowledge, thinking is a constant one
Transformation and adjustment of his thinking
Has misunderstanding, prejudice, and lazy habits of thought
Were as often obstructive and held the truth as one
Or premature, not justified by its premises.
Finished, imaginative conclusion promoted his advance, then
The whole unreserved absurdity of a view is also expressed
Which in philosophy was only a Golgotha
Of the mind on which reason is always crucified
becomes. The rigid calm of scientific truth, which is because we
Its origin, its transformation by so many foreigners
Or have never known, in their
Perfecting us almost as an impersonal so imposing; en-
As if the error is alien to her, she herself does nothing at all
Human more, then becomes in this historical familiarity
In a moment, like philosophy, into the
A great spiritual awakening which touches us personally.
The process of mankind, which always goes through the night through the light
And only in the dispute of opinions, only by the thoughts
Disagree with each other, or get together
Of things.

It is, of course, inevitable that, before refuting,

To balance or to put into one;
Against which such a task is raised
have to be. Just so the striving to make things clear
To come, therefore, leads in philosophy, as is generally the case
In every region where the knowledge of the objects can only be found in the
Violent dispute of the views on this, as for example
In the national economy - to the effect that the
Position of the self-evident sense of the teachings is a first, indissoluble
The task. The accusation of philology is certainly
But justified, to which philosophy rises in history

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KattMlitlt and Tccologie in the struggle vm the wisenessschaft

Of philosophy, and one has dtbefall there the right, debauched

Ton Scholaidk to speak of where the interest is not so much on it
Go, learn what is at stake, what is this or
But the former said the matter

But whoever, as it has been shown here, was to study history

Of philosophy as a single, is based on knowledge
Of the time continually coming and coming into their own
Thoughts better orientated opinion on the
Recording the human basic problems as they are
Our existence, our knowledge, our actions and our enjoyment
Can, in the dispute of the standpoint of two
Schools, or systems, no longer see scholasticism, which the
Dispute of opinions in place of knowledge of things
Since such an exchange on this soil is not at all
More is possible. Now the names of the philosophers
No more finished systems that interpret it just right
As if by proving a misunderstanding of the opponent
Now the correctness of the doctrine itself would be proved;
But they are nothing else but the clear
Clear names for certain things made by them
Or educated persons. 1. Conception, with which
The thing itself is to be investigated. And if you do not
Forget what was previously mentioned, ciass it not
Once these thinking means in the original historical solitude
Of the individual philosophical system, but that they are always
With new material which the spiritual development of their
Time; That they meet the requirements and insights of this
New Matetic, or, at last, their own
Still have to shape this nuance, and now

Truly belong to the past; So if you see,

That the philosophical systems, so properly appreciated, nothing
Less than fixed, rigid dogmatic forms of thought,
But rather a thorough investigation into the knowledge-process
Effective potencies in the same, vivid, mundane thoughts'
Faebel to an ever greater extent of protection and security
Our spiritual existence, then we also see clearly: it is no quarreling
Of doctrines, not merely in the field of school philosophy
If, in such sense, a
Untaisudinng attached to the Namca of a great philosopher,

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92

Dr. Max Adler

In order to ward off the consequences which arose from the action of a
To others. It therefore comes to an audi nidit
The entire uncertainty of any changes in the related
Philosophical system in this investigation. It is rather
The whole investigation only in those larger and deeper
Context, which is necessary to their object
on the ground, and with the appointment of the Philo-
Sophen nothing more than the point of view, which is thereby
Should be decisive for reasons which only arise in the logical
The unity of their own thought and the value of the
To which the latter leads. Only in. All-
Will be able to say: the more developed and deeper
Philosophy, from which the point of view is taken, the more so
He will also be more secure in his results.

What is so overpowering for philosophy is also true for one

Its chief branches, the theory of knowledge. And so means
So here too the connection with transcendental criticism
Kant has only a certain sense of thinking
But in itself nothing at all to do with the system of
Kantian philosophy. Every one of the Vulgiir view is so popular
Points to the "weaknesses and contradictions" of the teachings
Kant, therefore, is here entirely deplaved, since he fully recognizes,
Which is the only issue. This is not Kant-
Dogmaiatics, to promote that great development
In our presence, everywhere and rushing,
Easily and even there and there over the original approaches
Kant, but which, in spite of it, has so far only fallen under
The idea of Kant's development
The first germ in the miraculous ground of the brigsi
Brains.

It was a pleasure for me to take this view from the historical point of view
Name, with regard to Kant in his own philosophy
Modern representative, in complete agreement,
For the yeast of the trnnecendental
Method encblosten M Imben. Hermann Cohen sefareltat in the j ^ KritlidM
Supplement "to the 7th edition of Fr. Alb. Langes" History of Materialism ",
2nd edition: "If we look for our review of the critical methodology of Kant
, We feel free from dogmatic disregard. . . . Kant
Does not mean a summit of the mountain range, the Yon Flaton
And among the newer ones, however, it is true, The Sections

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LuosaUtt and Teleolofie in the controversy

93

It is therefore not done in the following, for example

To what a great thinker, even Immanuel Kant,
, Which a great great thinker had before
In general, no more is proved than that
Readiness of the disputant and his fixity in the use
The purposeful quotations, but only this work,
To try to find out what a (hopefully) oriented to Kant,
For the rest, it is perhaps only too much self-
Would help to clarify the question
As our study has shown recently,
The whole, fragmented controversy of the opinions
To cinciii crncritical contrasts between causal and
Teleological interpretation has the effect that the character of the being is
Of the humanities, answers from the essence of
Knowledge.

X.

Fixing the disputes.

We now began to develop the ones which had previously been developed in large figures
Argumentation of the teleological view, so
We, faithful to the method followed so far, also here before the attempt
A refutation can be made, initially again

Of the Philo-phi'iiiiiii, aii, ai, ai, ti, ti, ti, t, Menehe

Smaller heights are not only ascent points to them, but grant their own
Clear view. Only the line of sight should be the (Brossen, nac) i
The Critical Philosophy, the Philosophy of Kant
Berafung is said to be the most effective determination of this philosophy. . . , ^
On the other hand, here I am referring,
To prevent minualties, which are so fond of engaging in slogans,
Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that the link here represented to Kant
Nothing at all with that of the neo-Kantian movement inside and outside
The destruction of the pouliae demands of SodAlinmis
And the doctrines of the praiseworthy Philo'ophile of Kant
Yes also Ed. Bernstein and other socialists who were close to revisionism
In the slogan "Back to Kp-nt"
Theoretical direction of the Kantian critique of knowledge and
To the elaboration of a strict concept of the
"This is also the case for the theory of solar energy,
To add to the limits of Kant's bounds,
Which at all times, ethics and practical judgment,
Theoretical judgment. More about this in the following.

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94

Dr. Max Adler

In order to bring us to consciousness, what is right in it

Is, the more clearly to see where the contradiction can be applied.

First, the point of departure of this argument,

From which they form the essence of scientific truth
Of their kind, but still unconcerned
To admit that truth is never and never
More agree of the judgment with the object,
Which is the object of the statement, can be, since we are concerned with such
Objects neither know whether they are, nor how they are. The work
Of the critical diameter. Which has been produced by this citrate
Today m Jrr Act has already reached so far that one can expect
Without fear,
To be scolded, it would not be all that long
The surprise of the naive man "is said to him
In his daily 'real life life' the world actually
Is metaphysically perceived, geiadMo comic
- is like the excitement of the famous Molian citizen,
He learned that he was talking to Proea. That this world for all
Of us has their opposing form nidit dayon, because uncomfortable
Unknown "realities" surround us everywhere or in their own
"Notions", but that it is everywhere our own
Spirit, that is, the fixed rule of his
Yerbin is fertilizing, where we push so hard, that is one
Thought, which seems almost monstrous to last the rest
Of course,

Even those in the thoughts of the critical conception

Is little at home, can easily be distinguished from his
The possibility of a better understanding
For this basic idea. For even who
Still persisted in metaphysical thinking, and thus from the world
Solid things out there does not want to leave, is nevertheless often inclined,

* This is not the case, however,

Mistakes of solipsism, the criticism metaphysiselk nM *

When he transcends the transcendental relation of all knowledge to a knowledge
With the content of all content
Empirical self. Much less the view expressed in the text with such a view
Meyang xa ton has, as a subordinate to a later place,
If we are to arrive at the emergence of the empirical
I found in a transcendence-sensible diagnosis of a consciousness
At all.

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Causation and Tcololo in the Controversy for Science

With the natural sciences, that the things of their

Are quite different from what they seem to us,
And that what struck us as a rigid, sounder form, as warmth
In color and tone, is nothing more than
Unquestioned movement of the smallest
Parts. And yet it stared at us in the abruptly opposing
Rock wall unshaken solidly and completely without collision. But
There is a different standpoint of natural science,
To which everything that the movement is supposed to accomplish by the force-
Of the power centers, so that
Of atomic theory, a dynamic elimination of natural phenomena
Countered Now, therefore, it turns to mcta
Physical standpoint, one of our conscience
Independent reality for a moment does not question -
You being the things in her work. And not with the other
Little one;
From intangible centers
The world as real and tangible; So it does not
Less bruises cause to stare at an edge su,
Which is, in essence, only a mere energy, as in one of Yenneintuch
Quite solid, only in themselves unknowable substances.

Now one goes one step in his thinking

') Vsrgl. Wilhelm Ostwald, The Overcoming of the Scientific

Materialism ", Leipzig 1S95:;, What do we learn about the physical world?
Obviously only what our sense tools give us.
But what is the condition for one of these tools to be actuated?
We may like to turn as we please, we find alike
All there; The Slnnetwerkseng reacts to the best results
Fwitchen them and the environment. . . . Think you got
A blow with a stick! What then do you feel the stick or his
Energy? The answer can only be one: the energy. Because the stick is
The harmless thing of the world, as long as it is not swung. But
We could look at a miserably stagnant gantry: what we
Are, as Tdion emphasizes, differences in energy levels
Our sense-baptism, and therefore it is indifferent whether the stick is against us
Or we move against the stick. However, both have the same and equal
Directional velocity, then the stick exists for a vessel,
For he did not come to Icaan with him, and he was a man of the same name
Accomplish These presentations show how I hope that in fact alleif
What has been shown up to now with the help of the terms cloth and crust, and
Much more can be represented by the concept of energy. "Page 26 and 29.

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96

Dr. Muc Adler.

Further and visualize itself, as what is as a force effect

Recognized, but only in consciousness forms.
Bar: that the time, in which, the space, by which the
Force, as well as the measure of their effect,
Forms of consciousness, the power-
Even as ever the Beghfi of the action of understanding-
And finally the whole reality of each individual
Or individual object can only be seen in the fact that the
By such views and forms of thought
(The "given") by the fundamental activity of the
Thought into certain complexes whose
Sometimes rigid character, the substance of the substance, and thus the things
. The Diiig, the object is thus not what is ours
But by what is due to the regularity of our
Thinking from the sensory material always in the same way
Terbuodes are related to one another and inevitable in this
In this way, the unity of the thinking is gained, which is precisely
The thing as the bearer of the qualities in the yulgarian understanding
Respectively. To what extent this unity of the thing is only a reflection of the
Is the inner unity of the knowing subject; That is
As a kind of creator, the world according to his own likeness
Designed and shaped, can not be explained here
Where, where flbexhaupt is neither a place nor a possibility, to the
Cognition-critical discussion of the concept of things. Here
It was only necessary to point out some points of view which were to be understood
Of a point of view for those who only
Are too rapidly inclined to escape by the appearance of the paradoia
To be scared off. They are now becoming ever more willing
To enter into a thought, possibly to confront them
To offer no connecting points for their "positive" thinking
Seemed, especially, as soon as they remember that, if certainly, how
Rickert somewhere says an inwardly felt principle already Trotzi-
Can be a barrier as chains and walls, the more so one
Rule of thought, which is not, like a principle, merely
Of the will, but a side of our cognition
Which we can not escape at all. In your
Restraining us, it must build us a world on whose
More rigid and obstinate objectivity
As the nature of our thinking itself.

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COUSED IN THE TREATMENT OF THE SOCIETY

97

This alio is the tntt, we all right at the tdeologiachen

OnEiMsaiig betonea, if we will see soon,
That she does not have one on this critical basic idea
Justification, by which it first takes its place
Teleological character gains: that the Wdt krittsdi erfoast
Not at all in their reality - and with this it has
Just the science to do - can be understood,
For as a processing of the mass of consciousness
Under a great system of rules of thought,
Because the very next thing is not otherwise contradictory
Can be conceived as a rule of the imagination.

I) Joief Diets, Waedr naaidilidMik headwork ",

StottfKrt 1903: "For the lower senses, the Wdt is a Msnnlgfftltifes. The head
Zat & mmeB as a unit. And what of the world,

("Finite sensuous Finite is a nonsense." Page 56 and

Further: "The general striving of the mind, from the accidents to the substance,
From the Reluctum Absolute, to the appearance of truth, aar thing
, To tich ^ ra fdaageDf oSSenbait of the Reniltet dteiee Strebent, the
Substance, the sum of accidents, collected by the thought
Thus the mind or the thoughts as the alone substan- tial whiteness, which consists of?
Sensual manifolds spiritual units, the transitory things
Or attributes of the world by connection as an independent being
, Ui dehs ele ebeolulfle Gaace is obtained * page 73 '-' 74. - I'm just at this
Stubbornly liked the proletarian philosopher Dietzgen titiert, su not only,
Because he is a living example, how little the disguised shoals of the Philo-
Sophie need to frighten those who are only willing, but on their own
Often pathless waters, as a compass, but above all else
Au GrSBden eiaet eadilidieii ZaHuiiiiienhaiigea. For "one after many
RlditaBgen to the very merlcwfiid% eB Sdirift aeigen sees etim hlom in dm rtien
Quoted passages, a sympathetic meeting with the ideas of the critical philo-
Sophie, but rather contain entirely surprising touch points
With this form of the same, which they are today in the positivistic criticism
The natural sciences (for example 'at Emst Mach). Therefore
Itonate also eehoa the aditee Arbelt before Korodie Hnygent but, Diebveu
Philosophy "(" New Times ", XXI i, page 197 ff.) Rightly speaks of everything
Materialism and their reference points to a Spinozist
Monism. (On the other hand, it seems to me that of Anton Pannekock
The edition of Dletigcna aWceen the mentdiUdien Koplubdt voratia-
Approved Eial Pagesg No Entreffeade Wflrdigaag of the efgandieliea Clmmktertypni
As well as the importance of Dietzgen's philosophy
Of the Marxists as vjpl as nothing at all is said to be materialistic
, While at the same time admitting that this materialism coincides with
Which, as a rule, may scarcely have been more ancient than the Namea. We
Come on it in the itfchaten chapter aiufilhrlieher nt spredMa. Andi eoll diebaroclte

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9"

Dr. Mix Adler

But what we have to admit as true is,

WHAT THE RECOGNITION OF TRUTH IS ALWAYS A SOLKD.
On the other hand,
I. the regularity of the Denkena ala a canon fflr
Which could be stained, ala for the sows
Means;

Daaa didUnteracheidung TOn Wahr und Falach

Aelbit, alao not blota the recognition dea readya ala true
Recognized, and thereupon, the falsity of a false ought
Back

XL

Marx * Relation to Critical Criticism.

In concept, on the newly gained base in the fight

Of the two opposing contexts,
I can not tell myself a counteratta of language
Which, though, in and of itself, is the case of the nasifs
Which can not be done either, if it is correct, nor
Can take them from it approximately if it is misrepresented
But it was not, however, in any case, in addition to that,
Precisely for a social theory developed from Marxism
Of intercurrent intereaae: namely, the relation of thought

The manner in which public relations is practiced in the application of the material
The history of philosophy, the history of philosophy, the history of the bourgeoisie
Dokka's disgrace believes, here is the "mwidenproehea Udbeik." Sodsaa
And the two-thirds of the house are doubly duped
Thinking is at the same time a side of Marx 's thought, whereby
To use Marx's words (to Dr. Kugelmann, "Neue Zeit," XX XX,
Page 381), but a certain confusion and a great deal of repetition
VonttgliclMt and - "
Tverlee eetbilt *. The formation of the thought as a natal proiece under aaderea
The monistic context of the world,
Which contrasts with his rigid dubiousness of dialectics,
On the other hand, the order and unity of the shadowy activity of the mind
And thus the critical concept of a science which does not depreciate nature
Oade in the Deakea rekoastta ^ these gtaad thoughts, Dietsfeaa fiadea sieh
Already as we shall see in the next chapter
Fundamental element of the logical and methodological stand-
Point of Karl Marx. In another place I will perhaps
This section of the Marxist way of thinking in the Dietzgen-schism
PUlosopliie aasIVkrlidier ntwiekeln kanaea.

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Catalysis and teleology in the struggle for science

99

Karl Marx on the kind of thought by which that fixation

Of the disputes, as described in the chapter on
Taken vuide, came into being, thus to the occult criticism. And since
It is then extremely interesting to see how my er-
At the same time, this thinking at the decisive point, namely
At which basically by ras intellectuals. In the regularity of the
The nature of the Dingbe.rrifies, the critical con-
Sequences of the theory of Eritology
Not ex professo recognition theorist was - only as far as this
One everywhere consciously only within the framework of logical discussion
Holding investigation is possible at all. This will help some,
Who are accustomed to see in Marx only the "Matenaiist,
Perhaps appear as an all too bold statement. you will be
Can be reassured by the following.

It is, of course, difficult in philosophical matters

Aiisichtca of this thinker is, therefore, also to be left alone
Probably to this day the drawing of the philosophical character
Ton Karl Marx, in spite of the need, which, with the
Always drawing wider circles of intellectual expansion of his teachings
To the same extent, an unimpressed desire.
But the difficulty is not how some overzealous
Followers or Toreile opponents have meant here and there, because
His knowledge of philosophy, apart from his youthful days
Had been a very loose one, indeed,
That he succeeded in the "Hegelsdien" Sophistik *
Channels On the contrary, the works show all his life
Everywhere the profound traces of philosophical work, the real philo-
Sophiacfaen thinking, which is not merely for the sake of
In individual fochphilosophical microscripts,
But to the whole man
And no special expression braudit, because each line speaks a ^
The stone which proclaims the greatness of the whole thought-building.
Also it could certainly only be a philosophical work that
To realize! Made it impossible for Marx to
Hess, but overcame.

How intensively Marx with the philosophy in the first

Years of his mental efficiency, is indeed in the
Writings until the mid-forties of the last century
, That is, until the time when the

7*

Luo

Dr. Max Adler

Started studying French and English economists
As well as socialists. But
Just the second half of this forties, in which now
The scientific interest in Marx the direction pointed out
To iiic well m, which takes uckonomic,: st met by one-
Dfmgcndstcr and subsequent philosophical work. In these
Time is the detachment from the metaphysical idealism of the
Hegelian philosophy through the so many germs of the bis dabin
idi tdbtt not yet fully aware of Maix en
Critical studies of the "Holy Family" after briefly
The most powerful weapon of this philosophy, its dialectics
Not directly, but under that of Proudhon (very misunderstood)
In the book "The Misery of Philosophy"
With criticized word ! Vrar But still more: in this time fult
Also the great Abrechnmig, the Maix and Engels with their
"Former philosophical conscience in the form of a criticism of the
Nacfabegd's philosophy ", which we have in the pre-
On the critique of the political economy (p
Edition of Kail Kautsky), dne writings, which (see the "
K. Marx's criticism of K. Grns in the "Deutsche
Brussels newspaper "of 6 April 1847), the title should be:
"On the German Ideology" and a "Critique of the Latest
German philosophy in their representatives Feuerbach, B. Bauer
And Stimer and of German Socialism in different countries
Prophets. "The
The criticism of Karl Griick
In the XVIII. Year of the "Neucn time" (in the Rand) and the Max Stirners
In the III. The year of the "documents of socialism"
Surprising clarity, as is the case especially in the
The latter criticism
Materialistic conception of history for Marx is derived from the
Unification of his economic-political studies with his up-
Had yielded to her philosophical work, but not so,
That the economist, for instance, would have ousted the philosopher.
On the contrary, one can now follow how it is just this so
Tinuing to the philoso-
Phical problems of his time, at which

*) Communicated by F. Mehring: gNochmala Marx and the, wahie ^ SoualUmos,

, The time of XIV 2, p. 397.

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Kaosalhttt and teleology in the struggle for science loi

That conciseness of thought and that critically purified method

Which could then succeed, in its result,
Precisely in the materialistic conception of history, also at the same time
The great insight into the nature of the social process which
The German speculative philosophy only in a veiled form
From the "sophistication" of the Ilcgels
Klee just as well as from the declamations of the Feuerbachschen
Love and thus, first and foremost, to a science-
To express oneself. This was the end
The point of view from which the economic greatness
Of the coming epoch in their scientific nature
were. And the economic life of Karl Marx is rooted
So its logical possibility after quite aad even in large
The divisive directions of his thinking,
Sophical revision of his consciousness.

It would be a "Marx study" for itself, which I would prefer

Achon now would have been old this present, which in the
Following chapters often seem so far from the immediate
Theoretical interest of manism must be removed,
To show how, in fact, there are not two basic doctrines in manism
The materialistic conception of history and the economic
Criticism of the capitalist economic order, but that both
A spiritual unity in the sense that the yermittd the
Analysis of the capitalist pro-
Process from the standpoint of the developed materia-
Historical account of history, which, with its
Basic concept of production theory for the first time
Also the basic concept of a truly social-
Theory: namely the socialized
People. ^)

It should therefore also not be overlooked that the

Place where the famous summary of these

1) Karl Man, "Chapter 1, Iiis, p. 415:" ... Prodactualization

Relationships that people in their society-

Prozesg. In the excitement of their social life. "
Also "Czar's Criticism of the Polish & Chea Oekonoroie", Vurwurt, page XI,
The proletariat of their lives, the men-
Wendise, of their own will, Prodektfonsterlerltnisse,
Which is the result of a vigorous development of their material prod- ucts,
Pronounce. "

I02

X> r. Max AdUer

The preface to the first

The economist of the time
"To the criticism of the poUtucfae economy", and datt er telbtt there
Directly to the context in which the now
With this work aAnatomic the bfligeillichen Gesdl-
Which is only to be sought in the political economy. "
Of the whole idea of thought, which, with the
Critical revision of the clairvoyant law of philosophy began
Very, also here, already in the middle of the employment with purely
Economic problems, but for Marx it is
With the philosophical penetration of his Sto & s Ter-
Went back, one could be again from his own
Writings, even from the public, and
After a few years before the "criticism."
"Introduction to a Critique of Political Economy"
In particular for the questions of the epistemological and methodological
Logical position of Karl Marx important content still in the following
, Will be discussed.

This is followed by the enormous period of insolvency, in which the

Spirit of Karl Marx in a tireless, gigantic
Of the present thinking about the economic phenomena.
Which accumulates that creatine, since and since
Long time all life not only in the economic, but
In the social sciences is fed and fertilized at all. But
Even now is the very philosophical tendency of the
Thought development remained unmistakable in him
The whole of the capital,
The immense diversity of economic life, the
The agony of his often contradictory crimes
And finally the most confusing antithesis of the whole
Of Linzel, and finally the same
And the impoverished eco-
In an intellectual, conceptual, and conceptual
Order, from which at once the law-
Which chaos dominates. It was the-
In fact, his scientific work uninterrupted

The Critique of Political Economy, edited by

K. KauUky, i. Edition, 1897, page X - XI.

*) Translated in the "New Age", XXI t.

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Kasality and teleology in the struggle for wisieoschaft

Logical, and methodological reflection

Will become even more clearly recognizable later, and so on
Can no longer be regarded as a mere surprise.
Seem, but Tidmebr fits consistently into the character-
Picture one, iffk from man, Phuotophen gvwioneo, if
We listen to Lafingu, "Marx,
He, as a result of the sufferings of his wife, rest
SU lacked his economics, as cur recreation and
Distributed in studies of higher mathematics
(Very characteristic not only for the dialectician, but also
For the metbodologist Marz) a "essay on the Infinitesimal"
"Yes, he intended, among other things, a logic
And to write a history of philosophy.

It is understandable that the significance of Karl Marx also

As a philosopher, lAngere Zdt had to go as long as he was
Was only known as the veil of the capital,
The Mflhe, the powerful sense of his economic doctrines
To defend themselves and to defend against misunderstanding,
Less attention for how straight from this
The economic principal, all the bearing ideas, so name
The radical theory of all economic mysticism
Fetish character of the economic phenomena within one
Which were rejected by the
Philosophical career, in which they are most vehemently critical
Fighting. Since then, however, the rest
Scriptures of this thinker 7-vm most easily accessible
Have been made since then it is thus possible to do so
Spiritual growths and speeches of this great thinker life in the
To deceive one and to see it as it were, as at his
Impulsive tribe, yearly ring around yearly ring, in ever
A larger circle always more powerful life and activities,
Since then also the uniform philosophical basic character has stood
This work more and more clearly. And if v, ir at
To read; ^ .Marx 'brain was nut curt incredible amount
Of historical and natural sciences and philosophical
And he understood it very well
Of this knowledge, which has accumulated over a long period of time,

>), Paul Laf "fgue," Msrx, Peisoo,

IX I, page 10-15.

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I04

Dr. Max Adler

Respects. You could call him whenever and over what

Always question, and you got the most adequate answer
One could wish, and she was always philosophical
Reflections of general importance. . . . Certainly
The "capital" reveals to us a spirit of an astonishing power and power
High Wilsen; But I am close to Marx, like myself
Have neither the "capital" nor any other of his writings
The whole greatness of his genius and knowledge. He stood high
His works, especially the key words
This place the snent only a personal impression Lafargues
To be able to ascertain more and more a factual judgment,
The influence of the totality of intellectual creation Marx on ours
Conception - a, of course, only a substitute for that immediate one
Influence of his personality - quite necessary in us heryor-
Must be called.

Thus lies the difficulty of mentioning Yorhin

Happened to let the philosopher Marx cum word come,
Only in the external circumstances that we are not
Or at least in a larger context
To have discussions of him, in which he is more independent
Philosophical point of view. And we
Are, therefore, entirely dependent upon it
Rich content of his thinking, all that consists of individual

Paul Lafargue, op. Cit., Page 15.

I do not want to be so misunderstood as if I were through,

What I curdling the philosophisdi! PenttnUclikdt you KmI Marx im
Text aotgefllliTt babe and still further ra entwiekdn remember, the strict knowledge-
Character of his work as an economist and sociologist
Would misunderstand. Is it just the purpose of this whole study, one in spirit
Which Karl Marx has conducted with the social life as the only possi-
The spirit of the spirit wissanseliaft ni arweban. So it was only this
Wise, not only by their content in the philosopher's case,
Sophi cated whole-mindedness of the thesis.
To show that they are related; Already ending in it
Personality of Marx. It thus has this emphasis on his
Philosopluscheo meaning nothing in common with the so bSufig with his opponents
, Marx's Social Philosophy in the Heavenly Light,
What they do with so much greater emphasis, the more they believe thereby, his
WissTischafthche importancef diminished m. This is the same way as with
Which in political life is often unpleasant personalities, which do not
Can be thrown down the stairs.

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Causality, and teleology in conflict

The first steps of the process are to emphasize its phfloflOphischea

Position. Therefore, if we take that special one
Character trait in the Grundanichren of Karl Marx, the us here
Interested, gain a place where his relationship to the epistemological critique
Problematic, then it is necessary, the current of knowledge, of the
Has left him to trace back to his logical beginnings,
In order that the philosophical thought-elements,
From which the strength of his theorean achievements
The anffassuna and the method.

Who then knows how the views themselves denied

Are those philosophers who are sufficiently detailed in their writings
They will only find it too understandable that
It has its greatest difficulty, the philosophical character
Of Karl Marx, or even in one-
To issue points a philosophical view as his,
Without fear. To meet with contradiction. Only that
One might already have become general knowledge today
That there is as much as nothing of plio-
Nis at all and historical assessment of the particular case
It is advisable to call Karl Marx a materialist. It is true
Such a designation is nothing more than a positive world-
Or even the position of the modern Natumissen-
Which was, in principle, also that of Karl Marx
The epistemological theory of social science
Also our present task is But knowledge of nature and
Materialism, "as Tieles also historically associates
Logically to create not only nidits, but are so
Sharply divorced that just the modern science
Harsh bruiser of the dull head of his always incomprehensible
Becoming materializing brooding materialism, and
Its metaphysical character. Do we have
By the way, Marz himself had sharp criticism of the natural-
Materialism practice (page zi8), and charac-
Teristic is that he is in his certainly not from the
Hegelianism was philosophically interested, but already the
Economic problems completely utilized "mature" era
Felt the same need, his "relationship to the naturalistic
Materiahsmus. '"And even has Engels, whose

*) Ksrl Matz,, No, "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" \ ""

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Dr. M 'x Aaicr

Philothetical position of the natural sciences
Is much closer to Lismuf because he is directly ontological
Solution about the relation of thought and being akzeperte,
Marx, in the latter, is merely a methodological directive
Saw, and also of the spirit, and of his activities a science
To be acquired, however, energetically,
Identity with the form, in which this materialism
In the i8. Century, even more,
"With the flattened, vulgarized figure, in which the materialism
The i8. Century today, in the minds of nature-
Researchers and physicians, and in the fifties of
Bishop, Vogt, and Moleschott. "

What was mainly due to the admission of Marx as a

Materialists, that is the name of his histori-
On the one hand, as the materialistic and the widely disseminated iVliss-
Understanding of this teaching in the sense that the economic
Development, in which it is the determining element of the whole
Historical Prozettet had recognized a blowe movement dei
The "lozialea matter," which is opposed to the
The thought and the will of the menseben just as a superfluous
Product and a strange duplication of the
Came, as before, the spiritual life in man's head
In contrast to the "perplexing" mental processes.
In this way, the tone of the mind grew to Kari
Marx's immediate interpretation of his doctrine, as
Sound of the bourgeois side for the purpose of refutation Tor-
But also with those of his followers
. Which, by its other materialistic aspect,
Creed, as it were, to the priestess
Human spirit and will in the Gesichse actually none
Have reality and are only effective in it, so that
So all ideas in philosophy, religion, law and art only
As it were, the silhouettes which the mighty train of the
"Economic conditions" in its conversion process to the
Sensitive wall of human brains.

The words of Marx, however, were, of course, only to be exaggerated

The mere letter: "My dialectical method
Is based on the Hegeian method, not only Ter-

*) Friedr. Eni eis, "Lvdwig Fenslmeli," a. Attestation ^ Sdt iS- 19 "

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

107

But their direct opposite. "

And kept to the direct (in each case part
Hegel "the thought process, which he even under the name idea m
An independent subject, the demiurge of the real,
Which only forms its external appearance ", - so now
Really "uni j_ ^ reverse," but not in Marx's inversion,
The economic process, even under the name of the eco-
An independent Obiokr was transformed,
To the same demiurge of the real, social-social world,
Which, however, descended into a void
Should really have been Karl Marx's opinion that the
Same error, deo Mux beici aa Hegel so accurate nihilgdiobeii
Had, that he abolished spirit as an absolute spirit
Only to make seemingly the history of Iftsst, "and that
The consciousness of this process would be post-festum
The human mind, only with that once chosen
Names of the materialistic seizure of history

*) K. Marx, "Capiul", I., Preface xvr a. Edition, page XVII, 4th edition.
*) K. Msnt, ibid.

