Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety

Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter." Martin Luther King
Name Information

Obtained from pine rosin. Used as a texturiser and foaming in soaps, making vinyls, lacquers and plastics. Can
Abietic Acid
cause allergic reactions; skin and mucous membrane irritation; harmful to marine life.

Abrasives The most frequently used are calcium carbonate (chalk) and, in toothpaste, di-calcium phosphate dihydrate.

Absolutes Pure essential oils acquired from plants (mostly flowers) and used in products as natural fragrance additives.

Used in lipsticks and cream blusher to retain moisture. Causes adverse reactions, and is toxic, carcinogenic, and
Acetamide MEA
mutagenic.

Fruit flavouring solvent; synthetic perfumes, hypnotic in medicine. Central nervous system depressant, respiratory,
Acetal
cardiovascular collapse; no known skin toxicity, possible high blood pressure. On NIH list.

Fragrance in cosmetics, perfume, silvering of mirrors, synthetic rubber. Mucous membrane irritation, liver damage,
Acetaldehyde kidney, respiratory, neurotoxicity; CNS depression; skin irritation; tetragenic; carcinogenic; harmful to aquatic
organisms.

Antistatic agent, humectant in hair shampoos and conditioners, skin cream, hair tonic. Mild skin irritation, caused
Acetamide MEA - n-acetyl ethanolamine
liver cancer in rats, may contain DEA.

Acetaminopropyl trimonium chloride Antistatic agent in shampoos, bath soaps, conditioners

Antimicrobial used in mouthwash, toothpaste, feminine hygiene products. Causes sensitisation, allergic reactions;
Acetarsol - acetarsone
lethal dose in mice is only 0.004g/kg of body weight.

Acetate An acetic acid salt ; the word that follows or precedes acetate on an ingredient list determines the function.

Acid found in vinegar, some fruits, and human sweat. Used in hair dyes and hand lotions, and in lotions for
Acetic Acid
bleaching freckles. Skin irritant and toxic to lungs.
 Colourless, flammable liquid. Used in cologne, dishwashing liquid and detergent, nail polish, nail polish removers. It
is excessively toxic. Inhalation can cause dryness of the mouth and throat; dizziness, nausea, incoordination,
Acetone
slurred speech, drowsiness, and, in severe exposures, coma. Acts primarily as a central nervous system (CNS)
depressant.

Precursor of cyanide. Solvent used in artificial nail remover, extraction processes. Nervous system poison, skin
Acetonitrile - methylacynide
irritant, gastrointestinal and liver toxicity, teratogenic, fatal if swallowed. On Canadian Hot list.

Found in baby products, lipsticks, cosmetic creams, eye makeup, hair conditioner as an emulsifier/emollient.
Acetylated Lanolin
Undergoing safety for safety. May be contaminated with pesticide reside.

Helps soften skin and has anti-allergenic tendencies; is highly prone to comedogenicity (causes blackheads and/or
Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol
white heads) - this is an example of an alcohol that may be drying to the skin.

Acetylmethionyl methylsilanol elastinate Antistatic agent. Considered safe in cosmetics such as hair conditioner and skin conditioners.

Biological additive used in cosmetics, suntan creams and liquids, dietary supplement. Non-essential amino acid,
Acetyl tyrosine
generally recognised as safe.

Acid colours - black, blue, brown, green, orange, red Tints and dyes for hair colouring. Many can cause skin, eye and mucous membrane irritation. See Azo Dyes. See
violet, yellow Coal Tar.

Extremely useful for eliminating soap films from the hair after shampooing. A mixture of vinegar or lemon juice and
Acid Rinse
water is a common one.

Acrylates Copolymer Active ingredient in an oil-absorbing gel.

A binder, film former used in nail polish, blusher, hairspray, mascara. Creates a water-repelling basis for cosmetics
Acrylates/Octylpropenamide Copolymer
claiming water-proof properties. A strong irritant.

