UNIT 11

CASE STUDIES
1.Spire Edge,
Gurgaon
 SITE

Brief:

Location - Manesar, Gurgaon (28.37N,76.93E)

Company- Mainstream Green LTD.

Area: 1.6 million sq.ft eco office complex

Function: Office, Shopping mall, Business Suit and club.

MAINSTREAM GREEN

THE SYNERGIC CO-EXISTENCE OF COMMERCIAL

EXCELLENCE WITH ENVIRONMENT PROSPERITY

Mainstream Green is a philosophy that first brings the lucrative commercial factors location,
typology etc.- and then infuses Green Building features in the structure to reduce costs and
maximum efficiency. It addresses current needs and future challenges, keeping in mind the available
natural resources. It thus promotes an architecture that brings about the perfect confluence between
the constructed and natural environment
STRATEGY

The strategy behind the architecture of Spire Edge can be best understood simply by looking at nature.
It stands, essentially, on the three main pillars which we define as Operative structure, Eco-structure
and people structure.

Operative structure

Eco structure People structure

Operative Structure: designed within the context of modern vastu principles, the structure maximize
the beneficial effects of natural energies like air, light etc.

Eco Structure: the nervous system of the complex which enables an optimal flow of natural and
built resources.

People Structure: the symbiosis of both operative and eco structure which maximizes productivity
and creates and harmonious environment.

The manner in which spire edge is created, each of the buildings and open spaces are designed using
passive and active means of climatic responsiveness. Smarter comfort strategies and devised by
understanding and use of various elements of the built environment. Green are made an integral part
of the built environment and the faade is created using materials which maximize the penetration of
daylight into the offices, while reducing heat gain. As a result, the quality of usable environment is
improved while energy consumption and direct costs are reduced.

There is a series of spaces within which an entire range of work and life related activities may occurs.
The entire fabric of the campus unites through productive interiors and connected landscapes while
allowing for diverse usage networks for the unique user. Safe, comfortable, convenient, and fun,
perpetually alive and responsibly used, the campus becomes an inspiration to all the inhabitants.
COMPONENTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Situated in the Northeast section of
the complex, the Signature tower is
a radical project, designed by
renowned Master Architect Ken
Yeang
The Signature Tower: Indias first bio-climatic skyscraper

1 .Iconic, 300 ft. tall, deep green building

Climatically appropriate, Innovative building

Visible from afar as a gateway to Manesar

Situated on KMP corridor

State-of-the-art glazing system and louvers

2. Vertically rising landscape

Integrating greens to the workspace

Creates a continuous Green Thread

Pedestrian Ramp

Unique high-rise pedestrian ramp serves as an integrated landscape area

Meeting pods at multiple level along the ramp

Serves as an additional emergency building evacuation strategy

Vertical extension of the central street that connects to the central plaza

4. High Rise

Observation and viewing deck

Rooftop terrace gardens

5. Building Features

Average floor plate area of 16,000sq ft

Large column-free spans

Building edge vehicular drop-offwith grand entrance lobby

200-seater auditorium

Efficiently organized core and flexible lift clusters

Glare free daylit interiors

Use of high performance glass and shading devices

 FLOOR PLANS
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
THIRD FLOOR PLAN

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

GREEN FEATURES

Vegetative ramp serves as Easily accessible core

an alternative evacuation route and strategically placed column

Vegetated roof top core

Vegetated green ramp column

Ascending green belt

Roof top zone

water collector
East
facade
Rain water storage
tank

Rain water
catchment scallop

Filtered water
Storage
Tank West facade
 CLIMATIC RESPONSIVE DESIGN

Reflective Insulated Recessed Balcony Recessed Window

Glazing

Horizontal Louvers Vertical Louvers

Planters
Winter Summer Sky terrace detail North
Elevation

section
Anchor Block

EXCLUSIVE 9-STOREY BUILDING WITH UNIQUE IDENTITY

PRIVATE ENTRANCE FORECOURT AND VEHICULAR DROP-OFF
IDEAL FOR CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS

With stand apart aesthetics , the Anchor Block is located in the Northwest corner of the complex. This
tower promotes a sense of unique identity-one of its own. Its visibility from Mnesar arterial road
allows for a distinct presence that may be effectively used to establish a corporate identity
1. Exclusive Independent Tower
1.8 lac sq. ft. of I.T. space spread over 9 storeys
Primely positioned-facing the Manesar arterial road
and overlooking the Signature Tower
Private entrance forecourt with signature landscape

2. Green
Private gardens
Terrace and rooftop gardens
Pergola shaded rooftop
Created to run on low energy demand
Shading through fins and louvers
Vegetation covered trellises to shade the West face
Better, glare free, daylit interiors
Use of high performance glass in exteriors

3. Features
Average floor plate area of 25,000 sq. ft.
Landscaped rooftop cafeteria
Private vehicular drop off
Wet points of CEOs and special areas
Plans

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

MULTITENANT BLOCK

G+12 STOREY TWIN TOWERS

ADAPT-TO-SUIT OFFICES SCALABLE TO MATCH ORGANISATINAL GROWTH
UPTO 90,000 SQ. FT. CONTIGUOUS FLOOR PLATE SIZE
SUNLIT ATRIUM AND EXCLUSIVE TERRACE GARDENS
The Multitenant Block stretches from the West to the Southwest section of the complex. With
a range of features and innovative designs, it offers highly effective and flexible office spaces.
Each office space links into the bio-screen that acts as both as a green thread and thermal
shield.
1. G+12 storey Twin Towers with contiguous floor plates

Branded incubator spaces for setting up operations and businesses

Enhanced ingress and egress system

2. Flexible

Adapt-to-suit policy for office area, available from small to large modules, both horizontally and
vertically integrated

Location of lifts and service cores planned for maximum flexibility and efficiency

Meeting pods available for varying durations

3. Efficient

Over 5.0 lac sq. ft. of lockable office spaces

Average floor plate area of 65,000 sq. ft.

Maximum contiguous floor plate size of 90,000 sq. ft available

Available in configurations starting from as low as 1,000 sq. ft

4. Green

Large Terrace gardens with Vertical Landscapes

Breakout spaces with individual offices

Landscaped usable refuge areas

5. Building Features

High, sunlit atrium entrance and shading through fins and louvers
Plans

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

BUSINESS SUITES,

CLUB &

SHOPPING MALL

RESIDENTIAL, RECREATIONAL AND SOCIAL HUB OF THE COMPLEX

DIRECT ACCESS FROM THE PEDESTRIAN PLAZA

VISIBILITY FROM PRIME VEHICULAR AREAS

The exclusive business suites and club facilities are located in the Southern segment of the complex
with their own lawns and spill out spaces. Covering an area of 1.4 lac sq. ft., they provide a vital
source of the office facilities, with a catchment area of over 1oo lac sq. ft. within the sector alone.

Strategically placed off the central spine and entrance plaza, it serves as a key component of the
cultural hub of the complex along with other central facilities like expo block
Business suites & Club

G+8 story serviced apartment block

Area -1.8 lac sq.ft
Facilities-Executive suits, Business centre, Restaurants, Health Spa, Swimming pool, Bar

Shopping Mall
G+2 story block for convenience and retail
Area-0.7 lac sq.ft
Facilities:-Anchor shop, Retail shopping and food court.

1. Premium Business suits

superior executive facilities
Serviced residential apartments with independent kitchenettes
Best views and climatic comforts

1. Exclusive Club

state-of-art gym, yoga and aerobics

Fine dining
Library
Lounge and coffee shop
Roof top swimming pool and bar gourmet kitchen with semi covered court and landscape greens .

Shopping Mall

The shopping mall is located in the southwest corner of the complex with direct access and visibility
from a 30 m road. Even within the campus it interacts with the street in such a manner which offers
maximum visibility both within and outside the complex

Vantage location and positioning

Corner Location, Securing Maximum frontage
Strategically placed within the campus to secure maximum footfalls
Spread across lower and upper ground levels for easy access
Plans
ICONIC EXPO AND CONFERENCE HALL

Exceptionally designed, iconic centerpiece of the project.

A flexible space for exhibition, gathering and product launches.

The Landscape

Land, water and plant material that

merge seamlessly with the environment

Serving as the connection between

the spaces within and outside

Dense woodland planting with walkways

and other thematic planting

Water features, channels, rocks, hardscape,

greens and planting.

Circulation and Access
Traffic management
Vehicular
Segregated flow for both pedestrians and
road
vehicles
Designated drop-offs
Road surface to control the speed of
vehicles flow
Dedicated vehicular lanes for cabs
Surface parking provision for visitors and
guests
Parking for up to 2,000 cars Basement 1

Basement 2
Innovatively planned basement
Basement 3
Vehicular drop-offs at the basement levels
at the circulation cores
Easily navigable basement and ramp loops
Large cut outs in basement slabs to allow in greater light
Open to sky stairs and ramps
Scalable car parking with a provision for another 1,000
 Water Management
Water management system that recycles water through on site ETP and STP plants, in
addition to rain harvesting, to create upto 28 days of water back-up.

Water recycling
On site STP and ETP
Low irrigation vegetation like Shirish, Neem, Gulmohur, Jacaranda, Champa
Rain water harvesting
28 day water backup facility
SPECIFICATIONS
DESIGNATED USE AND FACILITIES

Technology Park with offices, commercial, residential and common facilities

STRUCTURE

RCC framed having Post Tensioned Floor system as per the latest norms of NBC

Designed for Seismic Zone-IV in accordance to IS: 1893

Compliant with ductile detailing of reinforcement as per the provisions of IS: 13920

FINISHES

EXTERNAL FAADE

High performance heat reflective insulated glass and structural glazing

Flamed and polished raw silk granite, premium sandstones

Composite Aluminium steel cladding and textured exterior paint

FAADE ELEMENTS

Patterned metal louvers

Vertical vegetation walls and Bio-Screens

Ash down and focus lighting for highlights and additional safety

INTERNAL WALLS AND LIGHTING

Polished granite cladding and other high gloss finishes

High quality textured paint and vitrified tile cladding

Trends and Approaches in Designing Office Buildings
 UNIT 5

Trends and Approaches in Designing Office Buildings

Office planning

Open Office:
A cluster or pod of low-paneled workstations separated from another pod by higher panels. A team-
oriented bullpen, with a small group of desks in a completely open area.

Closed Office:
An office space enclosed by ceiling high walls and each individual or group works in a private
environment.

Closed plan and open plan offices

Workspace Design

Duffy (1997) has identified four major generic organizational types as a shorthand way of capturing
the distinctive work patterns and design features characterized as hive, cell, den and club. The core
placements need to be decided in conjunction with the internal organizational type as an 'inside-out'
design activity.

Each type has a different configuration of workstations furniture and levels of enclosure
(partitioning).

