Basic Transformations

1. General Concepts

In many imaging systems, the acquired images are subject to

geometric distortion.

Applying some basic transformation to a uniformly distorted

image can correct for a range of perspective distortions by
transforming the measurements from the ideal coordinates to those
actually used. (For example, this is useful in satellite imaging
where geometrically correct ground maps are desired.)

An affine transformation is an important class of linear 2-D

geometric transformations which maps variables (e.g. pixel
intensity values located at position in an input image) into new
variables (e.g. in an output image) by applying a linear
combination of basic operations.

Two dimensional geometric transforms are used to rotate, shear,

translate or zoom ( scale) on whole images or sometimes on parts
of them.
 An example of the basic 2D transformation applied for a square.

These operations are very common in computer graphics. Any

linear operation can be written in matrix form and using
homgeneous coordinates. We will consider the following basic
transformations in a 3D cartesian coordinate system.

2. Translation

Suppose that the task is to translate a point with coordinates

(X,Y,Z) to a new location by using displacements (X o ,Y o ,Z o ).

With this notation, matrix T for translation is:

 Example of translation

3. Scaling

The scale operator performs a geometric transformation which can

be used to shrink or zoom the size of an image (or part of an
image).

Scaling by factors Sx , Sy , and Sz along the X, Y, and Z axes is

given by the transformation matrix
 Exampleof scaling

[More]

4.Rotation

The transformations used for 3-D rotation are inherently more

complex. The simplest form of these transformations is for rotation
of a point about the coordinate axes.

Rotation of a point about the Z coordinate axis by an angle is

achieved by using the transformation
Rotation of a point about the X coordinate axis by an angle a is
performed by using the transformation:

Finally, rotation of a point about the Y axis by an angel B is

achieved by using the transformation:

Example of rotation in 2D.

[More]

5. Concatenation

The application of several transformations can be represented by a

single 4 x 4 transformation matrix. For example, translation,
scaling, and rotation about the Z axis

of a point v is given by:

v*= [S(Tv)] = Av

Where A is the 4 x 4 matrix A = ST.

Note! These matrices generally do not commute, so the order of

application is important.

Many of the transformations discussed above have inverse matrices

that perform the opposite transformation and can be obtained by
inspection.

Exercise: Find R=

http://ecomputernotes.com/computer-graphics/two-dimensional-
transformations/what-is-transformation-type-of-transformation
http://www.willamette.edu/~gorr/classes/GeneralGraphics/Transforms/transforms2d.
htm

http://bme.med.upatras.gr/improc/image_transforms.htm

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_graphics/2d_transformation.htm
Staff notation an introduction to musical notation
Notes,

an exasperating topic among musicians as they learn!

"You have to start with this of all things," you will say! But to understand the theoretical
principles of music and to communicate between one another, we need precisely such a form of
notation. Similar to our ordinary everyday writing, music is also a language. Some people have
to get by with speech alone and don't use the written word.

These people are illiterate.

Of course you don't have to be able to read to speak. And it is exactly the same with music you
don't have to be able to read notes to play music. But just as with writing, many things are much
easier if you can also read and write music.

So ..., anyone that looks into the topic of music in more detail or who wants to play in bands,
where notes are required (e.g. in big band music), sooner or later will have to get to grips
with musical notation.

And that brings us to the topic in question!

Okay, so there is a musical notation system, which consists of notes and symbols, extended with
the usual letters and numbers from ordinary writing.

These symbols are written in a system with 5 lines, our staff notation system, also known as the
"5-line system".

Here is an example:

Notes all over the place - a nasty example ;-)

Stooooop!!! Don't just click away just yet ...

You didn't learn to read in one day either, did you? At the end of the day it is a complicated
example, which requires some practice to understand.
Back in school you also had to learn the individual letters of the alphabet first!

So let's start right at the very beginning:

The notes are written as circles. Well, slight ovals to be more precise actually. Where required
these circles are filled out, with necks (vertical strokes) and flags or beams. You will find more
details on this in the rhythm lesson. For the moment we'll settle for presentation of the notes
as whole notes (open circle), half notes(open circle with neck) and quarter notes (filled circle
with neck).

The notes are entered on or between the lines and as such set the tone pitch.

Example of a low, a medium-high and a high pitch

To know exactly what note it is we must allocate fixed values to the lines and the intervals. We
do this with the clef. As there are so many different instruments, some sound high, some low, and
there are high and low voices, we use different clefs so we don't have to read something like:

Reeeally high and reeeally low notes with lots of ledger lines

The most used clef is the treble clef. It encompasses the second line from the bottom, the G line,
with its belly. It is specified that the notes on this line will represent a G, which is why we also
call it the "G clef".
Treble clef and G note on the G line

There are some other clefs, the most important of which is the base clef, or "F clef". It is, as the
name indicates, used by preference for lower-sounding instruments. The two points of the base
clef encompass the F line, the second line from the top. It is specified again that the notes on this
line will represent an F.