A film former, thickener used in nail enamels, cosmetics. Causes liver, reproductive and neurotoxicity. Toxic by skin
Acylamide copolymer
absorption. Hazardous to the environment, especially harmful to fish.

A perfumed liquid usually containing alcohol used to soothe the skin after shaving. May contain menthol to cool
After Shave
irritated skin.

After Shave Balm After shave with a thicker consistency containing lotion for increased moisturizing capabilities.

Ahnfeltia concinna Botanical additive used in skin conditioners and beauty aids.
Albumin Type of protein found in blood, egg whites, milk, fruits, and vegetables.

The study and practice of chemistry in the Middle Ages which focused primarily on the transmutation of metals into
Alchemy
gold and the finding of a universal remedy for disease.

A group of compounds that includes ethanol, methanol, and others. Acts as carrying and antifoaming agent as well
Alcohol as a water and oil solvent. It dries quickly, and if synthetically produced is carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and can
cause adverse reactions.

Algae/Seaweed Extract An emollient, restoring moisture content to skin; claims to have antioxidant properties.

A detergent used in shampoos, bubble baths. Believed to be non-toxic orally, drying of the skin, may cause skin
Alkyl Benzine Sulphonate
irritation.

Groups of synthetic fatty acids designated as DEA, MEA, MIPA, and PEG. Used for thickening, gelling, emulsifying,
emolliency, skin and hair conditioning, foam boosting, foam stabilizing, wetting, opacifying, lubricating, powder
Alkyloamides
binding, skin protecting, fungicidal properties, and super-fatting. Found in shampoos, bubble baths, and liquid hand
and body cleansers. Harmful when contaminated by nitrosamines and harmful to the environment.

Has been found to reduce male sperm count, and to mimic estrogens in the body. It is widely used in shampoo,
Alkyl-phenol-ethoxylades
causes adverse reactions and has been shown to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic.

Anti-microbial, oral care agent reported to have healing, soothing, and anti-irritating properties. Extracted from urea,
Allantoin
which is derived from the urine of most animals, and from herbs like comfrey or uva ursi.

Is a compound expressed from the leaf of the aloe plant, which is a South African lily-like plant. A moisture
Aloe Vera/ Gel storehouse for enzymes, vitamins, proteins, and minerals that support skin functions, Aloe Vera helps maintain the
skin's moisture balance and stimulates blood circulation. Tightens and rejuvenates skin leaving it silky feeling.

Do not use on children or infants. Group of acids that appear naturally in fruit. AHAs include: citric acid (citrus fruits),
glycolic acid (sugar cane), lactic acid (milk), and the less common AHA's used in cosmetics malic acid (apples) and
tartaric acid (wine). Used in toners, creams. Skin is exfoliated chemically instead of mechanically via abrasion, dries
and increases skin aging. Supposed to be anti-wrinkle, found in many skin and hair care products. Higher risk of
Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA)
skin cancer. Used as a solvent originally in cleaning compounds and for tanning leather. A smooth finish is
developed by stripping the outer layer of the epidermis, which causes the irritated skin to puff up and thus fill in the
lines and wrinkles. The US FDA warns that strengths over 3% may thin the skin. Can be a skin irritant causing
redness and rashes.

Alpha Lipoic Acid An antioxidant; is both water and fat soluble so it can go to many areas of a cell.
 Perfumery ?In lilac and lily of the valley type fragrances. Also in apple blossom, fougere and specialty perfumes. In
addition to concentrates and luxury fragrances, alpha-Terpineol is used extensively in fragrances for bath
preparations, soaps, detergents, polishes and other household products
Pharmaceutical ?Material complying with the BP 1980 can usually be supplied.
Flavour ?Used in moderate amounts in berry flavours, and in lemon, lime, nutmeg, orange, peach and various spice
Alpha-Terpineol
and floral types. Alpha-Terpineol is a nature-identical flavouring substance as defined by the International
Organization of the Flavour Industry (IOFI).
Causes central nervous system disorders. Highly irritating to mucous membranes. Aspiration into the lungs can
produce pneumonitis or even fatal oedema. Can also cause "excitement, ataxia (loss of muscular coordination),
hypothermia, CNS and respiratory depression, and headache. Prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact.