'Hive' offices can be compared to beehives occupied by busy worker bees;

'cell' spaces resemble those in monks' cloisters;
'dens' are busy and interactive spaces where it is easy to work in teams;
'club' is the new transactional office, similar to a gentleman's club.
 UNIT 4
ITES

What are Information Technology Enabled Services?

IT Enabled Services are human intensive services that are delivered over telecom networks or the
internet with a range of business segments. The business segments include Medical Transcription,
Legal Database processing, Remote Maintenance, Back office operations, Data Processing, Call
Centers, Human Resources Services, Insurance Claim Processing, Business Process Outsourcing, etc.

Medical Transcription

Animation

Legal Database Processing

Digital content development / animation

Remote Maintenance

Back office operations Accounts, financial services

Data Processing

Call Centers

Engineering and Design

Geographic Information Services

Human Resources Services

Insurance Claim Processing

Payroll Processing

Revenue Accounting

Support Centers

Website Services

Business Process Outsourcing (BPOs)

 UNIT 7

SERVICES
Simply stated, a service core is defined as those parts of a building that consist of the elevators, the
elevator shafts, the elevator lobby, staircases, toilets, M&E service, riser ducts and, in some cases,
the M&E plant rooms. Its structure can also contribute to the juncture stability of the building.

Service cores can typically contain the following elements:

Elevator shafts (inclusive of the elevator cars and equipment inside them)
Elevator lobby (into which the elevator shafts open)
Staircases (usually consisting of a main staircase and an escape staircase)
Fire-protected lobbies (where these are required, depending on the configuration and level of fire
protection, building type and size)
Toilets (which usually consist of male and female toilets, disabled persons toilets, and executive
toilets, where provided)
Ancillary rooms such as pantry, space for cleaning materials, where these are provided
mechanical vertical services riser-ducts, e.g. for electrical power and lighting distribution, water
distribution (including both riser and dropper pipes), sewer age pipes, rainwater down pipes,
system-medium piping, hot water piping, firefighting pipes and equipment, exhaust ducts, etc
Structural bracing and stability, achieved in the elevator shaft and staircase design (if applicable),
Mechanical vertical fire-protection risers for sprinklers, hose reels, wet and dry risers
Electrical vertical service riser for power
Electrical vertical service risers for telecommunications and data systems
M&E services plant rooms (where required for air handling units, telecommunications- distribution
equipment, etc
Walls (to the service core) which can contribute to the structural stiffness of the building.

DESIGN APPROACH
At the concept stage the design team should consider the implications and ramifications of all the
sensible core placement options available. The major aspects which require addressing are the
architectural design intent in the brief,

Architectural design intent.

Functionality of the space.
Fire escape regulations.
Overall structural stability,
M&E Services
Building Topology.
Cost.

FUNCTION OF THE SERVICE CORE

The size and location of the service*core is predominantly governed by considerations that include

meeting fire-egress regulations,

Basic efficiency in human movement
Efficient internal layout to maximize returns,
Vertical transport
Numerous vertical service shafts

In tall buildings in particular, the service core can provide the principal structural element for both
the gravity load-resisting system and lateral load-resisting system, with the latter becoming
increasingly important as the height of the building increases. It provides the stiffness to restrict
deflections and accelerations to acceptable levels at the top of the building.
The core configuration is normally finalized at an early stage of the design development because of
its impact on the functional layout of the building. Traditionally, the configuration is greatly
influenced by the architect. The design optimization process is subsequently carried out within the
allocated zones during the preliminary design phase by the design teams experts in the individual
disciplines.

Cost of Core for a typical High Rise Office Building is estimate d to be around 38% of total
Structural Cost.
The cost of a core for a typical high-rise office building is estimated to be around 38 per cent of the
total structural cost or at 4 per cent to 5 per cent of the total development cost. Clearly, if the
optimization of the service core by the structural engineer is limited only to structural optimization,
the potential savings in terms of the overall cost is relatively small. In contrast, an optimization
process on the buildings structure which impacts on the costs of other systems and which takes into
account the speed of construction may result in more significant financial benefits.
Design Approach
How do we go about deciding where to place the service core when shaping and organizing the plan
of a highly serviced building?

The opportunity for optimization and the Design procedure adopted

Service Core types and Placements
Four generic core types:
The central core
The split core
The end core
The atrium core
The Design Approach
The approach will depend on many factors so the entire of team works together. Selecting the
correct criteria for the core design will help find the solution that will best meet the buildings
objectives.
For instance, if unencumbered clear internal space is one of the main aims of the design, a single-
ended core may be the best solution although the permissible distance from the furthest corner of
the space to the fire escape is a limitation.

A building with a lower energy brief may require a split-core configuration, which provides the best
passive low-energy performance in high-rise buildings. The placement as well as the internal
arrangement of the core - the relationship of the core elements - depends very much on the type of
building, the people who use the spaces and on legislation and building codes.

The flexibility required by a multitenant user is quite different to what is needed in an owner-
occupied building. Certain elements will not change much. Elevators, staircases, toilets and service
ducts are required in both. The flexibility in a speculative type of building is in the M&E engineering
systems. The ability to carry out bespoke fit-outs from a shell and core construction provides the
level of interchangeability within a set of guidelines.

For instance, if the building is entirely owner occupied, and if the occupier is not likely to make
major internal changes in occupancy in the future, the building can be tailored entirely to meet the
owners unique requirements. An owner-occupied building can be more interesting to the design
team since the
guidelines are written by the owner and designers. Floor plates can incorporate features such as
irregular shapes, longer depths from the unlit end to the naturally sunlit external wall, the choice (or
non-choice) of ceiling grids, etc.

For example
In a speculative office building, the designer will need to establish the service core of the building
around a variety of potential tenants. This flexibility will allow the eventual occupiers a full range of
options when they subdivide the let table space. Future refurbishments will be also easy when
extending the useful life of the building.
Generic speculative building-types have to cater for single or double tenants and, at worst,
multitenant. Each requires different net-to-gross floor area efficiencies.

The most efficient should be the single-tenancy occupancy. Emergency escape requirements, and
hence the fire protection requirements, will be different. This will affect the design of the elevator
lobby, which itself imposes on the elevator strategy. This may result in a structural solution which
requires more lateral stability than can be achieved in the core.
Mostly, the building (say, that it is an office building) may be built by an investor who may not have
any immediate occupant, or may have an occupant for only a portion of the building and not its
entirety. In such instances, when the designer is planning the floor plate and placement of the
service core, he or she should facilitate a variety of alternative options to allow for the full range of
likely subdivisions of the internal spaces in the future.

The designer should not be blinkered into accepting the norms and traditions of core and floor-plate
design. Some designers find planning the floor plate too constraining. The energy consumption of a
building is greatly affected by the placement of its service cores. It will, of course, also depend on
many other factors including geographical location and local topography as well as the type of
building.
There is a correlation between the location of the service core and the heating and cooling loads of
the building.

The cooling load is most influenced by the service core position. A split-core design with the cores
orientated east - west, with glazing to the north and south, has a lower cooling load than a central-
core design. The cores on the east and west elevations reduce the high solar gain - usually the main
constituent of the cooling load - to the building.

Conversely, the service core placement that is characterized by the maximum air-conditioning load
is the central-core configuration in which the main daylight openings lie to the southeast and
northwest.
A building with a large lobby can suffer from chronic infiltration of ambient air throughout its
interior, distributed via the elevator shafts and staircase. The results of neglecting the correct
infiltration can be HVAC systems, which cannot maintain internal design conditions.

In the case of a skyscraper with a split-core design, a building orientated from north to south
instead of east to west will have an air-conditioning load nearly one and a half times greater than
a building arranged longitudinally from east to west. The service cores can be placed to serve as
solar buffers, thereby enabling a passive low-energy bioclimatically responsive configuration. The
need to cut down on electrical consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emissions makes good core
design fundamental, not only environmentally but also financially.

There is also a trend today to have a greater proportion of the core area allocated to
communications risers and IT facilities. Earlier these in cabinets were place along the walls of the
service core. However, many are now providing these within the core area and enabling free wall-
space around the core. There are, of course, spatial and efficiency penalties for doing so.
Concentrating all the M&E systems within the same zone achieves a better let table area for the
occupier and simplifies maintenance. Attention should be given to detailing the doors where risers
open in protected and common access spaces. Coordination at the design stage will help provide a
more user-friendly building. The designer should ensure that no common M&E service cabinets,
plant rooms or ducts (usually within the service core area) have doors that open on to a rentable,
usable or tenants area. This would prevent occupants placing fittings and fixtures against that part
of the service cores wall. Furthermore, locating the doors within a tenants area would inhibit
inspection by service personnel.
Cooling Load
Single Core :
The Building with North-South, has least Cooling Load
Double Core :
The Building with North-South, has least Cooling Load.
The Average cooling Load of a double core < Central Core in all orientation.

Cooling Load
Single Core :
Cooling Loads > Double End Core
Cooling Loads < Central Core.
Core on West cooler than on East
Coolest when Core facing North and wall on South.
NET AND GROSS AREA DEFINITIONS
Designing the relationship between the service core and the floor plate in commercial conditions
always needs to be done in the context of maximizing the net-to-gross efficiency of the buildings
floor plates. While the exact definitions of net and gross vary from country to country they can
generally be considered as follows.

The net area of a building is the saleable or rentable area of its floor plates.

The gross area is the whole of the floor plate, including the service core.

Building-types have different ratios which are expressed as a percentage. An office building would
be considered poorly designed if the efficiency was below 75 per cent.

Good single floor-plate efficiency in current commercial real estate terms would be between 80 per
cent and 85 per cent.

This efficiency might even be a fundamental requirement of the design brief and if calculated
incorrectly will cost the client considerable revenue. The overall building efficiency will usually be
lower than the floor-plate efficiency because the building has shared facilities which are not
reflected on the floors.
These are the main entrance lobby, cafeterias, plant rooms and service corridors, car parks and
other back of house areas. The ratio of net area to total gross area of the building will provide
this efficiency figure.

A useful differentiation is to consider the areas in a typical floor plate for an office building in terms
of the following:
Gross External Area (GEA)
Gross Internal Area (GIA)
Net Internal Area (NIA)
Net Usable Area (multiple tenancies, single tenancy, double tenancy)
Plant and maintenance area
Shell and core area

Gross External Area: The gross external floor area (GEA) in this context refers to the entire floor-
plate area measured from the outside edges of the external walls. This figure is useful in defining the
entire built-up area of the floor plate.
Net Internal Area: The Net Internal Area (NIA) is the area of the entire floor measured to the inside
edges of the external walls.
Net Internal Area (multiple tenancies): This is the internal area measured from the insides of the
external walls, or to the inside wall of any internal access passageways, but excludes the service core
area.
Net Internal Area (single tenancy): For this the internal area is measured from the inside of the
external wall and includes the toilet areas and elevator lobbies in the service core area. This is
because some single tenants occupying an entire floor may seek to customize the toilets to their
own requirements and to maintain the toilet areas within the occupied floor.
Net Internal Area (double tenancy): This is the internal area measured from the inside of the
external walls, but excludes the elevator lobbies and circulation to the escape staircases.

