Prestressed beam girder floor made of high strength concrete

For concrete C90/105 the design strength in compression, using relation 2.11 and
Table 2.1:

f ck 90
f cd cc 1 60
c 1.5 N/mm2

Tensile strength is obtained with the relation:

f 3,2
f ctd ct ctk 0.05 1 2,13
c 1.5 N/mm2
f ctm 4,6 N/mm2

Steel reinforcement type S500 and welded mesh type STNB is used for the slab
and beams.
f yk 500
For S500 N/mm2
500
f yd 435
1.15 N/mm2
440
f yd 383
For STNB (for d 7.1 mm) 1.15 N/mm2
The finish is realized of mosaic (30 mm depth) on a layer of cement plaster of 30
mm depth.
pn
The service load is: u = 7000 N/m2.

1.2. Design of Slab

1.2.1. Preliminary sizing of the slab

Flexural design will ordinarily consist in selecting a slab depth which will permit to
use of an economical low steel ratio and which will not allow unsightly or damaging
deflections.
For slabs elastically fixed on perimeter, the rigidity condition is:
1
hp 35 a, where a is the opening parallel with the short side, a = 2.4 m.
1
3000
hp = 35 = 68.57 mm
And the minimum depth from technological condition to monolith slab, is 50 mm,
the depth from the above conditions will be:
 hp = 90 mm
From the fire condition the minimum depth is hp = 90 mm.

1.2.2. Widths for beams and girders

Fig. 1.2

From technological conditions the width of beams (bb) can be between 150 mm and
250 mm, and the width of girders (bg) and edge beams (beb) between 200 mm and 350
mm. From fire resistance condition b> 120 mm.

One chooses:
bg = 200 mm
beb = 300 mm
bb = 300 mm

1.2.3. Clear spans

Fig. 1.3

b bb 0.30 0.20
l c1 a eb 2
2 .4
2 = 2.35 m
lc2 = a bb = 2.4 0.20 = 2.20 m
1.2.4. Loads

A. Unfactored value

Permanent load
- from own-weight of slab (hp = 90 mm)
n
g slab
= 0.09 1.0 1.0 25000 = 1750 N/m2
- from plaster weight (hplaster = 30 mm)
g nplaster
= 0.03 1.0 1.0 21000 = 630 N/m2
- from mosaic weight (hmosaic = 30 mm)
g mn osaic= 1000 N/m2 (according to STAS ...)
Total: gn = 3380 N/m2
Temporary load
- service load given in project data:
pun = 5000 N/m2
q n g n pun
Total load: = 3380 + 5000 = 8380 N/m2

B. Design Load

The design loads are determined by multiplying the unfactored loads by loading
coefficients, ni, tht are given in STAS ... function the load type.

Permanent load
- from own weight of slab 1750 1.1 = 1925 N/m2
- from plaster weight 630 1.3 = 820 N/m2
- from mosaic weight 1000 1.3 = 1300 N/m2
Total: g = 4050 N/m2
Temporary load
pu = 5000 1.3 = 6500 N/m2
Total load: q = g + pu = 4050 + 6500 = 10550 N/m2

Loads on linear meter (for a strip of slab of 1 m width, Fig. 1.2):

qn = 8380 N/m2 1.0 m = 8380 N/m
q = 10550 N/m2 1.0 m = 10550 N/m

1.2.5. Statical Computation

For determining the bending moment it considers a strip of 1.0 m width, that has as
support the beams (points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I).
 Plastic analysis may be used to determine the bending moments because the
permanent loads are important [5].