Usually in crystal or powder form; has strong astringent properties; used in stypic sticks, popular with men who often
Alum
nick themselves shaving.

Used as a colour additive in cosmetics, especially eye shadows. Another form of Aluminium is used in deodorants
and antiperspirants. Listed as carcinogenic, toxic and mutagenic. Ingestion or inhalation can aggravate kidney and
Aluminium
lung disorders, cardiovascular, reproductive, neurotoxicity. Evidence of link to Alzheimer's disease. EU Parliament
said aluminium should be banned.

Anti-microbial used in antiperspirants, deodorants, barrier creams, waterproofing, fabric finishes, dye for furs.
Aluminium acetate Causes skin rashes, severe sloughing of the skin, ingestion of large doses can cause diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
and bleeding. See aluminium.

Used as a deodorant agent and can be found in lipsticks, antiperspirants. Causes skin irritation, allergic reactions,
Aluminium Chloride
reproductive and neurotoxicity, teratogenic, harmful to aquatic organisms. See aluminium.

Used as a deodorant agent and can be found in deodorants, antiperspirants. Causes contact allergic reactions, hair
Aluminium Chlorohydrate
follicle infections, irritation of abraded skin. See aluminium.

Aluminium Hydroxide Is less toxic than mercury, arsenic, lead or cadmium, but it appears to be more persistent than most of them. The
danger is one that only manifests itself over long periods of time.

"Aluminium hydroxide is used in vaccines to increase the body's production of antibodies, though no one knows how
it works," says Purdue researcher Stanley Hem, professor of industrial and physical pharmacy. Aluminium is a
protoplasmic poison and a deadly, persistent neurotoxin. No living systems use aluminium as part of a biochemical
process. Ironically, the American Academy of Paediatrics admits that Aluminium is now being implicated as
interfering with a variety of cellular and metabolic processes in the nervous system and in other tissues. As of today,
it is still in vaccines. Aluminium is a known toxin that can cause encephalitis, bone disease and anemia in
susceptible people. The kidneys eliminate Aluminium from the body and so people with renal problems are at risk of
Aluminium toxicity. All infants have reduced renal function and may not be able to effectively excrete excessive
 Aluminium. Kidney function is low at birth and reaches adult level by 1-2 years of age. The presence of Aluminium in
a vaccine can cause small nodules to develop under the skin of some babies.

Used as a deodorant agent in non-aerosol antiperspirants, deodorants. Harmful, contact allergic reactions, skin
Aluminium zirconium octachlorohydrate
irritation, lung damage, granulomas. See aluminium.

Ambergris A fixative and flavouring found in perfumes, food, beverages, cigarettes. It is 80% cholesterol, no know side effects.

Every living cell in the body contains protein and cannot function properly without it. Approximately 80 amino acids
are found in nature; only 20 are necessary for human metabolism. Some must be supplied by food and are called
Amino Acids
"essential". Amino acids are rapidly absorbed in the blood stream, and in combination with vitamins, provide
essential nutrients to a wound area to promote healing.

An emulsifier used in hairspray, shaving cream, cosmetic creams, deodorant. Considered safe up to 1%
Aminomethyl propanol
concentration. May cause skin irritation.

2-Amino-4-Nitrophenol Used as a hair colourant in orange-red and medium brown hair dyes. On a list of substances facing a ban in the EU.
4-Amino-2-Nitrophenol Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Primary Irritant

Aminophenol A colourant used in hair dyes. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Primary Irritant

Used as a neutraliser, buffer in permanent wave solutions and creams, fire extinguishers. Causes skin rash on
Ammonium carbonate
scalp, forehead and hands, contact dermatitis.

