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— | The faces and places of Research: When researchers address a problem or answer a
question throught disciplined research-regadless of the underlying paradigm-they are doing
a study (or an investigastion or research project) Studies with humans involve two sets of
people: —) those who do the research, 2) those who provide the information
2 | The people who provide information to 

 



 in a study are reffered
to as
 

 


  
 
in quantitative research or study
participants or 

in qualitative research; collectively they comprise the



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Person Contributing Subject -
Information Study Participant Study participants
Respondent Informant, key informant
Person undertaking the Researcher Researcher
Study Investigator Investigator
Scientist -
That Which is Being - Phenomena
Investigated Concept Concepts
Contructs -
Variables -
System of Organizing Theory, theorical framework Theory
Concepts Conceptual framework, Conceptual framework,
conceptual model sensitizing framework
Information Gathered Data (numeric value) Data (narrative descriptions)
Connections Between Relationships (cause-and- Patterns of association
Concepts effect, functional)
Logical Reasoning Processes Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning

3 | Research can be undertaken in a variety of, 
(the specific places where informations
is gathered) and in one or more site Some studies take places in 


, 
 in
the field; at the other extreme, some studies are done in highly controlled laboratory
settings The
 is overall location for research; researchers sometimes 



 

,  are the more specific places where data collection will occur
Setting for nursing research can range from totally naturalistic environments to formal
laboratories

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D | Researchers investigate  

  


 which are abstraction or
mental representations inferred from behavior or characteristics For example, the terms
pain, spiritual, and resilience are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior
and characteristic
5 | Research may also use the term contruct As with a concept, a construct refers to an
abstraction or mental representation inferred form situations or behaviors

 

  
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‰ | Concepts are the building block of  
, which are systemic explenations of some aspect
of the real world In Quantitaive study, researchers often start with a theory or a conceptual
model and using deductitive reasoning, make predictions about how phenomena behave in
real world if theory were true

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7 | In Quantitatives studies, concepts are called variables A 


 is a characteristic or
quality that takes on different values (i e , varies from one person or object to another) The
    

 is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher
is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting The    


 is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable
The        

 is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the
researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting The
    

 is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the
dependent variable

 

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8 | Two Types of definition are relevantin a study conceptual and operational A  

 describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied An
# 

   specifies the procedures required to measure a variable A
 
 describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being
studied An # 

 specifies the procedures required to measure a variable

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- the informant collected during the course of a study ʹ may take the form of 

 

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or  
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 is bond or connection (a pattern of association) between two variable
Quantitative researchers examine the relationships between the independent variables and
dependent variables When the independent variable causes or effects the dependent
variable, the relationshios is a 


   


  

 In a 
  




  

variable are related in noncausal way 
 2,
 
 

0/| A basic distinction in quantitative studies is between $2  

 

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    and  2  
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  in which
researchers make observations of existing phenomena without intervening 
2 | In Quantitative studies, researchers move from beginning point of a study (the posing of a
question) to the end point (the obtaining of an answer) in a reasonably liner sequence o
staps that is broadly similar across studies
3 |    
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 (—) defining the problem to be studied: Quantitative
researchers begin by identifying an interesting, significant research problem dan
formulating good 

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 (2) Doing a literature review: Quantitative researchers
is typically strive to understand what is already know about a topic by undertaking a
horough literature review before any data are collected (3) Engaging in clinical fieldwork
for clinic studies: Researchers embarking on a clinical study often benefit from spending
time in appropriate clinical settings, discussing the topic with clinicians and health care
administrator, and observing current practice (D) Developing a framework and conceptual
definitions: When quantitative research is performed within the context of a conceptual
frame-work, the findings may have broader significance and utility (5) Formulating
Hypoteses to be tested: Hypotheses state researchers expectations about relationships
among study variables Hypoteses are predictions of expected outcomes
D |  %
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; (‰) Selecting a research design: The research design is overall
plan of obtaining anwersa to the questions being studied and for handling various
challenges to the worth of the study evidence (7) Developing intervention protocols if the
study is experimental: An Intervention protocol for the study would need to developed,
specifying exactly what the intervention will entail (e g who would administer it, how
frequently and over how long a period of treatment would last, nd so on) and what the
alternative condition would be (8) Spesifying the population: A Population is all individuals
or object wuth common, defining characteristic (9) Developing a sample plan: Reseachers
yoicall collect data from a sample, which is a subset of the population (—
) Spesifying
methods to measure the research variables; A Variety of quantitative data collection
approaches exist; the primary methods are self-report (e g interview), observations (e g
observing childrens behavior), and biophysiologic measurements (——) Developing strategies
to safeguard the rights of subject; Most nursing research involves human subject, although
some involve animals (—2) Finalizing the research plan (e g coferring with colleagues,
pretesting instrument)
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; (—3) Collecting data: The actual collection of data in
quantitative study often proceeds according to a preliminary steps are needed (—D)
Preparing data for analysis (e g coding data)
‰ |   '
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; (—5) Analyzing data through statistical analysis: Quantitative
information is analyzed through statical analyses, which include some simple procedures
(e g computing an average) as well as complex and sophisticsted methods (—‰) interpreting
 the result: Interpretation is the process of making sense of study result and examining their
implications

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; (—7) Communicating the findings: Another and often final
task of research project, therefore, is the preparation of a research report that can be share
with others (—8) Efforts to promote the use of the study evidence in nursing practice: Ideally,
the concluding step of a high qualility study is to plan for its use in practice settings

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 —| Formulating and delimiting the problem
 2| Reviewing the related literature
%5',$05$ # $%,%5',$ 3| ndertaking clinical fieldwork
D| Defining the framework/ developing
conceptual definitions
5 | Formulating hypotheses
 ‰ | Selecting a research design
%5',$65$,(7'-%+'(7 7 | Developing intervention protocols
%5',$ 8 | Identifying the population
9 | Designing the sampling plan
—
|Specifying methods to measure research
variables
—— |Developing methods to safeguard subjects
—2 |Finalizing the research plan
%5',$5$$*%$c( '+%5',$ —3 |Collecting the data
—D |Preparing the data analysis
%5',$85$''+4( %5',$ —5 |Analyzing the data
—‰ |Interpreting the result
%5',$95$-$,,$*('(# —7 |Communicating the findings
%5',$ —8 |tilizing the findings in practice

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