Fig. 1.4.
- in the first span:
g p l
2
c1 4050 6500 2.352
M1
11
u

11 = 5296.57 Nm
- in the first support:

g p l
2
c1 4050 6500 2.352
MB
14
u

14 = -4161.59 Nm
- in the interior spans and interior supports:

u


g p l c 2 4050 6500
2
2 . 20
2

M 2 M C ... 16 16 = 3191.37 Nm

1.2.6. Steel design

Welded mesh

Materials characteristics
fyd= 383 N/mm2 for STNB
2
fcd = 60 N/mm for C 90/105

Section data
b = 1000 mm

hp = 90 mm Fig. 1.5
= 5 mm
s
d h p c nom
2
c nom c min ctol 10 10 20mm
d 90 20 5 / 2 67.5mm
 The value cmin is obtaining from Table 5.2 function of exposure class (XC1) and
structure class. For establishing the structure class the life of the building was considered
50 years (class 4) and provisions from Table 5.4 that consider a reduced class for
members type flat (4-1=3)
cmin=10 mm

According to Table 6.6 the minimum distance to the centroid of resistant steel is a =
20 mm. For a reinforcement with diameter of 5 mm, effective distance to the centroid is:

aeff= 20+5/2=22.5 mm>20 mm

The section of tensioned steel will be:

First span:
-Reduced moment is:

M1 = 5296.57 103 Nmm

M1 5.29657 10 6
0.0193 lim 0.383
b d 2 f cd 10 3 67.5 2 60

f cd 60
Asl s b d
f yd 0.1369 10 67.5 383 1447.637 mm 14.47cm
3 2 2

One chooses from Anex XIV: welded mesh 113 GQ 246:5.6/100-5.6/100

(Asleff= 246 mm2).

First support
3
MB = -4.16159* 10 Nmm

6
MB 4.16159 *10
3 0.0152 lim 0.383
b d f cd 10 67.5 2 60
2

s=0.1056 and =0.1320

60
Asl 0.1056 10 3 67.5 1116.65
383 mm2 = 11.66 cm2

One chooses: welded mesh 111GQ 196 5/100-5/100 (Asleff= 196 mm2).

Interior spans and interior supports

M2 = -MC = M3 = -MD = ... = 3191.37 Nm
 M2 3.19137 10 6
0.0116 lim 0.383
b d 2 f cd 10 3 67.5 2 60

s=0.0972

60
Asl 0.0972 10 3 67.5 1032.40
383 mm2= 10.324 cm2
One chooses: welded mesh 111GQ 196 5/100-5/100 (Asleff= 196 mm2).

The arrangements of bars for both reinforcing type are presented in schedules 1 and
2.
For constructive provisions for slabs see Chapter III (point 1).

The effective area of tensioned longitudinal reinforcement must be between the

limits:
f ctm 2.2
0.26 f b d 0.26 440 10 67.5 87.75
3

Asl min max yk 87.75

0.0013 b d 0.0013 10 3 67.5 87.75
mm2

Asl max 0.04 b d 0.04 10 3 67.5 2700

mm2
Asl ,min 87.75 Asl ,eff ,min 196 Asl ,max 1900
mm2 < mm2
The maximum distance between resistant steel is limited to:

3h p 3 90 270
s max min 200
200mm s eff 100
mm> mm

For the slab reinforced on one direction, there are reinforcements on the other
direction at least:
0.2 Asl ,eff 0.2 246 49.2 A 10 19.6 196
mm2 < eff mm2 (5/100)

For taking over the local moments on continuous supports from the short direction
and on edge supports in the long direction, constructive welded meshes are provided type
112 GQ 196 5/100- 5/100, which are extended on both sides of support with 0.25 ln.

1.3. Beam Design

1.3.1. Preliminary sizing of the beam

 For secondary beam the depth of the cross-section can be considered with the
following value:
The rigidity condition:
l 12000
hb
10..12 10..12 = 10001200 mm
It is adopted hb = 1000 mm
hb
2..3
From the condition: bb it results that:
hb 1000
bb
2..3 2..3 = 333500 mm
It is adopted bb = 500 mm.
From technological condition: the depth must be a multiple of 50 mm
From the condition of fire resistance:
hb >120 mm
For the beam the following sizes are adopted:
hb = 1000 mm and bb = 500 mm

1.3.2. Statical model

The beam can be considered as a continuous beam with equal opening, that
supports on the girders (Fig. 1.7).

Fig. 1.7.