See Beisjlid Dr. Ludwig; Stein, "The social question in the light
Of Philosophy ", Stuttgart, 1903." M.arx, the right one, is the philosophical
Counterpoint from Hegel; This is a consistent ideal, and the latter is equally consistent
Materialist. . . . But Hegel thought the world was a self-development of the Logos,
And since in Leiaer lidisteii Offenbamiijr it is a vow, the "what is."
To change; be. The world for the future development of the
Mechanically, matter, therefore, all that is, is worthless, but
By no means vague. "Page 290. His (basic concept, the social economy,
As Hegel accused Schelling of "substance," was suddenly
The same is true of those who suffer from osteopathy, since the same is true.
Zvvws Int Mahc, of the Scientific Committee (I), his gaoM
Social philosophy to the fate of materialism as a philosophical world-
To chain. "With the victory or destruction of the materialism, and
Is the proud building of his sociological calculus. "His so-called"
Is the basic material of the material of the medium
And fftEftlistiselia (1) Determfaiismiis. * ^ Mmz hate AbsrsdMtt that the Sosiologe s
"With lively, willing-to-give," intellectuals, and their own life
Jealous assertive individuals. "Page 310. He" has the human-
Are mechanized entirely. All these passages are
The author of this work, which,
Kursem asdiieutto, the gcfeuSber der berdts ea eo Tiden Intttmem in the Auf *
Fessnag of the correct meaning of this doctrine of Marx working wisscaschsftlichca
Discussion seems to have remained utterly incorrigible.

F. Engels and Karl Marx, "The Holy Fame" Naeblass, "IL, page 187.

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Dr. Max Adler

Corresponding sense (or actually nonsense): Das

Would have been a strange surplus of Hegel. For Hegel
Is how much the philosophical consciousness of the real
Process of the idea postfestum may come, but it also before
Already the spirit, our finite mind as being related
In itself an absolute mind, which develops itself to the
Self-directed goal. He does make his own movement
Once again he himself only recognizes in us. Here
But from the very beginning we would watch a movement,
Which we have not made ourselves and which are so close to us
Is our liveliest consciousness. The Hegeian
Dialectics is a pure, creative process of reason, and therefore has
The sufficient reason for their existence in themselves, and precisely
Because of their immanent vindication, she also comes from
From one stage to another, it becomes a progressive
Always release at higher levels. Alone one
Movement of things is ours, which we are nevertheless among them
Are both their existence as well as their movement an incomprehensible
Puzzles, and we remain, since there is nowhere to be found a point
Let us enter into their inner being, eternally as a willless,
Impotent spectators of a mighty, irreverent, senseless
Fatums, dss - our fate is ^

)) Probably most of the rarification of such an iD teri Uitbdwii sense

Of the "materialiitifldieii" Geissliiditiftift (
Sequentially in this misunderstanding, she worked out Radolf Stammler

In his book "Economy and Law," in which he is distinguished by the praiseworthy

Critical severity with which he is concerned in his work, causal and teleological
AoUwnng logically, dexu, who, according to an opinion,
Marx nnferse mataklistiselie GcseUchtiaaffaMiing at least for the most part suni Be-
Your critical appraisal from the Marx and Engels
Are systematically consistently developed, only those
Quency, unfortunately, was not that of Marx's thought, but rather on the contrary
Concept of the economic (Prodvltfloas) relationship has passed,
Which, as we have avenged, is always the Itoisehen
Form with the particular nature of its activity resulting from this
Closed. Thus, for the time being, Stammler's "social materialism"
As an alleged doctrine of Karl Marx, which then opposed the revi-
The need for the insertion of an ideological moment is unavoidable
Appeared. This is so characteristic, not of the misfortune of the
Materialistic conception of history on the part of the recent "revision"
Also this basic doctrine of Marx, but eb ^ psn for dif? Species, v.-ie alone au
To make a materialist of Marx, that I might be blessed, a greater one

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109

Such an interpretation of the materialistic histori-

However, neither the words, let alone
To the mind, Karl Marx himself, nor to the representation
Of his most trusted performers. You just need some
One of the theoretical writings or essays by Karl Kautskvt
Franz Mehring or H. Cunow to read attentively
In abundance to find that the "dogmatic ortho-
Tiuxeir 'have misunderstood their teacher as a jugglician,
As is the case with the opponents intra et extra muros the hall
Seems to have been. Thus Karl Kautsky already wrote
Which is so particularly critical here
Reinnonsln in the "Neasa. Zdt *: "Man mon dne straight
Myitiidy the position of the economic eating habit,

Place at the Sttminlers factory hcmiaclieii. He is there in Absinthe, ifdcher

The materialistic conception of history makes a great impression

It became a doctrine of "social materialism" by "
Opinion that social issues (social economy) and
(The fikonoBkdm ViruhniMi) dni fa limdittl mrdm can, wu
"Hey, bt and gesckldit; Dnn dnccfen todale ideas, votatollnnfpen
And desires to be taken from mere images, are lawful
Dependent on <l? R sofial matter, since; Is the social economy and its
Realizations. According to materialistic social philosophy, there is no other
Regularity for men 's works, as that of the social "
And the subject matter of the so-called, The aotlnle
Economy is the only thing in social life; Their movement laws are
The only truths in this domain are all "
Of the economic phenomena, as above all views on the
Legitimate justification of certain social aspirations, is only reflex,
They are merely mirror images, which were regarded as tidal subjects
Dne knowledgeship means (gvm). The spirit
The life of a people is, according to the historical analysis of history
Nothing (g. V. M.) As a society affected by the measure, the
Social economy of the same;
Sosiftlet WIftschnft. Like the materialist, Democritus see matter alone
True sabitans, the soul only in appearance, and he the peyehl's pre-
In human beings, to derive and explain the movements of matter
The latter is transferred from the social matrices to the social sphere dabin.
That only the economic co - operation as a real substance of the
MenscUidies of the varieties are treated on the basis of the special Art
Of the economic negligence of the Acoaians
And accordingly determine and therefore the only possible law of the
Social life in the knowledge of lawful movements of the economists
Fbiaomene to be found

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Dr. Mu Adlar

If one supposes it could also be the smallest step forward

Without the activity of the human mind. Hold it
But the economic conditions and the economics of the E nt-
Development auiciminder. And two very different things. "
And another time: "What are the economies of mind? One-
Aeita YerhHltniaae of the Menachen to nature, otherwiseaeita VcriillltniaBe
The Menachen unterrinander, immw but Verhftltntaae Ton Menadien.
And the others can develop without the men
The idea is only to be almost fazed
A krasaaaaaaaaaa of that fetishism, which in the writings
Of human relations. An economic
Can not last for a second without disturbing the be ^
Knew the human mind. "" Now, what is more, the quotations
From the writings of Marx and Engels themselves, which prove
That their materialistic composition is such
Social materialism has never been the blind force game
Of inanimate matter in the living realm of the menachian world, a
Everywhere degenerating, repeated. Especially the great
The concept of economic relations by Marx,
In which he, far removed, as a social matter to man
On the contrary, everywhere these people themselves
In its center, and so directly as its members,
Has, forever, made the legend of the social
Materialism at Marx an end, in its place an exact
('). (') Production manpower, production-
Economic conditions, economic development and
The same is true of all these expressions in Marx
A directly social meaning, which without the
Thoughts of the socialized, active man as their carrier
Could not be grasped. Therefore, we read in the "Introduction
On the critique of political economy, "which, with the words
Begins: "The present object is first the material
Production ", this term is defined as follows:

"New Time," XV See 231.

>) Nene Zeil *, ibid., P. 7SI. - Vergrl. Xhalicli Frmi Moreing,

"On the Historical Materielism" (Appendix to "Lessing * Legettde"), Stuttgart

1893, page 45c (THCNno "New Zei", XVTI 2, page 5) 2 - 503.

See above my essay: "SombarU Historical Social Theory", "New
Time, XXI I, pages 552 -553 and 556. *** "

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Causality and leleology in dispute "about science iii

Thus, when production is Hede, we are always speaking of

Production at a certain stage of social development
- of the production of social individuals. "" And so is
It is clear that, in addition to the prodution, with the
Also necessarily the whole
The rest of human culture
Is unavoidable, because in the amended 1 'roduction conditions
Even the human beings themselves with their puzzles to nature
And changed to their fellow-men.

According to this direction, the economic, one must therefore in

The same mass as that of the opponents of the materialistic
Historical conception, in particular of Stammler
System of a social materialism really in the consequence
Of ontological materialism, the more definite
Insight that Marx was not addressed as a materialist
can be. And that once that relationship finally fell
Neither the ecumenical or the sociological doctrines of
Anything odi with the metaphysical stand-
Point of materialism su do, one should nidit more
Necessary to intervene again and again. Freilidi,
Who does not keep science and materialism apart
Can escape, as here two quite different stand-
Points of view. Materialism as one
Weltanschauung raises the metaphysical question of the essence
Of the things and believes this to have found in that he is in
The science of science, the science of matter
Researches only according to the law and context of the experience

"New Times", XXI 1, 710, 711. - See "Capital," III, 2,

Page 353: ^ We have seen that the capitalist production process has a
Historically determined h'orm of the social production process at all
Is. Dicwr latter is both a prod- uctional proverbial existen- tional condition
Of the life of the human being, as in a spedficelike, Ustorian-
Tion, this production ratio and
So that the bearers of this proximity, their material existence, and their
Mutual relations, that is to say their specific economic
Form-producing and reproving Frosess. For the whole of this
In which the traders of this production are Qatar and others
In which they produce, this whole is the society, according to theirs
Economic Stmklnr. "Likewise," wage labor and capital "
Page 21.

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Dr. Ifox Adler

Manifestations, which are always their essence

like. Therefore, as Idioii FrfShtat was remarked (p
Character necessarily potentiological, and the fanatical idealist,
He may even be a solipriate, taking things in his knowledge
Not unlike the materialist Only in a fighting time,
To the positive viewpoint of science.
On the attitudes of theology and the trusts of the
Speculation must first gain, it can therefore happen that the
To both of them, who feel themselves in the most violent opposition
Endeavors for this antagonism in the
Every theology and idealistic revolutionary radicalism
Materialist world-discovery, because it is in it
Not an end-to-end resource for their knowledge
Purposes. The materialism is then only to her
Against the mists of their own and opposing prejudices. The
Was also the atmosphere in which Marx and Engels, as Ma
Terialists. In the sharp distinction that they make
As we have seen, are always opposed to the modern natural-
And indeed against the ontological materialism of the
Eighteenth century, this confession was indeed not
Much more than one by the Zcitiinistnde and the circumstances
Their philosophical development historically dyed form,
In which its strict scientific opinion on the pro-
Minds of themselves and their opponents
The most effective.

To be sure, Marx has described himself as a materialist. So

He once wrote to Dr. Kugelmann about Dhring: "He knows
Very well that my development method is not the Hegelian
Is, as I am a materialist, Hegel Idcdiist. "* And so far, nocii little
Noted large section in the "Holy Family"
As materialism of the eighteenth century
Almost nineteenth-century communism
Its "logical basis"

Nothing less is just this very interesting and uber

The position of Marx to materialism very much spreading light
Chapters are perfectly suited to leaving as little march

>) "New Time, XX i, Page 189.

*) A. a. . "Critiidie Sdftdtt against the fnazsischea Mateijalitmas",

NmUm *, IL, page 83t IT.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

113

To the ontological metaphysical materialism when he

This Won, and as it is a very different matter, which
He is concerned with this. One should never forget that the peculiar
Expression of the term "Materiahsmus", as he then the second
From the end of the last century
EightyC! And the title of Bchner
"Kratt and Stoll", a very significant populaire,
Even if not for a materialist
At the time when Marx's philosophical re-
Vision had come to a halt, not at all
. On the contrary, it was the philosophy of Feuerbach,
Which was addressed as materialism, to its whole nature
But at most a positivist sensualism.
"Since it is precisely on the basis of the reality of the
It directly rejected it, in addition to a question
According to the transcendental nature of things. you
Position was this world, but not the dead, rigid, infinitely
Senseless and qualityless movement of small parts
Losing world of the true materialist, in which this one with
His warm pulsating life eternally alien and unhappy
"Will feel unexplained, but the world of man himself
Its very concrete sensuous, individual to individual
The living abundance. Right after Goethe's word:

"The view is probably conned."

Gate, who directs his eyes there blinking.

Coming over the clouds!
He is firm,
This world is not dumb to Tttchtisen.
He needs to look into the matter
What he recognizes is seized!

The philosophy of Feuerbach came from the heights both

The idealist speculation like materialistic metaphysics
The essence of man, as he does, among his own
Alive and all its reality only in communion with them
Unfolding, self-creator of the ideas of heaven and earth, spirit
And matter was, which afterwards then as as ebensoviele riddle
") To return from all this to the social being

'). Ludwig Feuerbach. "Against the Dualism of

Body and Soul, II, pp. 362-363: "Truth is neither materialism nor

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114
Dr. Max Adler

Of man and of his only developing in this form

S interior life as the only measure of real knowledge
- that was the materialism of Feuerbach.) He himself aptly
Described, when he says of himself: "I am absolutely indifferent
The absolute, the immaterial, which is self-
Peace speculation - the speculation that made her stolf out of herself
Himself. I am heavily distinguished from the philo-
Sophen, which tear their eyes out of their heads, the more
To be able to think better; I need to think the senses before
Especially the eyes, base my thoughts on materials that
We can only appropriate ourselves by means of the sense-
Not the object from the thought, but
Returns the thought from the object, but (object is only,
Which exists outside the head. I am idealist only on the

Idealism, neither physiology nor psychology, truth is only that

A nthropo I o ji: t, truth only the standpoint of sense. Of the
Because only this point of view gives me totality and individuality. Neither
The soul thinks and feels - for the soul is the personal and the soul
Bypostasted conclusion, or enceinting of thought,
Feeling and waving - nor the brain thinks and feels - because that
Brain is a physiological abstraction, a state which is excluded from the totality,
From the skull, from the face, from the body at all, for itself
Fixed organ. . . . The essence of life is the expression of life. "
To the materialism of a Molschott in the
Years of his life comes here, where we deal with the firebachianism of the
Marx's work / eit:; i tun lialicn. Not In r, t; But also after this
Direction, Fcucrhach has been sufficiently misunderstood.

'Ludw. Beuerbach, "Principles of the Philosophy of the Future," p.

II, p. 326: "The more recent philosophy sought something immediate. . . .
In fact, it is only doubtful what object of sense, intuition,
The sensation is **, and also page 330: "Rightly (therefore also) derives the
Empiricism the Ur'prnnq 'of our traces from the senses, * only he forgets that
Dn ; Most important, most essential sense-object of man, is man himself.
That only in the evil of man in man is the light of consciousness
And understanding. Idealism is, therefore, right when it is in the
People the origin of the ideas sudtt, but wrong, when he took them out of the
IsoHerten, as a self-being, as a soul fixed man, with one
From the ego without a sensible given. Only by
Communication, arise only from the conversation of man with man
the ideas. Not alone, only one comes to terms, snr reason
At all. Two people belong to the surrender of man - the spiritual
As well as the physical: the communion of man with man
Is the first principle and criterion of truth and generality

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Kaosalitit and Teleologi in the fight for science

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Practical areas,. . . The idea is only the belief in the

Historical future, to the victory of truth and virtue
Only political and moral importance to me; But on the
Areas of the actual theoretical philosophy apply to me
Direct opposition to the Hegelian philosophy, "where just that
Conversely, instead of realism, the Matenaism in
The given sense (gvm). I am nothing but
A spiritual naturalist, but the natural scientist is able
Nothing without instruments, without material means. "

This is a brilliant self-act, as you can see

Firebacli's doctrine only with a great limitation,
Against its own Y (i su hTijren determination roundly as materia-
Jail can not be overlooked at all,
That also of sensualism, for whose sake one is chiefly
In Feuerbach had seen the materialist, not consistently in
Its sphere, but rather a strong rationa-
Listical impact, by which he makes his co-operation
With and out of the critical philosophy
"Not only Aeuasorliches, therefore," we read with him, "also Inner-
Not only flesh, also mind, not just the thing, too
The ego is the object of the senses. Everything is therefore sensuous
Perceptible, if not directly, but indirectly,
-when not with the vulgar, crude, but with the educated ones
Senses, though not with the eyes of the astronomer or
Chemist, but with the eyes of the philosopher. "And another
Place: ^ "All the senses say, but in order to change their minds,
You have to connect them. The eygages of the senses in the
To read contexts is to say: Thinking. "
Last of all, this sensualism only on what Feuerbach so
Happy as the way of the "spiritual naturalist"
Has, namely, the critical requirement that our thinking
Everywhere, and not least in the consideration of mental-
Social phenomena are always connected with their secure connection with
The field of experience, and indeed with the means

Lu (Feuerbach, op. Cit., "The Essence of Christianity"

". Aqflftge, 1S43X ^^^ t 10

>) Ltdw. FenerbMh, a. *. The "philosophy" of the Philosophy of Conclusion,

IL, pages 329-330.

*) Lndw. Feuerbftch, sa O., ^ Against the DnaUamits ete. *% II., Page 379

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I6

Dr. Max Adlet

To which it could otherwise gain scientific knowledge

Will have to.

And in this sense Marx was also a materialist. In this

Senses, too innocently with their most pressing intellectual interests
By this new doctrine, the right one is pointed out;
Even after the penetration of the Hegelian haze
Philosophy, Marx and Kngcls have the liberating
Effect of the nature of Christianity "
And now in the same opposition to Hegel, to his
Self-advancing constructive speculation, materialists
In which, in principle, they are, like Puerburach, Fascists
Who wanted to be, only after a material, Jas is called reality
Of the things themselves, reflective knowledge of the Krsna, instead of joining
A connection which has been conceived only in the head of the philosopher
Contentment, And this character of the Marxian Materia-
Lism shows just unmistakably the previous chapter
From the "Holy Family".

One must only pay attention to the basic ideas,

In order to see in German, "in which Marz,

Thus, the word "materialistic" in Marx is a very special one

^ Pracbgc-ut, in which it almost acted only by means of the chai
Opposition to the deliberate idealistic construction, and a vocation
On the material basis of all science, the experience. So presses
In the case of this conception, in a Wendaeg, in
Weleber this sense of the word "tuAterieUsdseh"
When he says, "It is easier to make it easier, by analyzing the earthly
The nucleus of the reli- gion of the religious faith,
Maligea effeiicuon Lebensveriilluiasen their enchanted Kormen zu
Wind Dm was the only mnterialist and therefore wisea-
Sectual method. "" Only * tnaterlelbtiseh In contrast to the
With regard to social life no longer reflect its role reality
In the immediate progress of the
Quoted as follows: "The defects of the abstract scientific knowledge
Terinism, which reveals the historical frost, is seen
Already from the abstract and ideological ideas of his WorlAhrer,
"" Capital ", I., 4th Edition, p. 356.
Similarly, the eco- ionic ratios of material relations in the
Only to the ideas which bear fruit from history.
Marx's description of history calls such a materialist just because it is
Is striving to confront a metaphysics, which is the material
History can be produced from the ideal "(Marx tttld Eagds," Der
, Holy Max's Documents of Socialism, p. 69.)

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

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The contemporary English and French com-
Munism with the materialism of the eighteenth century.
As well. It becomes only in the critical sharpness of this
Philosophy, with which it was decided to end
Theology and idealistic metaphysics, as well as the
Influenced morality. It is, therefore, the practical philosophy
Of materialism, which is above all related, and
It is precisely that of Marx himself which is annexed to that
Chapter quotes to the Holbach, Ilelvetins, and Bentham
Kirincn doubt. Against the dogmatic faith of the
Theology, and the eternal ideas of metaphysics, together with their morality
The man with his instincts, his own action
Nutu and Fromm, changing according to time and circumstances
Opinions and assessments.
And French materialists appeared to Marx as the
Direct predecessor of Feuerbach's humanism. And the
Materialism was so important to him both in f. Century
Feuerbach alone on account of his socialcritical side, the
In the system of the French Materia-
Was a self-contradiction, a link to the Com-
Munism and its own scientific standpoints.
Dabcar below also Marx also cfaaracteristically between
Two directions of French materialism: "the mechanical
French materialism followed the physics of Descartes in the
Contrary to his metaphysics. His students were anti-
Metaphysicists of profession, namely physicists
Direction is linked to the sensualism of Locke, whose immediate
Student and French interpreter Gondillac. "In
HeWetius, who also emanates from Locke, receives the Materia-
The French character. He takes it at once
In relation to social life (Helvetius, De
Rhomme '). The sensual qualities and self - confidence, the
Genius "and the well-understood interest are the basis of all
Moral. The natural equality of human intelligences,
The unity between the progress of reason and the fon-
Industry, the natural goodness of man, the all-
Makes up the principal moments of his system. "

*). Page 217 - 219 of this study.

Engels and Marx, "The Holy Family", "Nachlass", II, p.

') A., O., p. 238.
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It was only this latter direction through which Marx,

"With the communism. He says it
Expressly: "Like Cartesian materialism into the real
Science, the other direction of the
French materialism directly into socialism and
Munism. "*) Not therefore what is ordinarily called the specific
Of materialism, and, with reference to his ontological statement
Of the relation of thought and being, (istist and matter, but
Only his critical position on theology, metaphysics and abso-
Lute morality, which as such, historically from its to atheism
Urgent metaphysics, but also with pan-
Theistic or spiritualistic, and even with a cognitive-
Basic view, such as that of Kant
Was, in short, a philosophical character image of the
Materialism as such is not essential
was it. Who, in this case, carried on the conflict between him and the
Commuaiimus. I misunderstood that Marx here the
Materialism according to its distinction from the Cartesian
Direction only in this merely historical, but not specifically so
To be named, is quite impossible,
As soon as we read his exposition of this connection:
"There is no need to be very keen to learn from the lebras of the
Materialism from the original goodness and gldchen intelli-
The peculiarity of the human being, the omnipotence of experience,
The influence of external circumstances on the
People, the high importance of industry, the authority
Of enjoyment, etc., has its necessary connection with the
Communism, and socialism. "1 It is not lacking
The correct naming of this basically TOm materialism
Very different view when Marx finally says: "The knowledge-
French Communists Dezamy, Gay,
Like Owen, the materialism as the doctrine of the
Humanism and as the logical basis of the Com-
Munism. "^
And so this characterization of Marx's
Alone, inasmuch as they themselves now

A., supra, page 238.

*) A. a. Page 338- 39.
*) A. a. O., Rope 340.

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Immediately after its occurrence

Marx described himself as Matenaiistea, on Feuerbach. Because
What has so recently been recognized as Huoianism is only the practical
Which is theoretically expressed in this thinker
, Or the inversion with Marx: "W
But Feuerbuch aut theoretischesGebiete
French and English socialism and communism
The field of humanism.
Of material.

Certainly, these expansions must be understood

As if they claimed that Marx had
Terialism had no or only weak contact. in the
On the contrary, it should not be acknowledged that he
Whose philosophical direction was closer than this. But
Exactly the same can be done, and not wrongly, for example
Of Kant as they really did, and
Beidemale is nothing more than to say that certain
The ruthless features of materialism, about which he wished
With one of the teachers of humanity,
Whose influence on the design of the thinking of these researchers
: Thus, before the strict reference to the
Experience and the demand for the production of a "
All appearances of nature as of the spiritual life
Causal regularity; Demands - which have their strong influence
To the most diverse thinkers of all times
Could be because they are again not specific teachings of materialism
But only through the nature of its metaphysical
Pointes, all of which are subject to approval of the purpose
Leading points of view necessarily, just at him
Had found their most consistent training first. What it is
Came here, was only that from the whole philosophical life-
Of Marx's thought,
How much, if one wants to call him already a matter of materiality, he
Was right to demand that he should not be
The so-called natural science metaphysics.
Change, and that by dispersing everyone with this
Association of setting intuitions and attitudes
To move us in a more purified atmosphere

>) A. a. O., page 232.

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To which the tone of the tone Karl Man was confounded

Problem the Blidcen more easily represent Trird.

It was only for this purpose that I thought "against the how
It seems to be the unacceptable combination of Marx's
Viewpoints with that of ontologic materialism, into something
In more detail
And the attempt to dare, in this only necessary
Cracked excursion to show that such an amalgamation is not
Once for the consciousness of Karl Marx is correct. Because
And for the content of a doctrine it is not, in itself,
In which particular historically reflected light
They had to appear in the spirit of their authors.
But apart from that, one has to beware,
Marx and Engels are exclusively excluded from consciousness
Judge that she herself and her time opposed to philosophy
And especially of the ideational, after they had been given to the
Banne Hegels had escaped. The philosophy against which
Now the general disappointment united all the accusations,
Sorrow for which all humiliation and all mockery were ready.
Which always accompany the case of a greatness and
Were here combined with the more busy ones,
When this greatness itself had proved to be hollow,
Under philosophy, which ultimately leads to the over-
WuaJciien became the point of view of the time, was always only one
Certain philosophy meant the philosophy of Hegel as the
Completion of the gecoolgtea, which began on spruce,
Lation. And (idealism, on the other hand, all opposition,
The dodi only the speculative basic move wanted to meet, all too
Ready as materialism, was always the same
Only the metaphysical idealism of Fidite-Sling-Hegel's
Epoch. There was no mention of Kant's philosophy.
Precisely because for about 25 years, but especially in the last
Decade, from Kant has become more and more a living, so
Must always draw attention to this again
To be made in that whole time of the
Philosophy, in which the thinking of Karl Marx
Its perfection finds, the Kantian philosophy with the exception of
Of Schopenhauer, who was then also remote and unwelcome,
Winkels - where she became a peculiarly vermetaphysikt

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- was completely lost; That the Mcchode of the Kantschen

Thinking, the core of his problem, the absolute detachment
The theory of all metaphysics, in short, precisely this whole
Was fundamentally so aadcra as the transcendent speculation
Transcndental philosophy was forgotten and unknown. If
Nevertheless the name of Kant always precedes those of Fichte and Hegel
, This was no different from what one did
Klopstock Yor Lessing and Goethe. What alone
Of the philosophy of Kant at this time was still observed
Just suitable to push back their theoretical side: nttmltch
His practical philosophy. Kant was thus not the philosopher,
Who wanted to establish solidly the scientific experience, but
The philosopher of the categorical imperative and the postulates of the
Prefectual reason, after the suspension of the claims
Of knowledge by his theoretical criticism had only the place
Want to win for a all experience consciously behind
Letting faith. That, of course, this was so
Direction of his philosophizing only from the same transzen-
Dental point of view of the theoretical criticism of their actual,
From every dogmaic opinion far removed
Could, of course, had a time with the burial of this
The latter remain completely hidden. Thus, with a single-
Among the speculative philosophers, in which light he
Probably also Marx appeared.

It is, therefore, true that Marz and Engels are in the right place,
A different kind of antagonism to philosophy
Metaphysics to determine the scientific
It can not express its position against the Philo-
Sophie as a theory of knowledge in which
She had not been condemned to them. Yes,
Knowledge-critical problem, which in its pure form is characterized by a
A tremendous effort against all the epistemic theory
Hostile powers of language, who are completely at the metaphysical
Has developed into Kant's first, difficult-to-understand
Had seemed to be the same

I am the only interesting place, to my knowledge, in which Marx

To Kant in a more detailed way,
Max * '' ^ "," Documents of Socialism, "III, p.

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Dr. Max Adler

Steely words of his doctrine
Are lost. It was no problem at all.

From this it becomes clear that the critically so sharp and, as

We shall immediately see the Kantian in a certain way
The so-called Marxist thought
Theories of theoretical knowledge, and where this has already happened,
In obtaining the logical form, as <j of the last precursor
The critique of knowledge, for example, what we already have
Of Engels in his right sense,
(Page 198), in the processing of the logical core of the
Hegclian dialectics, which means in the transformation of the meta-
Physically constituted dialectical reasoning process into a
Substantive thinking essential method. And that is why it is
Also characteristic of the fact that Fr. Kngcl, whose prodigious
Impetuous the Tnumphzug of the exact scientific methods
Everywhere metaphysics is already making its final downfall
But the theory of knowledge, in turn, was to be found
Only logical version, of the general death chess, the
He gave up the philosophy, excepted. "What of the whole up-
Which is still autonomous
Teaching of thought and its laws - the formal logic
And the dialectics, which is precisely the word orruen, in those one
Time, the conscious connection to the thinking of a Kant
The theory of knowledge, which is not mere psychology
Wanted to appear. And when you consider that today,
Where the full stream of the surplus has been restored, and
The position of Kant is not only new to us,
The historical connection is the work of the theorist
Since Piaton, gives views that the critical
Character of the theory of knowledge actually fail so far that
She in her only a part of the psycho! Ogie behold, ao was
The Marx-Engels standpoint, which, isolated from that great one
Surplus, they dodi as the problem of logic and
Dialectics, that is, the peculiar lawfulness of thought
Not only one in her mind more consistent, but also
In itself, critically higher.

The questions of the theories of theory thus appear with Marx

As logical questions, as questions of the method of his science-

)) Friedr. Eng., "The Enlightenment of the Ws.

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123

Lend work. In the answer they find in him are

But it is the "vint & en marche". The GE-
Thanks to which the methodological justification
Of his works, and which, unfortunately, only too rarely, here and there
Are explicitly developed, they are self-centered
Mediating truths, such as the Kantian investigation of the
Justification, as it can not be otherwise,
If really the man's thinking for the reason
A similar methodological approach
As Newton's science is.
To this effect of the mediodological work of Marz too
The critical edge with a terminology of the latter.
To make it clearer, I would like to say:
Marx provides in his methodical presuppositions, to which
He founded his social-theoretical work, that is, in the objective-
Logical analysis and formulation of the basic concepts of his
System, their "metaphysical discussion," which is thus combined with a
"Transcendental discussion" in the sense of Kant, not only in none
Contradiction, but rather their indispensable pre-
Is prepared. Kant, of course, understands the "metaphysical."
Discussion "the clear, if not detailed, presentation
Of what is given a measure as a priori, while
The "transcendental discussion" refers to the demonstration of a principle
From which the possibility of a
A priori synthetic knowledge
And the a priori "of which we are speaking here is not that
A specter of magic, a magic wand, with which her
Airy building, by giving all the ground
They need, a priori; It is also not the aiters-
Giaaca resting pillows, from which all the knowledge as an eageriste
Dust expands as soon as the head is distended; it means
Nothing but the designation of those in the acquired
Experience and only through this
The elements of consciousness, which are the
Their universality. The a priori
Thus, our thinking does not differ according to its own
Acquired, according to their historical origin, but only after
Their perception of experience for experience.

1) Imm. Kant, "Critique of Pure Reason," Reclun, pp. 51 and 53.

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This concept of "metaphysical evolution" now comes

The methodological work of Marx only in that bright light,
In which their relation to the epistemological theory problem
More clearly. And he can also be applied to them
Because it goes everywhere to the special a priori
Of the social theory they employ. The Manch
Analysis of the economic phenomena is thus mainly the result
Directed; To gain the means of thinking by which at all
This infinite complex of events in its formaloi
Legality can be overcome. That is why Marx also saw the
Focus of his critical work in the analysis of the value form,
The "human spirit has been growing for more than 2000 years
"This is the great new standpoint of the
"Capital" in the theoretical national economy, for this reason
It has become a "critique of the political economy"
Word "criticism" in the Kantian sense.
Tuarical up-and-down induces at the chaotic mass of the
Such as in a Bnckle. Still very early
Systematizing and constructing, such as in Comte, Hefert
Here the basis of a scientific treatment of social

* Karl Marx, n ^ as Capital, I., 4th edition, Preface to the edition,

See also, V-VI.
*). Imm. Kant, Preface to the First Edition,
"But I do not understand a criticism of the books and systems
And in the sense of all knowledge,
To which, among other things, it may concern itself,
Distinction of the possibility or impossibility of a metaphysics
The determination of both the sources as well as the limits of the "
But from principles. "Keclam, pp. 5-6 First, within the framework of this statute"
Points of view are beyond all books and systems
These errors also fall within the scope of criticism in the sense of the word "olieim."
It does not bother me with the main work of Karl Maix so ordered
, Which is supplemented in its actual theoretical performance
It can only be regarded as a crisis of the nation-state
"Bookers and systems." If there is certainly such criticism in the historical
Most comprehensive way, also only because it is
Which are gaining knowledge in the course of a thought process
Which are secure scientific knowledge in the domain of the national economy
Can be achieved. The Critique of Dei National Economy and Systems
Is thus only the insight applied to the all national-
Misleading knowledge in general only to form a science-shaping principle
Toranssetrangen.

