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Eka O. N.
KINDS OF MOTION
by
Eka Oktariyanto Nugroho
C 2 C3
C1C 2
u y dydt
2 2
The rate of angular rotation is:
C 3C1 1 u
t A1C 3 2 y
In the general case, there are three major constituents of particle motions and deformations. They
are:
1. The velocity components V u , v, w : translation
2. The variation of velocity components in their own direction: dilatation
3. The variation of velocity components with respect to a direction normal to their own direction:
rotation and angular deformation
Consider the particle at the point A x, y , z at time t .The point is a corner of a small
rectangular element, the edges of which are parallel to the three axes OX , OY , OZ respectively
(Fig.1.2). When the particle moves so that the edges of the rectangular elements remain parallel to
these axes, and maintain a constant length, it is a translatory motion only. This implies no space
dependence of the velocity components. The translation can be along a straight line or a curved
line. If x, y, and z are the coordinates of A at time t , then x x , y y and z z are the
coordinates at time t t . The translatory motion is defined by the equations.
x ut dx udt
y vt or dy vdt
z wt dz wdt
The flow of particles along parallel and straight streamlines with a constant velocity (so-called
uniform flow) is a case of translatory motion only (Fig. 1.3). The translatory motion may be defined
more rigorously as the motion of the center of the rectangular element instead of the motion of the
corner of the element. However, this change complicates slightly the development of figures and
equations and gives, finally, the same result. Hence in the following discussion, translatory motion
will be defined as the motion of a corner. In the following, the physical meanings and the
corresponding mathematical expressions are studied in the case of a two-dimensional motion at
first, and then they are generalized for a three-dimensional motion.
1.3. DEFORMATION
It is easier to explain this kind of motion with the aid of an example. Two kinds of deformation have
to be distinguished: dilatational deformation and angular deformation.
1.4. ROTATION
Although flow motions can be classified in various ways according to some of their typical
characteristics (such as laminar or turbulent, frictionless or viscous, with or without friction, steady,
or unsteady), one of the most important divisions in hydrodynamics consists of considering whether
a flow is rotational or irrotational. Hence, the abstract concept of irrotationality is fully developed in
the following sections.
For a two-dimensional motion, it has been shown that the angular velocities of deformation are
u y and v x . The rotation of a particle is proportional to the difference between these
components. Indeed, if u y v x , there is angular deformation without rotation and the
bisectors do not rotate (Fig. 1.7). But if u y v x , the bisectors change their direction,
and there is either both rotation and angular deformation, or rotation only (Fig. 1.8). The difference
u y v x defines the rate of rotation, and therefore, a two-dimensional irrotational motion
is defined mathematically by u y v x 0 . Angular deformation can be considered
without rotation when u y v x 0 and u y v x 0 , and theoretically, rotation
can exist without deformation when u y v x 0 and u y v x 0 . This case
is rare in practice, since rotation generally occurs with angular deformation in physical situations.
x udt
A'
y vdt
x dx u du dt
D ' (1.1)
y dy v dv dt
Or
u u
x dx udt dx dy dt
x y
D '
y dy vdt v dx v dy dt
x y
1 1
Adding and subtracting v x dydt to the x coordinate and u y dxdt to the y
2 2
coordinate leads to the form for the coordinates of D' expressed in Equation 1-2. The physical
meaning of the terms becomes apparent by reference to the previous paragraphs.
u 1 u v 1 v u
x dx udt dxdt dydt dydt
x 2 y x 2 x y
v 1 u v 1 v u
D' y
{ dy vdt
{ dydt dxdt dxdt (1-2)
y 2 y x
1 4 2 43 2 x y
1 4 2 43
Initial Translation
14 2 43
coordinates
Dilatational Rate of angular Rate of
or linear
deformation
deformation
1 4 44 2 4 4 43 rotation
1442443
Angular or shear deformation Rotation