1.3. Spans

Fig. 1.8.
 The design spans are function of clear spans, (Fig. 1.8) which are determined as it
follows:
l = 12 m
beb b g
l c1 1
2 lc1 = 11.70 m lc1 = l06
lc2 = 1 bg lc2 = 11.70 m lc2 = l03 = l04 = l05
lc1,lc2,..- clear spans
beb width of the edge beam (300 mm)
bg width of the girder (300 mm)

The design spans are computed taking into account the provisions given in Annex
II.
0.3 0.4
l eff 1 l c1 a1 a 2 11.70 2 min ; 12,0
2 2 m

0 .3 0 .4
l eff 2 l c 2 a1 a 2 11.70 2 min ; 12,0
2 2 m
1.3.4. Loads

The loads from the slab are transmitted to the beam from a strip equal to a as
uniform load, Fig.1.9.

Fig. 1.9

A. Unfactored load
Permanent load (gn)
- transmitted by the slab and finish
a = 2.25 m
n
( g slab g mn osaic g nplaster ) a
= (1750 + 630 + 1000) 2.25 = 7605 N/m
- self weight of the beam
 (hb hp) bb b = (0.500 0.07) 0.20 1.0 25000 = 2150 N/m
Total permanent load: gn = 7605 + 2150 = 9755 N/m
Temporary load (pn)
pn = pun a = 5000 2.25 = 11250 N/m
Total load: qn = gn + pn = 9755 + 11250 = 21005 N/m.

B. Design load
Permanent load (g)
- transmitted by the slab and finish
(gslab + gmosaic + gplaster) a = (1930 + 820 + 1300) 2.25 = 9112.5 N/m
- self weight of the beam
(hb hp) bb b 1.1 = (0.5 0.07) 0.2 25000 1.1 = 2365 N/m
Total permanent load: g = 9112.5 + 2365 = 11477.5 N/m
Temporary load
p = pu a = 6500 2.25 = 14625 N/m
Total load: q = g + p = 11477.5 + 14625 = 26202.5 N/m.

1.3.5. Stress Computation

1.3.5.1. Bending moments for service stage

For computing to limit state of cracking and to limit state of deflection is necessary
to determine the values of bending moments for second stage of working (service loads).
Because of that the bending moments are computed in elastic domain, as for a continuous
beam with constant moment of inertia.

Fig. 1.10.

For determining the bending moments one can use the values given in Appendix 8.
The values and the coefficients for the continuous beam with five spans, and the
maximum and minimum bending moments are given in Table. 1.1.
 Table 1.1.
Permanent Temporary
Span load
Sec Coefficient of influence (Teff) load Mmax(+) Mmax(-)
tio (m) g p
n (kN/m) (kN/m)
(ag+bp)l (ag+cp)l
a b c
l l
1 0,072 0,099 -0,026 12.0 11,478 14,625 295.5668 57.96
B -0,105 0,014 -0,12 12.0 11,478 14,625 -130.017 71.4532
2 0,033 0,079 -0,046 12.0 11,478 14,625 199.378 -30.2052
C -0,079 0,032 -0,111 12.0 11,478 14,625 -57.0216 -328.816
3 0,046 0,085 -0,039 12.0 11,478 14,625 230.174 -5.5088

For the limit state of cracking:

Fig. 1.11.

1.3.5.2. Bending moments for design loads

These moments are used for designing the ultimate limit state in normal section.
The bending moments are computed in plastic domain, with the following relations:
According to STAS 10107/2-92, current floors of slab and beams realized of
reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete when the ratio between long and
temporary loads and total is smaller than 0.75 is sufficiently the computation of stresses
in plastic domain.
14625
In the case of beams the ratio is 26102.5 = 0.56
- First span:
2
q l eff 1 26102.5 12.0 2
M1
11 11 = 341705.4545 Nm

- First support:
 2
q l eff
26102.5 12.0 2
1
MB
14 14 = 268482.8571 Nm
- Other interior spans and supports:
2
q l eff 2 26102.5 12.0 2
M 2 M C M 3 M D
16 16 =234922.5 Nm