Floor plate Area Configuration and the workspace design

High Net-to-gross efficiency achievable per floor-plate the furthest distance from natural daylight
for a desk or work surface should be no more than two and a half times the height of the external
window

Floor Area Usable Builder is paid

Floor Area Net

Floor Area Gross
Functional Area

Builder is not paid

Circulation Area

Structural Area Builder is not paid

THE SERVICE CORE AND BUILDING ECONOMY
The principal factors that contribute to overall building economy are:
Minimization of material costs
Optimization of core geometry
Minimization of core area
Minimization of construction time.
Fire Fighting

Fire in a building can be classified into five types according to its origin as follows:

Type A - Wood, Cardboard, Clothes

Type B - Gases
Type C - Oils
Type D - Chemical (Na, Mg etc.)
Type E - Electrical

NOIDA BUILDING BYE LAWS RELATED TO FIRE

Means of Access
1. No building shall be erected so as to deprive any other building of the means of access.
2. Every person who erects a building shall not at any time erect or cause or permit to erect or re-
erect any building, which in any way encroaches upon or diminishes the area set apart as means of
access.

3. For buildings identified in Bye-law No. 6.2.4.1, the following provisions of means of access shall be
ensured The width of the main street on which the building abuts shall not be less than 9 meters,
A building shall abut on a street or streets or upon spaces directly connected from the street by a
hard surface approach road, width of which is not less than 9 meters, If there are any bends or
curves on the approach road, a sufficient width shall be provided at the curve to enable the fire
appliances to turn, the turning circle being at least of 9.0 m radius, The approach road to the
building and open spaces on its all sides (See Bye-law No. 12.4) unto 6 m width and the layout for
the same shall be done in consultation
with Chief Fire Officer, Delhi Fire Service and the same shall be of hard surface capable of taking the
weight of Fire engine, weighing unto 10-18 tones. The said open space shall be kept free of
obstructions and shall be motor able.

Main entrances to the premises shall be of adequate width to allow easy access to the fire engine
and in no case it shall measure less than 5 meters. The entrance gate shall fold back against the
compound wall of the premises, thus leaving the exterior access way within the plot free for
movement of fire service vehicles. If archway is provided over the main entrance the height of the
archway shall not be at a height less than 4 m, and For multi-storied group housing schemes on one
plot, the approach road shall be 9 m in width and between individual buildings; there shall be a
space of 6 m around. The maximum height of building shall not exceed 1.5 times the width of road
abutting plus the front open spaces.
If a building abuts on two or more streets of different widths, the building shall be deemed to face
upon the street that has the greater width and the height of the building shall be regulated by the
width of the street and may be continued to this height to a depth of 24 m along the narrower street
subject to conformity of Byelaw
Basement

1. The construction of the basement shall be allowed by the Authority in accordance with the land
use and other provisions specified under the Master Plan.
2. The basement shall not be used for residential purposes.

The basement shall have the following requirements:

Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.4 m in height from the floor to the underside of the
roof slab or ceiling. Adequate ventilation shall be provided for the basement. The standard of
ventilation shall be the same as required by the particular occupancy according to Bye-laws. Any
deficiency may be met by providing adequate mechanical! Ventilation in the form of blowers,
exhaust fans (one exhaust fan for 50 sq. m. of basement area), air- conditioning system etc.

The minimum height of the ceiling of any basement shall be 0.9 m and maximum of 1;2 m above the
average surrounding ground level. Adequate arrangement shall be made such that surface drainage
does not enter the basement.

The walls and floors of the basement shall be water-tight and be so designed that the effect of the
surrounding soil and moisture, if any, are taken into account in design and adequate damp proofing
treatment is given. The access to the basement shall be separate from the main and alternate
staircase
providing access and exit from higher floors. Where the staircase is continuous the same shall be
enclosed type serving as a fire separation from the basement floor and higher floors. Open ramps
shall be permitted if they are constructed within the building line subject to the provision of (iv). In
the case of basements for office and commercial occupancies sufficient number of exit ways and
access ways shall be provided with a travel distance not more than 15 m.

The basement shall not be partitioned. In case the partitions in the basements are allowed by the
Authority, no compartment shall tie less than 500 sq. ft. in area and each compartment shall have
ventilation standards as laid down in sub-clause (ii) separately and independently. The basement
partitions shall however conform to the norms lay down by the Chief Fire Officer Delhi. Kitchen,
bathroom and toilet shall not be permitted in the basement unless the sewer levels permit the same
and there is no chance of back flow and flooding of sewerage. If permitted, this shall be placed
against an external wall of the basement (which shall also be external wall of the building) and shall
be
adequately lighted and ventilated. The area of kitchen, bathroom and toilet so permitted in the
basement shall be counted towards FAR calculations. A kitchen when permitted in the basement
shall be equipped with electric ovens, stoves, gas or similar equipments.

Exit Requirements
Every building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with exits sufficient to permit safe
escape of occupants in case of fire or other emergency.
All exits shall be free of obstructions.
Exits shall be clearly visible and the routes to reach the exit shall be clearly marked and sign posted
to guide the population of floor concerned
 Fire fighting equipment where provided along exits shall be suitably located clearly marked but
must not obstruct the exit way and yet there should beck indication about its location from either
side of the exit way;
Alarm devices shall be installed to ensure prompt evacuation of the population concerned through
the exits;
All exits shall provide continuous means of egress to the exterior of a building or to an exterior
open space leading to a street;

Types of Exits
Exits shall be either of horizontal or vertical type.
Doorway, corridor, and passageways to an internal staircase or external staircase, ramps or to a
verandah and/or terraces, Horizontal exit leading to an adjoining building at the same level.
Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits.
1. Number and Size of Exits -The requisite number and size of various exists shall be provided, based
on the population in each room, area and floor based on the occupant load, capacity of exits, travel
distance and height of buildings as per provisions of Bye-Laws Nos. 16.3.1 to 16.3.3.
2. Arrangement of Exits - Exits shall be so located so that the travel distance on the floor shall not
exceed 22.Sm for residential, educational, institutional and hazardous occupancies and 30m for
assembly, business, mercantile, industrial and storage occupancies. Whenever more than one exit is
required for a floor of building, exits shall be placed as remote from each other as possible. All the
exits shall be accessible from the entire floor area at all floor levels.
3. Occupant Load -The population in rooms, areas of floors shall be calculated based on the
occupant load given in the table given below

Sprinkler Allowances -
When a building is protected with automatic sprinkler system and such a system is not required
specifically by the Code, the capacity per storey per unit width of exit of stairways in Table 6 may be
increased by 5O%.

Revolving Doors
Revolving doors shall not be used as required exits except in residential, business and mercantile
occupancies, but shall not constitute more than half the total required door width.

Fire Escapes or External Stairs

Fire escapes shall not be taken into account in calculating the evacuation time of a building.
All fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground.
Entrance to fire escape shall be separate and remote from the internal staircase.
Fire escape shall be constructed of non-combustible materials.
Fire escapes stairs shall have straight flight not less than 75cm wide with 25 cm treads and risers not
more than 19 cm. The number of risers shall be limited to 16 per flight. Handrails shall be of a height
not less than 90cm.

Spiral Stairs (fire escape) -The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a
building of height 9 m unless they are connected to platforms, such as balconies and terraces to
allow escapes to pause.
spiral fire escape shall be not less than 150cm in diameter and shall be designed to give adequate
head room.
The walls enclosing lift shafts shall have a fire resistance of not less than two hours. Shafts shall have
permanent vents at the top not less than 1 800 sq. mm. in clear area. Lift motor rooms preferably be
sited at the top of the shaft and shall be separated from lift shafts by the enclosing wall of the shaft
or by the floor of the motor rooms.
If the lift shaft and lift lobby are in the core of the building a positive pressure of not less than 2.5
mm and not more than 3 mm. w.g. by an electrically operated blower shall be maintained in the lift
lobby and positive pressure of not less than 5 mm w.g. shall be maintained in the lift shaft.

Lifts and Fire Lifts

Public address system in the lift car with speaker/telephone assembly shall be provided.

Building Services
1. Electrical Services
2. Alternate Source of Electric Supply
3. Air-conditioning
Proper arrangements by way of automatic fire dampers working on smoke/heat detectors for
isolating all ducting at every floor from the main riser shall be made.

Fixed Fire Fighting Installations

The Wet Riser installations shall conform to lS: 3844-1966CodeofPracticefor Installation of internal
fire hydrants in multi-storey buildings. In addition, Wet Risers shall be designed for Zonal distribution
ensuring that unduly high pressure are not developed in risers and have ripes.
The riser shall be fed through the booster pump from either of the two water sources round the
clock:
Town mains of suitable size which can supply requisite quantity of water. Static tanks. The capacity
of the static tank shall be given as below:
Non-apartment building 15 m. and above but below 1,00000 liters 24m. in height used for mixed
occupancies like offices, shops, department stores
Non-apartment buildings 24m. and above in height- 2,00,000 liters
Static Water Storage Tank
Automatic Sprinklers -Automatic high pressure water spray or foam
sprinklers system shall be installed.
Control Room
House Keeping
Fire Drills and Fire Orders
PARKING SYSTEM

One solution of parking problem may be a multi-level car parking system to maximize car parking
capacity by utilising vertical space, rather than
expand horizontally. Although at a nascent stage
in India, it is one of the options to decongest
roads and solve parking problems.

Tower Park System

Example
- Site: Suburbia Mall,
Shoppers Stop & Movie Time Theatre, Mumbai.
- Capacity Created: 50 cars in the space of 3

Vertical Rotating System

Vertical rotary parking systems work on the principle of a merry go round. These too can
accommodate 50 cars in the space of two (just about 40 square meters). The entire system
accommodating up to 50 pallets to hold 50 cars rotates clockwise or anti-clockwise. When a car
comes for parking, the nearest empty pallet comes to the level of the entrance to the parking tower
at the press of a button and the car is driven on to it. It is also possible to operate it manually in case
of power stoppage. It takes less than 2 minutes to either park or take out a car.
Puzzle Parking System

Puzzle parking solutions work on the principle of the

Puzzle. They comprise pallets that move laterally or
vertically, making it possible to park or remove any car
without disturbing the others. They are easy to
operate and maintain. They come in various
combinations and can be adapted in restricted spaces
too, like driveways, basements, rooftops and so on.
Now parking no longer need be a puzzle!