Used as a acidifier, buffer in bubble baths, hair bleach, shampoos, batteries, dies, medicines. Possible skin and eye
Ammonium chloride
irritation in some people. Toxic to aquatic animals. Compound descriptor : Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant.

Ammonium cocoyl isethionate Used as a cleanser in soaps, shampoos. Considered safe in cosmetic use, may cause skin rashes.

A surfactant used in shampoos and dentifrices. May be contaminated with carcinogenic nitrosamines. Possible
Ammonium cocoyl sarcosinate
mutagen.

A buffering agent, denaturant used in hair dyes, hair straightener, barrier cream, mascaras, cigarettes, stain
Ammonium hydroxide removers, detergents. Irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes; may cause hair breakage; toxic by ingestion;
harmful to the environment. Compound description : Mutagen, Primary Irritant

A surfactant used in shampoos, bubble baths, hand wash, dishwashing liquid, detergent. May be contaminated with
Ammonium laureth sulphate (ALES)
carcinogenic nitrosamines.

Ammonium lauryl sulphate (ALS) A surfactant, foaming agent used in shampoos, bubble baths, liquid hand and body wash, toothpaste, bath gel,

Ammonium lauroyl sarcosinate
Ammonium persulphate
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium thioglycolate
Amyl acetate
Amyl dimethyl PABA
Anethole
Animal Fat
tallow
Anionic Surfactants
dishwashing liquid, car wash detergent. Possibly derived from natural coconut alcohols. Acts as a mild cleanser
replacement of SLS in a number of skin care products. Effects are considered milder than SLS and doesn't have the
chronic toxicity problems of SLS however this may be due to the lack of research carried out on this ingredient. One
study showed that at only 2% it was deemed as extremely irritating and just as irritating as SLS.
See Anionic Surfactants
See Sodium Laureth Sulphate
See Nitrosating Agents
A surfactant used in shampoos and dentifrices. May be contaminated with carcinogenic nitrosamines.
A preservative, oxidiser used in cosmetics, dyes, skin lightener, soap, detergents. Can cause asthma, mucous
membrane and skin irritation, brittle hair.
A surfactant, cleanser used in permanent wave lotions, tanning, filler in vaccines. Liver, neuro and respiratory
toxicity, dry and denatured hair. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Mutagen
An antioxidant used in hair straighteners, depilatories, permanent wave solutions. Can cause severe burns and
blistering of the skin, hair breakage, cumulative irritant, severe allergic reaction.
A solvent, flavouring used in perfumes, nail polish, nail polish remover, banana flavouring in foods, perfuming shoe
polish. May cause headache, fatigue, chest pain, CNS depression, neuro and respiratory toxicity, mucous
membrane irritation. Compound descriptor: Primary Irritant.
A UV absorber used in sunscreen preparations. May cause sensitisation, increase breast cancer cell division,
estrogenic, endocrine disruption, carcinogenic. Compound descriptor: Primary Irritant.
A flavouring, denaturant used in perfume, toothpaste, mouthwash. Can cause hives, skin blistering and scaling, gum
and throat irritation. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic
A type of animal tissue made up of oily solids or semisolids that are water-insoluble esters of glycerol with fatty
acids. Animal fats and lye are the chief ingredients in bar soap, a cleansing and emulsifying product that may act as
a breeding ground for bacteria.
Anionic refers to the negative charge these surfactants have. They may be contaminated with nitrosamines, which
are carcinogenic. Surfactants can pose serious health threats. They are used in car washes, as garage floor
cleaners and engine degreasers - and in 90% of personal-care products that foam.
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS)
Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLES)
Ammonium Lauryl Sulphate (ALS)
Ammonium Laureth Sulphate (ALES)
 Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate
Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate
Sodium Cocoyl Sarcosinate
Potassium Coco Hydrolysed Collagen
TEA (Triethanolamine) Lauryl Sulphate
TEA (Triethanolamine) Laureth Sulphate
Lauryl or Cocoyl Sarcosine
Disodium Oleamide Sulfosuccinate
Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
Disodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate etc

Anise Oil Known for its warm, spicy liquorice-like scent. An antiseptic and stimulant.