1.3.5.3. Shear forces

Shear forces are used in computation at ultimate limit state in inclined sections. The
values of shear forces are determined in plastic domain with the following relations (Fig.
1.11):
- in adjacent sections of edge support:
VA = 0.45 q leff1 = 0.45 26102.5 12.0 VA = 140954 N
- in first span, adjacent to first interior support:
VBleft = 0.65 q leff1 = 0.65 26102.5 12.0 VBleft = 203598 N
- other sections adjacent to interior supports:
VBright = 0.55 q leff2 = 0.55 26102.5 12.0 VBright = 172276 N

Fig. 1.11.

1.3.6. Computation at the ultimate limit state in normal section

Characteristics of materials:
fyd= 435 N/mm2 for S500
2
fcd = 60 N/mm for C 90/105
 The depth of the cross-section is:

d hg c nom s
2
c nom c min ctol 20 10 30mm
d 500 30 20 / 2 460mm

1.3.7. Steel Design

The beam has flanged section in spans and rectangular section in support.
First span
Effective width of the slab must be established from the conditions given in the
Appendix II.

Fig. 1.12.

beff ,i bb 2 612.5 200 1425 mm

beff min b1 b2 bb 2250 mm beff 1425 mm
a b 2250 200
where b1 b2 b 1025mm
2 2 2 2
1025
beff 1, 2 0.2b1, 2 0.1 T0 0.2 0.1 0.85 6000
2
Where: 612.5 mm 0.2 0.85 6000 1020 mm

The effective width of the slab is adopted with the smallest value. So:
beff = 1425 m
Section data
bb = 200 mm hb = 500 mm
d = 460 mm hp = 70 mm
beff = 1425 mm

M1=85426.4 nm

Positions of the neutral axis

The position of neutral axis is verified:
beff 1425
7.125 5
bb 200

M max 85426.4 10 3 beff h p hp

0 . 336 1 0 . 5
bb d 2 f cd 200 460 2 60 bb d d
1425 70 70
1 0.919
200 460 460
The neutral axis is in the flange (x<hp)

The section is computed as a rectangular cross-section having the width beff and the
depth d.

Fig.

M1 85426.4 10 3
0.04721
beff d 2 f cd 1425 460 2 60

=0.04721
 f cd 60
Asl beff d 0.04721 1425 460 425
f yd 435
mm2

One chooses 314 Aa.eff = 462 mm2

Interior Spans
The width of the flange is:

1025
beff 1, 2 0.2 0.1 0.7 6000
2
522.5 mm 0.2 0.7 6000 840 mm

beff 2 beff 1, 2 bb 2 522.5 200 1245mm 2250mm

beff 1245
6.22 5
Because b b 200 it results that neutral axis passes through the
flange and the section is considered as rectangular cross section having the width equal to
beff.

M2 58730 10 3
0.0137
beff d 2 f cd 1245 460 2 60
from Table ......it results:

=0.0175

f cd 60
Asl beff d 0.0175 1245 460 308
f yd 435
mm2
One chooses 214 Aa.eff = 308 mm2

Steel design in first support B

MB 67120.7 10 3
0.264 lim 0.372
bb d 2 f cd 200 460 2 60

=0.1276

f cd 60
Asl bb d 0.1276 200 460 361.7
f yd 435
mm2

One chooses 216 Aa.eff = 402 mm2

Steel design in interior supports

 MC 58730 10 3
0.203 lim 0.372
bb d 2 f cd 200 460 2 60

=0.1111

f cd 60
Asl bb d 0.1111 200 460 329.2
f yd 435
mm2

One chooses 114+116 Aa.eff = 354 mm2

The reinforcement is use as straight bars in the supports.