These can be 2 stage, 3 stage or 4 stage. All the stages

can be above ground or one can be in the pit.

No advance planning is required to be done while

designing the building except taking care of the clear
height available above the ground and the spacing
between the columns hi case of basement and stilts.
Easy and quick to install, puzzle systems can be bought
and installed in stages as the need grows. It takes just
about a minute to either park or take out a car.

Key Advantages

Many cars can be driven in and out of one gate Economical - facilitates efficient space utilization in
basement parking lot. Parking space required per car is a third of that in conventional manual
parking User safety and comfort oriented design Easy PLC type controls. Quick operation. Parking or
retrieving a car takes less than 2 min.-

Length: 5,050mm
-Width: 1,850mm
-Height: 1,550mm
- Weight :l,700Kg

Specifications
Allowable car dimensions Drive Speed
- Lift-upward: 3 to 12 m/ min
- Lift-downwards:3 tol8m/min
- Lateral Movement: 7 m/minMotor for lift
11.2KW4/16P
Lateral Movement -2.2KW 6P
Operation Method - Motor Chain
Control Method -PLC & Computer Type

Key Advantages
Many cars can be driven in and out of one gate
Economical - facilitates efficient space utilization in basement parking lot
Parking space required per car is a third of that in conventional manual parking
User safety and comfort oriented design
Easy PLC type controls
Quick operation
Parking or retrieving a car takes less than 2 min.
Clean area-no pallets

Specifications
Allowable car dimensions Drive Speed Motor for lift Lateral Movement Operation Method Control
Method
- Lift-upward: 3 to 12 m/ min
- Lateral Movement: 7 m/min
-11.2KW 4/16P
-2.2KW 6P
-Motor Chain
-PLC
 UNIT 8
GREEN FEATURES

1. Vertical Landscaping
Exhibition Tower, Singapore

Architect: T.R. Hamzah & Yeang

This is a proposed 26-storey building not yet built. The
interesting thing is its concept of 'vertical extension of the
street'. Wide landscaped ramps conduct you upwards from
road level, creating
a wonderful mix of use along the path. It would house
exhibition spaces of all kinds, retail uses, and auditoria.
Yeang uses vegetation not only as an amenity but as a
means of providing
shade and improving
interior microclimate
and oxygenation.

In this project, he
regarded this site as
ecologically devasted
and has carried out a
survey of local species
to find which plants will
be most suitable for the
new building, and re-
evoking the original
eco-system.
They are to make a continuous garment from street to crown of the building.
Offices, Santiago, Chile

Architect: Enrique Browne, Borja Huidobro

Adapting the archetypal Mediterranean practice of mediating between interior and
exterior domains, buildings are traditionally organized around cool patio courtyards
and wide covered verandahs. This extends the habitable realm by providing shade
and offering protection from the rain. Adding a
further layer of lush visual and physical texture,
plant-covered pergolas are also used to diffuse light,
soften elevations and create shade.
Santiago's Neo-classical architecture makes
exuberant use of me and the tradition has been
revived and reinterpreted by Enrique Browne in this
building.

As well as being ecologically appropriate and

environmentally
Responsive, planted screens are also a highly
adaptable and relatively economical means of
reducing energy use in buildings. Browne has used
planted trellises in several small to medium sized
projects.

The long east elevation is glazed, with views out to

the mountains. The curved west facade is stepped
back in three sections, and crowned by a crisply
detailed overhanging roof. In Santiago, westerly
facades are particularly vulnerable to solar gain and
overheating, so the west elevation is protected by an
outer screen of planted trellises.

Varying between four and two storeys in height, to

trellises frames are set around 1.5m beyond an
inner skin of double glazed, low emissivity panels.
The luxuriant green screen has been calculated to
reduce solar gain by 60%. West facing offices enjoy
the benefits of greenery and light magically filtered
through the planted trellises.
Like a contemporary version of Babylon's mythical
hanging gardens, the sculptural greenery forms a
dramatic and original addition to the Santiago
skylight. Planting changes with the seasons, animating the curved faade with color
and life. And as the greenery continues to flourish and evolve, it is also a rare
example of a building that seems destined to actually improve with age.

Commerzbank headquarters building, Frankfurt, Germany

Architect: Foster and Partners
The competition winning design by Foster has many
dramatic elements: sky gardens and the central atrium
which rises through the whole height of the building. The
plan of a typical office level consists of stairs, lifts and
services in each apex with the equilateral triangle of the
void in the middle. Two of the sides of the void contain
office accommodation, the thirs a garden.
The gardens are four stories high, so they will be able to
contain quite large trees. Every four stories, the garden
level rotates to the next face of the plan, and the sequence
is allowed to continue over 12 floors before a floor of glass
triangles is laid over the atrium, and the whole sequence
starts spiraling again with an-other garden over the one you
started off with.
The spatial sequence is quite new and initially it appears
simple.
There is the inter-relationship of interior and exterior
through the four-storey high glass walls which cant out
slightly at the top for the same reason as the glazing on
airport control towers-to reduce
confusing reflections. Through these, there are dramatic
views of sky and city.
The gardens change in design and vegetation according to orientation: west facing ones
have American plants like maples and cedars; easterly orientated gardens are Asians in
theme, with bamboos and oriental pines; those on the south have Mediterranean flora
with ancient olive trees growing among herbs (all the carefully chosen specimen plants
were naturalized in local nurseries).

The planting is in stone boxes raised above floor level, heightening the taller plants.
The sooner the vegetation puts on some growth the better for, although the trees in
particular are probably as large as they could possibly have been to move
successfully to the sky-gardens, more growth blur the edges of the rather rigid
layouts, make vegetation closer to the upper offices in each four- storey garden and
help the gardens acquire the social dimension which, as well as amenity, was part of
the programmed.
2.High Performance HVAC

Air conditioning using displacement ventilation to maximize free cooling

Displacement ventilation uses air supplied at a temperature, typically around 19C for
offices, which is only slightly cooler than the design temperature of the occupied zone. This is a much
higher temperature than used for conventional mixed flow ventilation systems and creates
opportunities for using fresh-air based free cooling for a large proportion of the year.

Conventional displacement ventilation design practice suggest that the cooling capacity of
displacement ventilation in commercial offices with normal floor to ceiling heights (up to 3 m) is
limited to around 25 W/m2. For this reason it is fairly common in the UK to specify chilled ceilings in
conjunction with displacement ventilation to meet typical office heat loads. However, recent BRE
research has shown that displacement ventilation on its own using appropriate diffusers can deal with
heat loads of around 50-55 W/m2 in typical office environments without causing thermal discomfort
outside the outflow zone.

This opens up the possibility of using fresh-air free cooling for large parts of the year.

Displacement compared with mixed flow ventilation

Displacement ventilation is essentially buoyancy driven "displacement" process. "Fresh"

ventilation air is introduced at low
velocity and at low-level into the
occupied zone at a temperature typically
around 19C, slightly cooler than the
design room air temperature. Air is
extracted at ceiling level. The supply air
spreads out across the floor forming a
reservoir of cool fresh air, as shown in
Figure 1. Any heat source in the room,
such as a person sat at a desk, will
generate a positively buoyant thermal
plume rising upwards. This plume will
draw air from the reservoir of cool fresh
air at low level in the room. If the
source of heat also represents a pollutant
source, these pollutants will also be
transported up out of the occupied zone.
Figure 1 Displacement ventilation typical room air flow

Extensive investigations elsewhere (1-6) have shown that generally two distinct stratified layers of
air form, an upper zone containing warm polluted air and a lower zone containing cooler cleaner air
separated by a boundary layer. This causes a vertical temperature gradient to develop (typically 5-6C
between supply and extract), resulting in higher temperatures at ceiling level than with standard
mixing ventilation systems.

Displacement ventilation strategies exploit this vertical temperature gradient by maintaining the
lower occupied zone at comfort conditions while allowing the upper hotter zone to increase to
temperatures in excess of accepted comfort limits. A risk with such a strategy is, however, that
significant vertical temperature gradient between feet and head height can lead to discomfort and this
must be considered when designing such a system.

Mixed flow ventilation is essentially a "mixing" process in which stale warm room air is
continually diluted by cooled fresh air. The air in the room is fully mixed and therefore air
temperature and pollutant concentrations are uniform throughout the space. Fresh air is normally
introduced and removed at ceiling level and the interaction of upward warm air currents and
horizontal supply air jets below the ceiling causes mixing and circulation to lower areas with
relatively high air speeds (see Figure 2). This can lead to draughts and discomfort in the occupied
area. Because air is supplied and extracted at ceiling level some of the supplied 'fresh' air may short
circuit by being drawn into the extract grilles which effectively reduces its cooling and pollutant

dilution potential.

Figure 2 Mixed flow figure 2 ventilation typical room air flow

 The air supply temperature for displacement ventilation systems is typically 19C compared to 13C
to 14C for most conventional mixing systems. Figure 3 shows the variation in room air temperature
for
ideal

displacement ventilation in a typical office environment compared with mixing ventilation. Note that
in this example there is approximately 2C air temperature pick-up between the supply and room air
close to the floor due to room air entrainment.

Free cooling opportunities

Supplying air at 19C to a displacement ventilation system opens up the possibility of using
fresh air free-cooling for large parts of the year. Free cooling is rather a misleading term as
energy will always be needed for fan (and in some cases pump) operation. In cold weather a heat
reclaim thermal wheel or heat exchanger is essential in order to minimize the need for pre-heating of
the fresh-air supply. Where there is a requirement for dehumidification in warm weather a separate
low temperature coil may be required, possibly in conjunction with heat pipe heat recovery and pre-
cooling, or face and bypass dampers.

A bin analysis of annual outdoor dry bulb temperature allows the potential of fresh air free-
cooling to be investigated. Figure 4 shows the number of hours occurrence of outdoor air
temperatures for normal working hours (0700 to 1800) during a whole year, based on the average of
the five year period 1976 to 1980. The effect of a year with a hot summer is also shown by plotting
hours occurrence for 1976 which had an exceptionally long hot summer. The data can be interpreted
more easily by converting it to an accumulated frequency s-curve, shown in Figure 5. This allows
the proportion of the total hours that were at and below a certain threshold temperature to be read
directly from the graph. To take account of heat pick up from the air distribution fan (assumed to
result in a 1C rise in the air stream) it is appropriate to take 12C for a conventional mixing
ventilation system and 18C for a displacement system. The s-curve therefore shows that fresh-air
free-cooling can be used for 85% of the time for a displacement system but only 53% of the time for a
conventional mixing ventilation system.