Base clef and F note on the F line

We now have put together enough information to read our first notes:

C major scale in treble clef

C major scale in base clef

As you can see, notes are shown above or below the 5 lines with ledger lines. This is a short line
only at the point at which the note is written, at the same distance as the solid line. If higher or
lower notes are written, additional lines are added (as above in the worst case). But it will never
really gets that crazy ;-)

So now just lean back and relax.

That's the first part over with.
Modified Staff Notation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Modified Staff Notation (MSN) is an alternative way of notating music that was developed in
the UK where it is widely used.[1] MSN is intended to be used by people who cannot easily read
ordinary musical staff notation (or staff notation[2]), even if it is enlarged, or for some people
reduced in size. Such users include those with visual impairments and those who are dyslexic.

Contents

1 History of Modified Staff Notation

2 Standards for Modified Staff Notation

3 Guidelines for Modified Staff Notation

4 Other factors assisting accessibility

5 General principles of clear print used in Modified Staff Notation

6 Other modification in Modified Staff Notation

7 References

History of Modified Staff Notation

In the 1990s the then Royal National Institute for the Blind, negotiated with the Music
Publishers' Association an agreement to permit partially sighted people to enlarge music,
providing only one copy was made and the enlarged music was not re-sold. For each item
enlarged, permission was needed from the work's publisher who would then supply a yellow
sticker with "MPA approved large print music copy RNIB" written over a five line staff. It was
noted, however, at this time that enlargement produced new problems, notably with the extra
space between symbols and the production of either unwieldy large and flimsy sheets or scores
requiring more page turns and not necessarily in convenient places. So examples of music in
which all signs equally enlarged but compacted horizontally were created.[3]

Also in the 1990s some music publishers started producing music in large print fonts, taking
layouts used widely for children's beginner tutor books and extending these to short repertoire
pieces, particularly for keyboard instruments. The National Music and Disability Information
Service[4] kept a resource paper "RP14 Information on Music for People with Partial Sight"
which listed some of these publishers.

With the advent of sophisticated music notation software, such as Sibelius,[5] the production of
MSN became easier, with the ability to save preferred settings of each user. The Royal National
Institute of Blind People is the largest formal producer of MSN in the world, with a production
team based in Ivybridge, Devon. MSN has become an accepted standard for public examinations
in England and Wales, for GCSE and A level music and music technology papers, under general
special arrangements authorised by the Joint Council for Qualifications,[6] and worldwide for
sight reading tests for grade examination boards such as the Associated Board of the Royal
Schools of Music,[7] and Trinity College London.[8] Candidates requiring Modified Print copies of
the rubric may ask for MSN scores, sometimes in a standard format, sometimes tailor made to
match a submitted example.

Standards for Modified Staff Notation

Formalising standards for MSN in the UK involved:

discussion amongst producers

experiments with users and

examination with software producers of the variables within packages.

The work was underpinned by links with RNIB's general print guidelines for making information
accessible for blind and partially sighted people, "See it Right".[9] Reading music notation is
more complex than reading prose involving complex eye movements. Not only are there many
symbols of different shapes and sizes, but the signs are placed in vertical as well as horizontal
dimensions, some having effect for lines of music whilst others just apply to single features.
Often the reader needs to read "in time" rather than at his or her own speed, alongside the
execution of complex physical skills to render the symbols into sound via an instrument. Usually
music is placed further away than ordinary print, allowing for an instrument to be placed
between player and the printed music. There may also be the need to see a musical director in the
middle distance. With eReading devices it is easy to obtain ordinary print consistently in one's
preferred font size and type face. However, staff notation comes in all kinds of densities, type
faces and relative symbols size. Modified Staff Notation can enable users to have consistent size
and layout.

Guidelines for Modified Staff Notation

Guidelines for the production of Modified Staff Notation are published by the UK Association
for Accessible Formats (UKAAF)[10] in document "G003 - Creating clear Print and Large Print
Documents".[11]

The fundamentals of producing Modified Staff Notation are:

clear printing of symbols with no overlapping of different signs

 evening out the symbol size and density

reducing redundant space

placing symbols used around the staff at a consistent distance from the lines
and the notes to which they refer (so once one is located, the reader can
reasonably expect to find them in the same place later in the piece), and,

describe in words in a preface the location of sporadic or unusual symbols. [12]

Other factors assisting accessibility

In addition to the alteration of staff notation layout in MSN, other factors affecting accessibility
include binding, colour of background paper (as staff notation is conventionally in black ink) and
lighting. The use of multimedia can also increase accessibility. For example, the music seen can
also be heard electronically with a variety of levels of "interpretation" from just the pitch and
note lengths, to full nuance and stylistic detail. Lastly, analysis and development of reading and
memorisation techniques, pertinent to the user's requirements, may aid fluency.

General principles of clear print used in Modified Staff Notation

Some principles from RNIB's guidelines 'See It Right' are transferred directly to staff notation in
MSN. The staffs and note stem thickness correspond to a thickness of letters in 16 point
typefaces. Spaces between systems[13] and between staffs within a system are sufficiently large,
although more use is made of left and right margins. Text is sans serif,[14] semi-bold or bold.