It must verify if the bars places in one row in the cross section of the beam respect
the provisions regarding the minimum distance between bars. If the concrete is with the
maximum size of the aggregate dg>16 mm, the minimum distance between bars can be
determined according to Table 5.5.....
max 16mm
s nh max
d g 5 31 5 36mm
The cover layer is 30 mm, the distance among bars is:

200 2 30 3 14
s nh,eff 49mm s nh 36mm
2

1.3.8. Design for shear

The minimum coefficient of transversal reinforcing is determined with the

relation:
f 20
w,min 0.08 ck 0.08 0.00082
f yk 435
The maximum quantity of transversal reinforcement is:
Asw f 60
0.5 cw v1 b cd 0.5 1 0.54 200 1.74
s max f ywd 435

Where: cw=1 for reinforced concrete

f 20
1 ck 0.6 1 0.54
v =0.6 1
200 200

The maximum distance among stirrups on longitudinal and transversal direction

is:
 0.75d 1 ctg 0.75 460 345mm
S l ,max
300mm
S t ,max 0.75d 0.75 460 345mm S t ,eff 200

Support B left
The design shear force is:
, red V B
V Bleft q d 101799 26102.5 460 89792 N
left

The capable shear force of the member without specifically shear

reinforcement is computed with relation:

V Rd ,c C Rd ,c 1 100 1 f ck
1/ 3
k1 cp b d
cp 0
Where axial force is neglected
0.18 0.18
C Rd ,c 0.12
c 1.5
1 1.0 for ordinary concrete
200 200
k 1 1 1.434 2
d 460
A 402
l sl 0,00437 0.02
b d 200 460

The longitudinal steel Asl is anchored with the length lbd in section I-I is
considered 216 (Asl=402 mm2).

V Rd ,c 0.12 1 1.434100 0.00437 20
1
3
0 200 460 32610 N
32.610 KN
The minimum value of capable shear force without specific reinforcement can be
determined with relation:
V Rd ,c min v min k1 cp b d
3 3
v min 0.035 k 2
f ck 0.035 1.43 2
20 0.267
Where:
VRd ,c min 0.267 200 460 24564 N
=24.564 KN
VRd ,c 32.610 KN VRdc,min 24.564 KN
Because the design shear is bigger than the capacity of the beam without reinforcement
for shear:
, red 89.792 KN V Rd , c 32.610 KN
VBleft The shear reinforcement is necessary.
The capacity of compressed struts VRd, max is determined for the maximum value of
ctg=2.5
 1 1
VRd ,max cw b z v1 f cd 1 200 414 0.54 60 316.67 10 3 N
ctg tg 1
2.5
2.5
where z=0.9d
It can observe that VBredleft is between the two values but closer to the inferior
limit, so in this case the shear force is reduced to medium, the minimum quantity of
transversal steel can be obtained for high value of ctg.
It can adopt for ctg=1.75
The distance among stirrups for a diameter of 6mm and z=0.9d=0.9460=414
is given by:
As , w 2 28.3 56.6mm 2
(two legs)
Asw z f ywd ctg 56.67 414 435 1.75
s left
198.9 200mm
V Bred 89792
The capacity of compressed struts for ctg=2 is:
1 1
V Rd , max cw b z v1 f cd 1 200 414 0.54 60 268.2 10 3 N
ctg tg 1
2.0
2.0
V Rd ,max V Bred
left

The transversal steel percentage is:

A 56.6
w,eff sw 0.001415 min 0.00082
s b 200 200

The basic anchoring length lb,rqd for the resisting steel 16 used at superior fiber
is obtained from TableXVI.5.
lb,rdq =1270 mm
The design anchoring length is:
l bd 1 2 3 4 5 l b ,rdq l b ,min
Where coefficients are obtained from Table 5.9
1 =1 for straight bars

30 16
2 1 0.15 c d / 1 0.15 0.87
16
Where cd =min(a/2, c1, c)=min(54,30)
a=200-230-216=108 mm
3= 4=1.0
 5 1 without transversal pressure
l bd 1 0.87 1 1 1 1270 1105mm
0.3 l brdq 0.3 1270 381mm

l bd ,min max 10 10 16 160mm l b ,min 381mm lbd
100mm

The length of bars from the superior part of the beam can be determined using the
Fig. 5.43.