Additional s-curves for years with a hot summer (1976) and a cool summer (1977) have also been
plotted. These show that a hot summer would reduce the time that fresh air can be used for the
displacement system from 85% to about 78% of the time. A cool summer would increase the
proportion of the year that free-cooling is available to about 90% of the total time.

Thermal comfort requirements

Thermal comfort requirements place limitations on the design parameters and the maximum
cooling performance achievable with displacement ventilation. For sedentary occupancy such as
office work, BS EN ISO 7730:1995 (7) recommends that air velocity onto people should not normally
exceed 0.15 to 0.2 m/s, depending on air temperature and turbulence intensity. The maximum ankle to
head temperature gradient (between 0.1 m and 1.1 m above the floor) should not normally exceed 2C
to 3C in summer.

The dry resultant temperature in the occupied region should also normally be between 23C
and 26C. For displacement ventilation systems air velocity is principally a function of the air supply
volumetric flow rate and temperature, and the degree of room air entrainment at the diffuser. The
ankle to head temperature gradient is also a function of the supply air volumetric flow rate and the
degree of room air entrainment at the diffuser.

Obtaining higher cooling performance with displacement ventilation

Conventional design practice and BRE investigations suggest displacement ventilation systems
in offices (with floor to ceiling heights below 3 m) are limited to around 20/25 W/m2 cooling
capacity. To increase cooling capacity either the supply air temperature has to be reduced, or the
volumetric air supply rate must be increased. Reducing the air supply air temperature below the
normal 19C is not an option when the aim is the maximization of free-cooling, and could lead to
unacceptable thermal discomfort in the ankle region. Raising the volumetric air supply rate allows a
19C supply air temperature to be maintained, but increases the risk of high air speed in the occupied
space. Fan power and duct sizing will also be increased and therefore a life cycle analysis of this
compared with the reductions in cooling energy must be undertaken as part of specific system
designs.

Types of displacement diffuser

A wide range of diffusers can be used for displacement ventilation, including the following:

Wall mounted diffusers Corner mounted diffusers Free-standing "bin" diffusers Floor mounted
swirl diffusers Fabric sock diffusers.

Figure 6 shows typical air outflow profiles with these diffusers. Fabric sock diffusers are not
yet widely used and are rare in offices in the UK. Wall, corner and free-standing diffusers typically
consist of a perforated plate with an internal baffle to promote even air discharge through the
perforated plate face. The active surface areas are usually quite large without taking up excessive
amounts of floor space.

Floor mounted diffusers can normally provide either vertical or horizontal discharge.
Horizontal discharge is usually used for displacement applications and this typically produces a
horizontal circular swirling jet. These diffusers are often 150 mm or 200 mm diameter. This restricted
size leads to relatively higher discharge or face velocities than the other types of diffuser.
 Floor diffusers appear to be a very popular choice for new commercial office buildings, despite
the fact that their relative small size conflicts with the displacement ventilation requirement for air to
be introduced at low velocity. Their apparent popularity may be due to the installation flexibility
offered by floor terminals in conjunction with raised floors, although there is a risk of low level
thermal discomfort if occupants sit too close to them.

Figure 6 Outflow air profiles of typical displacement ventilation diffusers

Conclusions

It has been shown that the limitations of many existing displacement diffusers for meeting
high cooling loads include the maximum volumetric air supply rate that can be achieved without
causing discomfort to the occupants, and the maximum number of diffusers that can be installed in a
given space without reducing the area that can be occupied by people. Large wall diffusers have been
shown to be capable of satisfying cooling loads as high as 50-55 W/m2 without causing thermal
discomfort outside the diffuser outflow zone. However, the diffuser outflow zone will be relatively
large and this would reduce the practicality of using such a diffuser for large loads, especially in
buildings where the occupants were mainly involved in sedentary office type work.

Alternatively it might be possible to arrange for the outflow zones to be used for general
circulation areas which have less stringent criteria for acceptable thermal comfort. A cooling
performance of 50-55 W/m2 would be sufficient for the cooling requirements in the core zones of
most normal office buildings. Bin diffusers would have to be used instead of wall diffusers in large
open plan areas and the space that they would take up would further reduce the usable floor area.

Testing of a range of innovative fabric diffusers showed that a cooling performance around
50 W/m2 could be achieved. This performance was in part achieved by utilizing the low entrainment
characteristic of fabric as part of the diffusers, which allows relatively high volumetric supply rates
without causing unacceptably high air speeds. A disadvantage of minimal mixing and entrainment of
the room air with supply air at the diffuser is high ankle to head temperature gradients which could
exceed the limit of acceptability for people engaged in sedentary office type work in quite a large
floor area around the diffuser (the diffuser outflow zone). The degree of under temperature and the
size of the diffuser outflow zone, as well as the air velocity are all issues that need to be addressed
very carefully be designers when choosing a diffuser for an application. At present little information
exists on the extent or range of acceptable under temperature regions and adoption of low air
entrainment diffusers would require detailed physical mock-ups to confirm suitability before
installation.

The supply air temperature used throughout the testing was 19C, which should allow free air
cooling for about 85% of the year in south-east England. This might drop to about 78% in a year with
a very hot summer, but should be higher in more northerly UK locations. The improvement in
displacement ventilation cooling performance was achieved by increasing the air supply volumetric
rate, which entails increased ventilation fan power and larger duct sizes. This must be taken into
account when determining the overall benefit of using displacement ventilation for cooling. A
practical consideration of using bin and sock fabric diffusers is the floor space taken up. In large open
plan areas the bin diffuser could be located around structural columns, and there is no reason why
fabric diffusers could not be located inside partition walls.

Another possibility is to incorporate fabric into floor grill type diffusers. Preliminary tests
showed that this produces low entrainment air discharge and may offer a practical alternative to socks
and bins.
 2. Water Management
Integrated Storm Water Management
Water Quality

Objective:

Limit or reduce the amount of sedimentation and pollutants that are transported in storm water runoff
and limit or reduce the amount of erosion of topsoil caused by storm water runoff. Pollutants that
accumulate on roadways, parking lots, rooftops and paved areas are transported by storm water runoff
during rain events and deposited into out fall water bodies degrading water quality. Integrated Storm

Water Management (ISWM), also known as low impact development (LID), improves water quality
by pre treating runoff prior to out fall and results in value-added site amenities. The objective of
ISWM/LID is to maintain or restore the sites natural hydrology by keeping rainwater where it falls
instead of diverting it to the storm drain system and out fall water bodies without treatment.

Water Harvesting

Objective:

Capture on-site rain water from impervious surfaces for the purpose of supplementing irrigation
and/or building water requirements to reduce the demand for potable water. Simple systems to capture
rooftop runoff include connecting down spouts to rain washers (sand filters) that are connected to
storage tanks. The water is then used for irrigation or treated for building use, most often for toilet
flushing. Advanced systems exist to mechanically treat higher levels of contamination and higher
volumes of runoff from parking lots or other paved areas. The costs associated with these systems can
be offset by the reduction of elaborate storm runoff piping systems.

Water Treatment and Recovery

Storm water management on the site is limited by the overall site density and area of landscape. Flood
protection for the buildings, parking garages, and other site improvements will be a significant
challenge. However, the overall drainage patterns, conveyance channels, off-site storage ponds, and
other appurtenances that must be constructed for flood protection, also offer opportunities for storm
water harvesting and water quality enhancement during smaller rainfall events. The rainfall patterns
do increase the challenge for flood protection during the rainy periods and adequate water supply
during the dry periods. Water recovery and reuse will be important elements in development of a
competitive and aesthetically pleasing development.

Black water Treatment and Recovery

Objective:

Provide on-site treatment of black water for on-site reuse. Typical treatment for domestic sewage
includes primary and secondary treatment. Effluent is then discharged to local streams or other water
bodies. This effluent can be used on site for irrigation for building us with the addition of a tertiary
treatment process to further filter and disinfect the effluent. This provides one of the most consistent,
years around supplies of water for irrigation.

Storm water Treatment and Reuse

Objective:

Harvest storm water for use as supplemental irrigation, or for indoor building uses such as toilet
flushing. Where little opportunity exists for long term storage of storm water for later use during the
dry season, the focus will be on enhancing the quality of the storm water before it leaves the site. The
intensity of the development proposed for the Hill County development will significantly alter the
natural drainage characteristics of the site. The natural landform and catchment characteristics, will
however be used to inform the design approach for overall urban drainage strategy. The goal of the
strategy is to adopt a non-traditional (green engineered) design for the urban storm water system that
achieves the following:

Promotes natural infiltration wherever possible;

Clean and enhance urban storm water run-off utilizing both mechanical and landscape solutions;

Reduce the peak flows of urban storm water runoff through utilizing micro-detention facilities
within the landscape;

Reduce sediment load of run-off through use of hydrodynamic separators, trash racks, bio-swales
and similar green engineering techniques;

Reduce nutrient loads through landscape area filtration, water storage ponds with macrophysics
margins and the limited use of mechanical or chemical facilities;

Utilize grey water reuse within landscape irrigation system where practical;

Promote ground water recharge where possible and appropriate.

URBAN CORE STRATEGY

Large portions of the urban core area will contain impermeable surface material, and /or will be
developed over structure. It is however still possible to implement a non-traditional, more sustainable
storm water management and treatment techniques. Urban core strategies will utilize the following
elements:

Utilization of permeable paving wherever possible;

Design of site grading to allow micro-detention within landscape areas;

 Incorporation of hydrodynamic separators or similar green engineered installations to reduce point
source sediment and nutrient loading, particularly from roadways, parking areas and areas where high
concentrations of pollutants are likely to occur;

Utilization of terraces to assist level changes where appropriate;

Use of paving, rock or sculptural wall, stair and structural devices to create impromptu waterfalls
during the monsoon season;

Utilization of reused water for irrigation wherever appropriate.

TRANSITIONAL AREA TREATMENTS

It is anticipated that the percentage permeable surfaces will increase slightly within transition areas.
However, areas of steep slope occur within this zone, and it is likely that significant areas of structural
deck and landscape terracing will be required to take up this level change. As with the urban core,
micro-detention areas will be incorporated within the landscape to assist slowing runoff, and water
permeability will be encouraged within landscape areas. Transition area strategies will utilize the
following elements:

Utilization of permeable paving and in-ground landscape treatments wherever possible;

Design of site grading to allow micro-detention within landscape areas;

Incorporation of bio-swales wherever possible to assist water quality;

Utilization of terraces to assist level changes where appropriate;

Use of paving, rock or sculptural wall, stair and structural devices to create impromptu waterfalls
during the monsoon season;

Maximize opportunities for groundwater recharge;

Utilization of reused water for irrigation wherever appropriate.