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Phenomena, as such, with all correctness in detail

But on the whole it must be accidental and incomplete. Rather
The seampunk itself will first of all spring in
Distinctive, abstract analysis of the "economico-
Form of the bourgeoisie (of the commodity,
Anaivse, in which it is, indeed, a matter of indifference,
As they do with the dull fork of induction and deduction never
But only the hair-sharp knife
Of criticism.

It is not, however, e: ne consciously epistemological,

But docli a problem in its direction: as.su ;; g. from
Which Marx also emanated in his "capital" work;
And that justifies the often already noticed and therefore
The object-oriented logic of the
The Mediode, which has been "little understood"
Bar of contradiction in it, which is why they are soon called meta
Physically and constructively, sometimes as purely empirical
That is why it is not possible to make a clear
Whether they were more idealistic-deductive or realistic-inductive,
Whether it is more formal, analytical or empirical-synthetic
Actually Marx itself already led back to its origin,
At which these antinomies all become groundless. It is,
That the goal and path of the Mamchen thinking do not diverge
Which are both together in a large
Thought development in the "capital." The goal is,
The development of the economies
Natural history process ", the exploration of the
"Natural laws of capitalist production" .-) With full right
Therefore, Marx makes the very point of this theoretical part
Striving with great clarity
Russian criticism as ebensovicle presentations of his own
Method. But the means to this "natural law"
Capture of the economic phenomena
The various forms of development of the social substance
Analyzed, "the inner band", briefly, the whole em-
Pirical abundance of the substance
, Which itself is only from the historical-concrete

* Karl Marx, "Capital," 1st, 4th Edition, p. XIV,

") Karl Marx, op. Cit., P. VIII and VI.

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Beings of the same, but only with the head

Means the forms of scientific discourse
Could be found therein. So is the way from the through
\R\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\
Complex of the concrete, in order to comprehend it from these, z ^ var
Not the most obvious, but "obviously the scientifically correct
"In it", the abstract provisions on re-
Production of the concrete by way of thinking ".
Of course, this method is "just the way for thinking about that
To adapt it as a concrete spiritual to repro-
Duced It is not, however, at all that the process of con-
Or even as the same thought in the "capital."
becomes; "If this succeeds (see this intellectual reproduction of the individual)
From the general) and reflects the life of matter
IdeeU, it may look as if one had it with one
Construction a priori. "^

"With a construction a priori", - this sounds like against

Kant, and is directed only against Hegel, against whom also
The Yorausende note that the mental re-
Individual production process is not the real source of
Process of the concrete. This is why this is logical
Method objectively ^ logically in contrast to the subjective process
Of the Hegelian consciousness, and therefore Engels also means in
His discussion of the seboboi, by being quite consistent there
With the Torhin, the tone of Karl Marx
^ Dlf explains how, as opposed to the seemingly appropriate historical
(Inductive) method of criticism of the economy "the logical
Effective . . Alone in the square "was that this in fact
Yet "is nothing other than the historical, but disguised
Historical form and disturbing coincidences. "
Thus certainly no longer construes the world speculative a priori, but

* Karl Marx, "Introduction to a Critique of the Political Economy

Neoe Zeiths XXI, I., page 773. Vergl. See also "Kapital", I, 4, edition.

Page 42: ... Reflections on the forms of human life, so also

Its analytical analysis, is one of the real developments
Opposite path. It begins postfestum and therefore with the results
Of the development process. * '

"Karl Marx," Kapltal ", L, 4th edition, page XVn.

>) Friedrich Engda on Karl Marx, "Socialist Monatihefte", 1900,

IV., Page 44.

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It remains aware that this vastness can only be justified "

If it is afterwards imprisoned.

The difference between the research and the mode of presentation

It is, therefore, that his clear comprehension by Charles iViarx is the same
Has to make his own way, in order to correct his method
, But rather its position to the scientific viewpoint
Near opinion. The research
Is the usual means of all scientific work,
The induction, the deduction of the experiment, and above all
It needs the abundance of the crushing sting. But she works
Everywhere already nnt certain particular passed over or also by her
From those generalized hymns. As for example on eco-
Mischen area value. Goods, production, etc
It can not give a slip. So here is to support
The empirical research on the formative activity of the
Human head, to his, I would say, immediate,
Still naive display mode. This- to a scientific,
To express the hdat without contradiction is precisely that
Strive for the logical analysis that now begins. Only after
The perception of each of them from the flood of the
Historical life
That he has with all the others with whom he has a material
Connectedness, can also enter into a thought continuum
Can be attained, that stage of knowledge which the representation
Of the object in a scientific experience,
That is to say in a sense unit in which the individual
Sound is borne from the properly grasped general and from it
Can be constructed. Thus, in fact, the logical work
Marx, as we have seen before, to the point where it is in the
Of Kant 's critique of criticism
Their scientific goal, the means for the ideational reflection
Of life, that is, for the logical mastery of the historical
Experience, only the concise expression for the act-
The famous primordium of Kant's work
"If, however, all our knowledge with the Er-
It does not spring from all of them
the experience. "')

>) Imm. K * nt, "Critique of Pure Reason", introduction to the a. Edition,

Redam, p. 647

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With this relationship between the two thinkers, it is

Therefore also no arbitrariness, analogous logical lines of thought
From Karl Marx to corresponding epistemological doctrines of Kant
In parallel to. put; They appear as a kind of meta
Physical discussion, "which is there their transcendental reasoning
Is found. And this does not change the fact that we at Marx so often
Reality of being beyond thought.
This always applies only the metaphysical point of view
Especially Hegel, in whom the thinking in his process is the
Its self-generated, "released". -It does not trifle
The transcendental standpoint of Kant, which Marx neither himself
Was still fighting, since he was not at that time for discussion
was standing. The reality of being beyond the thinking of the ego is Tiei
More one of the safest results of the transcendental
Point of view, since this reality is only in the being-except-being
And in which the objektiye thing-
In the first instance, the consistency of consciousness
Just as captive and inviolable as this one is founded.
As sure as consciousness is, so sure are also things outside us,
Because this "outside us" is only a form of consciousness.

The standpoint of Marx, which is independent of thought

Reality of being is thus the positive, immanent standpoint
Of science, which can have no one else and who has the
To ensure this nostalgia against any skepticism
The transcendental philosophical philosophy makes every effort. But by doing so
Marx further recognized that this reality of being in thought
Not simply as in a plasmatic mass, but rather
Only in an action of consciousness, according to own idia-
Ickisclic) laws in the man's head ms Ideale um-
Scientific experience.
Stands When he had done the spiritual blinding, which
Of scincui /.n. transnational position. For this
First let us see how ca is possible that a
Thinking of the individual researcher independent of this at all
Can still be given as a scientific task.

This related relation of the Mancschen to Kantian thinking,

Karl Marx, "Kapital-", III 2, p. 352: "All science would be over-

When the form of being and the nature of things are directly related
Together.

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By virtue of which one is passed on to the other, we shall

Still at a major point of the analysis of
Karl Marx, to the analogy in thought
The presentation of the fetish character of the goods with the transzen-
Dental critique of the ego character of the discerning subject. At
This place and in the present context,
As well as the transcendental critique of the thing
Logical counterpart of Marx. Wrote the young Marx, the
Is still not a part of the influx of Hellegel's philosophy
Had, in 1841: "The character of things is a pro-
Of the mind. Every thing has to be isolated and insulated
To be something. By the understanding of every content of the
World into a firmness of stupidity, and the (idiotic being
As it were, petrified, he brings the diversity of the world.
Before, for the world would not be versatile without the many one-sided "
Eo the man who had long since passed by Hegel, the
Philosophy is already independent of the "mature" Marx
This JErician thought, which was there in the course of a
Political-'practical erj> rterang so by the way, much
More correctly in a medically logical relationship: "The
Concrete is concrete, because it is the summary of many
The unity of the manifold. In thinking,
It therefore appears as a process of summary, as
Not the starting point, whether the actual
And therefore also the starting point of intuition
And of the idea. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The reservation against the idealist speculation, wip yes also
A later stage,
Sam makes that even the most abstract categories the product
Historical conditions and their validity only for and
Within these ratios. However,
That their full utility is essential for the im-
The scientific position itself,
The clear logical-critical insight that "
Be aware. The movement of categories as the real
Production act "(which, however, is an impetus from the outside
), J, the result of which is the world. "And this is so far

Vi Karl Marx, "Nftchlass", I., Ropes 289.

Karl Marx, "Heue Z," "I, I, I, p.

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Rightly, adds Marx, "as the concrete totality as

G cd to ke n totalitat. As a G cdanken konkrcrum in fact
Is a product of thought; But by no means a product of the
Except or above the intuition and thought
Self-giving concept, but processing
Of intuition and representation in terms. The
Gan7, e, as it appears in the head as thought, is one
The product of the head, which is the world in the world
Only in a manner which is
Is separated from the artistic-religious-prakliftch-spiritual
Suitability of this Wdt. The real subject (?) ^ Remains as before
Should exist outside the head in his self-employment, as long as
The head is only speculative, only theoretical,
Therefore, we may perhaps supplement it, does not become practical.

I have this passage in its entirety literally

Because it is so characteristic of how the logical-
Critical point of view of Karl Marx by the whole
Opposition to Hegel was influenced and thereby vidleich
Has not come to the self-constriction of the consequences which are derived from him
To Kant. Above all, the rule of the "eich itself
Nourishing term "is thoroughly uprooted.
The question has moved into the background,
Their legitimacy, a security of the knowledge
By the "processing of
Vision and imagination. "But how much of the
Marx's position had already been approached by the epistemological critique,
This proves precisely this polemic against Hegel in another
Remark, which, when we let their minds interfere with us,
Leads us directly to the gates of transcendental philosophy.
That the world is ultimately the result of categories of the
Consciousness appears, ^ Marx calls a tautology,
Which was first pronounced against the Hegelian philosophy
Is meant to re-sharpen his own view.
Should be limited. For Hegel, the world, which belongs to the consciousness-

Would it not be proper to read here?

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Karl Marx, the time of the day, page 773-774.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Economic kings are only the theoretical atrids, the abstractions
Of the productions of social productions.

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His being opened, not tautoiogically with Jer in the consciousness

The world, but rather its expression, whose
Be different; It was thus directly thought of as his product, his
Alienation opposite. On the other hand, the transcendental stand-
Point is really identical with that "philosophical consciousness",
According to the definition of Marx, "the understanding of thought
The real man, and the realized distance, should be the first
Is reality. "* He is just looking at the point of view,
Which Marx holds so decisively against Hegel that the world
As the totality of all concrete tautoiogically as
A product of thinking must emerge when
The concrete totality of the individual as a whole
Thought detection is detectable. Instead of the meta-
Physical identity of thinking and being thus occurs the critical
The first tautology of both for consciousness "
At the same time, the triggering of the far-reaching
Knowledge-critical thinking. For in a metaphysical study,
Besides the existence of thought alongside being, it is no question,
Why both agree with this effect by the one
Or the other side, or also by one of them both
Determining principle. But now the
Critical question "as this tautology for the consciousness
Be possible; That is to say, as it happens at all, that the
Concrete totality in the concept concretely
Is, as the outside of the head is independent
Yet in the head is so completely grasped that we at all
According to that external independence, no longer bear any desire,
Because she could not offer us anything more from the thing
We were not already in the thought of him. So also leads
Here in the unfortunately so brief remarks Marx 'yet so in-
S method of conception
Scientific work, precisely because of him
So polemically opposed to idealistic speculation.
Tautology in the relationship of the Kogisciic to the real,
Back to the same threshold as we have already seen from the
On the first pages, which the step can only be used in
Transcendentalphilosopbie, provided that one is not willing
Is - to remain.

"Karl Marx, Zeit," XXI i, I, p. 773. This is the first time that Karl Marx has ever written.
9*

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I said that this section should not be misunderstood

Can Only a condescending interpretation might conceive it,
As if I were Marx a criticism critic, and even more
Kantian Obscrv mz want to make. I have expressly against it
As the Kantian standpoint for the time of Karl
Marx was a historical one in the sense that he was quite the
The past. Because even in 1865 the call
"Aut Kant," was heard (O. Liebmann, "Kant and the Epigones"),
So this first brings about a really quite internal movement
Of school philosophy. The philosophical thinking of Marx lay
For his consciousness certainly not in the direction
Kant, was in the most violent opposition to
The idealistic philosophy, which aiierdiiigs through Hegel
Was entered.

But it did not matter which opinion Marx

Even about his philosophical standpoint, but
Which is his thinking in the context of the philosophical
Work, in so far as the problem of the
Knowledge theory. On another occasion,
Namely, in the exposition of the role played by the dialectic in the
Manc-Engelschen's system of thinking, will be fore- seeable
To the philosophical character of Karl Marx.
Can be gone and be clear that nothing to me
Is to ignore the extent to which the positi-
Materialist standpoint for Man. If but
Marz, as we have seen, is always so consciously conscious
Contrary to scientific materialism was that
Not only did he not arise in him, but he also overcame his narrow-mindedness.
As well as Hegelach's sublime, he begged for himself
Attributed to the dialectical thought of which we know,
That it was the logical core of the Hegeian method. Is this
Even for the consciousness of Karl Marx, so it was here
Still, to show what Marx did not have in his consciousness
Could be more logical, like this his sharply elaborated standpoint
Criticism places him with the critical philosophy in a mental line,
And to show the reason for the "materialism" of
Marx did not belong to the other genuine materialism of his time
Only so outstanding, but also surviving, phenomenon.
Makes bat.

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XII.

The Provenance of the Purpose.

As the discussion of the tele-

To the Council and to prepare for the adoption of those arguments.
Who are to prove their injustice, the preceding
Section as a digression which inhibits this investigation
EnipiLinJcri Wiarden kihmen. Because if it is also true, what
Had previously been emphasized that the correctness or incorrectness of its
The Marxist and Marxist writings on the relationship between Karl Marx and the
Iciitics for the following in the case of teleology
Position, which is in itself quite self-sufficient.
And must therefore be understood only as such,
The task itself, to which we are now proceeding,
The more urgent, after it has become apparent that not only
The knowledge-based, but also the logical-critical
The position of Karl Marx is entirely the same as the teleological
View of these two points of view
To take over. We have thus strengthened our conviction,
That it is in dispute with it actually to the defense
The foundations of Marxism on the
Critical areas

This also makes Yon sdbst a necessary limitation

The fact that it is not the case that a
Tion of the teleological view in this context
To arrive at a thorough examination of all these questions
Can be found in the Yorausgeschidkten Resum ^ over this view
To see themselves rolled up in such abundance. As already noted,
Only the m. Decisive points of view
From which such a comprehensive
To a view which is the most obvious.
Positive result. For this whole knowledge-
Theoretical discussion is not self-purpose, but
The necessary detour, which we must go to the essence
Of science in general and that of the humanities, social and
In particular. All incoming
Should almost obliterate this reference, while
On the other hand, the mere sketching of the point of view and
Ganges of investigation against the teleological conception

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Is sufficient to derive from it their immediate results as

To check their scope.

Whether the \ riti-j'-. Who has once more grown, in

A theoretical btreit, the first step only hesitant
Is, indeed, quite his privacy. If I still
This objection orlentitch, so it is not so much
Which is certainly true for every thinking that is worth itself,
But at the same time modestly, hardly to be underestimated circumstance,
That it is one of the most brilliant directions of the modern hri-
Sophie, which is this Uinbie ^ uni; The lu keimens into l'eleoloi;
The Also the many great difficulties of the author arise
That is not so much the time as the uncomfortable and
Stranger impression that the first step to the refutation of the
View that we are looking to fight, so extremely simple and
Unmistakable appears, as soon as one has found where he is
Of the directive. It seems then quite incomprehensible that such a close "
Lying objection to such a well thought-out philosophy
Can really be decisive; And only the reflection "that
This clarity and comprehensibility of the objection itself
Only the result of a tedious review of the opposing parties
Sighted and sharply logical scraping of the one in it
From a very heterogeneous point of view.
Rest not only over the initial surprise but sees
Now the force of this objection is precisely in this southern simplicity
Legitimate

This main objection goes, in fact,

The teleological view of the inevitable
The foundation of every reality by the formal legality of the

Thought, can quite well recognize - how to

Probably also will not be able to do otherwise - without just somehow
To be compelled by the turning of this law

Even into the teleological, into a must. We

Followed with lively interest and unanimous approval

In clear clarity developing disputes
Diapers and Rickerts, in which the whole experience, at the
All science rests, from the regularity of our knowledge-
From the formal action of consciousness.
Agile and general determinateness. The
For example. From the so - called autocased functionality of the

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Consciousness appears to be no other than a step

Arbitrariness, to lead the arbitrary
Which is actually only a different term for being
Of the consciousness itself, as an ought. It seems
I can not find a reason for this one, I mbicguns;
The conscientiousness of a work of consciousness in em
Shall be for thinking, I will not even say,
Necessary, no, but also as the most obvious provisional assumption
To appear entitled. This is why this doctrine,
As I have seen, I can see, the chancery of the world
In itself, of course, so uninhibited in the opponent's view
Does not occur, but rather by the appearance of much more concise
Evidence. The fact that such a semblance does not appear to exist at all
Could have its ground in a situation in which
Only the real meaning of this objection opens up, because
He was one of the most serious gaps in the structure of the logical tank
Of the teleological view, which, once recognized,
Will provide the basis for all further work,
With which we are escaped. This circumstance is
The passing through of the theoretical and
Practical position in an investigation by
Essentially only epistemological and logical
Character. By this mixture, the
Purpose in a theoretical discussion and occurs, insofim
His adherence only for practical reasons
Is justified, but this is because of this confusion
Also already legitimated at all. What is arbitrary
In the assertion, as long as the theoretical stand-
, It does not seem to be anymore because the
Consideration was made under the practical facial angle,
From which, of course, things are seen differently. This shows
Is already in the critical basic idea of this.

Recall how Windelband explained that the

The inviolability of knowledge in its necessity
Can not be substantiated otherwise than teleologically. We would
Explicitly attentive geniaciit that, aside from the.ser
One possibility, otherwise a contradiction, the
Of a theoretical axiom, only to: -
Their indispensable, absolutely necessary necessity, if

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Dr. M. Adler

True knowledge is to come into being, let us first surrender

Proper justification of their general validity, so that is the case
Recognize just as teleologically by a supreme purpose
For the purpose of truth, its legal character, as the
Through the goodness, the conscience, through the beauty,
purpose. In this way, the critical method was completed
The teleological; And undoubtedly we are struck here on the firm
Ground in which the teleological view is most secure
Based.

We do not want the obvious question

Why, in the whole world, we are truth, goodness, and
To recognize beauty as the ultimate purpose? Because
- that is, so far, the usual anti-
Word sufficient that everyone of these purposes does not
Can be ignored as an animal or madman.
But another question can not be circumvented in the same way
: Why does this realm of the universal take on his
So different fields of truth, goodness, and beauty
The same form, the purpose? Or used differently:
I do not want to doubt that I know the truth, the good,
The beauty. But I ask, where do they come from
Top purposes? Is it so self - evident that the action of the
Consciousness outside of the area on which the
Form of the purpose is entirely true, that of wool, purpose-
So that this question could not arise at all
Or is not the opposite of the case, so that the
Purpose outside this sphere is quite incomprehensible.
Become

The axioms may, therefore,

My validity only under the presupposition of a knowing knowledge
As their purpose, I ask, "Why can I have such a
With which a so complicated and
Thinking as unadmittedly as the purpose, unchecked
The head of cognitive criticism, whose virtue is rightly justified
Has always been seen in the fact that it is unconditional, that is,
That it should no longer presuppose itself as its object, which
Revealed factualities of their problems?

It is certainly very attractive for the unity of the

In the last analysis also the logic with ethics
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And teleology in the strette around the VnMensch

"37

And aesthetics on the same line: the human consciousness. If

Only a "bad unit" does not exist in a symmetrical con-
Construction In fact, something also appears of the old
Naiyen teleology, which grouped for man all by
She found everywhere a reference to his earthly purposes, here in spite of the
Critical form, in which it stripped off that old limitation
Begged to be resurrected in the future, but last, as the world did
At least for the supreme human purposes of cognition,
Pleasure and enjoyment, or rather through these purposes for us
To be there. Instead, it is precisely in this critical
So strongly emphasized fact of an irreducible
The remainder of the given, which all knowledge carries with it
And which does not add to any necessity, neither the logical nor
Of ethical or aesthetic, degenerate reference, as indeed
This world is only the man's world, but, because
Also given to him, neither set tone to him as an end, nor
In their real process to such a thing, but only,
Once present, its own purpose
can be.

But, of course, as in this world, yermag

Then thinking itself into a teleological
Relationship to its content , so to itself
In his mode of functioning,
From whose point of view his logical character -
\ O <c the fineness of the knowledge of the world - as the purpose of its action
To a certain market. Then, of course,
Here too a purpose. But which is a purpose in thought, and
Comes from a view of it as a means to the
Acquisition of contentual truth, thus from a relinquishment whose
As we shall soon see, no longer the theo-
But the practical sphere of the Hew-
belong. But if we take the view of a practical one
Judgment of the mind without further ado the theoretical
The alien in the criticism of the tiieo-
Rtical aspects of our Consciousness. Jariii can
The denlien is only detached from that practical relationship
To the truth as a real object.
Theoretical examination, although to admit
Is not even flbersdimi may be that it is in this

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Dr. Mu Adler

Isolation is nowhere or more than in the sense of

Theory Yorgenommenen abstraction voxkonimt.

Therefore the theory of knowledge is not forgotten either

That they are concerned with the critical discussion of the theoretical
Behavior of consciousness, nor do its whole being
Has exhausted; She will willingly acknowledge her realization that she is about
This one side of consciousness has won, and
Perfection from the practical philosophy
Schal cen knowledge of its other sides. But at all
Each of these particular directions, some sure insights
To win, the investigation must be for each individual area
The characteristic point of view.
The "divide et impera", so powerful in the poetic life, is true
Also in the theoretical realm: only by the multiplicity of the preceding
The abstraction delivered to one-sided
The totality of its versatility can be theo-
Retrospectively at all.

Thus, too, the practical train of knowledge will certainly be ours

Still particularly interesting. But before it is necessary to him for the
Theoretically,
To make clear that these, without becoming arbitrary, as
Their object can not presuppose anything else but pure condition
Of consciousness in its specific function, that is, being,
Or rather, the action of consciousness. In the AU-
Validity of the theoretical axioms.
Necessary - the isi ^ ic: Tu iL) it country of the Krn.cnntnistheorie,
Which is given up to her. On the other hand, this necessity of thinking
The axioms are only indispensable
To a transcendental ought
Understand the purpose, this is the pre-feasible interpretation of that
And basically only a more complicated repetition
The epistemological problem, a twisting idemperidem.
For the absolute positing of the principle of wisdom as a criti-
Position of a true head of knowledge, since, on the other hand,
Ground certainly does not depend on the outflow of a metaphysical principle.
To stand as autonomy in the analogous sense, as that of the
Moral law can not be shown as existing
Can only be demonstrated later),
Interpreted as a different expression for the existence of their own-

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139

Art after functionality, legality

Of thinking itself. Whether this interpretation is justified or not,
It follows from the answer to the previous question
Who see us again led back: from where I have truth
As a purpose?

And this is not an idle question, the Einfadi with the Hin-
Can be done on it, as is the case with the diaper band
Is happening in our consciousness the validity of the axioms
But in the "immediate sense"
To say that we have the truth in the
Sureest conviction of our hearts. Because
Which, however, we have in immediate evidence of consciousness,
This is solely the claim of generality
In all the practices of consciousness, but not that we are
So also in all of them referring to purposes. This latter is ours
Immediately evident in the domain of the living, and beyond
But no original Beskz of our consciousness more, but
A conclusion of thought, which therefore may well or evil
With reasons will have to prove.

Certainly, the immediate evidence of universality

In their different manifestations of our consciousness
As a logical, ethical, and aesthetic universality in none
Not justified or proved, but also from the
Only to be accepted. But this only applies to
This Giiarukter of the '
Not itself from the axioms and norms,
Into which the specific universality is divided. Is therefore
The first is the validity of the universality in its various forms
Cebion from the nature of the respective action of the consciousness-
Which is currently being discussed.
, The axioms are then clarified in their validity
And can thus also be explained by the expression
To be proved with him.

As soon as the axioms of the Eikennes as norms in the

In the same sense as that of ethics
In the service of a practical, but not a theoretical,
Of the purpose of the election, it is not sufficient
That the pursuit of truth is an unshakable
The fact of our spiritual nature. Because first of all

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Dr. Max Adler

However, attentively make xu what we erat later

To be more precise, but already as hodi
Should not be overlooked, that here too, two things
Under which a concept of the truth striving flows into each other *
Namely the theoretical divorce of falsity and correctness
In the judgment at all and the practical requirement of the
Alien thinking which, in its own thinking,
Knew equally well that he was to be recognized. "
Very following, the whole theory of the theory of diaper wear-
The indeterminacy of the concept of truth, we remained with that
Appeal to the fundamental truth striving still in the
Practical areas where it is no wonder we are on
Twice. Only if from the specific peculiarity
Of the universality designated as "true" in its pure
Theoretical, in such purity is only the most severe
The figure of recognition is still the same
Purpose, then the purpose-relation itself would be
Ghcharacter also of the theoretical behavior of our Rewusst-
His. But an explanation is, however, that will be
The progress of our crustation will gradually be confirmed
Not even possible from the point of view of the
The abstract of the abstract
Purely theoretical problem of recognition.
Is willing, because she is overwhelmed by the in itself
Great discovery, how rich proportion of practical behavior
Of humanity in the process of the content-
In the opinion that it was only in the
Agreement of both aspects, the theoretical and prakusx: hay,
The right solution for the comprehensive solution to your problem
To have taken.

But the unification of the points of view is still not

Establishing such a theoretical approach. And therefore,
Purpose from the character of the theoretical consciousness
Has not been brought to light, the question remains where
Because in the whole world the concept of purpose, which it has in its own
She could not find him. There it is
The accusation that the question of whence and why we are the supreme
To have purposes of consciousness;
To the sought answer. For this question, however, is one

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Causality and teleology in the controversy about the Wisieosdiaft

In ethical (practical) areas, in the field

Of wool. And all the strength of the truthfulness
As a critical concept
The teleological conception of eikenns is a very great one
A large part of it "that by a silent agreement
The ethical and the theoretical
Not at all unacceptable consequences from the former
Also to the latter. On the territory of
Practical behavior of man can naturally the question
Do not arise at all
Of standards as intended, since their
Setting wool. A regularity of the WoUen can
Always only one of the purpose; The other, often
So-called determination of volition is only a law-
Measure of the occurrence. Wishing and wanting is a
That a willing as an empty impulse is nothing more than an abduction,
Of psychology, with which the theories of knowledge are assured
On the wrong way. Here, then, in the practical domain
The purpose of autochthon, here he is, at the head of the critical
Investigation, but only the merely actual presupposition of the
The subject matter of the discussion, which is a justified
Agile condition.

If it were perhaps the case that the

Offer the other forms of universality of conscience,
That is to say the aesthetic and, as far as we are particularly concerned,
The logical, certain phenomena of the same, ia
Perhaps its whole historical, that is, in the case of the latter in the
Form of the history of knowledge had
Wrapping form into the practical realm
It explains why such a concept can only be used in this domestic concept
Purpose, for the use of those forms themselves
And thus the peculiar connection of the theoretical with
The practical point of view, especially since the
Already touched on the uncertainty of an ambiguous truth-clarification
A theory of judgments seemed to come with new arguments,
Which gave the same results. And this
Is worthwhile when we consider that the
Universality of the truth and sch () iilicit uucii whole in-
Can not be developed before humans, so

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142

Dr. Max Adler

Only when they have exceeded the empirical individual consciousness and
Under a VicUicit of such centers of consciousness.
has been. But all that is in a behavior of a multiplicity of
Subjections, this becomes also the object of the
Reciprocal behavior of such a determinant, make it a
Unity of merging ethical practicality.
The further development of the present investigation is this
(Hopefully) justify very real (erroneous assumptions).
L'eber'naupl inuss, I note that this chapter is only available in the
As well as its necessity
Such as a lack of justification. This is because,
Which "already anticipates some results of the forthcoming discussion.
The whole direction of our Dar-
To make better use of their knowledge and
Which, for the time being, was already for the time being
Accredited and expressed as follows:
That the teleological view is its basic concept, the
Purpose, without legitimation, beyond that region,
From which she could bring him alone, the ethical, and this
Only by virtue of a distinction which is not in principle
Clear separation of the also in the theoretical
Recognized practical element, which means that they
Is still hindered, a clear concept of truth
In the handling of which they
Set between a logical and practical use
It fluctuates.

Xni.
"Solleii" or "Must" as a character of the
Need of necessity.

At the center of the discussion is now a question which

We must not be afraid of how much
Pieces of old and new Sophists have brought them into disrepute
To live the life of his life
Most serious hours will move and will always move, the old
Pilate question: "What is truth? ** The action is old in the Philo-
Sophie, which great confusion, the endless ambiguity of the two-
The meaning of the terms used in

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"43

And how, in this way, what is

The most consistent means for the consistent
Should have been used too often to turn them into laughable
Contradictions and a large part of their strength
For the sad Penelopearbcit, the so - called
Tissues of error and misconception
Aal.uurciuiLi ;. In a famous place at David Humc urges
This grievous insight to the philosopher with bitter words
To the tongue when he says; "Man aoUte cheaply expect that in
Questions which have existed since the existence of the scientific and philo-
Sophie with zeal and have been hated, at least
On the meaning of the words among the struggling consensus
And that the efforts of aooo years at least
From the words to the real and true
Of the dispute. . . . If, on the other hand,
So is the opposite. "As such,
Hume defines the concept of free will. We
Themselves had already had the opportunity to avoid the same harmfulness of the Aequi-
Vokation in the concept of science and
Will also encounter other such terms. Also the question
According to the essence of truth, like all the
The most profound skill of any investigation which strives for clarity
Fall into one word two different things
, With which also the * Relativists,
Skeptics, and logical nihilists, their more or less fine, and
More or less consciously. While
But otherwise the duplicity of the contents in many others
Is already well known to the knowledgeable, without
That they can, of course, prevent the ignorant
They always used to create new confusion
Here the matter is not as favorable as this, and this is in the
It was a bit strange, because the ever-
The developing method of critical philosophy?
Radezu on the divorce of these two concepts of truth
The

If a judgment pronounces any S it /, as true

Is to be distinguished the content of this sentence, which is usually called

*). In r.etreff of the human understanding, translated from

Second edition, page 79,

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144

Dr. Max Adler

Truth, and the peculiar logical a priori,

By which alone this character flows into the sphere, and
The same as truth, evcntnel! As immediate evidence, as
As an unshakeable belief in the true-
Is addressed. And yet it is a big difference
Between the two: the first is always a temporal condition
A truth which, with the time it was found,
And passes, but the latter is precisely that which makes possible,
That, even though the times may change in content,
Anything in them can be recognized as true. The
One is the time of Waiirlieii, the other the timeless truth, and
Whoever carries what the truth is, must pay attention,
According to which he actually asks. That we are now completely focused on the
Timeless truth "is clear. But
Because (Ueser Unterbabiedr the so embarrassed precisely in the opinion-
Critique is made, neither in consciousness nor in consciousness
To the truth of the content itself, as we do in the judgment
Will not be left unaddressed as to what this
Substantive, and deity truth. And we want the answer
Which might be paradoxical again
To be intrinsic to all the insights of the theory of knowledge
At first, always astonishing astonishment, as did Ja
People when they are placed in suitable mirrors
For the first time at the same time from rackwSrts, although they
Only to see what belongs to them from the first day of their being:
The truth which is continually in the mouth, and to which
Usually alone thought vritd, as soon as a dispute over their being
The contentual truth in the mutual
Exchange of views is not a logical one at all
An ethical and also a historical concept.
Hence, an ought to be easily established. What
But in this concept of truth theoretical significance
Has entirely returned to that timeless truth
Which is almost never thought of as a true judgment
And is based on a logical necessity
Has nothing in common with any ought.

