Leccture--3

Anten
nna parameteers: (Co
ontinueed)
1.4.3 Ra
adiated Po
ower
With this information,, now we are in a position
n to calculatte the total raadiated powerr from an anttenna.
Mathemattically it can be
b written as

Fig. 15: Calculation

C off radiated pow
wer

Note: Forr antennas, mostly

m we aree interested in
n its far-fieldd radiation. S
So, the integrration in the aabove
equation is
i over a closeed surface with the antenna inside and tthe surface is sufficiently ffar from antennna.

1.4.4 Ra
adiation Pattern
P

n pattern is a graphical rep

Radiation presentation of
o the radiatioon properties of the antennna as a functiion of
space coo
ordinates.

A field pattern n is a graph that

t describess the relativee far field valles, E or H, w
with directionn at a
fiixed distance from the anteenna. A field d pattern incluudes an magnnitude (amplittude) pattern E or
H
H and a phasee pattern E or H.
t describess the relative (average) raddiated power ddensity Pave of the
A power patterrn is a graph that
faar-field with direction
d at a fixed distance from the anntenna.
A typical antenna radiation pattern is shown in Fig. 16 (a). The characteristics to note down from this
pattern are:

(i) Main (major) lobe

(ii) Minor lobe (includes side lobes and back lobe)
(iii) Half-power beamwidth (HPBW)
(iv) Beamwidth between first nulls (BWFN)

Note: A radiation pattern shows only the relative values but not the absolute values of the field or power
quantity. Hence the values are usually normalized (i.e., divided) by the maximum value. [In Fig. 16, mark
the maximum of the main lobe that is 1)

The size of the minor lobes is much smaller than that of the major lobe. In order to clearly visualize the
minor lobes, sometimes the scales of the radiation pattern are expressed in dB, as shown in Fig. 16 (b).

The calculation procedure of the beamwidths from the radiation pattern is shown in Fig. 17.

Note: By the reciprocity theorem, the radiation pattern of an antenna in the transmitting mode is same as
those for the antenna in the receiving mode.
 Main lobe
maximum direction

1.0
Half-power
Main lobe Beamwidth
(HPBW)

0.5 Beamwidth
between
first nulls
(BWFN)

Minor
lobes

(a)

Main lobe
0 dB

- 3 dB

- 10 dB

(b)

Fig. 16: Antenna radiation pattern

Fig. 17: Calculation
C off beamwidths from the radiiation pattern .

Issotropic Rad
diation Patterrn: It is the paattern of a pooint source.
o Characcteristics
Completely y non-directio onal antenna
Radiates an nd receives eq qually well inn all directionss
Radiation pattern
p is spheerical
o Exists only as a mathematical co oncept
o Used asa a referencee
Omnidirection
O nal Radiation Pattern: Itt is the patternn of a Hertziaan dipole. [seee Fig. 18]
o Along the ends of th he dipole therre is no radiattion (nulls)
o Maxim mum radiation n is along the broadside dirrection
o Somettimes used a reference
r
 z

x y

(a)
y z

sin

HPBW 900
x

(b) (c)

Fig. 18: Omnidirectional radiation pattern.

Example:

The step-by-step procedure of drawing the radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole is as follows:
Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4
Step 5

1.4.5 Fiield Regions

The spacee surrounding wo regions: ((i) near field region and (ii) far
g an antenna is usually diivided into tw
on. (See Fig. 19)
field regio

Far field is defined as

a that region n of the fieldd of an antennna where thhe angular fiield distributiion is
independeent of the disttance from th
he antenna. Th his region is ccommonly taaken to exist aat distances ggreater
than 2D2/ from the an ntenna, wheree D is the overall dimensiion of the anttenna. This reegion is also ccalled
as the Fraaunhofer region. In this reegion, the fielld componennts are essentiially transverrse and the anngular
distributio dent of the radial distance where the meeasurements aare made.
on is independ

The field immediately surrounding the antenna and a the far fieeld region is known as thee near field reegion.
on is again divided
This regio d into twwo sub regions as (a) reacctive near fieeld and (b) raadiating near field,
according
g to their characteristics. (S
See Fig. 19).
 0.62 D 3 2D 2

Reactive Radiating
region region

Near field region Far field region

Fig. 19: Near field and far field regions of an antenna.