PERIMETER AREA TREATMENTS

The more natural landscape character within the perimeter areas affords the greatest opportunity to
implement green engineering solutions within an integrated landscape/ storm water management
design. The perimeter areas will likely contain the highest percentage of permeable surfaces through
more traditional on-grade gardens within residential and mixed use districts, which allows for not only
a higher level of ground infiltration, but also for localized detention areas, overland bio-swales to
assist with both sediment and nutrient capture, and potentially water settlement ponds to assist in a
high level of nutrient cleansing. Perimeter area strategies will utilize the following elements:

Maximize use of permeable paving and in-ground landscape treatments wherever possible;

Design of site grading to allow micro-detention within landscape areas;

Incorporation of bio-swales wherever possible to assist water quality;

Utilization of terraces to assist level changes where appropriate;

 Use of paving, rock or sculptural wall, stair and structural devices to create impromptu waterfalls
during the monsoon season;

Maximize opportunities for groundwater recharge;

Utilization of reused water for irrigation wherever appropriate.

Utilization of water storage ponds at perimeter, or off-site to temporarily store water for sediment
and nutrient unload and for irrigation reuse

Sewerage and Wastewater Strategies: the sewage network is

designed as gravity based system. Locating three below
grade sewage treatment facilities in low lands at the
periphery of the project allows this to function sustainably.
The roof tops of treatment facilities are then to be developed
as landscaped conditions and are to seamlessly
accommodate public open space program.

Fresh Water Supply Strategy

Fresh water for the residents and workers will be brought in

from the municipal water supply located south of the site. It
will run north up the Trunk Road and be distributed
throughout the project from three sump pump locations
strategically placed at high ground in order to take
advantage of gravity feeds to development parcels.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Surface water is inadequate to meet our
demand and we have to depend on
ground water.

WATER CRISIS-SOLUTION CAN BE SOLVED

BY
Rainwater harvesting
increasing the storage capacity
Artificial recharging

RAIN HARVESTING DEVELOPMENT

Rain harvesting technologies such as-
Roof catchments
Ground catchments

The catchments are connected with a

storage tank as illustrated in the picture
below.
How much water can be harvested?
Area of Terrace: 100 sq.m.
Height of rainfall: 0.5m (500 mm)
Volume of rainfall over the Terrace: Area x Height of
Rainfall = 100 sq.m. X 0.5 m =50 cu.m. (50,000 litres)
Assuming only 60% of the total rainfall is effectively harvested.
Volume of water harvested = 30,000 litres (50,000 x 0.6)

MODERN METHODS-DIRECT METHOD OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

Percolation pit method
Bore well with settlement tank
Open well method with filter bed sump
Percolation pit with bore methods

OPEN WELL METHOD

Rain water falling on the terrace of the
building is collected through pipe lines
and diverted into an existing open

well through a filter tank/chamber.

The filter chamber helps to filter fine dust, silt and other small floating particles such as
leaves etc which normally found on the terrace. (A
mesh filter / grill may also be provided at the mouth
of the drain pipe on the terrace to arrest larger
particles).
The size of the filter chamber depends
on the amount of rain water flows from
the terrace.
Normally this may be of 2' x 2' x 2' size.
The bottom of the chamber is filled with
broken bricks followed by gravels and
coarse river sand on the top. The
location of the chamber is preferred
based on the site conditions either
below or above ground level.

Rain water may be collected and recharged into

the ground water aquifers through the following
methods.

1. Roof Top Harvesting

2. Harvesting rain water from open Spaces.
BORE WELL METHOD
Roof top rain water may also be
diverted to a borewell

Settlement / filter tank of required size has to be provided.

Overflow water may be diverted to a percolation pit nearby.
The rate of recharge through borewell is less effective than open wells.
Defunct bore wells which are not in use may also be converted in to a recharge well (Rain Water
Harvesting Structure).

BENEFITS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Increases water availability
Checks the declining water table
Is environmentally friendly
Improves the quality of groundwater through dilution mainly of fluoride, nitrate, and salinity
Prevents soil erosion and flooding especially in the urban areas
4. Double Skin Faade
Double Skin Facades - General
The Double Skin Faade is a European architectural trend driven mostly by:
The aesthetic desire for an all glass faade that leads to increased transparency
The practical need for improved indoor environment
The need for improving the acoustics in buildings located in noise polluted areas
The reduction of energy use during the occupation stage of a building

Research has been made focusing mostly in the following areas:

Architecture:

Architecture of the faade in general

Fully glazed faades
Office floor plan layout better utilization of perimeter area.
Improvement of the environmental profile of the building
Indoor climate
1. Thermal comfort
Possibility to use solar control all year
Avoidance of overheating the offices
Acceptable internal surface temperatures during the winter and summer

2. Visual comfort
Possibility to use solar control all-the-year-round
Improved visual comfort (such as avoiding glare)

3. Acoustic comfort
Improved acoustical performance of the envelope

4. Ventilation
Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using the Double Skin Faade
cavity

Energy Use

Reduction of heating demand during winter

Reduction of cooling demand during summer
 Reduction of peak heating/cooling loads
Use of natural daylight instead of artificial as much as possible

Other

Construction costs
Fire regulations
Maintenance of the faade

The gathering of data concerning the Double Skin Faade systems revealed that according to
both texts and web sites, these types of systems are named in different ways. These include:

Double-Skin Faade
Active Faade (usually when the air cavity ventilation is mechanical)
Passive Faade (usually when the air cavity ventilation is natural)
Double Faade
Double Envelope (Faade)
Dual-Layered Glass Faade
Dynamic Faade
Wall-Filter Faade
Environmental Second Skin System
Energy Saving Faade
Ventilated Faade
Double-Leaf Faade
Energy Saving Faade
Environmental Faade
Multiple-Skin Faades
Intelligent Glass Faade
Second Skin Faade/System
Airflow Window
Supply Air Window
Exhaust Window/Faade
Double Skin Curtain Wall
Twin Skin Faade

The Double Skin Faade Concept

The layers of the faade are described below:

Exterior Glazing: Usually it is a hardened single glazing. This exterior faade can be fully glazed.

Interior glazing: Insulating double glazing unit (clear, low E coating, solar control glazing, etc can
be used). Almost always this layer is not completely glazed.
 The air cavity between the two panes. It can be totally natural, fan supported or mechanically
ventilated. The width of the cavity can vary as a function of the applied concept between 200 mm to
more than 2m. This width influence the way that the faade is maintained.

The interior window can be opened by the user. This may allow natural ventilation of the offices.

Automatically controlled solar shading is integrated inside the air cavity.

As a function of the faade concept and of the glazing type, heating radiators can be installed next to
the faade.

Contribution of the Double Skin Faades to the HVAC Strategy

An HVAC system can be used in the three following ways in a Double Skin Faade office building:

Full HVAC system (the Double Faade is not a part of the HVAC) which can result in high energy
use. On the other hand, the user can select whenever he prefers a controlled mechanically conditions
inside or natural ventilation with the use of the Double Skin Faade).

Limited HVAC system (the Double Faade contributes partly to the HVAC system or is playing the
major role in creating the right indoor climate). In this way the Double Faade can play the role
of
the pre-heater for the ventilation air
ventilation duct
pre-cooler (mostly for night cooling)

No HVAC. The Double Facade fulfills all the requirements of an HVAC system. This is the ideal
case that can lead to low energy use.
Double Skin Faade as a central direct pre-heater of the supply air

Double Skin Faade as an exhaust duct.

 Double Skin Faade as an individual supply of the preheated air.

Advantages of the Double Skin Faade concept

Lower construction cost

Acoustic insulation:
Thermal Insulation:
Night time Ventilation
Striations/embodied energy impacts
Transparency Architectural design
Natural Ventilation
Thermal comfort
Fire escape
Low U-Value and g-value

Disadvantages of the Double Skin Faade Concept

Higher construction costs

Fire protection
Reduction of rentable office space
Additional maintenance and operational costs
Overheating problem
Increased air flow speed
Increased weight of the structure
Daylight
Example of Office Buildings with Double Skin Faade

Germany
8.1.1 Dsseldorf city gate (Dsseldorfer Stadttor)
Architect : Petzinka

Location of the
building : Dsseldorf

Faade Type
The faade is a corridor type. The intermediate space between the two skins is closed at the level
of each floor.

Ventilation of the cavity

The air supply and exhaust openings in the external faade layer are situated near the floor and
the ceiling. They are laid out in staggered form from bay to bay to prevent vitiated air extracted on
one floor entering the space on the floor immediately above.

Faade construction The entire building is enclosed in a glass skin Pane type so that a 56-meter-high
atrium space is created at the centre. The outer layer consists of a 12 mm safety glass and the inner is
a low E glazing with a wooden frame. Two corridor widths are encountered in the building (90 cm
and 140 cm). Shading device type The solar blinds are situated near the outer glazing layer.

HVAC The natural ventilation in the intermediate space allows to naturally ventilate the rooms with
outside air during long periods of the year. The first years of operation show that the building can be
naturally ventilated for roughly 70-75% of the year. No complete acclimatization of the office room
was installed. The office rooms are equipped with chilled ceiling.
 5. Atriums and Daylight

ATRIUMS AND DAYLIGHT

Atriums
Atriums are covered central courts within or between buildings with adjoining areas that allow
natural light into the interiors of a structure from the entire sky above through a horizontal aperture.
Day lighting an area in which we know so much and yet practice so little.
- Moore.

Atriums are voids created in the structure to allow light and air to penetrate into the structure. The
subtracted mass leads to a cut in the cost and also the maintenance of the building.
Economically they are highly successful spaces as they are highly attractive to the users irrespective
of their occupation. Today the atrium has achieved a broad based popularity mostly because it
creates a FEEL GOOD PLACE

Advantages of an Atrium

AS A TRAFFIC ZONE
Atrium creates a traffic zone in itself. It allows for a transit space with a refreshing character.
PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN
Climatically, an atrium holds a stack of air that has a capacity to hold and transfer heat as desired.
When closed there is solar heat gain due to green house effect; when open there is transfer of heat
packed in the building using convection currents.
AS NOISE BUFFER ZONES
Atriums are good acoustic insulators as they break the continuity of the solid masses and thus serve
as noise buffer zones.
AS OFFICE SPACES
Atriums may also be used as office spaces as in the Larkin Building by FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
AS THERMAL TOWERS
The Atriums are tall voids in enclosed in the building that regulate the heat inside a building. They
are thus called the thermal towers.
AS PLANTED GARDENS
The Atriums can be used as landscaped areas that bring the nature inside the building as well as
bring the gigantic space down to human scale.
MULTIPURPOSE SPACES
The atriums can also be used to serve more than one activities at a time or different activities at
different times.

