Reactions with Sodium carbonate Na2CO3:

Na2CO3 = Na2O + CO2 (1000 ).

Na2CO3-10H2O = Na2CO3 + 10H2O (100-120 , vacuum).

Na2CO3 (diluted) + 8 H2O = 2 [Na(H2O)4]+ + CO32-

CO32- + H2O HCO3- + -.

Na2CO3 + 2 l (diluted) = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O.

Na2CO3 (saturated) + H2O + CO2 = 2 NaHCO3 (30-40 ).

Na2CO3 + 2 HF (diluted) = 2 NaF + H2O + CO2

Na2CO3 + 4 HF (conc.) = 2Na(HF2) + CO2 + H2O.

3Na2CO3 (conc.) + 2H3PO4(diluted) = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O + 3CO2 (boiling).

Na2CO3 + M()2 (saturated) = MCO3 + 2 NaOH (M = Ca, Sr, Ba).

3Na2CO3 + 3H2O(hot) + 2AlCl3 = 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 CO2 + 6NaCl.

Na2CO3 (conc.,hot) + 3E2 = 5NaE + NaEO3 + 3CO2 (E = Cl, Br, I).

Na2CO3 + 2C(coke) = 2Na + 3CO (900-1000 C).

Na2CO3 + C(coke) + CaCN2 = 2 NaCN + CaCO3 (600-700 C).

Na2CO3 (conc.) + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2.

Reactions with sodium hydroxide NaOH:

NaOH-H2O = NaOH + H2O (100-400C, vacuum).

NaOH (diluted) + 4H2O = [Na(H2O)4](+) + (-).

NaOH + l (diluted) = NaCl + H2O.

2 NaOH + H2SO4 (diluted) = Na2SO4 + H2O

NaOH + H2SO4 (conc.,cold) = NaHSO4 + H2O.

NaOH + HNO3 (diluted) = NaNO3 + H2O.

NaOH (diluted) + H3PO4 (conc.) = NaH2PO4 + H2O

2 NaOH (diluted.) + H3PO4 (diluted) = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

3 NaOH (conc.) + H3PO4 (diluted) = Na3PO4 + 3H2O.

NaOH + HF(diluted) = NaF + H2O

NaOH + 2HF (conc.) = Na(HF2) + H2O.

NaOH (conc.) + HCN = NaCN + H2O.

6 NaOH (diluted) + 4 F2= OF2 + 6 NaF + O2 + 3H2O.

2 NaOH (conc., cold) + E2 = NaEO + NaE + H2O (E = Cl, Br, I)

6 NaOH (conc.,hot) + 3E2 = NaEO3 + 5NaE + 3H2O. (E = Cl, Br, I)

12 NaOH (conc.,hot) + 5Cl2 + Br2 = 2NaBrO3 + 10NaCl + 6H2O.

20 NaOH (conc.,hot) + 7Cl2 + I2 = 2Na3H2IO6 +14NaCl + 8H2O

24 NaOH (conc.,cold) + 7Cl2 + I2 = 2Na5IO6 +14NaCl + 12H2O.

6 NaOH + 3 Br2 + 2(NH3-H2O) time 6NaBr + N2 + 8H2O (normal temp.).

2 NaOH(hot) + I2 + H2O2 =2 NaI + O2 + 2H2O

2 NaOH(cold) + I2 + H2S(gas) = 2 NaI + S + 2 H2O.

2 NaOH + 2Na = 2 Na2O + H2 (600C).

4 NaOH + 3Ca = 3 CaO + Na2O + 2 Na + 2H2 (600C).

2 (NaOH-H2O) + 2Al = 2 NaAlO2 + 3H2 (400-500C)

2 NaOH (conc.) + 6 H2O(hot) + 2Al = 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2.

2 NaOH (conc.) + 2 H2O + Zn = Na2[Zn(OH)4] + H2.

NaOH (diluted) + EO2 = NaHEO3 (E = , S)

2 NaOH (conc.) + EO2 = Na2EO3 + H2O.

4 NaOH (conc.) + SiO2 time Na4SiO4 + 2H2O

2 NaOH + SiO2 = Na2SiO3 + H2O (900-1000C).

4 NaOH + 6NO = 4 NaNO2 + N2 + 2H2O (300-400C).

2 NaOH (cold) + NO + NO2 = 2NaNO2 + H2O

4 NaOH (hot) + 4 NO2 + O2 = 4NaNO3 + 2H2O.

2 NaOH + Al2O3 = 2 NaAlO2 + H2O (900-1100C)

NaOH + Al(OH)3 = NaAlO2 + 2H2O (1000C).