The next judgment, which would be called true,

May give us an impression. I know, according to the eye-
Judging the sentence, I deliberately intended one

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Causality and teleology in the struggle against science

The "truth" of which is scientifically rejected

Sun moves from east to west around the earth ", so
I keep as long as I know nothing of the whole process,
As I am aware of the fact that this judgment is certainly certain.
But I do not feel any different about this judgment
Than that of the whole process
have. There is no longer a fully
Of this experience, if I were to say, the senses
Force me to judge. It is certainly a must, as we do
Equal, but a must, which is here only for a non-
Andcs- Can stehi and to this designation as must first
In the following reflection on the whole
As there are no other words to us
Terms as the native language. But none yet
In the opinion of the author,
Experience, then, to seek out an ought which, in the act of the
Judgment, so and not to judge otherwise. As long as the judging
Subject with its judgment stands for itself, thus nodi nidit in
Exchange of ideas with other foreign or own judgments
, It remains almost unintelligible, as an ought in him
His thinking might come. For every ought has a meaning
Only in opposition to a different ability (therefore also Kant's
Moral necessity just called a categorischeoi imperative
Has). The self-judged subject can, however,
The sight of the senses, no more than it is
Done. So it is with every other judgment. Any judgment,
Which is true, "and in that modern logic has only
A basic idea of critical philosophy.
, - is more than a mere preliminary connection, since

'). Imm. Kant, "Kniik of the Pure Reason (2nd edition), Recinni,
Ropes 665 - 666: "I have never spoken of the explanation of the logicians of
A judgment may be given; It is, as they say, the representation
. Without it, here
The rationale. . . With them). . . . I only notice that this is the case
Is not determined here. If icli but the relationship
In each judgment, and to use it as the
Understand the law of the reproductive system
("Elehei only subjective validity")
I find that a judgment is nothing else but the kind, namely, that Krkenntni ^ se
To an objective relation of apperception. The V ^ r-

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Dr. Max Adler

At the same time, the character of the necessity:

And only by doing so is true. But these emergency-
Agility is not one of the set but the non-
Other-memorable-being, that is, of logical necessity.
There would be no other link between the ['parts of the section'
Rule, according to which the material might be formed,
That is, could not be thought of. It is
Impossible that I as soon as I see the sun rise over the sky
To look at and to make judgments, did not say that they were
But not because I think it is a suggestion.
Bark that I should be so dcnl.cri, but because I do the operation
Through my thoughts - space - heaven, thing - sun, time -
Orc). The need for thought,
Which thus gives the judgments the formaloi character of wisdom
, Is that of thinking.

Here the teleological judgment theory raises an important question

Objection: that the sentence of a still quite self-imposed
Any character of the thought-
Or truth-certainty, and therefore actually
Nor is there any judgment at all, which can be explained only by the peculiar
Conscious relationship of a statement content to a correct one
Or incorrectly refusing
seems. For only with such recognition or rejection
The character of the necessity of thought, and thus of the
The truth of the judgment, also in the
Awareness of the evaluator. Until then, as far as that
Behavior of the cognizing subject is already beyond the mere pre-

Kaitniswrtcheii is in the same order to determine the objelcli unity of given pre-
From the subjective to the unrivaled. This is the

To the original Apprereptirm tintl necessarily one-

When the psyche is the same, it is true that it is true,
Example, the shorter ones are difficult. So that I may not say,
In the empirical anadia, are necessarily negligible,
But they do not disturb the necessary unity of apperation
In the synthesis of the intuitions to each other, according to the principles of the
Or, as a matter of fact, to the perception of the conceptions of the conceptions
Can, which principles all from the principles of the trauscendental unity
Of apperception. This alone will result from this misunderstanding
Part 1, that is the ratio which is object-oriented, and that the tone of the
Holds the same principle as that which is merely sulijekiive,
For example, according to the laws of association,

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The connection or decomposition thereof

Is only a pure statement or, as Bergmann
This has a predication.

It seems to me, however, that such a knee wall is his

Meaning to him today of so great a direction of the
Modern logic has been willingly granted, but only from
Of the indeterminateness already indicated
In which of the truths, within the teleological
Judgment theory. He is therefore, far away,
To support this theory, is rather well suited to
To make them as clear as they are
This objection is characteristic of their own standpoint
To keep away from its logical path, and
In the psychological field, and finally even in a field
Which is no longer the theoretical, but at all
Only the piakttsdien view of things.

Since our remarks are still more extensive with

The character of the substantive truth
Must be brought back to the already
Anticipation of their results: that these content-
The truth is only a practical social issue
Must be distinguished from the logical sphere alone
Formal formal concept of truth and that he is everywhere
Only in a historical! Processes "of psychological
Means recognition and salvation,
And will be shown.
The recognition or contestation of a statement-
Content therefore places the character of the
Paint truth before, from which only mdg
Is in the social thought exchange - and this belongs to
The transcendental character of the invalidity in each
Think also of your own - to recognize any statement or
To be rejected. The teleological theory of judgment thus attains the contrary
To the certainly correct criterion of the objective
Certainty, by which only beyond the mere imagination
Judgment no longer takes place in its logical form.
In which it means the validity of the judgment, but
Into his psvchological and social-historical manner
To lose, which is only about the way in which

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14 &

Dr. Max Adler

Which this Gcltun :; In particular F "all comes into being and itself
And then, however, essentially wu-i. There is a
Such validity of the judgment only in acknowledgment or rejection
Awareness. And this first step away from the logical
Paths follow the next path, with which in the middle-
Points of this theory of judgment in the place of the logical one
Relevant character of truth
Truth, which is practically certain of infinite importance.
Because without it there is no science at all and thus
Nor could there be any consciousness of formal truth
But Wis.sensCi.aii as a theoretical Bcgrili is not an i-asian
Practical essence.

Dieselbe Consequence, which the teleological judgment theory

Suddenly from their first alogic assumption that the
Essence of the judgment in the theoretically not determinable acts
Of the thought or of reproof, directly from every one
It is also a matter of course
Not only to break their own foundation, but also to break into their own
A transcendence, metaphysical in spite of all custody
to lose. Though it is the right point of view
Energy is the source of truth only in judgment
Because, as a matter of fact, it makes sense, from the point of view
We either own or not, to say it is true or not
Wrongly, it is, by its application to the practical
Concept of the will to truth, which alone is a recognition
Or rejection, immediately pushed to this truth
No longer to look for them, according to their own doctrine
But can be found alone in the judgment but in one
Evidently outside of all judgments
Which all statements must first refer to in order to
Or negation are now to be judgments.
Truth is therefore precisely according to the teleological judgment theory
And in contrast to one of its succinct principles
No longer in the judgment, but flows out into it
A transcendent, indeed, all concrete judgments
Absolute, absolute truth value, which is a kind of theoretical
Daimonion in the consciousness of each individual,

>) Vergl. Rickert, "Object etc% Seiut 89 ff.

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149

Speak or warn. In this way, alto

Teleological theory of judgment only in the doctrine of a trans-
Which are directed towards the truth, with which
But at the same time it also transcends the epistemological critique.
If, however, the logical distinction between
The formal and the content of truth, between
Logical evidence and historical-social correctness
In the eye, the view expressed here is,
Agree that the so many confusion and so from the
Disputes of opinions surrounded psychological and
Ethical phenomena of recognition and reprobation;
Judgment or critical decision, affirmation and
In a logical judgment theory.
Than can be seen only by the fact that
The judgment represents that form of a content of presentation. In w
(C) as connected in an objective unity.
The logical factor is determined by what
In the finished, valid judgment, as soon as it is based on its logic
Value is to be determined, then these ele-
Implicit in the act of judgment or explicitly in the German
Consciousness of the judge in his judgment
Min. It is therefore quite logical for the judgment of the judgment
Irrelevant, whether with a sentence
"Something is directly recognized or disputed,
Whether the speaker himself is already the clear consciousness of the
Objective validity of his statement or not, whether or not he
The fact that he is able to express his statement content as a true-
Or want to know: enough that he can get this sentence through
Own thinking in such a way and not to form it otherwise,
That is, not merely a word sequence without thought,
And immediately the logic now has its judgment problem in that of the
Speaking with this sentence a certain pre-eminence content
Not merely as a presupposition, but as an objective unity
, Which is why he is only so and not otherwise
Thinking.

The solution of this problem to its transcendental possibility

^ Ie, sudi mdits by dea recourse to the critical Fandnmental-

And, in the next chapter, we shall discuss a change of consciousness
Be used

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The objectification made in the judgment
Of the content of the essay only as empirical concretion, so to speak
As a materiality of the formal (abstract) action of the bcwnsstem
Is displayed. Completes the logical judgment theory according to the
Knowledge-theoretic side. On the other hand, the
IMINEMENTS, by which the judgment comes into being, and his
Is asserting or modifying the true truth, that is, its claim
To objective validity, to the coloring as a recognizable truth
In the form of affirmation or negation
Psychology, even in part into an ethics of judgment. What
In all these psvichic processes, since they now once
A very theoretical process, logically
Can be grasped entirely from the transcendental character
The necessity of thought, or the possibility of thinking, or,
Nothing at all with the practical categories of recognition or
But first of all in historical
In social traffic, the practical concept of the
(Substantive) truth, now ala. The
Logical presupposition is also a (formal) truth.
.

The statement thus stands with yoUem rights ala the actual
Object of the logical judgment theory, which is already no longer in
Which has remained strictly comprehensible
The affirmation or the negation as their foundation "
Problem. The position of a pre-aeration content -
It is the logical condition of the judgment; in this position,
That is, in the objectification of the imaginative
"More" versus a mere prearrangement, wdches
The teleologiache judgmental theory with right ao energiach stressed, if
Also, m. E., not exactly ao perfect to be gewuast
Bat Here she would have her teacher, to whom she had pretty much everything
Owe them what they make meaningful
This "More * in the margin has already clearly developed Kant, whose
The above-mentioned definition of the judgment in the previous
The logic of the judgment in a truly precise manner
. And to him is the purely logical
The assessment of the form of judgment is all the more likely to be traced back to
Indeed, its theory of knowledge is the position which is so modern
Wherever we have all our knowledge

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KaaMiIity trnd Teleologfe in the controversy about the WinesehArt

Mental life no longer as a resting state, but as

Lively action is recognized. In application to our present
We also read Kant's article: "All judgments are
Nadh functions of unity among our ideas
"Actions of the mind.") And it is only a confirmation
For the necessity of this connection with Kant, if we
As the thinker through whom the theory of judgment
Was most promoted, Chr. S ig, were not only that
Positive judgment, which is still the afifirmatiyen psychologically
To its starting point, but from there
From then the logical essence of judgment is determined in one
In-one setting of the subject with the predicate adjustment, which
Implicit "at the same time in every completed judgment as such
Awareness of the objective validity of this in-place setting ".
And from this immediately springs from the recourse at Sigwart

*) Immediate Kant, ^ ^ Kriikik pure pure; \ "," "" "" "" "" "" "\" 88.

* Sigwart, "Logic," for example, Auilage (18S9, I, 9, pp. 61 and 98);

c. "I am the author of this book," The Impersonals "(188S), p.
And so it is also conspicuous that Wil- wm Jerusalem in his sight,
Very much instruction \ uhI stimulating ruche .. The Urtsils-
(Vienna 1 ^ 95), in spite of the fact that he was a priest of the canton,
Because his realistic standpoint is itself responsible for his only psycho-
Logical reasoning of the judgment aasdrttddich recognizes that "the Kantian
Criticism of the Criticism of the Critics, and the same basic concept of our Er
(A) the ability of the Commission to carry out a knowledge-based approach
The solution of the problem of judgment is the same
The intellect, is capable of judging '' for Kant a function which, with
In spite of the fact that Jerusalem is misleading. "
Borean conceptions of form, the chaotic substance of the sensations, and
Objectivized. '* (P. 57). And even if Jerusalem is in a continued state
Kant, as well as his transcemlental method, is the same
Directly closing itself more realistic (iesiclspunkt as well as its bloss
Psychological view of the couches, he means
"The divorce of sensuality and understanding
"Can not be driven as far as Kant did,
Always their inseparable unity is a focal point of his criticism, without -wekhc
For example, the whole transcendental dialectic is impossible, he sees himself
But, to repeat: "But, in the meantime, Kant has dadurcli that he has the
Already suggested in the theat of a Fonniing and objectification of the
Sinnesdata took up the judgment and continued to think very much about it
More correct knowledge of the judgment, "(p. 57). And his own
The theory of judgment, which the formation in the judgment sees furnished by the fact
that the
Subject as a force-given, unified entity whose power-

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Dr. Max AJler

To the transcendental need for thought, the spring source

Of all objectivity in judgment. Because they are not in
Agreement of the judgment elements with an analogous
Can be justified because of that
Judgment as a subjective, the being in subject and pridicate
Separating form of thought is the one in undefined
Unity of terrestrial being is incongruent, so is reduced
The objective validity is that both the process of
The formation of intuition as the act of subjection to universal
"And so we will be able to help
The character of formal truth as a so-think *
M u s s s.

This must, as we have said, be a lo-

Gical And it was also pointed out that
The designation of the necessity of necessity as a must only
In the absence of a better concept,
Expressing the self-imposed compulsion which we
Necessary. It is therefore also quite
The character of this necessity in the necessity of thought
To refute the fact that one, as Rickert does.
Points out that this need has nothing to do
With the constraint of natural law, that is, of the necessity
Causality. This is quite indisputably true; but right now
The comparison of these two
As well as metaphorically the expression
Of the need for the necessity, as well as only
This is the case because the logical necessity is unequally strin-
Genter is considered the causal, of which it is only as the genus proxi-
The term "must".
Which, in the natural necessity, is the
Effect is linked to the cause, we feel ourselves on our own
Body With all its spontaneity of willing in the soul, with
Weltumwilzendffii thoughts in the head, which once, to the execution
And the natural causality into new, impulsive paths

(See page 82), it is in principle only the

Psydiol <jL; is the interpretation of the word 'li-iitak-n' (only a linguistic judgment
Making of a synthetic unity of apperception.
* J Chr. Sigwart, "Logic *", 1, page 102.
Rickert, "Gegensand", page 63.

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Causality and telcology in the struggle for science

> 53

, The researcher rescued into his pondering

Going through the airspace as he crosses the edge of the abyss.
Has progressed. Which opens up on its way. But what his
The violence of the body can not be forced by its thoughts.
It is now cialial of the heaviness that it is the body
But why could not it be otherwise;
There is no need to think all the bodies hard.
Why should not the liberated ball be as close to the height?
To rise or to be able to remain calm instead of down
Fall We would only have another, maybe not
Mechanics, but even mechanics as a quintessence of theories of the
As legitimate relationships in the movement-
Is not a necessary thought like that of logic as of
Including the recognized rule chain of thinking itself without
Which is not at all possible for self-consciousness, but rather
At all events, only scattered, eternally dwindling, unrelated
find. And so there is not a single causal link that goes beyond
Necessity of necessity
Would, however, be limited by such a
By the purely loose form of the causal
Could be a necessity of the happening. Or there
It is a possible necessity, why the water at tem-
Of the freezing point into the rigid aggregate state
What will inevitably always do, and why the anchor
To the iron rod, as soon as they pass through the "
The electric current has become magnetic? Why should
The influence of magnetism can not also consist in the fact,
That iron turns into gold, as well as the cinnabar by heat
Into a completely different body? If such questions arise in the
May be rightly called meaningless,
But only because the whole natural,
Ridicule, absolutely coincidental, of the logical conception; As a matter of fact
Is. It is the purely irrational, precisely the "given"
Which we have to resign ourselves to, which is now there uikI so ibt,
As it is, but in each individual molecule also differently
Could be thought. On the other hand, all the titanic powers of the
Mind to think it no different than that twice four is four,
That the whole is greater than its part, or that the future aul
Follow the present; To which and other similar "banalities"

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Dr. Max Adler

Is ultimately built up, with which human reasoning with

Its deepest results.

Now, however, one must not think that then as well

Also the consciousness itself containing this necessity of thought
Is only a "given", that is, a
And therefore, because not itself understood as necessary,
All no evidence could be found, to which a thought-
Could be linked. Such an objection is
That it is possible to think of it
No consciousness at all, yes, we even science
During the course of the earth, in which
On our planet all known conditions for the on-
Come of consciousness. But the mere reflection,
That such periods of missing
And in the same way
Only in this way of thinking is the notion of the
Is possible at all. Is sufficient to respond to a
Of the closing. 7.u, which
In the future. Dieselbe
Illusion, which for so many the genetic conception with the
Critical into an irreconcilable contradiction sets here
Even merely psvological associations
Over Who once clarified that, just because the
Time is a mere form of consciousness, the Ciia-
That the moment has just been experienced in
Tinuum, which from then on leads forward into the future
And extends backwards into the past, will be the
Thoughts of an eternal past without consciousness
Is no longer inconsistent with regard to that approach
Because, with the first appearance of consciousness, it is precisely this
Entire past without consciousness is set in the former, the
Means, at least, the possibility, that is, until the development
Which has brought science so far to the point of becoming one of the "
Like retrospect, but without it
Once the condition of the absence of consciousness during
Of certain periods. Those who have the idea-
Of the time with the immense periods of the world process
To reprove, before the first man appeared, to his
Barren span time, are thus subject to dewatering,

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

"55

That it is, indeed, all as in consciousness, the time-specimen

Could, for those Urepochs, be careful in their work,
But do not notice how they themselves are the mind,
Who hovers over the waters, and then sees how evening is
And again day, as the times follow and finally in the
Life had come.

The same is repeated in the view,

That it is possible to think that there is no question of consciousness.
This really is to be carried out rather badly,
The non-existence of consciousness is a true
thank you. As we are not out of space, not out of time, not
From causality, or from the concept of dmg, in short, from none
Forms of consciousness can out, so we can also from
The consciousness itself not. It is not possible for us,
Really to think that no consciousness is, we can do that
Consciousness does not think away, we can only inhale all
The determinateness of the consciousness, all its functions
Each relationship to a presented one-
Point of view, - in short, we can in thinking the world
And perhaps with such intensity of the phantasy
Thought that we should be in the void itself
Rigid, which we have created around us. But never
We can establish that relationship between our consciousness and
The non - existence of the same, for example, between
Our backs and the visible objects in relation to
And which alone is capable of us
To provide an analogue for what the supposed task
Actually hedeurct, to think that no consciousness is. Of the
Seeing never really knows what Bimdhcit means. He stands up

About

Including the absence of light sensitivity before, for example, the

Condition, in which he is with tightly closed eyes or in a
Absolutely dark room around. He overlooks that he then
Nor the sensation has deep darkness, and that blindness is much
More means: to see nothing, to the facial fields
Behave as the back of his body. M Still
But the conscious man knows less what is unconsciousness
Means, while the seeing one is the relation of his

I) Wilh. Written on the Human and Animal Sects,

2nd edition, Se'.t 56.
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156

Dr. Max Adler

Seeing eye and his "blind" back to the face

Both in consciousness and through strenuous analogy

A kind of idea of the state of blindness.

As they are humbly in the daily process of deep sleep,

Never in consciousness. Consciousness has no nucleus at all
The possibility of the non-consciousness being even
Digit to madiea. For every means that takes hold of it is
Always a new act of consciousness itself
Can only eliminate consciousness in the consciousness itself
And therefore is for the consciousness of the thought that no
Awareness, a strong antithesis, an absolute

We can only know the importance of the Scuafei in agen

Those cases in which, through his dream-life, he already has the sphere of consciousness
And the states of his fainting, like utterly sleepless sleep
And strangers to us just as much as the inner being of a lifeless body.
For the men, therefore, there really exists, that "total impotence
Interruption, or even an end of its occupancy. The
The necessity of consciousness is thus also imbued with its consciousness
Your appearance of the Ewi ^ ksit, indestructibility, in which all are still so grave
Thoughts about the transience of existence, about death and destruction
Because they can not be conceived of altogether,
But bounce back as if they were talking about it, as if the memorandum,
Which is indeed true: de te fabula narratur. This is the reason why
A glorious glow of the men against the so-called so-called certainty
Of death, which, in the case of the rational nature of our being,
Would be incomprehensible. Death is feared, but not as the end of the ludi-
Tidunms, but as the schreddlchsle physical excess, as a disease, of
Who is certain that there is no recovery from her; And the deaths'
Fear is only the sensitive reflex of the physical process, in which all
Life forces dwindle, a nameless oppression of the soul, which is to her
From Nebemneuschen common thoughts of destruction,
That she can not grasp and not grasp in herself on herself
To the end. Iceiner will have to believe it, because we all
Will no longer be as before, as Socrates once said,
Death was not to be feared, because, if he were, he was not dead, and if
He had entered, that he himself was no more. This "no longer being" * but is the
Consciousness is a mere word, and therefore real thoughts of death and true occur
Death never approached the mentally and physically healthy person as much
Also thoughts about the end of it ever nadl its temperament moody or
Despair, and the strong spirit itself can dying
Both bodies as a kind of physical evil.

Shafts

I.iad the cases of lack of consciousness,

Ufficiency ^)

Causality, and teleology in the sense of the \ Visf> eQscha.ft

"57

It must, however, be held that

It is here only to the i) enk necessary of the Rewusstseinins
The S necessitates therefore no consideration
Must remain. From thought never follows the Sem and likewise-
Little from the possibility of thought is the impossibility of being. The
Indispensable necessity. That in a
Remaining distance from a fixed point sicli moving second
Point describes a circle, is also not capable of the smallest
Real circular motion. So also follows from the
Possibility of the survival of the consciousness
Not the necessary being the same and it would be conceivable
Greatest misconception of the preceding exegesis
They had strived to reduce the need for the existence of
To prove oneself. The existence of things (substances,
Also of consciousness as a "thing," fits at all
No need, it is only the existence
From what we alone can see the necessity,
From other states, given in perception
Are, according to empirical laws of causality. "*
Necessity, however, is concerned only with the necessary connection
Characteristics in a concept to which the existence of
Is heard. "In the mere concept of a thing, there can be no
Character of his existence. For if it be
Is still so complete that it is not the least possible,
To think of a thing with all its internal determinations,
So Dasein has nothing to do with all this;
But only with the question whether such a thing was given to us,
That the perception of the concept is,
Can go. As shown in Fig.

This, however, is also the existence of consciousness

Even a last givenness, but now in quite a different way
Sense, as the objection previously supposed, so that its character
The necessity of necessity by this means no longer; Hr seems.
This existence, which is the mere existence of consciousness,
So its pure position simply means, in
Its total logical difference from that of other
To be recognized, of which we then speak, if we

Imm. Kantf ^ ^ Critique of Pure Reason, 'Redam, page ai.

>) Imm. Kftnt, . O., p. 207.

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Dr. Max Adler

Say, for example, the metals, orga-
Or the natural elements known to us and the art
Their activity, etc., is, in the final analysis, a mere ambiguity. In
This latter meaning is not only the result of the leuco
Position, we are talking about what we
But is meant, while essential that we all
But also a very different concept
That it would be possible to think that they
Not at all. This being is therefore not merely another
Expression for "existence," but a peculiar one
Reference to the linkage of the meaning of the word in question
Characteristics on a person who is
Agile connexion. The possibility, from the here
The speech, therefore, is never the possibility of the other being, but
That of the memory of the other, and a concept which is expressed in
All or some of its features
Can, as opposed to thought, he is to this
Only so given, that is, not necessarily; - its object
But perhaps does not need to have any reality, such as the
The blue flower of the Romanticism,
No given in the sense of a mere position.
Thus the twofold meaning of the "given" is clear and clear
It can be seen that the character of being given,
To the extent that he only means existence,
Need not to be affected, because these latter
A logical relation, the former a completely alogical one
Position. Thus, the givenness of the thought-
Necessity only to that before it still the thinking
Must be that the necessity of thought is always thought of
Will have to be our thinking need. With others
Words, this givenness is not one for thought,
Just as the empirical nature of matter, which,
Quite differently equipped, but one
That of the thinking itself, that is, it is the logical factura
The necessity of thought once again, only set with the
A special emphasis on their effective existence.

In order to deal with all the difficulties of this discussion,

It is, of course, necessary to go very deeply into what is
is possible. Therefore, only be reimbursed, so that not from the
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Kausahtat and Teleologie in the dispute around the Wi & setib.liart

"59

Above-mentioned emphasis on the necessity of thought

Sicii, a new objection, to point to the fact that
One of the sources of error, which provides the right insight here.
Serious, the threateningly threatening conglomeration of the mind and spirit
The necessity of the other thinking
With which is that of being-otherness, so in particular the metaphysical
Use of categories of opportunity, real and emergency-
Aggravating the confusion. Without you
the deep doctrine of Kant, the mere modal character of this
Has made the latter concepts completely peculiar, one is always here
From the right path. * Possibility, Reality
(Dasdn) and necessity do not mean according to this doctrine
Properties of things, but only three
Different species, in which our knowledge of their
Objects. "Through the reality of a
In fact, I put more than the possibility, but not in
To things; Because that can never be more in reality
Than what was contained in its complete possibility.
Rather, the possibility is merely a position of the thing in
Relation to the mind (its empirical use)
So reality is at the same time a combination of these with
Of perception. ") It is not so" as if possible
Thereby becoming a reality that something in the matter
Even then, what then constitutes the effects of the action. " s
Can only say something about the
With the formal conditions of experience, namely
The connection with some perception. "^
Hence the famous definitions of possibility and reality,
A metaphysical abuse of these terms.
By giving up their objective
Close: "i. What are the conditions of the Kr-
(According to perception and perceptions)
is possible. I. What with the material conditions of the
Experience (of sensation) is wittlich "*.
*) VitTgl. Iron). Kant, "Critique of Reason," Reclam, the section "Dte
Poetics of empirical thinking.
Itnni. Kant, op. Cit., P. 21, 6, Anmetkunf.

Ibid., P. 214.
*) Ibid., Rope 202.

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Dr. Mu Adler

From this follows dean immediately for our object the Yorhin
Discussed the impossibility of the non - existence of the
A possibility of thinking itself. A true
Is not already there, where the activity of our
Consciousness, a mere connexion of bifurcation, or often even
Has only produced a word sequence, but only if the so
Thought "with the formal conditions of experience ttberein"
Comes, "both to concepts and to intuition
Is established. As soon as even one tone is missing,
Truth, and was it a mere nothing,
A completely empty "thought-giving" which, with the appearance of a
Thought. Kant madit on the most emphatic attention,
As might be impossible, from mere concepts
Only one possibility or impossibility,
Long non-intuition. Thus follows the impossibility that
Two straight lines form a figure, not from the
To get hold of; "For the concept of two straight lines and their
Collision does not contain a negation of a figure. "
Its construction in space, ie, in intuition, shows the ^^ e
Impossibility. All possibilities are always a soLIie
Within our experience, if we really should
Think. Now it is, as already shown, for us in none
Experience that consciousness is not, and thus belongs
Such a thought also, just as Kant is similar to others
"Possibilities", to the conceptions "their possibility
It is quite groundless because it does not confine itself to the crust and the trenches
Gesc't / .G can be established ".-) The presence" the like
Poetic concepts "," arbitrary thoughts connections "in
Our consciousness is not denied. But it
It is shown that no real thought exists. Ks
Are here rather mere "thought-rings", that is to say
To a nothing = empty concept without an object, 'i
Empty gear of a machine. Thought continues, concepts

') Ibid., P. 204-

^ Ibid., P. 205.

*). For the theory of the theory of knowledge

important aspect of Kant's "Gedankending" - Hans V aihinger, "Kant

- a metaphysician? - in the .Philosophical treatises
Cr. Sigwart 's 70th birthday, "Tubingen, 1900.

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Without at the least thinking the least

To be able to. Therefore this criticism of the possibility is realized as
The mere modality of our cognition, in which a cognition-
Object only to his conceivable connotation with the
Formal conditions of our experience, in the
Rejection of the absolute possibility as an entirely comprehensible
Thought For something absolute, so apart from the
Formal conditions of our experience
Only its special conditions are possible. But "w ^ as below
Conditions which are themselves possible only is possible
It is not in any sense whatsoever, that is, absolutely, in itself. ^ In
Actually, the Absolute Mui., Lic., (Which is valid for all purposes
Is not a mere understanding of Jesbegriri, and it is only a simple one
Of empirical use, but it is
Well, that over all possible empirical mind-use
."

Not as a sound of the necessity of consciousness

Even here everything is true.
The nature of its operation. Other forms of
Intuition (as space and time), in the same way other forms of the
Mind (as the discursiy of thought or knowledge
By means of conceptions), whether they are equally possible, we can still
In no way conceive and make comprehensible, but if we
They would not be able to experience it
Knowledge, in which objects are given to us
We would then be citizens of two worlds,
Whose possibilities of thinking are not in a thinking, but only in a
Would be linked, however, to a perilous experience
Such as many remarkable and still little enlightened
States of Somnambulians
Above. So here also encounter
The seeming possibilities of thinking which give us a
Quite different organization of knowledge,
Same crushing obstacle: that in such opportunities
At all, nothing is conceived because the concepts as well as the
Intuitions are missing, which are the mere verbal content of the word
To give. This is expressed by the fact that

*) Ibid., P.
<) Ibid., P. 214.

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Dr. Mmc Adler

Fully conforming, as formerly the idea of the non - existence of

Consciousness itself led to consciousness, so now the sge *
Other forms of a consciousness-
Always only in the forms of our consciousness
"Altered, developed, or adapted to similarity and opposition
Them. It's just impossible, even just one
Only to think of our conscience forms differently
As it works in us. One more than three-dimensional, another
As the Euclidean space remains rar: 'all the more intelligent
Mathematical representation and geometrical analogization eternal
Beyond our perception; A two-dimensional space
Remains always three-dimensional in all the force of abstraction
Room closed. *) The succession of time is never going ever

) In fact, what is so often the case,

Which is the only one which is bound up with this question-with veritind ii vereduda.
Gewiat is nipbt cu doubt that the Uathemaeker himself his Gnmdamiahmen

In such a way that he can not derive from it only the direction of an n-dimensional
Or a curved space, but also with its: i
Formulas to provide the most accurate information about the laws of these spaces, indeed
Can determine the form of all the Eradidnangen in them. But because he
* O speaks in the language of his concepts, but he can not be deaf
For the fact that it has become a mere sound, since it is dodi,
Is possible, even the slightest intuition of his formulas
Or to provide. Although he provides them with volikommea and this understanding
It always communicates with everyone who knows the terms with which tx operates
Has. The logic of the logical thought development thus represents him
The vagueness. Everyone is understanding, Io | ^ he sequence for himself
A 1 1 so little intuition that it is just the consequence of the only
Logical thinking, with which, as soon as only an unseen - so
Purely conceptual-constructive - element somewhere in the work of thought
Was the safest field of the ancients, and thus of every mslid
Experience. The most common example of this is the
Metaphysical speculation- that one does not immediately remember
Is justified in the particular form of mathematical speculation.
For if a clear logical understanding, as the math-
The method by its rigorous formation everywhere in its domain
Now, also by means of certain phenomena
Analogies, as the mathematician can easily
Is sufficiently supported, then it must be the painting
Than Hesse has done in such "melamathematical"
Still form some real idea. Instead of such is
But really to find nothing but the joy of the in-
Tellektual spide, as everything goes on and one from the other follows, - as

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

Coexistence, or ever disturbed as a result of their individual moments,

So that, in spite of all the fairy-tale change,
Tasie by its contents, is capable of carrying out the series of her
Sequence itself, for example, with its mean course,
Would lead to the end in the middle, and with the opening,
In short, all the possibilities of other modes of knowledge, our
Into a world where nothing is
Conditions would have significance, would be the most extravagant imagination
Not to write a scientific novel from it,
Through which we are so fond of us from the habit of our
World tour in another, new. Exclusively
"Thought", a nothing, the imagination can do nothing
do. With them the path leads to the uninitiated. not too
, And also here from the thinker as well as from the
Fabulists the resigned poetic word:

"" Deke down,

Adilprank, a lot of plumage!