The Genesis
Originally atriums were central open courts which allowed light into the interiors of the ancient
greek and roman houses.
Its primary purpose was to collect drinking water.
The interior courtyard provided a private, open area suitable for reading, relaxing and socialising.
In medieval ages, a second storey was added with a view down to court floor.
Protection from some of the weather was then added to the second storey with the use of
overhangs.
19th century industrial revolution with great advantages in iron and glass manufacturing
techniques, courtyards could have horizontal glazing overhead that eliminated some of the weather
elements from the space. The modern atrium was subsequently born.

Thermal Behavior
The atriums respond to the thermal surroundings due to the following two basic phenomena:
Stack effect the stack effect is the result of convection within an open space. The warmer, less
dense, more buoyant air rises to the top of the space, and tries to exit. This results in a positive
pressure at the top of space and a negative pressure at the bottom. If the air cannot exit, then this
results in the stratification of air by temperature especially apparent in a tall closed volume.
 Green house effect Stack Effect

Characteristics of Atrium in The Lloyds Building London

Escalators in the atrium bind the galleries of the room together to make a single market place.
Column inside the atrium extend right upto the springing of the barrel vault to act as the main
supports for the structure
Characteristics of Atrium in the CommerzBank, Frankfurt.

One of the first high rise buildings to explore the nature of the green office environment.
In plan the 60 storey tower is gently curved triangle, which creates a three floor zone around a
central atrium which runs the full height of the building. On any one
floor two of the three floor zones are offices, while the third is a
garden. These planted areas are of 4 storeys and spiral around the
atrium providing natural ventilation, views and light at the heart of
the building. Every office has windows which can be opened
manually when external conditions permit.

Characteristics of Atrium in Baruch College Academic Complex, New York

The atrium steps towards the sun from north to south.
It connects the three dominant pieces of the building.
The atrium functions as a central gathering space
where students and faculty can interact. The upper
floors linked by the common atrium, accommodate a
variety of class rooms and offices. No natural
ventilation inside the building.
 UNIT 9
BYE LAWS

THE NOIDA AUTHORITY BUILDING REGULATIONS, 2002

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Site Requirements

Distance from electric lines:

No verandah, balcony or like shall be allowed to be erected or any additions or alterations made to
any building within the distance between the building and any overhead electric supply line as
indicated ahead.

Vertically Horizontally

a) Low and 2.1m 1.2m

medium voltage

b)High voltage lines 3.7m 1.8m

upto and Including
33000

V.

c) Extra high voltage (+0.03m For every (+0.03m For every

lines beyond 33000 V 33000 V or 33000 V or part
part thereof. ) thereof. )

Notwithstanding anything contained in these Regulations no building permit on any site shall be
sanctioned if:
1. The proposed land use does not correspond to the land use in the Master Plan.

2. If the construction of any building is for public worship, which in the opinion of the Authority will
wound the religious feelings of any class or persons in the vicinity thereof.

3. Place which will be a source of annoyance to, or injurious to the health of the inhabitants of the
neighborhood.

For Institutional buildings:

Max. Permissible ground coverage 30%

FAR 2

Maximum height no limits

Setbacks : 25m on the front and 9m on all other sides.

Other provisions

Permissible structures in set backs:

A chajja (projection) of maximum width of 0.75m at lintel or roof level. No construction of any
type or any shall be permitted over projections other than mentioned herewith.
Underground water tanks with top flush with the adjoining ground level.
Canopy projections of area as mentioned in table 4. No construction of any type shall be
permitted over the canopy projections except those mentioned in table 3.
Open plinth steps (max. 5nos.) within 1.0 meter from setback line.
Watchman Shelters and Watch Towers: No projection of watchman shelters and watch
towers shall be allowed outside the plot line. Maximum height of watch man shelter shall be 4m
and watch towers 15m. Total area, as mentioned below, under such shelters shall be split up in
desired number of watch man shelter and watch towers
Meter room.
In specific cases water bodies and pools, and other landscape features may be permitted with
approval from the Chief Executive Officer provided the Eire safety requirements are not
affected.
Any other feature purely ornamental in nature not enclosing or covering space of
commercial use may be permitted by the Chief Executive Officer depending on case to case
basis.
 No temporary structure shall be permitted in front setback or in setback of sides abutting road.

FAR shall also include

Mezzanine

Mumty for staircase

Cupboards

Balconies

Bay windows

Meter room of following sizes shall be permissible within the open space in the setback of plot. This
shall be counted towards FAR.

1. 33KV with internal arrangement - 5.0 m x 5.0 m x 3.2 m

2. 33 KV with external arrangement -6.5 m x 3.5 m x 3.2 m

3. 11 KV with internal arrangement -4.5mx4.5mx3.2m

4. L.T. Meter room - 2.5 m x 2.5 meter x 3.0 m

The shafts provided for lifts shall be taken for covered area calculations only of one floor and
included in ground coverage.

Pergola, if provided within setback in covered area then only exact area under such pergolas shall
be counted towards FAR calculations.

FAR shall not include

A chajja projection (in setbacks) of a width of 0.75 meter at lintel or roof level. No
construction of any type or any material shall be permitted over projections to provide access
to the chhajja.
Canopy projections of area as mentioned in table 4. No construction of any type shall be
permitted over the canopy projections except those mentioned in table 3.
 Basement (including double basement), if used for parking, services and storage (storage up
to 25% in case of Industrial Building storage up to 100%) and shall be restricted up to
maximum permissible ground coverage. The max. height of the basement from floor to
ceiling shall be 4 m
Stilt area of non-habitable height proposed to be used for parking, landscaping etc.
In buildings for Hotels, Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Specialized Health Centre f, such similar
buildings a service floor up to 100% of maximum permissible ground floor coverage. The
maximum height of service floor between floors to ceilings shall be 2.25 m.
Loft up 1.2 meter height.
Other features as mentioned in Table 3
Rockery, well and well structures, water pool, swimming pool (if uncovered), uncovered
platform around tree, tank, fountain, bench, chabutra with open top and unenclosed by side
walls, compound wall, gate, slide swing, uncovered staircase (unenclosed and uncovered on
three sides except for 0.9 m high railing/ wall and open to sky) , overhead tanks on top of
buildings, open shafts, culverts on drains.
Open ramps with no area enclosed below it of usable height of 2.1m.
Any other feature, primarily ornamental in nature, not enclosing or covering space of
commercial use may be permitted by Chief Executive Officer depending on its merits on case
to case basis.
Basement area shall not exceed beyond building envelope.

The internal height of the basement (floor to ceiling) shall be minimum 2.4 meter and max.4.0
meter.
15% of the prescribed FAR shall be added towards common areas, which shall include

Air-conditioning plant, electrical installation, generator room, water works, water- tanks etc.
Watchman shelters and watch towers
Garbage shafts and lift shafts
Fire escape staircases
Toilet blocks for visitors, drivers, guards etc.
Mumty, machine room for lifts.
Any other utilities as decided by CEO depending on its merits
In plots above 10 acres following public utilities/facilities such as mentioned below shall be not
countered in F.A.R.

Taxi stand

Bus terminal and the like

 Telephone exchange

Fire station

Public Toilets detached from the main building.

Fire Safety Requirements

(a) Building shall be so planned, designed and constructed as to ensure fire safety and this shall be
done in accordance with Part IV 'Fire Protection' of the National Building Code of India 1970
corrected up to date.

(b) In case of multi-storeyed buildings above 15m in height building which are more than three
storeys and building with more than 400 8<J- m. ground floor coverage and all other buildings of
industrial, storage, assembly and

Hazardous type building scheme, shall also be got cleared by the Local Fire Brigade Authority for
completion.

Structural Design

The structural design of any item of masonry, timber, plain concrete and steel in a building shall be
carried out in accordance with Part VI (Structural Design, Section-1, Boards, Section-2, Section-5,
Concrete, Section-6, Steel, as in the case may be) of National Building Code of India prepared by ISI
and as prevalent at the time of execution of the works.

Quality of Material and Workmanship

All materials and workmanship shall be of good quality conforming generally to accepted standards
of Indian Standards Specifications and Codes as included in Part V Building Materials and Part VII
Constructional Practices and Safety of National Building Code of India 1970 revised up to date.

Building Services

The planning design and installation of electrical installations, air-conditioning and heating work,
installation of lifts and escalators in a building shall be carried out in accordance with Part VIII
(Building Services, Section 2, Electrical Installations, Section 3, Air-conditioning and heating, Sec-
tion-5, Installation of lifts and escalators, as the case may be, of National Building Code of India
prepared by ISI and as prevalent at the time of execution of the work.
Plumbing

The planning design, construction and installation of water supply, drainage and sanitation and gas
supply system in building shall be in accordance with the Part IX (Plumbing Services Section 1,
Water Supply, ecUon-2, Drainage and Sanitation, Section-3, Gas Supply as the case may be) of
National Building Code of India prepared by ISI and as prevalent at the time of execution of the work.

Water supply requirements

The requirements of Water supply in a building shall be in accordance with the provisions of National
Building Code as amended from time to time.

Sanitary Fittings

(1) Subject to the provisions of any law for the time being in force, the sanitary fittings and
installations in building shall be in accordance with the provisions of National Building Code as
amended from time to time.

(1) Every factory building within the area shall be provided with such latrines and urinals as may be
prescribed by or under the provisions of the Factories Act 1948 from time to time.

Structural Safety for Natural Hazard Protection

For buildings more than three storeys (including ground floor) or more than 12.0 meter height and
important facilities like water works, overhead tank, telephone exchange, bridges and culverts,
electric sub station, transmission towers, the requirements specified in the Indian Standard Code and
Guidelines and other documents shall be observed for Structural Safety and Natural Hazards
Protection of buildings. The details of the relevant codes and guidelines are given in Appendix 8-
A/B/C/D.

Provisions for Physically Handicapped

Physically Handicapped persons provisions shall be made in all buildings and facilities used
by public in accordance with the provisions of Part III of National Building Code
(Appendix E).
 UNIT 10
STRUCTURE
Post-tensioning is a method of producing prestressed concrete, masonry and other structural
elements. The term prestressing is used to describe the process of introducing internal forces (or
stress) into a concrete or masonry element during the construction process in order to counteract the
external loads that will be applied when the structure is put into use (known as service loads). These
internal forces are applied by tensioning high strength steel, which can be done either before or after
the concrete is actually placed. When the steel is tensioned before concrete placement the process is
called pre-tensioning. When the steel is tensioned after concrete placement the process is called post-
tensioning.

