THE NEW
control of industry and economic self-reliance are
REGIONALISM
Regionalism connotes political movement based
on awareness of and loyalty to a region, combined
with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some
kind.
Regionalization creation or realignment of
transactions and attitudes along regional lines and is
a manifestation of globalization. Regionalization is
a process with integration as its fruit.
Integration process by which states within a
particular region increase their level of interaction
with regard to economic, security, political, or
social and cultural issues.
New Regionalism a comprehensive, multifaceted
and multidimensional process, implying a change of
a particular region from relative heterogeneity to
increased homogeneity with regard to a number of
dimensions, the most important being culture,
security, economic policies and political regimes.
*What is NEW in the new regionalism?
OLD REGIONALISM
-Also known as first generation regionalism or
classic regionalism
-must be understood within a particular historical
context, dominated by the bipolar Cold War
structure
-Eurocentric and narrow,
-formal and power and strategic considerations
influenced by cold war politics and was in many
cases imposed by superpowers (hegemonic
regionalism)
-introverted and main actors are nation-states
-commenced by the end of the Second World War
and died out on 1960s
NEW REGIONALISM
-Also known as second wave regionalism or current
wave regionalism
-New attitudes towards international cooperation and
the decentralization of the international system
brought about by the collapse of communism and
the end of the cold war.
-Extroverted, main actors include state and non-state
actors
-Commenced on the end of the Cold War
New Regionalism as a response to Globalization:
First: Regionalism seen as a way of emphasizing
and protecting local cultures and local enterprise
Second: New regionalism stems not only from
protectionist impulses but from competitive ones
Third: Third Worldist ideologies emphasizing state
displaced by the neoliberal economic doctrines.
AFRICA
The immediate aftermath of independence
for most African states in the late 1950s and early
1960s did not immediately produce a particularly
encouraging climate for regionalism.
1961 and 1962
- Casablanca, Brazzaville, Monrovia
May 25, 1963
- OAU
Organization of African Unity
Aims
- Sovereign Equality
- Non-interference in internal affairs
- Territorial integrity
- Condemnation of political assassination and
subversion
- Peaceful settlement of disputes
- Dedication to the emancipation of the remaining
colonial territories in the continent
Problems
During the cold war period, African states
shared one common cause the ending of apartheid
in South Africa and were also, to some extent, able
to maintain the superpowers interest in their affairs
by taking advantage of their competition for
influence.
1980s
- falling per capita income, lower per capita food
production, and a smaller share for the region in the
world market for exports
1993
The OAU established a Mechanism for
Conflict Prevention, Management and
Resolution.
African Economic Community was also
established.
2001
Leading African states agreed to an initiative
known as the New Partnership for Africas
Development (NEPAD), a comprehensive
programme designed to address Africas increasing
marginalization in the face of globalization.
AFRICAN UNION (AU)
- established on May 26, 2001
- came into being in July 9, 2002
- Much more ambitious organization than its
predecessor.
OBJECTIVES
 Provided in Article 30 of the Constitutive Act of the
African Union.
Achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African
countries and the peoples of Africa;
Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and
independence of its member states;
Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration
of the continent;
Promote and defend African common positions on issues
of interest to the continent and its peoples;
Encourage international cooperation, taking due account
of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights;
Promote peace, security, and stability of the continent;
Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular
participation and good governance;
Promote and protect human and peoples rights in
accordance with the African Charter on Human and
Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights
instruments;
Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-
making, particularly in the political, economic and
socio-cultural areas;
Establish the necessary conditions which enable the
continent to play its rightful role in the global economy
and in international negotiations;
Promote sustainable development at the economic,
social and cultural levels as well as the integration of
African economies;
Promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to
raise the living standards of African peoples;
Coordinate and harmonize the policies between the
existing and future Regional Economic Communities for
the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;
Advance the development of the continent by promoting
research in all fields, in particular in science and
technology;
Work with relevant international partners in the
eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of
good health on the continent;
Develop and promote common policies on trade, defense
and foreign relations to ensure the defense of the
continent and the strengthening of its negotiating
positions;
Invite and encourage the full participation of the African
Diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the
building of the African Union.
THE AMERICAS
OAS (Organization of American States)
- Founded on April 30 1948 for the purposes
of regional solidarity and cooperation
among its member states
- Promotes social and economic development
in the Western Hemisphere through
cooperation
MERCOSUR (Mercado Comn del Sur)
- commenced on January 1 1995
- envisaged as a response to the neoliberal
agenda being promoted by the major
Western countries and the institutions
dominated by them such as the World Bank
- started with a commitment to open
regionalism within the overall context and
rules of the World Trade Organization,
rather than a protectionist device
4 Main Ingredients:
1) Liberalization of trade amongst its
members and other states and regional organizations
2) The creation of customs union with a
common external tariff
3) Coordination of economic policies
4) Cooperation in certain specific sectors
Rio Declaration MERCOSUR was declared to be
strategic alliance
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
- an extension of the Canada-US Free Trade
Agreement of 1988 to Mexico
- focus is very much on trade rather than
broader economic integration
- criticized for it as being driven essentially
by American industrial concerns to exploit a
cheaper labor market, and one that is less
subject to environmental constraints
ASIA
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
19th century
- Southeast Asia became victims of European
colonialism.
During World War II
- Japan expelled the Western colonial powers from
the region and subjected it to a brutal occupation.
Following World War II
- SEA countries gained independence from
colonizers, but became part of the Cold War.
1954
- US together with France, Great Britain, New
Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, and
Pakistan founded the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO).
1961
- Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand gave rise to
the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA).
1963
- Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia founded
MAPHILINDO.
1966
- South Korean President Park Chung-hee created
the Asia Pacific Council (ASPAC).
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) partnership[and] to promote regional peace and
- founded on August 8, 1967 stability.
- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, 3 Pillars
Thailand (ASEAN 5) 1. economic
Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam 2. security
- Originally designed as an anticommunist 3. sociocultural
organization. SETBACKS
- Transformed into a cooperative grouping with Asian economic crisis Lasted for almost 2
numerous committees and working groups. years.
ASEAN members spelled out in the Bangkok Regional haze Brought about by the large forest
Declaration that their main goals shall be: fires in Indonesia.
to accelerate the economic growth, social progress, Political upheaval in East Timor When
and cultural development in the region through joint Indonesia invaded East Timor.
endeavours in the spirit of equality and