Bold sailor, fantasy,
Throw a desolate anchor. "

One must, therefore, look at the distinctive: a causality,

In which the water is separated by the passage of the electric current
Current instead of decomposing would be different
Imagined causality; Because the natural law goes to the
Specific result of a concrete action from an equally
Cause, not all the causal connections

Whether it is not precisely in mathematics something quite self-evident,

If a - \ - b is greater than c, then 6 jc {jrrrr as a, mms, that is
Also once, when the scarcely spherical or hyperbolic presented
For example, the angles of the triangle would be smaller,
Retrospectively bigger "Is 180". Emst M & ch once had the deep be *
Noting that the mathematician, the evolving trait
The following formulas are followed by a number of parallels, sometimes the ujibelingliche
ICmjjfindunc
Lialia. As if it were a science, a writing of its own in prudence
superior. It has Uamit, as I ci.t against its own psychological Er-
Uirung would like to accept the individual character of the memo-
The drastic Atitdrack. But here, the mathematical
Formula, to which the mathematician gives his whole faith, though they
Can no longer provide him with an outlook, but only to the extent to which he is
conscientious
(From assumptions made only by himself), is not only wiser
As he, besides, from a mere gloom of his imagination
To make him a master and a master.

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Dr. Max Adler

The same form of causality, which is a logical emergency-

Agility. The elimination of the causal consummation itself
From our thinking is impossible for us, as much as we do in
The dissemination of inetaphobic destruction of the concepts of
Cause and effect, and the thought that
A cognition is mtighch, which does not subordinate causality
Its forms is a completely empty, moreover pure
Negation made on our own cognition.

In short, what I can not only think of,

That it is different scai kuiuiic than it is, but what I also
To be able to think otherwise, that is never necessary, so
Of course. On the other hand,
Can think that it could be different, but it does
Can not think otherwise than I myself
Do, which takes the thought of necessity, and here the word
"Think ** is used in a sense, in which it also
The viewing functions.

Therefore the Sata ^ that all bodies are heavy, not in

In the same way, of necessary knowledge, such as that
All bodies are stretched, and here lies a difference of the
Judgment Yor, the Kant as that of the synthetic and analytical
Rightly, as fundamental, and never, ever
Can become a more fluid, more subjective one. Everything, so in our
Recognition on the forms of thought and intuition,
Is, therefore, fulfilled by the necessity that, while it is the empty one
Possibility of being an Andean being able to
But only as a form of our thinking that it is self
But can not be conceived otherwise. And so I see
A stone to fall testicles, so I can indeed think that he is in
The air lingered, yes, I can even think of another
As a human being, this stone case may still be entirely
Particularly; But I never bring about the pre-eminence
To understand himself differently than he did to me
My forms of thought and thought. And the
Makes the "compulsion" in the judgment, which, though much
Soft than the causal, but as such not felt at all
Because he is nothing other than the lawfulness of thought
even.

Is it, therefore, which now seems quite clear,

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A proper expression of this subject may be given when we speak of

A "so-think-must", which is basically only one
"Is not a different kind of **, so it does not make any sense,
To speak of this same fact as an ought, simply because
We in the concrete individual case under certain circumstances, if
We have been stifled,
To stick to the judgment.

It is only cir.cii eiv., "Gen" way, this necessity of thought

Or, as Rickert calls it, the necessity of judgment as an ought
The same, on which the ought in his
Undisputed territory, the practical, is possible: if need be
The formal truth, that is, the necessity of thought
As an autonomous lawfulness of the thinking of their materials
(Concrete and historical) realization as a hetero-
As the autonomous practical will of his
Heteronomous triads. But we will still see if we
To the extent to which they are actually affected by the teleological
Tion on their construction,
That a phenomenon of the heteronomy of real thought in
With regard to the law, are at all poorer
And that it is in no way concerned, for example
The phenomena of error or contradiction
To take. But if it is certain that autonomy without a
Heteronomy, which it tries to subordinate itself, never
An ought is, - what then does it have nodi for a meaning, about with
Rickert to say that as soon as I hear sounds and about it
Judging me by an ought to judge me:
"I hear tones," *) - yes, what had it only for one purpose,
To say that I must judge so, since idi at all not at all
Different? The ought, perhaps even now
Is perceived in a judgment, springs from a very different one, the
Social-practical sphere of judgment and "dispute.

Keeping this latter critical moment in mind

Therefore also the teleological judgment theory before the choice
Either the necessity of the necessity in the above
To recognize or to make sense in tautology. Because these
It does not need to be made in more detail

>) Ii. Rickert, "Gegensund," and others.

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Dr. Muc Adler

Very conceived as a relation of thought, as a feeling,

In which the character of the objekttven validity in the
True transcendental ought of "consciousness
At all "for the individual consciousness
Acknowledges or disapproves the individual approach.
"Recognition is therefore a process which is determined by
Feelings, that is, by pleasure or pain,
Pleasure in the judgment has a special significance, since we
Are convinced that, in contrast to other methods,
Anywhere and at any time. "The evidence is thus
Psychologically, a sense of pleasure, combined with the self-
In the sense that it lends a temporal validity to an ancient world
And thus give him a value, as by no feeling
Otherwise it is brought forth. "^ In this value we experience something,
Of which we are dependent, because he is only the expression of the transcendental "
Is supposed to be. We are guided by the feeling of
So that we can not voluntarily affirm or deny,
But find us already determined. "So what is my judgment
And thus my knowledge leads, is the feeling that I am so and
Should not judge otherwise. "*)

Is not the whole arbitrariness of the teleological

Turning the need for thought into an ought to be particularly clear?
At the same time, however, the way in which this is manifested is also manifested
Appearance of justification: namely, by the
Continual interchange of the logical sphere of primacy
With that of his psvological and social manifestation.
Here, for example, the logical discussion begins
Rickerts on the psychological feature of a feeling of evidence
, Which is intended to explain a logical value by at the same time,
Is equipped with this. What about the feeling of feeling
The evidence of a theory of judgment which really affects its problem
Should not be foreseen; It is rather how
Seems to me an uncomfortable feeling of non-evidence, alike
As if the teleological theory of judgment had itself, with its
Transcendent ought, which is nowhere to come, and no-
Where the goal could be felt, in the groundless, which they now
Pushes itself to a light of the evidence, the white-

") H. Rickert," Object etc. ", page 57.

*) II. Kickert, op., Rope 62.

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Is a psychological reality. Now their cause is this: a
True judgment as true, because it is thought as we do it
To think; We think the way we want it, because we do it
Have a feeling of evidence, and this is, of course, worse-
No longer to get out. One can no longer ask,
Why have we the feeling of the crime: for we have that
just. This whole epistemological critique of the objective
Validity in the true part therefore actually goes into the following
Tautology: True is what we feel as true. The addition,
That we can only feel as true what we are supposed to be
Quite irrelevant and even misleading, since we docli only from
To what we feel as true, from the feeling of evidence
This should be done. In Rickert, however,
This facilitates the transcendence of the judgment
An analogous legality as the moral law for the
Want. We shall see later how this is a very
Right assumption. So much is perhaps already here.

The illusion of good and evil does not merely show

An ought as its ground, but at the same time also places that
Law of this will. When I say: well, I call
The will that so acts; If he should, the command does not bid
Something completely indeterminate or would have to be on a more or
Minder vages feeling: but the relationship of all wooens
To this goal also directly determines its content morally;
With regard to a willing, the form of the
Determinative law "in each act says what I am
Or not, what the circumstance does not of course
That the moral distinction according to its historical
The site, time and indi-
Viduum For not that I do the good, makes the facts
Of the Sitdichen, and still less is he thereby eliminated,
If perhaps what I want as the good is from one
Position than repugnance. But that
I always do, whatever I may and want to do
A feeling, through which I let myself be determined
First, morality is constituted as a special regularity "
From which it is now clear why its mere form is contentable
Can be determinant. On the contrary, when I make the distinction
Of truth and falsity, also of a so-interdependent

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Dr. Max Adler

The question of how to

Answered: Waa, however, should I think as true? Well, it

Once admitted, is true the judgment which is thus thought

Will, as it should be thought; But - help, heaven! - as
Should it be thought? There is no transcendent omission
And even the law, which tells me how I do
Judging what I acknowledge, what I shall reject, as soon as
The fact that the formal necessity of the
Or contradiction in its purely logical form
Has no atom of a goal, but in its form as a will
Is a historical and social psychology phenomenon. And the
The teleological theory of judgment also suddenly sees itself suddenly
To the psvchological feeling of evidence.
For she finally says that her ought not to be so
It is true that its judgment is true,
As it is to be thought, but rather that it should be
That judgment is true in which we feel that it is so and so
Is not to be thought of in any other way, then it is also with the
Really decisive point, at which they are the ones in
In our minds.
Has announced. For what does it say differently than that it is a
Law of truth in the sense of the moral law, that is, as one of the
Heteronomy
What does it say other than; We should not think of anything to think of
Law, before we do not feel that we think so - must.
The "feeling of evidence" gains the character of a goal
Only when, in the struggle of opinions,
Oriented thinking in the social intercourse and from a mere
The logical sphere
Which are now under the moral law
These representations to the following, from which all that,
Which perhaps still appears as an unproved assertion,
Hopefully find out his reasoning and what is here about yet
Remained unclear. Meanwhile, however
Sdion now shows that when the need for thought is nowhere
An ought to be ominous, but at the same time, as we have seen,
Not even a mflssen is, but quite simply one
Existing legality, then a basis for this
The "objective validity of the judgment and thus the character

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

Which is based on this knowledge, the

Can not be imagined.

XIV.

From "consciousness at all."

The need for thought in the judgment has thus far been none
As such of the law, but only as the cn ^ e of the non-
Different abilities. But this creates a new one
Difficulty "but the fact that the objec-
Character of the need for judgment. Because
Certainly it must at the first glance appease us that we,
As happened in the gate, the zeidose fonnal truth and
So that all truths can not be grounded anywhere else
As in what any arbitrary consciousness
Do not think otherwise. Thus the thought-
Necessary only from the subjective and historically
The impotence of the empirical individual consciousness, certain pre-
In a manner different from that in which they are familiar
To be derived, so perhaps a psycho-
Logical, but certainly no recognition-critical legitimation.
sit.

Here is now the place where the logical-transcendental

Discussion must turn to a point of view which,
Little he has lacked in the matter itself, which is a result of it
That we shall be bound to Kant only here
But in its explicitly recognizable character
Is not yet accredited in the epistemic critique: I mean the
Social point of view, which is directly related to the individual
Be exported. It can not be overlooked any longer that
The social character of human existence.
With the transcendental philosophy, that is, also in
A transcendental reason for its
Is known as the natural character of all being at all.
And this is of fundamental importance. For only the circumstance,
That the possibility of all social being is its grasping of knowledge
Likewise in the theoretical philosophy and not in the
Practical, in which he is usually sought, though
Yet this must already presuppose social being and only

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Dr. Mut Adler

Whose correct judgment has the object, also secures the

The possibility of an identifiable theorem for the social-
Science in one despite the diversity of its substance
But the nature is the same as that of natural science.

And this is not a new development.

In the domain of the theory of knowledge, rather, as already described
Remarks, to a long time as to their basic teachings
Insight, of which it applies only, while preserving its former
Purely logical sense, and also the trans
Cental relationship to a social character of man
Conscious expression. The doctrine of "consciousness
At all ", or as Kant called them, from the transcendental
Unity of self-consciousness (synthetic unity of the apper-
*) Must now be used, and here it is
Fichte, the self of the absolute ego certainly not everywhere
But which can be
Has borne, the lierausabcitung of - if this word zu
Is permitted - transcendental-social nature all human-
Recognition. From there appears the
Need of necessity in a new light, their suitability, Trilger
Of all contentual truth, its social character
Had already been emphasized, Je, determined and now quite
Can be seen.
The concept of "consciousness at all" arises as
The result of a critical critique which has become indispensable
Determination of the empirical self-concept, when the nacii
The reason of the objectual validity of our cognition
Critical analysis to the formal need for thought.
And the deadly contradiction between the two
From which we Torhin assumed that all
Is not to be anything other than subjective "Nicfat"
Think. But this appearance of the strange still remains
Only so long as we are in the quite naive conception
Persist, which even materialism does not hold up
Without, on the other hand, the problem of self-
Consciousness is capable of solving the ego a substantial one
In itself, an essential bearer of his inner

'). Imm. Kftntf ^ Criticism of the Pure Reclamation, pp.

1st edition, and page 659, 2nd edition,

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K * ttBBlitSt and teleology in the fight against science

171

States. Then, of course, it has to be completely unfathomable

Are, as in all the world, preconceptions
Such an individual being required to make a claim
Which exceeded one 's own thinking
More than a mere assertion of power;
Into the unthinkable assumption of solipsism, the
Is here really from the rain into the eaves.

On the other hand, it is only necessary to focus on the deep critical

The Kant in his already mentioned doctrine
Of the transcendental unity of self-consciousness as one
Synthetic apperception a priori, by which
In connection with his equally great criticism of the empirical
In the abscond tone, I grasp the paralogisms of the pure
Reason 'of all epistemic criticism is precisely in its cardinal inter-
Esse, the problem of self-consciousness
Which it is likely to regard as a captive possession
allowed. It can not be overlooked at all
The empirical self is nothing other than a mode of knowledge,
More determined than the form of consciousness and far away,
To convey to us some content-determined being, nothing
Further than the affiliation of all states and actions
Of consciousness to a subject, which is a relation, in
To whom they are just known.

As regards skepticism and relativism as one of its

Most fearful weapons and from which also the modern
Positivism, for example, Ernst Machs a large part of his
Force to the "Antimetaphysischea Preliminary Remarks" (the
Despite this designation also against transcendental philosophy
> Is the critique of the ego-concept and the
Of the supposed authenticity and self-evidentness
Of its content. However, one can say that neither criticism
David Hume's Ernst Machs so relentlessly with the sub-
The essential character of the ego cleans up just as the doctrine
Kants, who are opposed to the other critics, to whom
Otherwise nothing would have remained under their hands, in the destruction
Which, in this concept, it recognizes as untenable, does not
Had to be modest, because it was the core of the ego
Completely outside of its empirical content in a merely transcendent:
Tale relationship of consciousness aui cmca

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Dr. Max Adler

Has. Thus it follows that the substantiahtat. Singularity and

Identity of the ego, are not qualities of a being that are called
Would then be the owner of the consciousness, but
The forms under which
Its at all. Is made by the special
Forms of space and time as well as through the
Minds of the categories an awareness of objects of the
Experience possible, so by the proper unity of unity,
Whose empirical expression is the ego, is first the consciousness itself.
Consciousness is therefore not something in and of one
Mystical I am known, but something according to his
Unity and consciousness in her only for his own
Intuition in a "I" appears-in short, this self is just
The form of consciousness, "the I is only the consciousness-
His my thinking.

At first glance, the concept of the.

"Consciousness at all" is thus on transcendental ground-
Nothing more than the critical reflection that takes every step
The recognition critique must also accompany the fact that also the egoism everything
Or still consciousness form, is thus the last, with which
Erkennmiskridk will have to be modest, not the individual
Consciousness, but "consciousness", that is, "consciousness."
That is, consciousness in that form in which its belonging
To an empirical ego only a characteristic of its kind-
Character The single-I is then, from the transzen-
From a dental standpoint, only the appearance, in
Which consciousness becomes the head of the world. One sieves immediately:
This concept of "head of consciousness" is far removed
Any metaphysical construction, such as the absolute
I Fichte's or the absolute spirit with Hegel, who himself
Before all experience, so that they can then be seen in the grandiose
Game of inner working the world of our experience along with the
The most humane. In him, on the other hand,
As sdion was to be found in empirical consciousness, he himself
But does not set anything at all that its transzen-
Dental character, but it merely brings the em-
Pirical consciousness into a special relationship of thought,

) Vetfl. Imm. Kant, "Critique of Pure Reason," Recl & m, p. 690.

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'73

From which the character of its subjectivit

Heterogeneous character of a general approach of his speech
Can be seen as immediately comprehensible. A meta-
Physical misconception of this concept, as if it were a form-
Loosely, impregnable, all-embracing world-I mean
Thus, as soon as one has only eight, that
He just said nothing else, as if I were driving the empirical
I must think, if I now also these spatially,
Temporally and individually fancied self-presentation
The forms of consciousness, such as space, time
And categories, namely, as an "awareness at all"
Which no longer comes into being as a substance,
But only as a thought-determination, as a limit of thought.

(I) In such, every metaphyic dentitional biology of the senses

Now wants to go back to "consciousness at all" by H. Rickert

His teleological theory of judgment, which he, as we know, to the doctrine of the
Transzendentea should have continued. Now with that idea as the bearer
ieees SollttM ram AfasUnii s "bring. (Vergi., His work "The Object
The Erkeantnii, chap. XVII.) Just as glinxend straight he understood it,
The only transcendental character of the concept of "consciousness over"
"He is, at last, struck by the strange
Of the ethical with the logical in its starting point to follow-
Which acted in a kind of fanatism of the Pnradioaie snm
At the end of which they came from the Kantian position, which was so carefully
introduced
And according to the general requirements of positivistic thought economy with conscious
Atttarlde, a helpful auxiliary of "consciousness at all."
God, a true deus ex machina of the distressed teleological judgment-
Theory. The transcendent ought can be in its judgment
Necessarily necessary object lvitit, so that we are in 'any judgmental acts
To be dependent on it and to be determined, only by virtue of the fact that
It is shown in consciousness at all. Such an assumption
But is not only justified, but even necessary because we are aware of the "consciousness-
His "at all" do not think otherwise than as a judging consciousness
can. Dean since an awareness without a content is impossible to think,
Consciousness must also have one, the consciousness content
At all, which is thus thought of as being in itself. Now, however, being is only
As a judgmental predicate, and is thus the concept of "consciousness"
Is identical with the assertion of what is judged as being "
head. The last abstraction ^ to which we must advance is thus the
Concept of a judgmental consciousness, which affirms a being,
Is recognized, that is, to an inherent law. Whereby a
Knowledge is possible at all. And so "consciousness at all"
According to its logical function, only as a transcendent ought. - I believe,

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Dr. Max Adler

Once this concept has been made clear in this way

, Then the knowledge of the Ciciariarici of the

It immediately speaks for itself, in what quite different and transcendental-

Dental character directly transcending meaning here the concept of "consciousness-
Mm is used at all, and how he dives or Tidldelit
Tenneg did not know what he was going to do, but the last night
Of teleological theory. For above all, it can be a real one
Do not be parrying for "-i" par, because it is only -Iii!
Already present in the judgmental Einrel consciousness. The
It was supposed to be the (supposed) character of the individual verdict,
Has been taken; Only on the sieli whether it is true
According to a stock even in a consternation at all. Alone in this,
As long as it is not transformed into metaphysical construction, nothing can
More and nothing else can be found than in every individual consciousness,
Is to be found. Now, as we have seen, it was just for this
Logitdie, that is, essential judges of the judgment as anericeones or confused
Has become so questionable that even the FMidixlemng as the actual
Form of the judgment. WoTon is therefore prohlessly lent, whether it is
In individual consciousness, will not be different if I now
Say that it is in the consciousness at all that the logical analysis
Not accessible, a recognition or rejection in the togic
As a result of the act of judgment itself, it is no longer proved to be a fact
Inaccessible sphere *. This is precisely the meta *
Physics approach of the concept of "being at all" at Rickert,
That he is no longer confined to what is in each individual consciousness
Can only be conceived in a particular relation, in which only
To the extent that it is possible that the individual consciousness in spite of
Of its indi- vidual constraint
To go. Rather, here, too, there is in this mere relation
Also a content, an absolute truth-purpose, a will to the degree of truth
Not merely as an ethical specialization of the will to the moral, but as a
Logical character of cognition itself, with which an element in the teleological
Judgment theory, which is not just a logical analysis,
Which maintains its standpoint unmoved, must remain eternally transcendent,
But completely alien to perceptible soil, because only as a "
Ontological assumption, may be considered. The moral absolute
InquireSttDg in a moral consciousness at all (autonomy of the
Will) is not a metaphysical construction because it is only the transcendental
Establishment of the prak-
Which can only be taken as an objective, and
Which it presents only as far as possible. On the other hand, the same is true
Absolute purpose in its own domain of the logical sphere only either
A rape of their facts in favor of a metaphysical assumption
Or a course of its limits and its point of view into the practical
Area, which we have repeatedly seen in the teleological conception
Could actually confirm and still continue to be confirmed.

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Be completely opposed to his daily life.

Lived because he was now in transcendental territory
Despite his completely inseparable affiliation to the "I"
Personal has more. Of course, as long as we have the I for a
Thinking, self - sufficient being, had, by the
Relation to such a thing that was put into this, as it were
Isolated and into an exclusive ownership relationship to one
Person. But now the ego does not mean anything else,
Than any action of consciousness, which for me
Is accompanied by the (dharaktcr.
To be, because only in this respect is an ego Bc-
Is at all. The ego is no longer a bearer
But it is the way in which consciousness becomes active.

But then the Amdradc means "

His "," my thinking "in the epistemological sense
Nothing more individual; "My thinking in this
Meaning of the word not in the sense of my thinking as about
My house, which belongs only to me, and no one else
Derem Thus, in the psychological sense, the pronoun
Possessiyum on the person ^ for which there is an object in
Takes, as soon as it becomes apparent in the course of a
Critical discussion is needed,
But only the manner in which the
Awareness. We thus see that precisely through the I-
Understood consciousness, thinking, about his empirical
Individualisation by referring to a
Which as such is not in-
Can be thought of individually when indiTidually means: what
Is only found in an individual's personal self. The
Is not found in such an ego;
Where and in which it may always occur, is accompanied by the I,
Since this ego is nothing more than the form of its forms
Law, all his gear is conscious. Everything individual
Thinking thus has from the outset a relationship to a thinking,
Which is not individual, overindividual, as Rickert calls it;
Or rather, all individual consciousness is based on it
Transcendental possibility on an awareness, on whose
Over the individual thinking of an extended general validity
Can not be doubted, because of this

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Dr. Max Adler

It is characteristic that each individual is aware of his or her
To be able to speak, not a difference of
Consciousness, but only the consciousness
Expression of his empirical existence at all. Just
So that everyone is called upon to their consciousness and thus
But only the way in which consciousness is, they relate
In their multiplicity and seclusion on the same thing
Identity of the forms and the lawfulness of the consciousness.
There is thus shown a principle Ij: al: jr> r: k in the Gruad-
View of the recognition. Jas Icii as a jur Ausviruck every in-
Vli vu1lh: 11c: i is also the expression of a
Awareness Scias that is customary to create a favorite-
To use Kunts, to all thinking beings.
At the root of the theory of knowledge the individual is manifested
Thinking as a mere empirical "" appearance, "that is, from merely" sub "
Whetherwander,. If necessary;
To which the category of snbjecting is no longer true
Can be applied. The means by which the "Eincel"
Consciousness builds up his world, Ton Tomherein are not at all
More such as belong to a single entity or to a single entity
Individual thought; But just because they
Are the means of my consciousness
Way, that they are consciousness consciousness at all
They are also the means of thinking of every other consciousness
From his standpoint, as "my consciousness."
have to be. Who knows this way of thinking - and it must be
Be given that this is not sorry because the expressions
"My" and "your" always entreat us, as true
Possesstypronomina - will now also be
Lighter, if he will see from it that the question
After the alien consciousness, this veracrux of the knowledge-
Theory, is no longer a problem; That is, they are not pro-
Is precisely the idealistic theory of knowledge
Frequently failed to do so, but from it entirely
And with calming of metaphysics.
The existence of the alien consciousness is so much or as little
Problem as the existence of one's own consciousness and of things at all.
Both their own and the alien consciousness appear

1) Wilh. Jernsale, "" The Urinal Field, "Rope S31.

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"77

Thus in the same lawfulness of the action of consciousness

At all. And only for this reason wins, respectively
Every individual consciousness is already immanent in itself
On the universality of his mental connections. Not how
On the other hand, the generality of validity does not come under the
Assumption ciacr multiplicity for the sake of the will of thinking in-
As a new trait to the nonnality of thought
In addition; Then it would not be possible for the birmgeute Allgc-
Invalidity of the axioms of knowledge other than in a mere
Postulate Stt grttaden, which recognizes the multiplicity of individuals
For the sake of the sublime purpose of truth. No
The universality of thought in his aeons is the
Character of the formal nature of consciousness over *
With which it extends into every individual being
He speaks to him as "his" consciousness. It stands just yon
In the beginning, each individual consciousness in a relationship which
To a relation to and agreement with each
Other individual consciousness. It is from the start any
Single consciousness in the consciousness head, so to speak,
Sdiaftet. "In other words, the real as necessary
Recognized consistency of the individual judgments as well as only
The general requirement of the axioms
Of thinking in the intercourse of human beings would not be at all
Possible, without such a prior bond of all
Individual awareness in their formal action.

XV.

The transcendental character of the social

Experience.

Not without reason has been in this discussion for the better

Marking one of the most difficult terms of

Theory a Marxian expression; Because it seems to me
Also not to be accidental, Hmss here, at one of the deepest
Problems of transcendental criticism are precisely the deepest content of the
Social theory theory of Karl Marx in such a trans-
In a surprisingly similar way, the idea and the principle
Choice of the point of view of the encounter that I even
The difficult doctrine of consciousness at all

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Dr. Max Adler

Precisely through Karl Marx's way of thinking

More accessible. I mean, the
(In the Kantian sense of the word)
Appearance of the self - conquered and that of the sachiicaen scheme of the
In the capita-
In a related thought process, yes, that the
The doctrine of the Paralogismea of Pure Reason appears directly as
Showing a kind of inverted Ftiuchinnus in Mantdia
Meaning this word. And I can do this together
Do not hold forever. Not once, because of the
Outgoing ratio of the logical-
Critical Marxist thought to the transcendental critique of Kant,
But not because we are in the ldirection of the consciousness head
Indeed, found the place where the basic concept of all
Scientific investigation of societyE phenomena,
The social connection of human beings, its
Knowledge, which fundamental
Therefore, not only to any social theoretical inquiry
Immanent, but also, with each critically sharper one
They make their work worried, audi the more consciously
Their results are the same conforming type of expression
Will find. Thus, even prior to Marx, something of the knowledge-
Theoretical insight of the "consciousness head", if
The social theory in its domain has reached the initial stage
Such as a hyperbola-like saying of August Comtes always
To become one of their most tenable basic truths
Let the individual be a fiction in social science
Be like the atom in physics.

Now this view remains, which the individual

As it were, illusioned as soon as we arrive at the immanent standpoint
Of the state of consciousness (which is also that of science), the
Means, as long as we are not critical to our knowledge-
But in the midst of the process of perception
It is the scientific or the daily life, are understood,
Certainly only half a truth: yes, it is to it, where those kri-
Perhaps even missing the other, the better half
, Which first gave their meaning to it, so that they could be used for
The position thus remaining is directly wrong. Because
Is safe for our entire theoretical and practical

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79

Hold nothing more indispensable than unity, constancy

And inviolability of our ego. But its transcendental
Connectivity in a "consciousness at all" ** expresses itself
On a historical-psychological basis, in that the whole
Content of our ego about its individual design
Is conditioned, formed, and bound by a variety of ways
Other individual content. Existence, preservation and de -
People already presuppose a community of men. Out
The most intimate connection of a human
Binds the junior life in an enigmatic manner Charaklcikcimc of the
Parents and often even more ancestors to a new entity. With
Its intellectual and intellectual life, which has been trained for many generations
Cozy installations thus unites every new beginning individual
The concentrated rays of long past life, the
Had not yet lost its existence in the aftermath of
To be able to give a world-wide customer, not only in the language
The consciously handed down heritage of the times before him, but at the same time
The pre-formed thoughts for all his thinking, the most powerful
Means and limits at the same time for his own activity in the
Spiritual life, and creating). So is character and spirit, action
And thinking from the very beginning the product of a great one
People's community, and there is no fiber of the body, no
Breath of the spirit in man, which consists of its own strength
Could If people claim to be in distress,
Often lonely ones are struggling with their own strength through all obstacles,
So it was the community of men, which gave them the physical and
Moral qualities in a long path of suffering
And overpowered by which they were put in place
To stole the character himself at the request.
It is always only the noblest effects of society, it is
Their deeply internalized power in a mankind, which

* Every nation, so small and rooted, ReadTxt tAnt

Articulated language contained in a whole system of words and meanings

, Which is presented to the speaker as a sort of catalog of the "

The world, the world, the world, the world, the world, the world, the world, the world, the
world, the world
In the study of Anihropology ''. German by Sieoeit (1SS3), 154th ed
Idea of language as one of our all-knowing jiraforming W e 1 1-
Cator, as he calls it, Pritc Mauthner, in his inter-
Ensant work "contributions to a criticism of the language ^^ in a sidetraben
Tant skepticism.

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I8o

Dr. Max Adler

Allows that really might be the most powerful

Alone.

If in this sense the individual is to be called a fiction,

Then no one has qds from the fundamental input
Of the individual man into the human community a deeper
Scientific proof supplied as Karl Marx. Already in the
"Holy Family" he wrote: "Exactly and in a prosaic sense
The members of the bourgeois society are none
Atoms. . . . The atom is needless, self-sufficient; the world
Except for the absolute emptiness, that is, it is without content,
Not speaking, precisely because it has all abundance in itself. The
Selfish individual of bourgeois society may be m
His nonsensical imagination, and his lifeless
Atom, that is, to the unrelated, self-
Samen, needless, absolutely full, blessed beings. The unhappy
Sensual reality does not care about his "imagination,
Each of his senses compels him to take into account the meaning of the world and the in-
To think outside of him, and even his profane stomach
It reminds me: i:;] I that the world outside him is not empty,
But the ci? CiCiLiLiTy is. . . . Not i) the state
Keeps the atoms of bourgeois society together, but
That they are atoms only in the imagination, in the heaven of theirs
Imagination - in reality, however, vast from the atoms
Distinguished beings, nimUchkdne divine egoists, 'but
Egoistic people. "* And by Marx in this way neither
The real nature of the individual man was still evident on the
Other side fibersah, as it is also in its isolation only socially '
Can be understood, it was again he, the first the old
Word of Aristotle of the CtMV iceXmxdv in all its true-
And has taught us that man no longer
Just as with other people, but to him
At all, to be understood in no other way than socialized.

1), "Marx-Engels' Nachlans", II, pp. 226-227.

^^^ I Society Prodigating l- Individuals - th.T

The production of the individuals is, of course, the starting-
(A critique of the political economy). . . . Man is in the
A sense of a zoon policy, not just a good animal,
But also an animal, which can be found only in the gelding
Can The ProdolcUon of the isolated unified balance of the joint -

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KftuSKlitat and teleology in the fight for the Wsenschnft i8l

In many new twists of old truths,

All its content, is still very much to be desired
The allegedly already well-known thing also exactly this
A new version, and recognizes what is right and proper
Truly jeue akc Kikci ^ ni ^ nis. Thus also the Marxian
Position for a long time with the necessary understanding,
Which would have to take into account that, in the first place,
Oblong view of the social aspects of man
Which is essentially based on a mere coexistence of the
With different needs
And the sodal life became a sort of summation phenomenon
Made. At the beginning of thinking about social life occurs
Namely now no longer the human being among others
People or a majority of sociable people, but
The relationship of man to man, the form of
These are the conditions under which they can exist alone. To be
Earthly life man may himself be the ultimate and supreme
be; For the position which is always possible only in abstraction
Theory of their existence, the individuals are
Only comparable to the embroidered ornaments, whose form-
Wealth is borne by the structure of the thread of the stramin,
Which serves them as unions. Social relations
Of people are thus not etWM, the latter between them approximately
They are an epithet, which, although it is only with the Menschoi
Is there, but they are all concerned in themselves as a part of space in the
Rooms is at all concerned. That is why the special expression
"Socialized" for the existence of man: he is not one
Sociable being, consisting of inclination or instinct or reason
Attracted to others; He does not live by habit
Or driven by necessity with others: but he is
By the way in which he can only exist at all,
Indirectly associated with his peers, the society-
Thus the character is already in the state each
Individual system.