The advantages of utilizing prestressed concrete and masonry have long been recognized
by designers. When a designer wants to take advantage of those benefits, they must determine
whether the structure is to be constructed using the pre-tension method or the post-tension
method. Pre-tensioning is generally accomplished at a manufacturing facility where concrete
members are constructed in special casting beds with steel bulkheads that hold the steel in place
while tension is applied. Concrete is then placed around the pre-tensioned steel and allowed to
harden. The steel is then cut loose from the bulkheads and the entire precast concrete member is
transported to the project site for assembly. This process may be limited to the use of standard
shapes, and s

A slab will shrink as the concrete cures (hardens). In slabs on ground, the friction between
the slab and the ground acts to resist this shrinkage and results in what are commonly referred to
as shrinkage cracks. By using post-tensioned tendons to compress the concrete, the formation of
visible shrinkage cracks can be greatly reduced or even eliminated. Post-tensioning is used in this
manner in millions of square feet of warehouse floors, sport courts, housing and specialized
paving applications.

Post-tensioning elevated concrete beams and slabs can result in thinner concrete sections
and/or longer spans between supports. Designers commonly take advantage of this to produce
buildings and structures with clear open spaces allowing more architectural freedom. Reducing
the thickness of each structural floor in a building can reduce the total weight of the structure and
decreases the ceiling to floor height of each level. In below grade structures this can mean less
excavation, and in above grade structures it can mean a reduced overall building height. In areas
with building height restrictions, saving 8 to 12 inches (or more) of height on each level can add
up by the time you reach 10 or 12 levels.

Multistrand tendons are commonly used in bridges to produce long spans, and to simplify
construction. Bar tendons are used to stiffen tall columns and masonry walls. The use of post-
tensioned reinforcing systems in North America has expanded rapidly in the last two decades, and
many builders and designers are beginning to realize the benefits of applying external post-
tensioned tendons to existing structures for strengthening and seismic upgrades.

Major developments such as improvements in corrosion protection, certification programs

for plants and personnel, educational programs, and new design aids have helped to propel this
industry forward. Builders and designers around the World are increasingly recognizing the
benefits of post-tensioned concrete and masonry on their construction projects.

Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with

high-strength steel strands or bars, typically referred to as tendons. Post-tensioning applications
include office and apartment buildings, parking structures, slabs-on-ground, bridges, sports
stadiums, rock
and soil anchors, and water-tanks. In many cases, post tensioning allows construction that would
otherwise be impossible due to either site constraints or architectural requirements.

Although post-tensioning systems require specialized knowledge and expertise to fabricate,

assemble and install, the concept is easy to explain. Imagine a series of wooden blocks with holes
drilled through them, into which a rubber band is threaded. If one holds the ends of the rubber
band, the blocks will sag. Post-tensioning can be demonstrated by placing wing nuts on either end
of the rubber band and winding the rubber band so that the blocks are pushed tightly together. If
one holds the wing nuts after winding, the blocks will remain straight. The tightened rubber band
is
comparable to a post-tensioning tendon that has been stretched by hydraulic jacks and is held in
place by wedge-type anchoring devices.

BENEFITS
To fully appreciate the benefits of post-tensioning, it is helpful to know a little bit about concrete.
Concrete is very strong in compression but weak in tension, i.e. it will crack when forces act to
pull it apart. In conventional concrete construction, if a load such as the cars in a parking garage is
applied to a slab or beam, the beam will tend to deflect or sag. This deflection will cause the
bottom of the beam to elongate slightly. Even a slight elongation is usually enough to cause
cracking. Steel
reinforcing bars (rebar) are typically embedded in the concrete as tensile reinforcement to limit
the crack widths. Rebar is what is called passive reinforcement however; it does not carry any
force until the concrete has already deflected enough to crack. Post-tensioning tendons, on the
other hand, are considered active reinforcing. Because it is prestressed, the steel is effective as
reinforcement even though the concrete may not be cracked. Post-tensioned structures can be
designed to have minimal deflection and cracking, even under full load.

ADVANTAGES/APPLICATIONS
There are post-tensioning applications in almost all facets of construction. In building
construction, post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams and more
slender, dramatic elements. Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required. In addition, it means a
lower overall building height for the same floor-to-floor height. Post tensioning can thus allow a
significant reduction in building weight versus a conventional concrete building with the same
number of floors. This reduces the foundation load and can be a major advantage in seismic areas.
A lower building height can also translate to considerable savings in mechanical systems and
faade costs. Another advantage of post-tensioning is that beams and slabs can be continuous, i.e.
a single beam can run continuously from one end of the building to the other. Structurally, this is
much more efficient than having a beam that just goes from one column to the next. Post-
tensioning is the system of choice for parking structures since it allows a high degree of flexibility
in the column layout, span lengths and ramp configurations. Post-tensioned parking garages can
be either stand-alone structures or one or more floors in an office or residential building. In areas
where there are expansive clays or soils with low bearing capacity, post-tensioned slabs-on-
ground and mat foundations reduce problems with cracking and differential settlement. Post-
tensioning allows bridges to be built to very demanding geometry requirements, including
complex curves, variable super elevation and significant grade changes. Post-tensioning also
allows extremely long span bridges to be constructed without the use of temporary intermediate
supports. This minimizes the impact on the environment and avoids disruption to water or road
traffic below. In stadiums, post-tensioning allows long clear spans and very creative architecture.
Post-tensioned rock and soil anchors are used in tunneling and slope stabilization and as tie-backs
for excavations. Post-tensioning can also be used to produce virtually crack-free concrete for
water-tanks.
Earthquake resistant BUILDING
Earthquake resistant designing of a building
depends on some factors;-
Structural system
Proportion
Shape and form
Structural system: - we will discuss in
separate chapter as it is a very prominent
factor in designing a high rise earthquake resistant building.
Proportion: - in seismic design, the proportion of a building are very important than its absolute
size. For tall buildings the slenderness ration (height/depth) is a more important consideration
than just height alone. The height to depth ration may be limited to three or four. Thus the lesson
here is to keep the height to depth ration within limit, and avoid the building resonating with the
grounds motion.

FORM OF SUPERSTRUCTURE:-
Configuration of plan. The plan comprises
simplicity, compactness, and large torsional
rigidity.
Simplicity. From the view point of earth
quake resistant, a simple configuration such as
a square triangular or circular shape is
desirable. In buildings with winged shapes such
as L. T, U, H, Y, and other, the wing portion
often collapse under a sever earthquake. In such
cases, seismic joints which structurally separate
the wing should be provided.
Compactness. In a building with long
extended shape, complicated force act because of
the difference in the phase of the seismic motion.
Seismic joints are required in such buildings.

Symmetry and large torsional rigidity. To avoid

torsional deformation, the centre of stiffness of a
building should coincide wit the centre of mass. So it is easy to achieve in symmetrical forms
rather than on asymmetrical forms.

Vertical configuration. The vertical configuration

comprises uniformity and continuity as well as
proportion Uniformity and continuity. It is desirable
to avoid drastic changes in the vertical configuration
of a building. When a vertical configuration is
discontinuous, a large vibration motion takes place in
some portion and large diaphragm action is required at the border to transmit force from the tower
to the base.
Proportion. A building with a large height to width ration exhibits large lateral displacement
under lateral force. The axial column force due to the
overturning moment in such a building tend to
become unmanageable large, so too do the
compressive and pullout forces which act on the
foundation.

The vertical massing of a building has

various implications for its seismic
response. The three building profiles
shown in figure represent a range of
potential response with regard to fundamental period of the building concerns for lateral
deflection.
As the building get taller- and possibly more slender
in profile (height-to-width ration)- its fundamental
period increases, with a corresponding reduction in
dynamic effect from an earthquake jolt. With regard to
lateral force, the structure shown in figure has
considerable potential for stability, whereas tat shown
in next figure would be highly questionable.
Generally the structural deformation of such buildings
during lateral loading is complex.

If the two part of the tower are separated, the

independent deformation actions of the separate element will differ due to their difference in
stiffness. It may be possible to permit these independent movements by providing seismic joints,
which tolerate them, thus preventing the complex movements of the multimassed structure and
relieving the stresses at the joints.

Conclusion:-
A symmetrical building responds to ground motion efficiently and produces uniform deformation
in vertical structural elements. However, an asymmetrical building subjected to high torsional
force due to ground motion, will subject peripheral structural elements to very sever stresses and
strains.
2. HAE SONG PLAZA,
INCHON, SOUTH KOREA
BRIEF

CLIENT: HAE SONG

COMPANY INTERNATIONAL LTD.
CLIENT TYPE: REAL STATE DEVELOPER
LOCATION: INCHON, SEOUL S. KOREA
COMPELITION: 2001
AREA: 285,000 SQF

Project Components
The project provides for a 529-room, 4-Star hotel,
800,000SF 40-story landmark office building, 150,000SF
shopping mall, 500,000SF, 6-story department store
and 2,700-car underground parking garage.

The Architect
Michael Jones was Design Principal for this
3.0 million sq.ft. Mixed-use development
adjacent to the new international airport in
Inchon, Korea.

Site Planning
The site is bound two major arterials with
limited access. The project provides for a 529-
room, 4-star hotel, 800,000SF 40-story
landmark office building, 150,000SF shopping
mall, 500,000SF, 6-story apartment store and
2,700-car underground parking garage. All the
building components have been connected at the
ground floor and separate vehicular and
pedestrian routes have been planned.
A landscaped plaza next to the apartmental store
becomes a major design feature.

The three major components have been connected through an atrium space and this large atrium offers
great views outside the site. The hotel block has been given its separate entrance and exit routes to
avoid any traffic congestion. A separate north drive for the office tower has been planned which is a
merit of the design.
A department store and individual shops connect via an atrium between the five star hotel and offices.
Half the 40-story tower contains office and residential suites. Parking and service entrances are tucked
underneath it all.
Form
The building complex is not perfectly symmetrical but however the various building components
balance
each other both in plan and elevation.

Materials
Stone, light bronze glass and metal identify the distinctive complex. The use of these modern building
materials have been used to give a modern cotemporary style to the building.
SECTION
PLAN
 UNIT 2
CITY OF NOIDA
Greater Noida: An Overview
Greater Noida: Connevtivity
& Linkages
Competition Benchmarking
SITE IMAGES
 UNIT 12
AREA-REQUIREMENTS
 UNIT 3
Project Brief

Scope of the project:

Office Buildings:

The project shall include designing Office spaces which shall be of international standards
and shall address some of the contemporary issues at urban as well as local level, in terms of
energy and trends of offices as being redefined by new researches.

The project also aims at an effort to create a Bio-Climatic office that does not abuse the
urban space wherein an Office space in urban setup is rendered into an absolutely introvert
space in terms of social interaction within a community of the workers. The Office building
shall also be provided with facilities like swimming pool and restaurants.

Shopping and Entertainment Retail:

With a strong theme and entertainment value a retail area is proposed as a part of the
complex. The retail area shall consist of various showrooms, inviting people for shopping and
generating more revenues from the investment and also cater to the needs of the offices.

Service Apartments:

A service apartment shall also be one of the components of the development.

The project will aim at the zoning of the SEZ and architectural design of the Bio-Climatic office
tower.