Substances that slow the breakdown of nutrients and counteract the destructive effect of free radicals (chemically
reactive compounds) in the body. There are several types which include vitamins A, E, C complex, and B complex,
Antioxidants
the minerals selenium and zinc, and the synthetic compounds BHT and BHA. Vitamins A, C, and E as well as BHA
and BHT are used as preserving agents in cosmetics.

Apothecary A person who prepares and sells medications, a pharmacist. A system of weights used in the pharmacy.

Apricot Kernel A natural exfoliant especially when finely ground.

A solvent used in many cosmetics, personal care products, canned and bottled food beverages. No adverse health
Aqua
affects, provided that it is pure and not contaminated with chlorine, sodium fluoride, etc.

Arnica Extract Herbal extract made from the dried flowers of a mountain-loving plant. Has reviving and firming qualities.

Aroma The pleasing odour, many times recognizable, given off by a substance.

The use of essences that are extracted from different parts of a plant - Root, Seed, Flower, Leaf, Bark, Fruit. These
essences are called essential oils. Essential oils have numerous properties and various scents that affect us on a
Aromatherapy
mental, emotional, spiritual and physical level. The art of using the essential (odour producing) oils from roots,
barks, and herbs for treating the skin and body.

Acid occurring naturally in many fruits. Also known as vitamin C; used as an antioxidant in its L-ascorbic acid form,
Ascorbic Acid can have skin lightening effect in certain preparations, is important to keeping as well as rebuilding healthy collagen
fibres. Used as a preservative and antioxidant in food and cosmetics. Non-toxic and not a skin irritant.

Preservative with antioxidant properties: its presence helps make possible the blending of vitamins A, C, and D into
Ascorbyl Palmitate
a suspension for cosmetic creams and lotions.
 A clear liquid containing alcohol used mostly to cleanse oily skin, closes pores with its property of contracting the
Astringent
skin.

Azuki Beans Traditional Japanese beans which, when ground, are excellent natural exfoliant's. Protein and mineral rich.

A colourant used in non-permanent hair rinses and tints, foods, beverages. Skin contact can cause hives, urticaria,
Azo dyes
asthma, hay fever, allergic reactions, bladder cancer. May be absorbed through the skin.

Balm Mint Extract A fragrant herb with soothing properties

As an antiseptic used in face masks, perfumes and cream hair rinses. A common sensitiser, may cause contact
Balsam Peru, benzyl cinnamate dermatitis and may cross-react with many substances including benzoin, benzyl alcohol, essential oils and wood
tars. Compound descriptor: Natural Product, Primary Irritant

A depilatory agent used in depilatories, cosmetics. Often causes skin irritation, poisonous if ingested. Compound
Barium sulphate
descriptor : Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen

An opacifier, depilating agent used in depilatories, hair relaxers, cosmetics. May cause skin rashes, chemical burns,
never apply to inflamed skin, poisonous if ingested. Toxic effects: Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - flaccid paralysis
Barium sulphide
without anaesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage), Behavioural - muscle weakness, Lungs, Thorax, or
Respiration - dyspnea

Base Notes The infusion of fragrance with your personal body chemistry.

Bath Gels A perfumed foaming product used in the bath for its soothing, cleansing and emollient qualities.

A perfumed liquid, usually containing mineral or vegetable oil, designed to moisturize the skin in the bath. Can be
Bath Oils
foaming or non-foaming.

Bath Powder Scented loose powder applied to the body with a powder puff after bathing.

Bath Salts Rock salts used in the bath to colour, scent and, or chemically treat the water.

A natural substance that is prominent in pantothenic acid. European research suggests it may be beneficial in
Bee Pollen
fighting the effects of radiation exposure. It is not, however, particularly valuable as a topical.