A rarity, that is, by chance, civilized civilians

The dynamic nature of the
Has been a dyslexia as a language development
Without cohabiting and xuM.mmeii ipred de Individuals. It is
Not to be taken up by them, Karl Marx, Binleitnn; Su a critique of the
Political Odconomie **, "Neiie jSeft **, XXI i, page 710 and 7t l.

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Dr. Max Adler

This clear idea of the social character

Of men. Which in itself is a true reflection of the
Transcendental relation in consciousness, at all,
Is, as is well known, the foundation of the great teaching of Charles
Marx of the fetishism of the commodity and the economic
Cshrianium, in general, within the iuipitalist
Production, its output: 4S [it integrates it from the merk-

Worthy phoenoms, "in the v / areupiuduzKi ridcn society

The goods themselves, but in most cases lifeless pieces
Naturstoties, a peculiar, independent life,
According to them, even with one inside them
Adherent value and, what is even more strange,
Also TOn them are taken for those values that they
To settle. The commodity occurs aloof from man into a relationship
Just like one man to another; Though he as her
Hennel's work through and through, she now envelops you with one
Sometimes a mysterious being with whom she often had her
Creator tyrannizes and that does not help him the same as one
Inexplicable manifestation of the commodity itself
have to be. Marx now shows how this objective character of the
Commodity "is mere appearance. "The secret role of commodity-
Form simply consists in the fact that they are the people the company *
Lent characters of their own work as objective characters
Of the work products themselves, as social naming characteristics
These things, and therefore the social
The producers as a whole outside of them
Existing social relationship of objects. . . . E
Is only the definite social relationship of men
Even here, for her, the phantasmagoric form of a
Proportion of things. "The objective appearance
Of commodity value thus reveals, as its core, a relation of
People who are from the commodity out the owner so
To treat and to deceive, and stir
Only because the private exchange of commodity production,
Ie the atomistic, individual behavior of the goods owners in the
Economic transport is the character of the overall social and economic
The production of the goods.

Just as the objective semblance of economic

1) Kftrl Marx, "The Capital L, 4th edition, pages 38 and 39.
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Causation unil Telelogy in the fight for science

HMltnisse goes back to the personal affinity of the in them

In relation to each other, the per-
Of the individual consciousness in the impersonal-
One could say, the connectedness of all
Individuals with each other.
head. The difficulty of the ego form is simply that
Sit 'ca humans the impersonal (vharaktci il ^ ics transzen-
Denial consciousness as personal characters of the individual I-
As individual characteristics of these persons,
Therefore also the transcendental connection of the thinking subjects in the
It is, in fact, a psy-
It is only the definite
Transcendental relationship of all thinking to a consciousness ttber-
Chiefly, according to his own ideas for the
People the phantasmagoric form of a relationship of
People. This "phantasmagoria", however,
The transcendental domain is not less indestructible
As is the case on the. For as little as the epoch-
Making scientific discovery, "that the labor products,
As far as they are values, merely factual expressions of their production
Human work are "capable of being external
The sphere of social-critical investigation, that is,
Life itself, the objective appearance of the
The most important of which is to be able to scare away the most striking characters of
work
Outside the cognitive area, the critical
Cover that all the information is only the formal expression of the
Their action, which itself appears to be self-extinguishing.
Is the quality of knowledge, the logical and the psychological
Of the ego. Let us, therefore, continue with Marx, as in spite of
Unceasingly remaining, the true
"People do not refer their labor products
To each other as values, because these things are merely a matter of fact
The same applies to human work. Vice versa. By
Their various products in exchange as values
They put their different works together
Human work alike. They do not know this, but they do it.
- a similar process also takes place in ours

*) Karl Marz, op. Cit., P. 4t.

*) Karl Marx, ". . O., page 40.

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Dr. Mmx Adler

Case We must also say here: men refer

Not even on consciousness because it is
Even as merely personal cases of like human
Thinking; But vice versa, by showing their differences
The judicial system, in its intellectual
To a common measure
The individual individual consciousness work as a human-
Consciousness, ie as consciousness at all. they
Do not know what they are doing. ')

From this critical point of view the

Greatest liveliness of the value of the goods and the most intense effectiveness
Of the empirical self no longer over the spring-source of all these
Mobility to tusks. If the constant, without
Will, prior knowledge, and doing the exchanges
Change the value of one's own sexual movement
Of man, for them, the form of a movement of things
Under whose control they stand, instead of controlling them,
The fundamental action of the
Consciousness for the empirical viewpoint the form
A personal action, which we determine ourselves, ours
To determine in it. "Could the goods speak,
F? O they would say, our boorish value likes man
Interest. He does not come to us as things. But what happened to us
Is our value. Our own traffic as
Warendinge proves this. We refer only as exchange values
"-) - But the people can speak, and whether-
Like the discovery of the paralogical semblance of the ego
Just as late discovery was like that of the apparent appearance
Of the value of goods, they can now be regarded as knowledge-
Critics to say: "Our personality likes us acting

'). For this purpose, the most important point at M * nc in the "

Equality is the consciousness of man from himself in the element of

Practice, that is to say the human consciousness of the other human being
The same. The equality is the French "(sc."
Sfmohe of the policy ^ feivohnte) ^ Audmdc for the m atere Wete *
For the genus wvtstsein and GatlungsTer *
Hold man, for the practical identity of man with the
Human beings, that is to say, for the social or human conquest
Of the human being to the human being.
*) Karl Marx, op. Cit., P. 49.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

People interested. But it does not come to us as a knowing one

Beings. But what comes to us in the past is ours
Think as a supernumerary value, as consciousness at all.
Our own traffic as discoveries proves this
Refer only to us as radio equilibrium. "
Yes, here is the relationship between these two critical
Search in a way of thinking so in the eye that
It is none other than Marx himself that confirms him, if
He in one place, the meaning of the doctrine of Ayenarius
Introf ection pre-eminently, just with regard to the developed
The essence of the commodity value is forced to remark:
"In a certain way, man is like the commodity. Because he neither
With a mirror on the world comes still as Fichtesche:
Philosopher: I am I, the human being is first reflected in an-
Whose people. Only through the relationship to the
Man Paul as his equal, man refers
Peter on himself as a man. This also applies to him
The Paul with skin and hair, in his paulinic corporeality,
As the manifestation of the human being.

The parallelism of the train of thought in the

Critical method of Kant and Marx himself
Of the Man's exposition, and everywhere "
Guiding thoughts of the famous chapter on the fetish-
Character of the product is not only the establishment of the corresponding
Logical concepts at the hour of the economic, but -
To which I put all my emphasis.
Which Marx helped, his economic analysis
To criticize critically, also the great truth of the doctrine of the
To make consciousness vivid at all. The Wesensverwandt-
Of two thinkers, with all the facts set forth above
Necessarily caused by historical circumstances
Can hardly be illuminated. It is completed in
A true economic corollary to the transcendental one
Of consciousness at all, as far as a KoroUarverhltnis in
So different ways of theoretical behavior is possible.
This corollary is the value of the value.

The concept of value as the bearer of the exchange value,

Karl Marx, op. Cit., P. 19, note 18.

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IS6

More correctly than of its own giaulate, c of the exchange-value is one

Specific performance of Maix's thinking. Just because his thought-
Often overlooked, because you are careless
To which I conclude, I find Ticle MiM-
The value of the Man's theory of value and abetdies
The fundamentally new, they from the working-value theory at all
Distinguishing the Bck. Not Tom's worth, but also
Not Tom's exchange value opens up the access to the mystery
The product form and thus the starting point for an analysis of the
Capitalist mode of production, but only sound
For the developed concept of economic value,
On the other hand, the exchange value is only the "appearance"
Wise, ** of a content which is distinguishable from it;
Individual consciousness only appearance of an it is superior
Ratio isL This value is now nothing else
As the one for a certain historical design of the society-
Life, that of capitalist production
Is the economic expression of Marx 's
The concept of social life
The socialization of the human
And relationships. For it is found as "the Ge."
In the exchange or exchange value of the
Goods "), and this is more closely defined than those in its
Production expended socially necessary, abstract human
Labor, the size of which is measured at the
Social work. "As values are
All goods only a fixed mass of fixed work-time "
Value itself, however, is crystal of all concrete work products
Equally contained human labor, which, as such,
That is, to Abstreilunt; Their different concrete form
Which is a common social substance
Which are purely quantitative determinations. OK so
Economic criticism introduces its basic concept, the
Value, by means of which it is the fetishism of the commodity form
Can also be uncovered
Form into a relationship. The Wenbegri

I) Karl Man, op. Cit., Page 3.

1 Karl Marx, op. Cit., Scitr-

Karl Marx, op.

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Kau & alitiit and Teleulogie in the fight for science

A basic measure-drawing; Each one special

Value, that is, any particular exchange relationship conceptually
Makes it possible.

However, the concept of value in the same

Character to the side of that consciousness.
It is the same function for the comprehensibility of the economic
Transport and the exchange of goods, which Marxische Begrili
Logically, as Kantian thinks the possibility of the spiritual
Traffic and thought exchange transcendental. And
And probably a confirmation of the correctness of the answers
Which we discussed in a previous chapter on the
Of the logical-critical point in May a / su dum transzen-
Dental-critical at Kant. And huh
Will also be controlled by a misunderstanding, which is about to
I should have thought that although I do not believe,
To this end, there are two analogy-
And not a vieicnebr for a deep thought-
In the method of the intellectual creation of Kant and Marx.
Such a view must have escaped altogether;
Of this whole exposition was not that
Had the opportunity to quote some passages from Karl Marx, the
A similarity to the cognitive-critical results "
To which we had arrived in the course of this investigation;
But that it was the mindset itself, which became formal
Which was similar to an algebraic formula
Also allows a difference in the concrete result
According to the figures which are included in their
But every single result by the empires
Maifaematic operation. This is only possible,
If the social-critical concept itself has an inner relation to it
Knowledge-critical, which we see in it, that the former
Its transcendental justification, that is to say the act of showing,
As they are possible a priori, by the concept of consciousness
Head.

Our truth, therefore, is, after all, still present

In a quite different sense a social product than merely
The fact that their content is only to be found in the co-operation and
Of human beings.
For now it becomes clear that even what is as we are busy.

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IS8 IV. Courage Eagle

All content-based truth, the formal

Norvvendigkcit in individual consciousness, even an indelible
The alks' thinking is already from the root
To a common agreement, which shall cover every special,
Biitoric cooperation
Ittsst. The substantive truth has not only the necessary
Of the individual consciousness in the sense set forth above
Prerequisite "but also as a historical-social one
Product unthinkable "if not in the peculiarity of the human
Thinking, with all its particularity as a single consciousness
At the same time, appearance of consciousness at all
Transcendental ground, which would allow the on- and-
Of human beings in the production process of the
Recognition. For now, the thought-
Necessary for general application, and now there is one
Connected human nature, to which all empirical
Individual consciousness in intercourse with the opposing
As it may concern dealing unit. On the other hand,
The only in his faistic-minded individuality
The concept of social life, into all eternally-
There is no way to the human being on whom he is concerned
Into such a unity that he did not refer to him as an ob-
But subject; And it is pure misunderstanding, yes
Actually the worst metaphysics, because it is basically the
Dogma resumes, that nothing can become out of nothing,
If one thinks, the unity of the social union arises
From the cohabitation of the people so that they completely
As mere summation or, at most, integration phenomena
The individual interrelated indi -
Whereas, on the other hand, it can not be relied on
As well as the fundamental significance
Of the concept of "consciousness at all"
At the same time, the Marxian basic idea of the socialization of the
Individual in his specific new character.
That the real problem of society is not at all
From the connectedness of a plurality of people its beginning
But only in the individual Bc-
Knowledge exists. I do not mean this, because everything
Existing only m emem consciousness appears, but in the

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science

Quite definite, that the social relations

And requirements are nothing but human beings and also
Nothing, or theirs, but that their peculiar, from the
Only a social being has become a social being
Is quite founded in the individual consciousness, insotcnic this,
As soon as it acquires social experience at all, already by means of the
Thought of the universality, of all its judgments
Inhftrent is, of being in a relationship with other carriers
Sound Individual consciousness set Yorfindet. And this is all the
The form of a moral law
Of the validity only from the very same origins
Can; So that whoever transcends, as well as the moral mingling
Our nature only within the forms of consciousness.
Ie, in this concept, with its theoretical
Behavior, a semblance of authorization (Qr den
Reproach, which was actually raised against Kant
Has changed into his opinion, according to which
He, in his categorical imperative, the pure form of the moral
That he thought he had found his
My obligation, therefore, to a multiplicity of individuals
Objective validity of unvoiehens as an effective element of social
Life. It now shows how mistakenly one is
Such view is; Because it is not such a thing
Empirical multiplicity, which, as such, eternally merely a divinity
But the question of how, in spite of this divorce
It becomes a multiplicity for the individual consciousness, thus only one
More numerically different identity, and how to think it
It is possible that this multiplicity can now also immediately, here in recognition,
There appears to be in a unity.

The strong opposition of the tele-

Especially since R. Stammler
View, which (beliefs, in the proof of the
Causal means by which this relation of the
Individuals in the historical process,
The problem of social life is also covered
As only in the question of nature and nature
Possibility of such a relationship.
And it is precisely for this reason that it was demonstrated how these
Can not be explained causally, but each causal

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Dr. Max Adler

Development of the first tonal life sdion the self-
Like relationship of people to each other in any form
Torausset, is one of the most powerful Argomeote, by
Which the soxial knowledge of knowledge as a different,
In its basic concept, that of so-life, from the thought-
Of science, not opposed to causality
Science. V / ir will be thereafter in the
Closing chapter, if it will be possible
Consequences of the whole investigation. Here, however, shows
Sdion, that, indeed, sociality is a relation of the
Human being, which, in a form of his egg-
B 2007R0896 - EN - 01.01.2008 - 001.001 - 7 Page 8 B B B M1 B
Is, of course, not accessible to any causal explanation
As are the forms of representation of space and time. But right now
As well as the occasional causes of mental development
Of these forms of intuition in individual individuals
And even the causal-genuinel explanation
Of the empirical space and time view is one of the deceased
The task of the causally dissipating whiskey juice is just the same
Genetic make-up of the historical auto-
The development of social life is an indisputable area of
Sation. The indication that the social form itself
Can not be explained in a causal way.
In the field of social science
Object is so little constituted by science itself,
As is the case with the object of natural science. But
As nature is the object of the knowledge of nature, which then
In the various branches of its knowledge-
Must be given first and only through the formal
Law of the mind is possible, so does the social
It must be given to causal processing. And
Because it is nowhere else than in the knowing subject
Can, in turn, be possible only if the relation of the
Individuals within the social N'erband to ciiici i'.mhcit
Already in the relation of the individual consciousness to consciousness
Is found at all.

The scope of this cognitive - critical relationship

All social science is thus documented in the fact that we now
Can be reassured about how nothing compels us to take that step
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191

To which all the new foundations of the social

Theofie yom teleological standpoints, especially the so deep
Which led to a strong criticism of R. Stanunler
True foundation of social science only in the area of
Practical philosophy, with which the
The deepest KXah between the logical character of the social and economic
That of science. Once it is clear
That we do not even have the necessity of the theoretical
To go beyond the transcendental
Reason of the social concept, that is, of social being.
Which thus opens up to us In the same sphere as
That of the natural beast, that is, of the deserted Sdn at all
The constitution of a social experience despite its specific
Peculiarity in a secure arrangement of their logically identical Cha-
With the natural experience. But equally sure
The aspirations of one based on the principles of practical-
In accordance with the principle of legitimacy,
Science "only really critically declined
Can, indeed, be at all only on their upper part of the principle,
If we can show that the epistemological theory
The foundation of social science in the other sphere
Can be provided like that of natural science, because the
Formal legitimacy of the theoretical consciousness as well as the
Transcendental ground of mere natural existence, as well as social
Existence. To which important conclusion the
Of natural and so-called "spiritual sciences"
May be supported.

XVI.

True and False No Analogue to Good and Good

Angry.
It is prohibited, in the context of this study on the further
To pursue the development of the thought, to which the
Found results of the discussion of the concept of
"Consciousness at all" certainly urgently aroused
Necessary to follow her here as far as was necessary, her reference
To the object which is the object of the
In their logical character.

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193

Dr. Max Adler

Shafts is to social life. After this one in a

Not to be overlooked, the Er-
To the point at which it was forced
Was to enter the concept of "consciousness at all", and
Who, "as remembered, in the doubt laj, oh it is not something completely
Which would have been uncritical, the thoughtfulness as the bearer of the
The formal character of the judgment as expressed in the
One-Being Consciousness of Any Self. This view has
Hopefully lost all the illusion of inconsistency.
Now, correctly understood this:

What an I can not think otherwise will be for that

A firm conviction, as soon as it is expressed by judgment
With other judgments. For from the proposition which I
Not to think otherwise YMmag, I demand, dan him also everyone
As well, but only because this non-
Thinking-just beyond my individual-I can go beyond the idea of
Formal conglomeration of all thought, and the
Basis of all thinking in each ego
Recognizes only that as true a n, what it does not otherwise think Ter-
And thus all the egos refer to the identical formal ones
Laws of consciousness, which only appears in the ego
The one beam of light from a faceted mirror
Is ejected. Only what the individual individuals under the framework
This lawfulness of consciousness is very different,
And according to the richness of the ideas the one becomes something
Can think differently than the other, for instance in the spirit of Copernicus *
The theorem of the other, that the sun is over the heavens,
As wrong, but this again only because he
The sensuous movement of the sun
Can not think otherwise about heaven, for as an optical one
Picture of the movement of the earth around the sun. As already
At first, the popular concept of truth is split.
In every sentence which we call a truth, we must
Distinguish the historical content, the truth predicate
, And this predicate itself, that is, the Wahrheics'
Tation. Reckoning is always a logical step,
The historical relation of this truth-settlement to one
Certain content, which changes with the development of thought
In mutual exchange of judgments

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Through a recognition of their content,

Tion. This will be particularly clear in the controversy
To judge. For example, by using the Manic value concept,
I assert, of course, that he is correct. I can do that
But for me to say nothing else than to make it impossible for me
Is the conceptions under the concept of economic value
To think differently together. At the same time, this means
Necessity for me still that they, as soon as their premises
Seen from the other, in which this is the case,
Is also acknowledged, or that it is merely assumed
Need to be disregarded from their premises. It is
That is, not even the judgment sphere itself, in which the judgment
There are no longer any adherents
Logical sphere of the custandeko nj ni ens of truth,
But, as soon as will become clearer, the practical
Sphere of confession of truth, in which alone
To recognize the ought to appear in the theoretical acts, or
Reject, is founded. So it does not make truth either
But only acts in the historical development
The truth, which, in its peculiar logical validity
Must be provided.

The theory of judgment, which is essential in every section

An acknowledgment or rejection of the contents contained therein
Thus assuming an incorrect relation
Points as long as the judgment is only the bearer of the
To consider the truth. For old their excellence
It can only develop as soon as it becomes conscious, only one
Theory of judgment as the bearer of historical truth, thus
A psycho-psychological judgment theory. The
Diffraction of the logical need to think in a so-think-so
And the doctrine of the acknowledgment and rejection of a truth-
In the judgment comes only by the fact that the
Argumentation from the observation of the individual consciousness
Immanent thinking is involuntarily based on its empirical
Relation to that of the neighbor, so that the
Investigation suddenly finds itself placed on a standpoint,
No longer in the theory of knowledge or even in logic
But is hardly different from a historico-social-psycho-
More logical. In order to make this clear

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Point to crliak. The simple reflection on the act-

Was an inexhaustible experience, as he always prevailed in us
If we make a judgment without saying it to any
To be judged by someone, not even by
Our own retiexion.
Nowhere in him is there even a trace of a solu- tion.
And we have only a certain sensation,
In such statements cvwss an-
Recognize or reject it. We are, on the contrary, involved in
Purely intellectual action of consciousness, whose total in-
Differentiation against the classification in the file itself is therefore only so
Difficult A on the abstraction can be held because of the im
Tuogiert man is always more than just intellectual
Beings. This does not change the logical character of the
Judgment and may even less the denoretiadiea standpoint of its
Investigation verrtldEra.

But, as we see, this is, of course, true

I the theorem, the idi following my reasoning as mine
Urtnl auaspredie, as soon as he is denied me for reasons which
I can not accept this rescue as true
And moreover,. Reithing;
My Sats in the struggle of metations, into an exchange
Of the thoughts, demanded that everyone also him
Because I would otherwise lie to my own thinking
Punishable. Therefore, as long as nidxt in the content
Together with my thought-necessity
Was that I now became the imaginary series
In the yorigen connection can no longer think I will
Can not but, with the help of Eneigie, judge my verdict
Opposition to it as true and contrary
Opinions as wrong to yerwerfen.

Thus, as we now see clearly, this recognition depends

And rejecting only with the opinion of the discerning
Subject to the content of his judgments, which was first made in the
Social sphere, and thus form the
Recognition and rejection are not at all logical,
But social character of the judgment.
Only that they are, without doubt, non-soaal development products,
Such as a common conviction of a particular society.

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But by their adherence to the
To invariably be valid for all as always,

In the intercourse of human beings

A point in which the social character
Of knowledge, a transcendental reasoning, which
We had found in the concept of "consciousness at all."

Thus, in the teleological theory of urte,

Also at this point, as everywhere we are concerned
So far, from all logical areas. Its true-
To the whole essence of theoretical knowledge, in whose
True process, however, is always the case, heterogeneous
Art, on the other hand, is revealed at last, when we are in it
Nothing else but the ethical judgment which
Wherever, as in the confession of truth,
No longer a cognition, but a will "
To act. The implementation of these last
In which the proof of error in the tele-
Logical conception, but becomes quite essential
If we take another objection which the
Teleoloiisic conception just from the standpoint of the doctrine of the
Betsststins can at all claim for himself; He was already
In the past often striped, but must now be particularly
Be considered.

The idea, which often recurs in the case of the diaper-

That the field of axioms and norms is only a selection
The natural processes of association
The following is the view
Suggests that it may be the theoretical principles
Not other than vcihaireii as with the norm of the moral law,
Which is, as pure will, that is, undisturbed by
Empirical instincts and interests, unconditional, unrivaled validity
And thus only in the amalgamation with them
Into a. So, then, I suppose
The pure denfemi unconditional business, which,
Would be a kind of logical autonomy, a non-
Can mean. But in the empirical sphere of error and
Vorurtdl, the thoughtlessness, and blind associations
The validity of pure thinking in the individual consciousness as
The norm according to which the right thought is to proceed.

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Consciousness in general, therefore, is, according to its own idea, one

Inevitable urge, but not at all
Moral law for the absolutely free, that is, only
Determined by it. For this reason, however,
Which was founded only in the activity of conscious consciousness
Truth to individual thought, which is never pure thinking, not
Appear differently as a supreme purpose, which in every judgment
And the good for us is never nature,
But can only be a task.

It seems to me that this view is actually

As a kind of theoretical autonomy of consciousness
Quite analogous to its practical existence, is only through imperatives within us
The teleological conception of the process of knowledge
On the other hand, if one does not wish to accept the
Interpretation of the necessity of judgment into an ought merely as one
Power sentence. But also ciarcli ciac such
Construct the whole allowance of closeness, so is it
But this is no longer justified. Because - as already
This may be explained in the theoretical field
Have nothing to do with the relationship of the autonomy of morality,
To the heteronomy of the senses
So from the meeting of the commandment with the Widentrebndeo
The ought. But this is a guiding principle.
An oth-
To be necessary. Where such a possibility is not
Is conceivable, it has no sense "to speak of an ought.
This is precisely the case in the domain of the theoretical.

In order to see this as correct, it is necessary, of course, that

The two discourses of the
From whose intermeshing we lastly the shift
From the standpoint of the theological judgment theory from the logical
Into the psychological, from the theoretical to the practical
Follow: it must therefore be distinguished the consideration
Of the process of cognition in the individual consciousness,
In another individual consciousness (or what the
The same is the assessment of a strange process of cognition in the
Own consciousness). Daim, it is probably considered a fate-
Misunderstand misunderstanding, to believe that error, prejudice,
Mindlessness, fallacy, and the like

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As a result of which there is an ascertainable mass,

To the normative pure thinking against fiberatellea
Be valued. Rather, it is clear that because thinking
Under all circum - stances, carries out its formal laws,
Consciousness of the concrete changes made by the
Thought itself-not, for example, against better solitude
With the want - fallacy or paralogism
Likewise the attribute of the necessity of thought and
So that the formal truth will be carried with it, as it is
Otherwise a generally accepted sentence. Who this be
He had not even kept an eye on what it was about
Critical problem of truth is that their
Logical character has absolutely no relation to its content
That is, to what is true. Truth is in the first place
Line a special way, like performances, and
Precisely this purely formal nature makes the whole development of the
Historical truth, which consists in
Succeeded in shaping their own in a shorter or longer time
To throw an error. But this is any possibility of an analogy
Between the autonomy of the theoretical and the moral
closed. Even the formal character of the necessity of thought,
Which carries every judgment, separates the phenomena of error
Completely from those of evil. For whoever does evil is also
Always aware of the reprehensible; He feels that he is something
Accomplish what he is not supposed to do. It has directly the norm of the
Right? As an idea, though sometimes not a] s
Clear notion next to the bad he does. There-
Against it is impossible for someone to make a wrong judgment -
Now what r The analogy fails so thoroughly that one gets it
Can not even develop antithetically as a contradiction. Man
Would have to say about it: it is impossible for someone to
Wrong judgment, that is to say, therefore, not only in empty words
But with judgment necessity, while
He is at the same time aware that it is wrong. What is
Confused, that is the interdependence of the logical and ethical
Sphere. The moral law goes to the sphere of willing; Man
Must therefore remain in it and give the dchot for the
Wklcriiaadcl: i dus wills to oppose. The Thinking
The problem of thinking is that one should not do that

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Thinking and dat a & defe Mal times acting against each other.
This is, of course, not a question of success.
But only the Giaraktersy that I
A judgment in the conscience, that it is false, "even"
Can be feared. But this is a mere action. Because so
Judging, so I can think of it no more, if thinking not
Merely to make words. The error, and even the
Heaven screaming, is, as long as he is only with grin of thinking
- but with unacceptable privileges; But that is beyond the
Consciousness in which the error occurs - is held,
Thus still a practical intereise serves, sceti a contradictory
And therefore the necessary possession of the individual
Consciousness
This leads us immediately to a second point, at which
The impossibility of an analogy between the legality of the
Thinking and willing and thus the introduction of a goal
In the theoretical area also otfen is located in the area
Of thought there is, in fact, no process which gives the
Should be placed side by side in which we
Offer the simultaneity of the consciousness of the norm and its
Contradicting the act itself. On a practical
The tension of the commandment and of its unity
To break through; In thinking, there is no
Like tension, but exists everywhere, as far as thinking is concerned
Really enough, it may then itself very very developed -
Unit. In practical life there is a norm of willing
And a contraband, which is still a volition
And therefore can not escape the power of the moral law.
In the theoretical field there is only one thought, its truth
Is that it can not be otherwise conceived, and
A contradiction-which, however, was no longer thought of,
But at most can be asserted against better knowledge.
Thus, in the contradiction, the theoretical field no longer finds any
Is the sphere of thought, but either
Dii scmc absolute barrier - the Niclir-akenii-K mneu - or
The lack of authority, or rather, the lack of character
According to pure arbitrariness.

In thinking, therefore, is always unity, even where it is the greatest

'Contradictions, for these contradictions exist

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Only in the nature of the other thought

The one in which they have been found, but for the other
Which she has revealed What fOD. My thinking in thought
Another can not be thought of or thought of
This other person calls a contradiction in my thinking. I
But as long as I think so - that means
To the totality of my thought
And indeed not merely nadb-
Chatter - never a contradiction in my thinking because one
Can not be thought of at all.

As soon as the premises of a judgment are not merely given to me,

But are also thought of by me, this is always the result of a so-
Thinking-must be the conclusion in the sphere of thought.
In the reality of full life? " Branch of this
Conclusion does not always follow: that is aoer then, from the case
The non-reasoning ability, always a non-thinking-WoUen,
That is, an exchange of the points of view,
Whose continual change is not a confusion,
Soon one considers that the full activity of our consciousness,
In which life exists, all the separate sides are undivided
In itself, only for the purpose of theoretical investigation
And then remain separate
have to. How suddenly the area of the two mentioned
Spheres is changed as soon as the contradiction to their own
Thinking aloud, this may be a frequently observed phenomenon

Comp. Baruch Spinoza, "Ethics", II., 47. Course of Instruction, Note (Rcclam,
P. 8, 137): "In fact, there are no errors in that alone
The dinjjn can not exactly adjust their names. If r.am example someone
Says the men drawn from the Central Piuiki of Crete to the periphery
This is why he is the author of the most important articles
Something else all the Meuwaaetitor Likewise, if the mensia in the Kedmea
They have other numbers in their heads, others on the other
Paper. They are by no means inferior to their minds. they
But they seem to be mistaken, "since we think they have the same numbers in their
heads,
The avf the stier. . . * The rdths of the "
The Menecboa, or the
Opinion of the other wrong deaten. For tatsuchlirh it is oo that, while she
To the contrary, each of the two members is the same as the other or
One thinks of something else than the other *, so that the
Errors and absurdities, which are assumed in the others,
For example

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Dr. Max Adler

The "Justification Standpins"

, Or also that it is determined by what right,
The women warns of poets;

Do not be like women

Back just come to their first word,
If one preached reason for hours.

In such cases, a claim is made. they

Is refuted, in such a convincing manner that the
Of the entire counter-
shines. We can now derive its theorem from the premisses
Which he was stopped by. But one
Will not give it up. No longer reasons, but shame,
Oppressed, anger; short, affects;
"But it is so," the old Tjchauprung replied. To take
And at the same time,
Of the recognized contradiction: disapprobation, acrgc, disappointment,
Dejection leads to the failure of thought
And the defiant will-act of the "It is still so"
Not infrequently a flood of Yon Zornesauabrchea or
Tioen.

It is precisely the contradiction, however,

Logical conception, by pointing to it;
That the teleological character of cognition is directly connected with it
For the fact of the contradiction exists
Indeed essential "in that they are an invitation to our thinking
To exclude his own self-denial. And so
The incidence of the contradiction in thinking is irrefutable
The fulfillment of the same immanent demand: the
The unity of thought.

But here, too, the apparently so great

This conclusion is contrary to the strictly observed
Separation of the logical and ethical standpoint. Unit
The formal nature of every thought; But this unity of the
Thinking also against the various enemies which are hostile to them,
Food of life-consciousness in the world,
To hold on to her the honor and honor
To confess it, that is a demand, an ought, but which,
As we shall see in the next chapter and now
Illuminated, is no other than daa ethical.

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Thus, it is impossible for the fact of consciousness

At all, a legality of thinking in the sense of a trans-
Ting, as recognition and ought to be
Rooted areas. The "consciousness at all" is a complete one
. On the other hand; on the other hand; on the other hand;
Metaphysically as the result of a will,
But it does not have a will-like in itself
, Although all content-oriented thinking, in which this form
Is dominated by will. This is the reason why
The inhaled thinking of the same manipulation, of all will
Is subordinated to "the moral, and now the ought also to be the
Findings. But in the act of self-awareness itself
No ought. The undermining of true and false is with the
Sound Good and evil not alike. For the knowledge of the
Good, that is, of morally good, makes the evil
Not impossible, according to the old, so bitter experience:

Video mcUora proboqne

Deterministic.

