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u = u + u0 (1)
By definition:
u
u0 = u u = u u = 0, also u = etc.
x x
Substitute Eq. (1) into governing equations and take ( ):
ui ui u0i ui
continuity : = + = 0, =0
xi xi xi xi
|{z}
0
ui ui u0i u0i
but =0= + , =0
xi x xi xi
|{z}i
0 just shown
Momentum Equation:
ui ui 1 ij 1 p
+ uj = = + 2 ui
t xj xj xi
We write ui = ui + ui and we apply ( ) then:
1
2
ui ui u0i 2 ui = ui
= + ; similarly
t t t
|{z} p p
xi
= xi
(
p+ p0 ) = xi
etc.
0
ui ui ui u0 0
uj = uj + uj0 ui + u0i ) = uj
( + u0j + uj i +u0j u
xj xj xj xj xj xj i
| {z } | {z }
0 0
From continuity:
0 0 0 u0j
u0j ui = u u u0i
xj xj j i xj
|{z}
0by continuity
Finally:
ui ui 1 p 0 0
+ uj = + 2 ui uu
t xj xi xj i j
| {z }
1
xj ij
2
4.8 Turbulent Boundary Layer over a Smooth Flat Plate.
u
y log
Uo
1/7
U y
Uo u log
o
u y 1
7
= , (2)
Uo
where = (x) to be determined. From equation (2):
= 8
= 7
= 0.0972
72
o
1
Uo2
= 0.0227 Uo 4 using another empirical formula for friction
(Blasius law of friction) for pipes
Von Karmans moment equation:
1
o d Uo 4 7 d
2
= () 0.0227 = ODE for
Uo dx 72 dx
1
= 0.373Rx 5
x
1
U x 5
(x)
o
= 0.373x
For (0) = 0 and assuming turbulent boundary layer at x = 0, i.e., tripped at x = 0 or Rx >> 1,
3
1
= 0.373Rx 5
x
Then,
(x) x laminar
4
(x) x /5 turbulent (grows much faster)
Laminar Turbulent
p 1
x /5 . . . 71 th power law
5 4
Blasius 1.72 Uo x
0.047
Uo
1/
D = 0.036 Uo2 BL RL 5
D - 1/
Cf = = 0.073RL 5 for RL > 5 105
1 U 2 BL
2 o
0.242
p = log10 (RL Cf ) Schoenherrs formula
Cf
4
Cf
C f L ~ RL
1
2
C fT ~ RL
1
5
~ 0.01
ln (RL)
RL ~ 1.6 x 104