2 NaOH (conc., hot) + 3 H2O + Al2O3 = 2 Na[Al(OH)4]

NaOH (conc.) + Al(OH)3 = Na[Al(OH)4].

2 NaOH (conc. 60%) + H2O + ZnO = Na2[Zn(OH)4] (90C)

2 NaOH (conc.) + Zn(OH)2 = Na2[Zn(OH)4] (normal temp.).

NaOH (conc.) + NH4Cl(conc.) = NaCl + NH3 + H2O (boiling).

2 NaOH (diluted) + FeI2 = 2 NaI + Fe(OH)2 (in the atmosphere of N2)

2 NaOH (diluted) + 2 AgNO3 = Ag2O + H2O + 2 NaNO3.

3 NaOH (diluted) + AlCl3 = Al(OH)3 + 3 NaCl

4 NaOH (conc.) + AlCl3 = Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 NaCl.

2 NaOH (conc.) + ZnCl2 = Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

4 NaOH (conc.) + ZnCl2 = Na2[Zn(OH)4] + 2 NaCl.

2 NaOH (diluted, conc.) + Zn + 2 SO2 = Na2S2O4 + Zn(OH)2.

2 NaOH + 2 H2O + 3H2O2(conc.) = Na2O2-2H2O2-4H2O (0C)

Na2O2-2H2O2-4H2O = Na2O2 + 2 H2O2 + 4 H2O (normal temp., over conc. H2SO4).

4 NaOH (melt) Electrolysis 4Na(cathode) + O2(anode) + 2H2O.

Using potassium manganate(VII) as an oxidising agent in organic
chemistry
Potassium manganate(VII) is usually used in neutral or alkaline solution in
organic chemistry. Acidified potassium manganate(VII) tends to be a rather
destructively strong oxidising agent, breaking carbon-carbon bonds.
The potassium manganate(VII) solution is usually made mildly alkaline with
sodium carbonate solution, and the typical colour changes are:

In testing for a C=C double bond

Potassium manganate(VII) oxidises carbon-carbon double bonds, and so goes
through the colour changes above.
Ethene, for example, is oxidised to ethane-1,2-diol.

The oxygen in square brackets is taken to mean "oxygen from an oxidising

agent". This abbreviated form of the equation is most commonly used in organic
chemistry. You are very unlikely to have to write the complete ionic equation for
this reaction at this level.
To be honest, this isn't a good test for a carbon-carbon double bond, because
anything which is even mildly reducing would have the same effect on the
potassium manganate(VII) solution.
You could, however, use this reaction simply as a means of making the diol.
In the oxidation of aromatic side chains
Alkaline potassium manganate(VII) solution oxidises any hydrocarbon side chain
attached to a benzene ring back to a single -COOH group. Prolonged heating is
necessary.
For example:

Because the solution is alkaline, you will initially get benzoate ions formed rather
than the acid. The sulphuric acid is added to convert the ions to the acid.
With longer side chains, you will get all sorts of mixtures of other products - but
in each case, the main product will be benzoic acid.

Using potassium manganate(VII) as an oxidising agent in titrations

Background
Potassium manganate(VII) solution is used to find the concentration of all sorts of
reducing agents. It is always used in acidic solution.
For example, it oxidises
iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions

hydrogen peroxide solution to oxygen

ethanedioic acid to carbon dioxide (This reaction has to be done hot.)

sulphite ions (sulphate(IV) ions) to sulphate ions (sulphate(VI) ions)

In each case, the half-equation for the manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution is:

These equations can be combined to give you an overall ionic equation for each
possible reaction. That, of course, also gives you the reacting proportions.
For example, when the equations are combined, you find that 1 mole of
MnO4- ions react with 5 moles of Fe2+ ions. Having got that information, the
titration calculations are just like any other ones.

Reactions of solutions with aqueous Copper (II) Sulfate.

Contents

Copper(II) Sulfate with Ammonia

Copper(II) Sulfate with Barium Chloride
Copper(II) Sulfate with Sulfuric Acid
Copper(II) Sulfate with Hydrochloric Acid
Copper(II) Sulfate with Sodium Chloride
Copper(II) Sulfate with Sodium Carbonate
Copper(II) Sulfate with Cobalt(II) Chloride
Copper(II) Sulfate with Copper(II) Nitrate
Copper(II) Sulfate with Sodium Hydroxide