But the knowledge of what is right makes the wrong

Same thinking impossible. True and false is therefore not at all
A polarity "into which the lawfulness of cognition as its
Empirical expression, as in the case of the word "but
It is in its own individual thought pure consciousness of the Suk
Cession in the modification of the contents of the formal
Necessary, and only against the
De Rang, this self-experienced change in the content
Need to acknowledge the need for thought, that is,
To leave. At no point in the knowledge process itself,
Before it becomes a social-historical process, that is, so long
Only the transcendental forms of its possibility at all
Keep an eye out, a
To make an impression. Even there, where sometimes an exterior
Seems to be the case, namely, in the emporium of a new
Knowledge, in the slow, through methodical reflection
The truth. Here it often makes one's own thinking
The impression that it is guided by an insight that
Should strive. But the more precise analysis shows nothing here
Other than need for thought in the sense of a non-different-
Ability and contradiction in the sense of a non-thinking-

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Can The shears of the SoUeos,

Ucb with a widespread practical intereaae that either
The starting-point of reflection "lies in it" to him up to now
To think of the content of the thought as a rebuttal, that is to say
Thus alz a possibility of thinking, which opposes the new Faa-
Of this content, which I think
is possible; Or that thinking already has a new content-
Has found the truth, the necessity of which is necessary
Its existing stock, the reasons for it
That is to say, can be found by reflection. In both
But this ought to mean something quite different from that
Transcendental ought to bear a certainty of knowledge
wanted. The ought to be in the first case, just in the case of the Auadro
Non-thinking skills; For it is "just" the right formula
For the Dmken are found. In the second case, however,
The turn of Gedankena, in which a new truth
(Necessity of necessity) as "justified", only the "
S that in life, as it really is, so apart from that
Abstractioo, which separates its different sides, all thinking
Also is a special treatment, and thus the truth is indi-
Vidually as a goal muas, that only durdi own, zwedc-
Conscious work to realize iat.

Once we follow such a process of mental work,

As a poet and a thinker at the same time drew from his brooding
In front of us in the most vivid imagination. We
Since these two kinds of the intention in the thinking anachau-
To get to know

Fist sits in his "narrow cell" in front of the New House,

To translate it into German. Already the first
Sentence brings to its thinking a substantive Denkunmigiicicic,
Which now triggers a whole process of reflection.

In the beginning was the word.

Here I am already stuck, who helps me further?

I can speak the word so highly "

I must be wary.

This ^ Miiss "is quite equivalent to a" goal "of the teleo-
And illustrates the unmotivated
Diffraction of the necessity of necessity into an ought. The teleological
Would be able to say here, Faust said

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I a something that commands him, the beginning of the Eyangelium

Change sa translates, which is undoubtedly correct, if you dar *

Understands nothing more than: I can as ^ o; Impossible with

"Word" * high, if I am to think of something. Then

But also without further ado, that this j, soU * 'only spoke more

Expression of the possibility of the content of the mind at all.

Whom I am right of being hurt,

Written is "in the beginning was the meaning.

The "rightly enlightened" again means no enlightenment, as it does

From the knowledge of a soul, as an inner daimonion
, For example, as the one who is in difficulty
Living conditions seek the right way; But the beginning *
Hour, as might well be thought of that
Logos was in the beginning. Right enlightenment goes to the
Illuminating clarity of a denominational conclusion of this theorem
From the conceptualizing terms. That is why
The reflection, too, at the same time as the examination of what is in these
Terms.

The first line,

The fact that (no) is not.

1 8 1 it is the sense that acts and acts.

From the narrow walls of the cell now the RHck

The lonely gambler out into the world, changing in her weaving
And glowing life, which only recently occurred to him in an elementary
Revelation, and sunk into this blind
Chaining eternal activity and passing away, thus, by thinking
Now reverted to its content, the
Thought

It was to stand, in the beginning was the force.

Who does not immediately realize that this "should" should not be
Interprets as: it must, that means it can not be otherwise - I
I can not think otherwise - than that logos as much as force
Means. The necessity, which in this "it should"
, Is quite another than, for example, in the sentence, "The Word
They are to be left behind. "Ks is not the norm of a gene
But the need for the link between an
Knowledge in reason and effect, which is
Logical robes as a means to an end, because although
The formal thought process always requires pure logical necessity

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Is. But with every deliberately edited content of one

Action of man, which is like any other conscious
Action pursues a purpose, here the purpose, the something,
Which was in the beginning. So here we are
The ought to be in the second important meaning. Only by
Attention from the formal nature of the
Thinking away to its deliberately designed content
And this now appears as an action, by
Methodical Xa, the result is the same, true
Knowledge, and the truth as a whole appears
The purpose of thinking and winning the individual content
The same is true, to the extent that it gradually
Knowledge, the teleological illusion of means for the purpose,
Although it is precisely in this suitability that it is only through the formal logic
In which they have a simultaneous
Related. Thus, the expression of a
Technician, who, for example, remedied a building breach, says: Here
Should be a pillar, only a certain success - the
Strength of the building,
Which is expressed here teleologically, because indeed the whole
Building is only human. Likewise, everything is conscious
Substantive reflection only human consciousness; But what the
Reflection for this purpose is merely a necessary means,
Is already determined beforehand by the necessity, in
Who formally formulate these concrete elements of the
Can be thought of as such. Therefore feels
Also thinking, as long as it is not yet under the spell of this
Necessity of necessity, restless.

Dock cdion by doing this neverdevsehreibe,

Warns ni ^ etmut, that idi thereby hldbel

So there is again an expression, which is the process under

To classify the categories of the goal Kheint We will be right
Soon see, in fact, the conscious holding on
To what is known or presumed as probable, at the same time
Also the moral condemnation, and can insofar
Also the warning, the Faust feels, as ethical character
Respectively. But the separation of the logi-
And ethical standpoint, it does not make any
Difficulty to see that there is in the sphere of thinking no

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Commandments of the right, and those who warn the investigator, but the daas
Only the still incomprehensible necessity of thought
Which does not allow him to be satisfied. The "warning" directs
The thinking, not about a goal, but on itself
Back; It leads to thinking, as before
Above, as the meaning of sense has become doubtful, and leaves
Help only from their own power when they finally get there
The negligible context.
To be seen with eyes;

The spirit helps me, suddenly I see advice

Unti screams): "In the beginning wnr the deed!

Now, thinking is the formal unity of its contents

, Which is softer for his consciousness
In which alone it can be thought that the Logos on the
Was beginning. But the gaze, the hard work of thought
Looking back as it is consciously raised
It is no different than that this unity was the goal
To which the thought of striving to be a claim at all
In themselves, which fulfill the thinking in the conscious mind
To soiia, while in fact it is the
Form, in which all thought requires its contentual knowledge,
Agile first wins, that is, can exist.

XVII.

Metaphysics or knowledge theory?

So we were unable to do so, as long as we were only consistently

In the theoretical field, even a distant
To be able to establish which the legal-
Of the consciousness of a consciousness
Could be accepted, this knowledge still permits us
Once the instability of that argument in a new light
To be confirmed with which we first deal
And this is indeed the main argument of the teleological
The view was that the consistency of the axioms
And proved norms only from their indomitable significance
Which they use as a means to the purpose of a universal
Or a similar assessment. Such
Intuition now stands out as almost irreconcilable

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All those characteristics, which alone are the basis of the consciousness of
consciousness,
As a non-transcendent, but merely a
Tales. In fact, the great power also arises
Of the teleological basic idea, by which philosophy
Fichte's self-consciousness has never been, as a diaper
And probably also Rickert, as a critical method, but only
Where it occurs in the context of a metaphysics, as it does
Was the Fichte. For only if the supreme purpose of the
Cognition, action, pleasure, in short, when the ego (the
Not at all as the mere character of our
Knowledge, but as an absolute being, which
Its supreme purposes, by virtue of its own freedom and vindication,
, Then appears by the proof of the teleological
Nature of the axioms and norms, of course, their general validity
As proved necessary, in the case of the existed existence and
Nature of the metaphysical \\ ns its supreme purposes not in the
Can be doubted. The teleological
Therefore, the Kantian transcendental theory of knowledge is
In any case not the coronation of the critical method, but
Their embrace in metaphysics. On critical milking must
We are left with the knowledge that no. as
Straight diaper band has so excellently shown the validity of the axioms
And to prove norms is a barren antagonism, but,
That, once we have seen this, there is an in-
Consistency, and a question which is not understood, is, if
According to any other foundation of this formal ground "
Of our spiritual being.

Everything Etkuren, Evidence and Justification always refers

Only on what constitutes the content of our consciousness, what
Given us somehow and in a special way.
And thus makes the domain of knowledge
Shank out. On the other hand, the theory of knowledge has it, and only has
To do as the content of knowledge is given to us.
In accordance with the provisions of the Special Conditions of
To whom he approached us, is possible
Sees nothing to do with justifying chief, but is a one-
Fold, as precise as possible. One would be tempted
Say that the vidumsiritten term of description much
More correctly the task of knowledge theory than that of science

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If not this expression is the great danger at

"He dossed in a positively understood manner, that is, as in a
A foreign country, and ignoring it
As the vital nerve of the theory of knowledge
Criticism is. It is, therefore, a description, in so far as only the
Consciousness, but not in its concrete
Holdings as the object of cognition - that would be a matter for the psycho-
But what makes up their own spirit
Its formal nature as a means of knowing. This kind
Description is not concerned with the identification of
But rather to the exposition of a relation, namely the
Possibility of universally valid experience by means of the pure
Thinking. Rightly, therefore, Hermann Cohen emphasizes
A purely psychological view, according to which the simplest
Preconditions of all experience and the laws of all thought
Can be described and described: "The con-
Knowledge of its content with its methodological
Bases the philosophy i ^ sc. The ktiusche,
Of which we speak) of signs and descriptions. These Schil-
Is rather a pattern, and this description is rather
Investigation, testing and estimation. The words have keinoi
When the description and description of the
Poet or even of the painter
Selection and creative criticism, in dmen the logic, as the
Logic of science, operates.

If we do not, however, give the description of the description f

The task of the theory of knowledge, so, therefore,
Because once their fundamental difference sound the epic
Description was seen, he at least you a very
Clearly expresses, as it is, by one
Of their results.
In fact, this description and description is more patterning
And testing; But also the examination and examination are not sufficient
And did not rest, but established and set their object
In relation to their starting point. This is the case of the
Eigendiche Difference of the criticism to the epic description:
The latter is purely receptive to its object; their

*) HeniMin Cohen, "Binldtonff tu Ms A. LMge ete." (3rd edition),

Page 473.
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Ideal is the performance of the photographic plate, if not

Artistic intentions, which are not mentioned here.
But the critical description of the knowledge is kcia
A mere image, but rather the function
In which the fact of our experience at all and
The scientific and formal
Related knowledge. It is thus
Inasmuch as she can never let go more than the
In which all consciousness is tidy; They can take these forms
Not to derive itself from somewhere, or to explain it in its own
Peculiarity. But it is more than a description, because it is
Through this return of our thinking to its formal gen-
Also a distinction in its content
Which is now a part of it, the so-called
Pure thought has a distinctive character; The
Necessity of ". What in all judgments and
Judging the self-patterning has proved to be what
Formally all this judgment and judgment is made possible
Is therefore also valid in all judgments and judgments.
The universal chain of the axioms and nuns is thus
As a matter of fact,
The factuality of the formal action
In the various kinds of his behavior
Have been. Only that, of course, such a finding is not
The one who approaches the consciousness of the tailors
To his customer at the Masshmeoi, but as the builder,
Who erects the building which he described in the plan, even in the spirit
Has. And thus the axioms and norms have one
Which is indisputable in relation to the universality to which
But not as their means, but as their expression.
If their necessary validity only comes to us through their insertion into
The system of lawfulness of knowledge or of the whole
But not because they are now in a new
Light show themselves, in which they appear as heavenly leaders,
Which connect us with the noble kingdom of the highest ends, but
Only because they now coincide completely with the character of the
Formal action of our consciousness, which the
Critical description has got to know. At this moment
We do not want to miss the concept of the description completely.

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WHERE THE NATURE OF LITERATURE IS THEORY OF CO-OPERATION

On all sides. It will also be seen,
That UMS test the necessity of the axioms
As if proved, for a very simple reason,
By which every detailed description gives the greatest certainty.
Because one now knows the state of knowledge itself.

But it escapes in this way, by the theory of knowledge

To a mere factuality in the formal Akuons-
Consistency of consciousness, you do not
Finally, precisely the logical character of Erkenneaa, who,
Was the real problem? Yes, if her work is nothing else
That this factual situation had been
To show oneself. Then she would not leave
Had been an unvarnished description, before which misunder-
Can not be decided enough. So, however
We know that it is the actuality of consciousness
In which all logical function in individual consciousness
Concerned. That is, the logical character of commonality
And necessity of the basic forms and terms as well as the axioms
Recognition is the result of the fact that the consciousness
Only as a single consciousness in a cognitive object
And in intercourse with other similar subjects.
The character of the factual nature of the formal
Consciousness action falls thus entirely from the
Areas of each individual consciousness
But precisely because it transcends them all transcendently
Necessary for each individual condition. Not so in the
References to a means for the transcendent purpose, but in the
Relationship of a community with a (transcendental) whole,
Similar to the chemical atom all the properties of the element
In itself, to which it belongs, that special character is exhibited
The forms of our thinking in the individual consciousness
The logic whose domain is wholly connected with the domain of the
Individual consciousness, here as its object.
Can be used.

In this way we are again shown what was already happening at the time
Attention was drawn to the fact that the concept of "consciousness
Anyway "is not the least with any meta-
Physical ideas, indeed, for the realization-

& Quot;

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Criticism, which in their way of considering nowhere about thinking

Out on c: n being back c, chz. Immediately loses all sense as soon as
He experiences only the slightest transcendental admixture. Neither
It means an inconceivable mindset, so everything
Individual consciousness through a kind of panpsychisosis in a cloud
Is held suspended by consciousness, from which it then becomes
Dripping into the world, or even a factual one
Prerequisite for the nature of a consciousness
All the human heads unfolded. The concept of consciousness
In any case, this is not repeated often enough
Can and must always be stated in the preceding paragraph
Transcendental concept. That is, therefore, a concept which
To the subject matter.
Knowledge of an object.
It does not mean a being-wise of consciousness, but
A cognition is the same, that is, the way in which
The individual consciousness is ultimately necessary for a thought.
Must be directed to the possibility of all knowledge, the
But only in the individual consciousness is won for us
This self-problem has become in its cognitive function.
In short, consciousness is nothing at all
Other than the individual consciousness, only after the critical
Self-awareness that all the self-relation in which the single-
Consciousness as such is only constituted
To the forms of cognition in it. But so little of the
Delicious fabric that creates all the value of the economic world,
The jugglers, who could be found elsewhere
As in the concrete, objective human works, so little
Consciousness exists at all or outside, but only in
The human head. Of course not again, as the brain in
All human heads; But also the workplace
Can not be found in any commodity, even if they are
Around and around, or decays, into its finest atoms, through
Finer sieves. It is always a relationship of thought, in
To which the concrete objectivity, the value of goods,
Here of the individual consciousness, is comprehended and connected with it
Is not a basic substance from which it is its existence
But from a fundamental relation of thought,
From which they are understood according to their possibility. Only that in the

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Areas of immanent thinking, that is the one that it is

Only has to do with its content and neither
The certainty of our judgments
And to him belongs Karl's economic criticism
Marx - this link for a certain area
Can be derived from his data while
It is in the sphere of pure thought - and belongs to it
Transcendental criticism-merely found in itself
And can be displayed. But we already know that
This demonstration is not merely a description, but an in-
Relation of the transaction to the whole of the transaction
And thus, ultimately, for him to think
Self-constituting forms. And that is why the
Transcendental characters of knowledge,
As they were metaphysical beings, now on the other hand perhaps
Mere abstractions, or, what is still misunderstood, well
Even psychological attitudes. They are very real
The whole of nature so different
Contrary to his other results
Other in it effective i.st. Than at his usual
Use "This other is the pure thinking which the
Craft of philosophy. And this craft is one
Own, peculiar, unaffected by any other
Setting the direction of human culture. Your problem is
The unity of consciousness. "')

In this sense, that bites with the constant reference

Their insights on this problem gate eyes, which is only one
Other expression of the problem of the possibility of a
Experience, there can be no misunderstanding
More encountered when vrii voriiin said that the knowledge theory
In the end nothing else can be done but
That it is to misunderstand its method
That their last findings had no justification. As
So too did their profound results, since they always only expound
As all logical evidence, all necessity of thinking
Is something else than the proof of the
Function of the consciousness as a trans-
Term in direct assertions
Herm. Cohen, aa page 473.

14 *

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212
Dr. Max Adler

Statements. However, only someone who was

M <) t; end. Their critical thought; Follow, so that
As if here anything arbitrary can be asserted.
Does it make any sense to ask that I
A plant which is before all eyes or
The sight of which can be confounded by everyone: But may I,
Half of any peculiar shadow of her, say that
Their leaves are gifted with voice or that their fruits are coming out
Pure gold: the one-man view of the game,
Which is described, is sufficient to avoid any such extravagance
To be more justified by the fact that the
Possible. This is also the way of the m
But the knowledge of the theory of knowledge is itself. 1 Ii
Respective results are sent to the haklum of the
Knowledge and, by doing so, the most painful
Attention must be directed at both
Physical consideration - about their value or
Unworth, of course, is not yet judged at all - as andi
To remain consistent within the same area of investigation
The allodings only by a laborious abstraction against the
The totality of the psychical being, the
This agreement with this fact of the consciousness-
The divergences are identified and agreed.
To make a consensus. This was also the mediode, weldie
The present work against the teleological conception of the
At least to the best of his ability
That she had succeeded in doing so, that she had
Can be approved:

First, that also the demonstration of the necessity of thought

As a nidit-different-thinking ability is not like a mistake
That it contains a mere assertion, or
That it is confused with psychological analysis. Because
Because the necessity of thought is likewise in the mere form
Of the possible detection of the respective thought content
Is, it can also only be explained. This presentation is
Of course, is not possible anywhere else than in the
Filled, psychologically persuasive course of thought itself
Then one does not pay enough attention to the difference of methods
Contemplation, as if it were precisely in concrete thinking
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213

Its alternating content is always the same in its original form

To the content of this document,
Necessarily a result of psychological investigation.

Secondly, the relationship of knowledge is a purpose

By establishing the validity of its axioms in their teleo-
Suitable for the preparation of an alkenyl
Is a broch of the critical method, the basic
The question of how knowledge is possible translates it into the ontological:
Which is knowledge in itself, and answered that they are absolute
Setting of a truth.

XVIIl.

The logical conscience.

After all, the question now becomes hardly questionable

Still difficulties, from where nevertheless the possibility
Of a goal also in the field of theoretical behavior?
It is actually already answered and it is now only necessary,
In a greater degree of clarity, the multiple to a clear one
Answer guiding incantations also in an express presentation
Developed and coalesced. The SoUen, which itself
Also in thinking with his demands to us and the
We have already been several times in the epistemic theory
Of thought, we found nowhere in the
Own lawfulness of thought, but everywhere
A different sphere of consciousness, from which judging in
Those of the judging. We recognized the possibility
The fact that that assessment is always based on the
Respective content of the necessity of necessity, as soon as they were a member
Of a possible exchange of thoughts and in
This is the claim
- rose to be known in the thinking of the other. In order to
The whole hitherto purely logical process of thought in the social-
Practical sphere of volition and action, with which he, too, admittedly
Is immediately subject to the existing legality for both: the moral-
Laws. And so is the theory which occurs in theory
Not a law of its own, but nothing else
As the general ethical assessment, here
In a particular case, the process of truth-

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Dr. Max Adler

As it is only through the innumerable

Strive for the minds set and acting upon each other,
Operations.

This complete clarity is the result of the return of the

Intellectual areas on the moral valuation
Is now still completely unaffected by a phenomenon.
Which the teleological conception just as a through-
From which they are specific, and in which they are in tadellose
Analogy to the moral domain, an overwhelming proof of their
Interpretation of the knowledge problem
The phenomenon of the so-called intellectual conscience. See
We may wonder whether the analogy in this, of course, is different

Points will prove more durable than we had previously found them

have.

Already Windelband wrote: "For the mature man of culture

CS gives not only a moral, but also a logical and
An aesthetic conscience ... he knows, as for his will and desire
Acting "so also for his thinking and feeling a PAlle, and he
White, he feels with pain and embarrassment how often the natural-
Necessary course of his inner life. "
Yes, because the injuries of the logical conscience are not directly
No disadvantage, no bourgeois punishment or religious threat,
We may say that here the mere conscience, a commandment
And the logical conscience still remains
More pure expression than the moral. Still stronger
Rickerr's ideas of a logical conscience
is working. By recognizing the knowledge in a transcendent ought "e-
Found, he quite consistently arrives to say that
Thus the last of a judgmental object of knowledge
Presupposition of the theory of knowledge
Thus recognizing this ought to be a "categorical
Imperative ", so that" on the most unquestionable standpoint,
The door to the man seeking truth,
There is still an objectively valid duty. "
A free acknowledgment of the value of the value, whereby the striving
According to knowledge, becomes meaningful. From this point of view,
The "judging, which is in the service of truth,

*} W. Windelband, "Preludien", 2.Aiiua-, page 254- 55.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "

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Only a special kind of duty-taking, "and the

Value of the truth itself, thus all logical decing
On the concept of duty ", that is, on an over-
Logical will, which will recognize a will for its own sake.
Knows no other way than on solid ground. ^}

What is now extremely confusing the situation here is,

That the teleological reflections at this point
Virtue, which is their principal error, inasmuch as they are the same
Precisely in that in which the spring-source of their error is situated,
A valuable knowledge which has escaped her. That is
Already diaper band in its judgment theory the complexity of the
Theoretical and practical character in the individual judgment act
Consciously not the starting point of a methodical
Divorce for the theory of knowledge,
In unity, which is only psychological
(See page 332), we also hear of Rickert
As a maxim of the - theory of knowledge, that we
The wanting and knowing man no longer in such
Contrasts with each other, as if both had nothing to do with
But that the theoretical and the
Practical side only as two different types of expression
Of his compulsive consciousness. But we are laying straight
On this the greatest emphasis, that only in the scharte separation
Of the willing and discerning man for the sake of the
Theory of knowledge
.to bring a solution closer to the solution, and that the conclusion
Rickerts, who, to be sure,
And wanting people to see more and more disappear,
Was only possible because his theory of cognition
From the very beginning essential only to the desire
Character traits as those of knowledge, of knowledge
Has. This is indeed the case in the preceding discussion
Sufficiently justified, and this allows us, now also the "logical
Conscience, "and the lucrative, Pfiichio-consciousness, to
To whence it wholly belongs, in vlie nioralisch Gewissens-
Assessment of the completely amoral logical thought.

This is to be said; When the logical conscience, like

At least in the case of cotton. Vcrstanueii will be considered as a

H. Kickcrt, op. Cit., 697- "ou.

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Ethical only. But in the mind,

Voice, Jic, a special ought of thought, is so
This by nothing but by a displacement of the stand-
Point from the logical con-
Construction; But if it were to be understood as ethical
Pflichbtbewusstaem also made the reason for the truth value
Wd, how Rickert dies, to underrun here again already
Known confusion between the content and the formal
Character. Both Uses now easily ascended, so far as it is not
From our previous results.
Has become obvious.

We saw how the substantive truth is a definite

Historical thought-link, which in this particular in-
In the context of all his other experiences
Can not be thought of in any other compound. This split
The concept of truth in this historically changing content
And in his way "to be connected in thought, from whose
The legal action of consciousness.
Stability and homogeneity only in everyone's mind
The historically changing content of the character of truth.
Was lent. We then saw how the seclusion of the
Need in their respective content.
Is affected by both its own experience and
Reflection, as well as through the
exchange. As soon as the
A new position of its parts
Or enrichment of its stock: briefly, as soon as
Either new guiding thoughts or new experiences occur,
It can happen that the previous connection of the thoughts
Is incapable of incorporating the newly discovered thought member into itself.
That they are no longer thought of in the face of it
Can Thinking gets into motion until its content falls into one
The necessary relationship, and so we recognized the
So-called unity of thought, not as a commandment to which it
But as a formula of its equilibrium, as a formal one
Condition of the confinement of its respective content: for thinking
Is by no means possible other than by the unity of its content
Under the particular empirical conditions of the thinking
Mens head. As long as this unity is missing, he thinks

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217
The quality which is beyond the unity is not at all; He is
Doubts she probably even ignores, or he is overwhelmed by her,
She prays in stupid fear or thoughtless admiration:
In short, he takes all kinds of affective behavior
Against them. Only the one not, which of the legality of the
Thought, of the necessity, that he, however,
Only in his own way.

But we have also seen that this F.inneit

Of the thinking which the formal stock of the new
For the individual, the truth is often the result of a long one
Work or what interests us here as well, a lengthy one
Controversies "of the opinions, to both of them then as finally
Target to be achieved. Beidemale is then the
Thinking as a purposeful action, ie as
Something durdiaus different from that which the theory of knowledge
In the eye. This was due only to the result of the time-
An ongoing process of thought, in which the same comes to rest:
The true knowledge. Now, however, this process
Itself considered in its first work on this result
Activity: that is, the pursuit of the true-
Knowledge And this striving is now like every other
Practical behavior of ethical assessment.

Certainly, the teleological view is right when it is the

Proportion of practical behavior in recognizing
is working; It only uses the wrong point. The nature
And the lawfulness of theoretical knowledge,
You must first construct it. Then,
In the place to which we are now based
Theoretical knowledge, as the immediate, naive experience
An unconscious, thus the methodically guided learning and research
Is a conscious act. This is basically nothing
That our knowledge does not touch us like a sick-
But only in a historical process.
Which goes through the active behavior of the people. And
Only for the sake of all the action which takes place, and taking place before their forum
Importance of the moral standpoint, which, like all will,
From which the action proceeds, so also the willing of truth
, Their territory also falls under the ought to be ethical.
Legislation.

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Dr. Max Adler

Not thus the truth-act of thought itself

A supreme commandment, according to which an absolute purpose
But only, as a result of which,
The need for thought in its content form deliberately acquired,
Received or changed, the individual acts, in short, that
The behavior of the person
Hold subject to the moral judgment and learn the
The demands of their will, "which,
To a behavior in the theoretical things, only too easily
With the logical nature of this one. PREVENTION
This authentic and indelible ethical character of the
In the intellectual domain, the folk poetry was expressed:

Whoever knows the truth and does not know it,

He is indeed a hereditary thing!

Only the saying, the doing brings the evaluation to the thought process
The Certainly, this is placed in the service of truth
Judgments are a dutiful action, but not according to one
Quite misinterpreted primacy of practical reason over the
Theoretical, so that, for example, also the logically formal concept of the
Truth only through a transcendent, dutiful
Acknowledgment of a supreme truth-awe-inspiration,
But simply because of the truth give the honor nothing else
As the moral duty means what is not in itself
Can think differently, even where it is important to say,
That is, by his act. Where it matters
This is precisely the domain of knowledge, of science.
For there was nothing else to be done by so much effort
As the ever greater rounding off and
Completion of contentual truth The conscious non-so-judgment
Wishing, as the viewed premises in one's own thinking
Require a general ethical misbehavior because of it
Here directly a special perversion on a certain
"The inner unrest, which we
Even if we are in the scientific dispute something
The inaccuracy of which we ourselves perceive or whose
Logical antithesis was thus proved
Warning of a particular intellectual conscience, but entirely
The moral consternation of conscience that tortures the liar.
Above all, there is no doubt that the commandment; "You should not

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Lies "is a moral one, and his sanction is only moral

Conscience. But there is no other command at all
As this, which also in the supposedly peculiar phenomenon
The logical conscience, the theoretical consciousness of consciousness.
"Thou shalt not lie" from the sphere of the statement in the day
Transport into the sphere of urteous precipitation in the theoretical work-
Process is now: You should not be aware of the
To hold on to the thought, you shall not
As a truth, what you think you think so
Is impossible, or - where, then, even better, cthischu Climacter
This demand, you must not be mere words
So you can talk differently than you can really think.

Ea iat alao, of course, thinks in every fiber of his in-

And it may be denied
Requirements of a sell. But this rating
Is an ethical and sets, far removed the concept of truth
But rather to advance it. She has it only with the
To do the will of the discerning subject
To this concept of truth, that is to say, with the
The will of the cognitive being, his action with his den-
To bring them into harmony.

This ethical requirement, however, also expresses the truth

To give it, therefore, to confess, therefore results - and with it
Is, as I believe, the rejection of a teleological one
Character of the need for thought - because the truth in their
Historical meaning, that is, the idea of a particular one
System of the content of true knowledge for us a moral
Value. Although there is no moral command, at all
According to knowledge. Here, too, the value-
Free nature of knowledge in its purely logical
Tries The moral estimate, however, begins immediately as soon as
Knowledge, that is, as soon as the
Lasting experience, as the life course brings with it,
A methodical experience.
Is searched for. The will of this experience.
, The system of content is now immediately solved
Truth as a moral good, because it is known as the externally-
Given coincidence with the in-depth inner thought-
Is the only means, even the intermittent ones

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Dr. Max Adler

Opinions and judgments of people into that unity of a

Mciaschatt free Tifferender, the hot itself itself the same more restricting
People cinzutgn. As it does with respect to all other acts
The moral ideal, the law of sitar. And like that
Content is an ethical good, so must now also
A difference in the theoretical behavior can be made, which,
As long as we only there? Epistemologically-theoretical area in the eye
The possibility and validity of the truth-
Character at all, was quite impossible. Because now
Such theoretical behavior will appear valuable
To which there is the constant will, the necessity of thought
In pronouncing, in the judgment communicated, in short, in action, in
The scientific activity against any opposing
Or inhibiting instincts.
Only now, that is, in the historical-social product-process of truth
Judgment becomes a compulsory act. And just because
The judgment does not require at all according to its logical character
The communication - albeit psychologically the advent
Isolated judgments is quite inconceivable, - also indicates the fact that,
That the attributes of a desire for recognition and a
Striving after repudiation or misfortune in the first place
Which have a meaning for the judgment in question and
The judgment of other Toraus-
Point out that all these associations are nothing to do with the
Formal character of the truth;
And only to the judgment of the active behavior of the mensebs
To each other in their joint work on the content of truth
Respectively.

Thus, we do not distinguish between a value relationship

Truth from falsity, but vice versa, which according to the thought-
Necessary for the developed mind of a time
System of truth, because it is connected with the spiritual means of this
Time can not be otherwise conceived and what as such is entirely
Is free from any value relationship, which now gains under the
Point of volition, ie as a goal of human action
Considered, self-ethical value. And because this ethical assessment
Nor, moreover, a highly sublime moral requirement
But on the contrary, in the real life process
As well as psychological as well as biological necessity

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In other words, because progress leads to the striving for knowledge

Dorchaus is necessary to the struggle for existence as an individual
And, as a species, to be more and more perfect,
Moral the biological view to the almost like a self "
Understandable results, true cognition as that
Par excellence, as an absolute end. *}
It takes some logical effort to do the opposite
Both the ethical and, in particular, the purely logical facts
Of recognition, of which the latter is well known
Is rightly asserted: that in his own
Sphere any kind of value relationship
Is quite foreign. Here there is only need for thought in the
Meaning of a so-thinking kynos and contradiction in the sense of a
No more thinking.