Beeswax Waxy component in many skin care products, confectionary, soft drinks, chewing gum. Provides moisture as well as
a barrier mechanism. Allows for oil and water blending (emulsion). Can cause mild allergic reactions and contact
 dermatitis.

Behentrimonium chloride A preservative. See Quaternary Ammonium compounds.

used in face masks, perfumes and cream hair rinses. A common sensitiser, may cause contact dermatitis and may
Benzyl cinnamate, Balsam Peru
cross-react with many substances including benzoin, benzyl alcohol, essential oils and wood tars.

Clay that is an effective skin clarifier used in facial masks, makeup, colourant in wine. It takes its name from Fort
Bentonite Benton where bentonite deposits are found. Inert and generally non-toxic, may clog skin pores inhibiting proper skin
function, venous injection causes blood clots and possibly tumours.

A solvent, flavouring found in perfume, cologne, hairspray, laundry bleach, deodorants, detergent, vaseline lotion,
shaving cream, shampoo, bar soap, dishwasher detergent, sweets, cordials, ice cream, cigarettes. Narcotic.
Benzaldehyde
Sensitiser. Local anaesthetic, central nervous system depressant. Irritation to the mouth, throat, eyes, skin, lungs,
and GI tract, causing nausea and abdominal pain. May cause kidney damage. Do not use with contact lenses.

A preservative, detergent used in shampoos, hair conditioner, mouth washes, eye lotions, antiseptic and detergent
in medical use. Highly toxic, primary skin irritant.
See Cationic surfactants

Benzalkonium Chloride From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):

Material is highly toxic via oral route.
Effects of overexposure: Mists can cause irritation to the skin, eye, nose, throat and mucous membranes. Avoid
direct contact.
Symptoms: Muscular paralysis, low blood pressure, central nervous system depression, and weakness.

It is a known bone-marrow poison, yet is widely used and combined with other chemicals in many personal care
Benzene products. A solvent used in nail polish removers, detergents, nylon, artificial leather, varnish, lacquers, oven cleaner,
paint. Causes adverse reactions, is carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic.

A preservative, antistatic agent used in cosmetics, feminine hygiene products. Possibly has endocrine toxicity, skin
Benzethonium chloride irritation, toxic to aquatic organisms. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. Compound descriptor: Agricultural
Chemical, Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant

A solvent, coating used on fruit and vegetables. Chronic exposure can cause dizziness, headaches, loss of appetite.
Benzin
Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Primary Irritant

A flavouring, fixative, UV absorber used in hair sprays, soaps, sunscreen, perfume, flavourings. May cause hives,
Benzophenones - 15 or more exist photoallergic reactions, contact sensitivity, toxic when injected, on NI hazards list. Compound descriptor:
Tumorigenic, Mutagen.
 A bleaching and drying agent, antibacterial agent kills p. acnes, the germ responsible for acne flares. Can be drying
and/or irritating. Corrosive. Some reports of benzoyl peroxide skin allergies. Available in both prescription and over
Benzoyl Peroxide
the counter forms ranging from 2 ?-10%. Also found in artificial nail kits. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic,
Mutagen, Primary Irritant

A flavouring, solvent used in perfume formulations, soaps, ice cream, baked gods, chewing gum, cellulose nitrate
and cellulose acetate. Carcinogenic (linked to pancreatic cancer). From vapours: irritating to eyes and respiratory
passages, exciting cough. In mice: hyperaemia of the lungs. Can be absorbed through the skin causing systemic
effects. Do not flush to sewer. On NIH hazards list.
MSDS:
Benzyl Acetate Inhalation: Burning sensation. Confusion. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Laboured breathing. Sore throat.
Ingestion: Burning sensation. Convulsion. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Vomiting.
Effects of Short-term Exposure: The vapour is irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract. The substance may
cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure far above the OEL may result in unconsciousness.
Effects of Long-term or repeated exposure: The liquid de-fats the skin. The substance may have effects on the
kidneys.

A solvent, preservative, denaturant used in perfumes, hair dyes, shampoos, nail varnish, fruit flavourings, fabric
softener, cigarettes. The use of benzyl alcohol in neonates has been associated with a high level of morbidity and
mortality. Benzyl alcohol is most commonly used as a preservative in injectable products. On NIH hazards list.
Summary toxicity to humans, including carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and
Benzyl alcohol
acute toxicity.
MSDS:
Ingestion: Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Nausea. Vomiting.
Inhalation: Cough. Sore throat.

A preservative found in most rose perfume, cosmetics, synthetic fruit flavouring. Causes eye irritation, toxic if
Benzyl carbinol ingested, sensitiser, birth defects in rats, CNS injury in mice. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive Effector,
Primary Irritant

A UV absorber, additive in cosmetics, perfumes, cigarettes, pesticides. Can cause a stinging sensation in some
Benzyl Cinnamate
people. On NIH hazards list. Compound descriptor: Natural Product, Primary Irritant

Benzylhemiformal A preservative used in cosmetics. Prolonged skin contact may be harmful.

Benzyl salicylate A UV absorber used in sunscreens, perfumes, cigarettes. Can cause skin rash and swelling on exposure to sunlight.

Betaglucans A thickener used in facial powders, skin conditioners. No known adverse affects. May have beneficial effects.

Beta-naphthol A solvent used in hair tonics, hair dyes, skin peels, perfumes. Can cause kidney damage, eye injury, convulsions,
 anaemia and death from ingestion, skin damage, contact dermatitis. Compound descriptor: Drug, Mutagen, Primary
Irritant

An exfoliant used in exfoliant creams, skin peels, skin masks, moisturisers, acne therapy. Can cause
Beta Hydroxy Acid - BHA photosensitivity, skin reactions if skin is dry or sensitive, changes skin pH, not to be used on children. New term for
salicylic acid.

Synthetic antioxidants used as preservatives. Known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Animal studies showed
BHA & BHT to cause metabolic stress, depression of growth rate, loss of weight, damage to the liver, baldness &
foetal abnormalities. Dr Benjamin Feingold claims BHA & BHT are causes of hyperactivity and behavioural
BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole)
disturbances in children. Whilst difficult to substantiate, observations have shown that avoidance of BHA & BHT has
BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene)
significantly improved children's conditions. BHA & BHT both act as a synthetic oestrogen or xeno-oestrogen.
Causes allergic contact dermatitis. Is a skin & eye irritant and slowly corrodes metals. Up to 13% of the BHT is
absorbed through the skin

Biochemistry The learning of the chemical compounds workings that occur in living plants and animals.

A texturiser, moisturiser found in cosmetic creams, hair conditioner. It is one of the B vitamins that assists in
Biotin
dermatitis and hair loss.

Used in bleaching and freckle creams, nail polish, hair dyes. Toxic effects include memory loss, convulsions,
Bismuth compounds
confusion, intellectual impairment, kidney and cardiovascular toxicity.

A hardener used in nail polish, cosmetics, some plastic storage containers for food and cosmetics. Neurological
Bisphenol A diseases, learning difficulties, birth defects in mice, endocrine disruption, persists in the environment. Compound
descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

Blackhead The plug of a clogged oil gland (pore) exposed to the surface of the skin with a black tip. Easily visible.

A thorough mixture of two or more substances so that neither is distinguishable from the other. In makeup
Blend
application, shading.

Blue 1 Coal tar dye. Overt Carcinogen

Body Lotion A non-oily product applied to the skin to moisturize, soothe and scent. Can be stored in a tube or bottle.

Borates This common term refers to salts describable to boric oxide or orthoboric acid.