And from this follows pun further: all substantive truth is

A historical process that takes place through force
Of the contradiction, that is to say of the not-so-so-thinking ability
As before, and the social becomes by the connectedness
Of all mental work in an awareness at all. The special
Character of a content choice, which, from such
But it is attained only by virtue of its manufacture
A consensus between thought and action among the
People is an inevitable moral requirement
The contentual concept of truth 'and he is the ordinary,
Which is primarily meant when speaking of the truth
Is - as we first called it a paradox
- * actually not so much a logical one
Historical-ethical concept, a concept which as such

The importance of the viiologic moment for the development of the

Psychological, historical, and historical truths, and his sublime
The error is particularly remarkable in W. In his book,
Decision-making function *. (See, in particular, the fifth section
Of this work.) On the other hand, his polemical position on the transcendental "
Philosophy. A: i :: h d.'n logical truth of truth-
, Which he, in the final analysis, has in his special character,
Only ontologically, "on the ground
The assumption of an extrnmental, independent of the judgment
The laws and the actual course of the judgment
In the form which is the only possible form of consciousness. "
Page 187.

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Dr. M * x Adl

Not object of the theory and criticism of the

Knowledge, but the object of the methodology is, in short,
It is a practical concept. ^) What the teleological
Form their interpretation of the necessity of necessity as a principle
Wanted the polarity of the distinction between true and false,
Is not given in the pure state of knowledge. Here
Is, as we have seen (see p. 392), only unity
Of thinking, which has no opposition at all, but only to the
Impossibility of thinking or non-thinking = absence
The Dcoikens; And the polarity of true and false is now
Although analogous with the ethical distinction between Gut and Bdse,
But only because it is more than merely analogous, namely with it
Coincident, briefly, because she is with her one and the same character.
And the racking effect of R ef 1 e X ion is the concept of the
Truth into the pure stock of cognition, inasmuch as that, on which all
Historical truth, whereby it is made possible,
Now also receives its name, namely the one by all
Changing content, forming it and itself
In the laws of consciousness.
This concept of truth, which is only the unconditional validity
Of the judgment in which a historical truth is expressed
Is a theoretical notion free of any worship.
On practical grounds, the possibility exists of a
Weltanschauung, of a valuation of their object always
Is inseparable. On the theoretical concept of truth
But reasons: a survey of the Dinse. Which it in their
Whole areas niru.-nds m-.l; NN'ertcn has to do. When anch them
Even in the case of one of the discordant judgments
Subject to their individual trippers and mediators
Developed. With the insight into this fundamental factual
Difference between two points of view, both equally important
For the state of true knowledge, that is, for the
Existence and development of science at all, and
Therefore, be so little kept apart, the soil is won,
On which the decision of the question is now possible. Which of the

I) New steos Harald Hffding, who is in another zittatnnmenhange

Admirably, as the theory of knowledge since the time of Trurde

The usual naive concept of truth, a new truth-setting.

- ^ Pbilusophical Problems ", pages 45, 46.

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The two views which are considered here are as follows
Already firmly established, correspond to science, respectively
Whether this applies to both in the same way or to only one of them
As an adequate means of the special task of science
Can be assigned.

XIX.

The special dignity of the recognition of nature,

The answer to the question raised has only to do with the question
In the end, as a result of the discussion
. There was a deep difference between the Weseris
The theoretical and the teleological consideration, which is not
Only the mode of perception, but the mode of cognition,
Two regions were distinctly distinguished: first, that of the free
The needful battles, which are opposed to every contradiction,
Against every skeptical hostility as well as against any ignorance
Or non-think-ought to remain unaffected, because they only
The consistent development of the forms of thought through which
The whole world is built around us, which itself is by no
Denial and no malice; and
Secondly, the value relationships, in which this world in itself
An arbitrary conscious relationship with the ego is placed and
Which therefore need not be judged by judgment, but merely by a so-
Which is always to be recognized by the norm
Will. Whoever does not want to ought to be will only part
From all moral communion, and thus, indirectly, by means of a meditation
Also from all human society at all, since this man
Either as a malicious harmful insect crush or as
If it is not, it is inconsistent
And harmless enough to make a doctrine from his point of view,
He is inclined to be an interesting and stimulating thinker
estimate. But no one will deny him who denies the sun
Can be imposed upon, neither from outside nor from
Inside. Yes, put the case that the propaganda of the denial of the
Moral, biological, and socially possible
Loses the moral law in the mass
Only validity, but even existence, as with which they no longer
Recognizing, indeed, no longer knowing people
Moral world itself in thought.
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334

Dr. Max Adlet

A similar abolition of the law even for fttr

But thinking is impossible as far as nature is concerned. If
It has often been thought that the natural law of nature is justified by
Is dependent on their confession by a thinking being
Moral and that one is so little to the pursuit of science
As a recognition of the moral law. so
One has not paid attention to the Tcrtium comparationis of this
Compare ?? . It is, of course, conceivable that jcnumd
Also not wiHsen wiH. Just as he does not
To wish; - but since science in this
Together only as the processing of content
Recognition, ie, as an action,
Such a negation only means, as already shown,
An act which remains entirely within the ethical sphere, and
In essence, nothing more than a denial of the little
Solien's dislike of a concrete occasion. The Ne-
Of the will to science
Moral will, but not the law of the
Theoretical knowledge itself. And here, clarifies: now the impossibility
JcLiLS \ vcitc; ci. Comparison, which is the same or even similar
Behavior of moral and theoretical regularity.
Over a touching of them.
For while the denial of the goal - the self-evident
Something quite different from a merely conscious infringement -
In the mass of its own inner consistency the moral
Law itself, which is possible because it is only
Is a judgmental judgment, but not a judgmental one, and with
To the ought also the idea, according to which the judgment alone is "
Can be done massively, yermag no negation and ab-
Quarrels with natural law, even if there is a
Mad agitation of the world's despised. "
To eradicate all science and any conscious expression of this
Natural law, as our thinking in the "natural laws"
Formulated in all memory. Even the hardest
These truths of the truth could not be hindered by all his denial,
Which maintains the lawfulness of cognition in it,
That as soon as he opens his eyes, this world stands around him
In their manifold appearances, the spaces are stretched, and
The times follow, the sun draws its course day and night

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Change and the ganee eternal game of nature

As in the past. And if he's eyes, too
And waxed in his ears
Pain, with which he struck against the things in the ranmc still
Always realize that the laws which he had denied,
Is still there. Yes, he would do the only thing
It still remains vain to render all the witnesses of this dispute
To keep silence - to be aware of, - to be subject to restraint
The snare still proved to him by giving him the service
A radical annihilation of all affirmation of contentual truth
Proves the relentless and infallible effectiveness of nature-
Lawfulness, unquestionable and infallible, but only in, but also
Until the last shaking movement of thought.

The objection is probably not to be feared, the foregoing

Only the necessity of the lawfulness of nature-
But not of knowledge. He's on the ground
The transcendental philosophy is quite irrelevant and only one
To imply that the problem is solved. For
They are the laws of nature and natural knowledge
Interchangeable concepts. The question of how natural resources can be
Answers as nothing but nature as its object
But it is true that the inseparability of the law-
The nature of the Natm happenings
Even science and science at all
System of knowledge, in which latter form all
Science is always a social act, a moral work, a practical
Tion.

In the fundamentally different nature of the nature-

Law is therefore an element
Which is a system guided by the former
To our knowledge sharp of every other, especially of the
Should divorce. And this element shows just that particular
Dignitttt, which we saw at the beginning of our discussion as the logical
Characteristic of science in the proper sense and
Of which we only did not know whether it was only the system of nature-
Or even that of the teleological value relation, whether it is

). Imm. Kant, "Critique of the roineu Vernxinff ^^ Reclam), page 124:

The conditions a priori of a possible experience are at the same time at the same time
Conditions of possibility of objects of experience.

15

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Dr. Ma Adler

Both gliichmitssig or perhaps only the latter:

The character of absolutely and objectively valid knowledge.
Such a character could only be found in the sphere of the Xatur-
Recognize and see that everything that is the same here
Disturbed, seemed to be alien to this sphere, and only from the
Practical to them. The concept of science is
In the sphere of natural knowledge, not merely historically
Ditiert, he is here logically autochtiion.

Thus science is an ingenious concept and not

Merely as a sounding word, and in the most precise delimitation
Of any other sort of other possible svstemical insight
Brought about. It is not arbitrary naming mclir, what we know-
But it is a very special, counter-
Above all other incomparable modes of knowledge that we
to draw. And so there can be no doubt: as far as
To give man and his work a science
And with the word science the more fixed! Kiitically
And unambiguous concept, it can not
Other than by the mode of apprehension of natural knowledge
go. Everything else thinking is the human being is ethics or
Aesthetics or finally philosophy, that is, it does not multiply
Existence of a system of objectively valid judgments
Only points of view of the appraisal or features of the image
Worldview.

With the recognition-theoretical deduction of the B ^ iAes

Of science, according to the principles of natural knowledge
Systematic processing of our knowledge
Actually our task for this time, which is only there
The controversy of the teleological and causal conception
Which, at first, was a dispute between the
Of science, and finally the unity of its concept
And even suggested to us, supposedly quite aparter
To break the unity of the sciences
And a new and quite different from that of natural science.
Softening concept of science. However,
Shown as the scientific treatment of human
And social life, whose significant historical
In the beginning of this study
Full right, the character of a science

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From the spiritual and social life exclusively for themselves

And with the same equivalent to the natural sciences
Because, in spite of all their differences in their inner
Methods that deal with their advanced training even
Nor must increase, but their logical habit is the same
Such as that of natural science: the acquisition of a general one
In this connection,
Thereby making them alone in objectively valid knowledge of absolute
Nature, which, as we know, is the life principle of all
Science at all. The spiritual-social world as well
As one of the essence of evolution, as the physical,
It is according to the great Kantian tone, "Nature is the existence of the
Things "as far as it is determined by general laws,
As a matter of fact, as a nature (only that, as we do
Will soon be seen, one within natural knowledge in
A particular relation to the conceptual nature), - the
The immediate unity of science, which is now considered a
Only reflex appears from the unity of its object.

Now this polemical phrase is no longer possible,

With which the teleological conception of this also of theirs
Insight
Believed, by regularly declaring with all his willingness,
That she did not at all acknowledge it, the circles of the natural-
Scientific efforts for intellectual and social life
But that they have only drawn attention to it
Would like everything to be done just for the natural
And actually does not understand at all
Spiritual science. Such a position can be taken
Of our discussion against it,
Wdl this, tired of the ongoing scraping game with eternally-
And outgoing terms, at first
The common views of each other
pulled. As this became known the concept of science
To realize each of them in a particular area only
. So it would have been ridiculous to see the mere act-
The difference of the conception, which is indisputable
Is already sufficient as a justification for a particular
In addition to "a scientific study of the natural sciences
Spiritual life. So the concept of science

15 *

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2Z8

R> r. Max Adler

Knowledge. Be clarified. And by that way

Critically ascertained facts, according to which a value-free, absolute
Objective, objective knowledge can be found only in the domain of the
To gain knowledge of nature, it is now out of the
Which standpoint alone a really the name of knowledge-
Knowledge of the spiritual and social life.
. The deep difference between the two possible
Reflections were thus not misunderstood; on the contrary
It was our investigation to do so, to be the sharpest in it
Its whole, from all the scientific standpoint
Which is fundamentally differentiated from the ground, and recognizable
To make. But, of course, the problem was posed
Was now in the question of the cognitive values of these two
Points of view, a question which was not usually asked,
As long as the insight which is certainly important in itself is of its own
Difference had already meant a new perception
But became indispensable once you got beyond the area
Of science. For this logical striving
Therefore, the mere constancy of a two-
In the opinion of the spiritual and social life
In the critical distinction of the specific kind of cognition,
Which was possible within one of them,
Which led to the decisive h'eststeliung: that, so,
Valuable insights us aucia the other, the teleological
Mental and social life. Yes, so inde-
Although it is even for the supplement of our world-view,
What we ourselves will have to emphasize, all science only
Individual traits can deliver, yet the specific-logical performance
A knowledge can only be provided by the causal conception
And can therefore, from the spiritual and social life audi
No other than science can give. And this result
Can not, in any way, have the peculiar character
And the existence of the teleological conception in its
Sphere as little as the question asked by us
Their knowledge values in contrast to the causal conception
Could be misunderstood as if it were a question,
Of the valuation. Only the claim to science
Was to decide, according to which direction we believe represented
To have that when the teleology in their way gives us the spiritual-

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Social life in so-called historical sciences

, As a science of science, opens the value of life to us
Or 'to understand the meaning of becoming
Versudlt / everywhere 'in this application the words Wissen-
Everything is missing, which makes a reference to the peculiar
Logical character which it designates.

XX.

The demarcation of the so-

Sciences.

But as in the common framework of natural knowledge

In the narrower sense, natural and spiritual
As the form of natural law in the empire
Of the mind, certain persons who are already aware of Wundt
His doctrine of the
Mental causation, as' in particular the foundation
Of "scientific knowledge in the spiritual domain
Social psychology, the beginnings of which we scarcely have
And by no means as a mere phenomenon of the individualization of the individual
Psychology will be understood, - all these are
Questions, the solution of which is the work of our
Time is trying. ' And then, as for the time being, it was only by its very nature
Existing new science, a social form and function
As it were, a social phoronomy and mechanics
Understanding of the forms of society, ie the forms of
State, and law, according to their extension and intensification
And thus the peculiar manner of the
Natural law in the social field, which is always anew
The introduction of teleological points of view,
Will clarify that here all natural laws are always only within
Of a definite function,
Which is borne by the relationship of men as a practical,
That is to say, people who are seated on one another - this is kailn
Can only be cited here, to which unfortunately only too willingly
Prejudice, as if naturalness
Everywhere with a causality of the same kind. The opposite
All these problems probably give an idea of how much-
More or less problematic, but everywhere

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230

Dr. M. Adler

Peculiarities of the spiritual-social life expressing themselves

The lawfulness of the necessity of thought, ie, of the natural world
In the field of the spiritual-social. To an answer
All of these issues within this coverage can be here
Can not be thought of. Thus also the ^ mze must be unbelievable
The complex of questions and views here existed
Which is actually the historical reason for the
So powerful the development of the strife of the teleological and kau-
Sional view and which is addressed to the problem.
Whether history is a science? On the other hand, it seems
To conclude an epistemological-critical work.
The only legitimate legitimation of the seriously threatened
Character of social science, but
Also with an orientation to the concrete substances to close and
A merely summarily conception of the answer to a
To give the most relevant questions here,
Namely the question of the delineation of natural and spiritual-
science. Because with such, if only sketched
The only way to get a concrete version is the simple idea of a
Possible spiritual science according to the nature of science flesh
And blood and becomes a socially responsible design.

The abbreviation of natural and spiritual phenomena is a

Divorce within science. This follows without
Further that all the principles of classification which
Half of their territory, are here inapplicable, even if
From them a fortuitous, more or less with the welfare
Result.

Above all, Rickert's eminently teleological contradiction is

Sound nature and culture, of object and value not suitable to a
Difference of science, as important
Point of view, he may also be concerned with the exercise of power. The culture
Is for science no opposition to its other objects,
But only a special object next to other objects. These
Speciality certainly requires special methods of
Work, but not a different point of view.
The attempt by Mttnsterberg, the difference between nature-
And spiritual sciences
Seem to us to be a goal. Because straight
The most valuable insight into the true meaning of

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231

Of these two divisions of knowledge which he had divorced,

Is only a reaffirmation of the stance on which the pre-
Lying work. Liidcrj! In the
Critical scrutiny of the current position of the individual
And the abstraction of the object
For the separation of two fields of science,
And natural sciences, he used
First, the science of science in the well-known, logical
Indifferent wetter sense, whose amphibole we
, And secondly, only this is the same insight
Critical difference between the practical and theoretical
Point to the expression, which now only in conscious relation to
A clear concept of science
Was to be assessed. Rickerts and Mflnsterberg's Department of Natural-
And spiritual sciences have therefore, with our current one-
Problems. What we as Gdstwissenschaften
Ail'ein to be able to with the established term of the
To remain in agreement with science is still theirs
To science; Which, on the other hand,
This is of no importance for us at all
The field of any science.

But also the no longer recognizes the theories, but

Logical-methodological. Graduation gnmd diaper band
Not a safe and the essence of the two
Regions which are characterized by a distinctive character.
To provide a distinction. As is known, it relates to the logical
Difference in the conceptualization of nature and spirit-
And emphasized in this direction that the latter in
The majority of their empirical disciplines.
"A single, more or less extended
Of a one-time, limited reality
Full and exhaustive presentation ", while the
Natural sciences, the concrete manifoldness in general.
To seek to resolve terms, to always seek the laws of action.
The contrast between the two areas of knowledge is therefore in the treatment
Their substance; Either in the realization of the real
General in the form of the Xatnrc ^ esetzes, or the
Individuals in the historically determined form. After that,
Legal and eventual scientific

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232

L) r. Max Adler

The nappy-belt door is more distinctive than that of natural and

Spiritual science.

The decisive factor against this methodological distinction

Has already opened M-nsterberg by giving aof the term
Of science itself. Although, as we saw,
9f itself 'this term only in the broad sense handled, suffices
But the mere raising of the commonwealth of all
Science as a system of knowledge,
As the essence of the division
Matter altogether inadequate to appear. The singlet, **
Says Mttnsterberg, "is never 'the content of a science. The
Science is the individual in relation to the
The totality of thinking, that is, the individual into a context
Or rather, to work the individual so that it
With the other. The forms of this
Connections are the general relations. Against-
Thus, science is neither the singular nor the singular
Only the universal, but the individual, as under the
Point of the universal, together with the general,
As it is thought-must, in order to make all individuals in relations with each other
The The individual, as viewed from the point of view of the
And the universal itself is therefore nowhere
To separate; Both belong together and a divorce between the
The science of the individual and of the universal has none
Principle. Every science raises the isolation
on; No science but ceases to stand for the individual
Interest, as well as no other without general terms
Is conceivable. "2)

In fact, the eventualities bring diaper-

Bands their details in a general context and
Are only made at least in the broader sense of this
Word sciences. It is, as we have seen, the AU-
The context of the appraisal of value according to ultimate purposes,
By which all mere factuality is not merely as such
Reproduced, but (in which the specific performance of this
Spiritual sciences).

It is now self-evident that all these attempts a

0 Comp. W. Windelband, "History and Natural Sciences, page IG- IS.

^ H. Mnsterberg, "The Age of Psychology," p.

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Causality and teleology in the struggle for science 233

Demarcation of natural sciences and humanities had to fail

Since they are fundamentally nothing else but those of
Different points of departure from a
Double point of view in the consideration of things, namely
The difference of subjective and objective standpoint.
Wherever there seems to be a differentiation in the
Science, put something quite different
among; The distinction between two heterogeneous modes of perception and
By this shift, by itself, by its eye-maturity
All the attention took up, completely forgotten that now
First the question was to be answered, which was a divorce of the
Which of these views of the knowledge-
Exclusively, or whether such an exclusive reference
Did not exist. And this question could not be explained by a
Smncii verbal definition of science, but nui
From the proof of a particular logical nature of that
Type of knowledge, for which the expression is a
Could be done. Ujl uun cm such strict
Concept of science can be understood only within the objective
Is realized, all distinctions can be made
Of the sciences, it is not intended to
Which is no longer a matter of knowledge,
Of course, to me within that object.

The 'ntin the abyss, which aith in this case

The vulgar, objective distinction according to the objects
Of the disciplines, according as they are the objects of the body or body
Spiritual world is quite unacceptable, because it is associated with a whole
Uncritical factual difference of body uoid mind,
Rickert Torff has explained in detail.
The logico-methodologic divorce diaperbuids, also wise
They are now applied only to the sphere of object observation.
Would appear to be the same as the gate.
On the other hand, the idea of Mflnsterberg remains a true principle
Now, however, a completely different kind of experience will be experienced
Must: that after once Bandelband and Rickert befraiid
Show 'how the difference between natural and spiritual-
Is not a matter of fact, but also a matter of fact
Only methodological differences, now nothing
There is no other alternative than that the objects, indeed, are the same

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Dr. Max AtUer

SinJ. However,
Relation to the subfector. ** ')

But the completely different interpretation of this thought from

Our viewpoint against its implementation at Mnster-
Tion has been achieved by the hard, theoretically
Science itself. How this
That the concept of science can only be found in the
(Of the theoretical behavior of our consciousness at home
And that, in practical matters, it is necessary for the latter,
Akaiaiiiii auu, "Wissenschatt", but never the same
Matter, it follows from the fact that the grounds of classification
For the field of science, which, because they are neither factual nor
Of a methodological nature.
Critical relationship of the subject to its object.
But only in the same way
Which is the concept
Of science itself. This sphere is now alone
Of knowledge. And if,
In the realm of science, which compels us to put it into practice
Natural and natural phenomena, then this may be the case
Only in a different epistemological relation of the
Recognizing subject to the cognitive process itself
Which science constitutes in its various disciplines
Will have their reason. Not object viewing and subjective
Two scientific areas can thus be
To limit; For the latter principle as such a practical one
Assets are wholly derived from all science. Just
In the object viewing itself, ie in our dieo-
Retical behavior, must be such a transcendental principle
Which the objects of the knowledge-
Shank itself in a different way
When the distinction between nature-
And spiritual sciences really a fundamental, in their
Is more founded and not merely a superficial one
Which means that no distinction is made between the individual characteristics
Logical, and nocturnal criticism, or even that
For a deeper understanding of the specific nature of the
Knowledge areas. A brief reflection on the

"H. Mumterberg, a. O., page 34.

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Causation and Tdeology in the Fight for Science 233

Knowledge of the obtuse

However, to show that in her actually a very real difference
The scientific view.

The object viewing or, as we can also say, the

In whose sphere the task of knowledge-
As we have seen, is the transcendental one
Possibility on the primary lawfulness of consciousness
At all in his theoretical behavior. In this
Not only the being and the happening of things did, but
Also natural law, in whose discovery all science
In this respect, we found that all science Natunviss-
Must be schuit. Now, however, this law was found
Of consciousness is at all a twentieth Tvpus of being
And events. If only this were to be considered,
What by the acton of consciousness at all us just way
The immense realm of existence was built up,
Which was not given as a natural existence; And to this
Also heard the cognitive beings themselves, inasmuch as they were only as
Pieces of this nature were considered. Once, however, the direction
Of knowledge also went to pay attention to how this
Naturedasein, as it is apprehended, judged, utilized and
And why in all these
So many separate and distinct from each other
A consensus and mutual understanding itself
The most hostile acts possible, stepped alongside the mere, in each
It is only for this existing and therefore strictly isolated
The other great fact of the peculiar durdi-
Common attachment and involvement of the discerning and
From the knowledge.
The existence of a special existence, the social existence in addition to the
Pure natural existence, an existence that is self-proclaiming and pre-existing
Everything was also nature, because there is indeed an object underneath
General laws of being and happening
By its peculiar character, according to which every part
Was related to a common connection, from which
Out it could only be understood, sharpened by, the
Isolation of natural phenomena.

But since this common connection, namely the

Identical relation of all objects considered here

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236 Dr. Max Adler

To the same internal states a directly experienced ratio in

To them, "since this characteristic inner conviction,
As an inherent condition of all things relating to one another
Thinking, and doing, the social existence, entirely one
Appearance of empirical consciousness, that is, of spiritual life
Is, therefore, explained why the peculiarity of social existence
First only as the realm of the spirit, beside that of nature. In-
To which the character of trans-
Cental bases of our narrative knowledge, and thus the
Science at the same time, the question also of the M Vj-
In the same field as pure nature-
Experience, it seems only natural that
The so - called deep - rooted cognitive - intellectual character of the social
Relationship must first come back behind the places
Lying characteristic of a product of mental life, and that
The expression "spiritual science" rather than "social-
Could only be characterized by the fact that only the
Undisive character of both here within the appreciation of nature
At all, to the divide of knowledge
Expression is, according to all previous
And it would be desirable that in the interests of a
Their objects, which really characterize their objects
The consequence would be drawn. It was certainly true that those
Insight would be the most vivid view of all this
That the social sciences are not about
A Ted of so-called spiritual sciences, but that
It does not really have any kind of spiritual science that is really to be so
Which is nldit Sostalwissenadiafit, dm is not the
The inner febrile work of mankind towards their constituent
Prerequisite. Thus, all science (or '' nature-
Knowledge) either natural science 'in the narrow sense
Their object without regard for the context, in
To whom it is in a recognition and roa this particular action
'It is social union, as soon as this connection
And not in its essential character, but
In its empirical-historical removal, becomes its object
To which first of all the phenomena of the spiritual-social
Life.

It is, in fact, the difference we were investigating

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Causality and teleulogy in the struggle uro the science 237

And which is now regarded as the one of natural and social sci-
A deeply founded one. It is really a l'nter-
The epistemological relation in the act of cognition
Itself and not a factual difference of the obfects. Not nature
And spirit is the most important for the division of science
But natural and social existence, which both
Their two large regions immediately attacked the view
Much better than any other contrasts.
would like. But the clarity of this separation is not the only one
Profit Vrel is more significant. At the same time,
The essence of sociology and thus
Of all suicidal knowledge. The
Drawing, which has now become a principle of euitation
This suitability only by its transcendental one, which has often been presented
To gain access to. But for this she is forever in the strongest
A mere external connection with man, and
Set as an inner relation of the same to each other
Its whole effect in every individual. ("Han a
Is, so the phenomenon of society already in each individual
The empirical isolation in each
Individual, as much as it is different from others
Close. With this sharp characteristic of the first
Classification of natural and social sciences
The concept of social existence is not to me any blurring of the
Border, but at the same time
Fundamental element for the systematic expansion of the social
Science, from which it can be seen how the
This society, that is, this social context, in
His inner being, who, for this very reason,
Is the center of the up
Now so-called spiritual sciences, and therefore its real
Starting point.

If there is a particular need to emphasize that these

Reorganization of the humanities as social science
The imperishable work of Karl Marx? If our
Study of the epistemological theory of social science
From the Kantian transcendental phiiosophy
Is the consistency of our conclusions, so that only
The ratio of the logical sequence. But it had to

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Dr. Max Adler

The historical act of the founding of a new

In order to carry out the knowledge-critical investigation.
To put into place, from this their new objects those
To gain new insights, which then, of course, only take place as
Consequences of their previous position. In this scale,
Than this really did, the work of both
On the other hand. And so we have
It audi found here. The light that ignites the Kant is blinding
The never wavering foundations of all science, in which too
The thinking of Karl Marx is rooted. And the mighty new spirit,
Which flows from the latter work, drives from its whole fruit-
The first,
Significant formations.

If someone would find and even objection,

That our distinction between natural and social sciences
Was entirely oriented towards the work of Karl Marx
But at the same time admit that the epistemological theory,
By which we came to her, was perfect
I do not, what better criticism than this objection I am to this
Work. He would prove that it was not her
Completely failed, the relationship of social science
The theory of knowledge and, at the same time, the ratio of the
Ment of Kant and Marx in the one direction
Of scientific work.

Conclusion.

The controversy of the causal and teleological confinement around the

Science, and the proper demarcation of natural science
Of so-called spiritual sciences was no different,
As a strict concept of science itself becomes a matter of arbitration,
Has been used. But the way in which the so-
Confusing conflict came to the rescue, offers the rare case,
That both struggles won. For the teleological
Their right to the field of science
She appeared as an unqualified mistress on one
Much larger and more important field: and our investigation
Would be guilty of a fault, which is almost one
Falsification of their guuzcu Kcsuitutes, they would be on this

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Contextuality and teleology in the struggle for science

"39
Point will not be received in the near future. The conscious one-
In the view that the strict concept of the knowledge-
Could not be held so far
That she was now completely prevented from seeing what was happening
Had to remain unaffected.

The fact that the teleological view,

Whose abundance of fountains we saw so rich, but
Vlhg outside the scientific point of view,
Gives us an insight, which is still in our minds
Day after - effects of vulgar materialism and
The short-winded self-sufficiency of positivism
Can be emphasized strongly enough: that science is only one side
Of life, thus also of the spiritual-social life.
That which is conceived in object form
General abstractions, and be brought under laws.
Thus all knowledge is an abstraction, in which we are at first
To be able to enact the whole world of the world; much more
Is the point of view that only science knows and
Nothing more than this, precisely because he always has only one side in her
The world before him has always remained only one-sided, this
In the most severe, most conspicuous sense of this word.

Whoever has now fully seen - what is to be explained to the

Purposes of this study - as the full reality of our being
Really only in the will, and thus the actual legislation
Of the person concerned, who is concerned with his or her current effectiveness,
Rich of the WoUen, a legislation which, as we
To him, he asks him,
To know and to cultivate science, will never be more
Come, the circles of science through the value concept
But he does not become the science itself
As a means for moral purposes, as
A value to be realized. This is the true primacy of the prak-
Reason that he is not in the sphere of logic.
But the latter, in its entirely free,
Of closed judgment as a value-
To fully understand; This is the irresistible meaning of that imperishable
Teaching of the practical Primate.

Man is first and foremost a practical, wanting and

Purposeful being. Its real existence lies entirely only in
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240

Dr. Max Adler

Of this sphere, of working, not as one has often believed

In the intellectual sphere of the theoretical
Recognition. "Knowledge to live," must be the real motto of the

Science, by which they can be heard only from an otherwise almost

Effort is made a truly human
Company, which as such is an instrument of the ideal
have to be. "Knowing to live", - took possession of this word
The knowledge of the moral spirit of humanity,
In whose ever greater vigor the full effect of the action-
Is much more powerful than in the nineties.
The teleological relationship that exists in the field of scientific
Recognition could not gain a constitutive significance
Practical act in the consciousness of the real, that is, its whole
The actuality of devoted people, by the science
For its own purposes, so that the world can
According to his likeness. ^) Is man in the theoretical
The lawmaker of nature, precisely because of the strict
Of all teleological conception
Legitimacy of the knowledge of the knowledge \ vi 'IvCiii 1 jn Denknotwendig-
This strict order. The science
As a natural law, it is, in practical terms,
Rich, by mass, as he the law of willing, like
It proclaims itself in the moral law, also affords external validity,
Even the new dodder and converter of the terrestrial world. Only m the
Practical act which the recognized natural law itself

'). The famous St'Ue in the fragments Imm

Works, Ed. Hartenstein, p. 624): "I am a Korscher myself out of inclination.
I have the whole narrator of knowledge, and the eager restlessness in it
Further on to the same, or to the peace of every continent. It was
A time when I believe, "all this could make the honor of humanity,
And I despised the pope, I know of nothing. Rousseau was right
Brought about. This blinded virtue disappears, I learn to honor men
And would find me much more useless than the common workers, if I did not
Believed that this consideration could give a value to all the others
Rights of mankind. ^^ - And the words of Karl Marx,
Which P. Lafargue shares in his "Personal Memoirs"
It should not be selfish pleasure: those who,
"I can devote myself to scientific purposes
The first to place their knowledge in the service of mankind
Time, "IX, p. 10.

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Causality and teleology in the world around science

241

Purpose, the leap takes place

The natural necessity of freedom.

Thus it is no coincidence that the great doctrine of primacy

Of practical reason over the theoretical, to which
Also the telescopic conception as an argument of itself
And which, by our disputation of those
As we have just shown, not only in question, but in the
The opposite should be put into the right light, it is,
I say, no coincidence that this teaching is their direct continuation
Has just found among those thinkers who are the most powerful
Pathbreaker of natural sciences in the field
Social life. August Comte's whole philosophy has
Admittedly there was no other tendency than ".avoir pour prdvoir",
To turn all knowledge into a comprehensive p otics.
This policy with tremendous energy of thought and action
From the crumbs of mankind itself to the living, struggling
And self-consciously determining reality,
Was the life purpose of Karl Marx. Rs is just like a more concise
Expression for the doctrine of the primacy of practical reason, if
He found at the beginning of his intellectual work the words, which from then on
The maxim of all scientific work:

"The philosophers have made the world only different inter-

But it is important to change them. "

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