Borax An emulsifier, texturiser in cold cream, shaving cream, water softener, insecticide. Chronic exposure can cause red
peeling skin, seizures, kidney failure, harmful to aquatic animals. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical,
 Mutagen, Reproductive Effector. Lowest published lethal dose of human infant at 1 gm/kg, man at 709 mg/kg

Also known as acidum boricum. Found in baby powder, bath powder, eye cream, mouthwash, soap. Used widely as
an eyewash. Odourless, white crystalline powder. It can be used around windows and doors as a bug repellent or
Boric Acid fungus control on citrus fruit. Should not be used in baby cosmetics or baby powder. It is poisonous at doses 1-3g
for babies, 5g for children, and 15-20g for adults. Causes gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, reproductive, blood and
neurotoxicity, severe poisoning has occurred after ingestion and application to abraded skin.

Botanical Any substance acquired from plants which has medicinal or similar uses.

Brewers Yeast Rich in vitamins and proteins, this proven moisturizer helps keep skin soft and supple.

A maturing agent in permanent wave neutraliser, bread making. Can cause respiratory depression, skin eruptions,
Bromates
kidney dysfunction and failure, effects the central nervous system. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic.

Bromochlorophene A preservative in cosmetics. Acutely toxic when ingested.

Toxic alcohol, preservative. It is used in fabric softeners, detergents, shampoo, mascara, eye makeup, liquid hand
Bronopol, BNDP
wash, nail polish, face creams, hair dressings and bath oils. It is a white crystalline powder that can cause eye and
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3 diol
skin irritation at concentrations of .25%. Nitrosamine Precursor. Formaldehyde Releaser.

Bronidox L A preservative found in shampoo, mascara, eye makeup, liquid hand wash. Skin and eye irritation, can release
5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane formaldehyde, can form nitrosamines.

A propellant used in aerosol cosmetics, refrigerant. Natural inert gas. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None
Butane
determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods (943a).

A toxic solvent, flavouring used in perfume, nail polish remover, eye shadow, soap, synthetic flavouring, cigarettes.
Butyl Acetate Toxic, can cause skin and eye irritations, conjunctivitis, irritation of the respiratory tract. Compound descriptor:
Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant.

A solvent, clarifier in shampoos, nail products, synthetic flavouring, waxes, shellac, resin, cigarettes. Compound
Butyl alcohol
descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

Butylated hydroxanisole A preservative found in cosmetics, foods (320).

A preservative, antioxidant found in lipsticks, eyeliner, baby oils and lotions, foods (321). Compound descriptor:
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

Butylene glycol A humectant, solvent in hairsprays, setting lotions. Not on the GRAS list of the US FDA, ingestion may cause renal
 damage, vomiting, drowsiness, depression, kidney damage, coma, death.

Butyl myristate An emollient in lipstick, face cream, nail polish, nail polish remover. Eye and skin irritant, can promote acne.

Butylparaben A preservative found in cosmetics and shampoo. Allergic reactions, skin irritations. See Paraben's.

A solvent in nail polish and polish remover, cosmetics, making Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Toxic, possible human
Butyrolactone
carcinogen, on NIH hazard list. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector

An artificial chemical found in face creams and other facial care products. Compound descriptor: Reproductive
Butyl Stearate
Effector, Primary Irritant

A solvent used in moisturisers, soaps, shaving products, sunscreen. Impurities can cause eczema and irritation.
C13-14 isoparaffin
Pure paraffin is thought to be harmless to the skin.

A flavouring in lipsticks, helps other ingredients penetrate the skin, liqueurs, soft drinks, chocolate, cigarettes. Used
to alleviate puffiness under eyes. Causes liver, neuro, gastrointestinal, kidney and musculoskeletal toxicity,
Caffeine
teratogenic. Not recommended for children. On NIH hazards list. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Drug,
Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Natural Product.

A pink powder that is made of zinc oxide with a small amount of ferric oxide. It is used in lotions, ointments, and
liniments. It is a customary mixture that is soothing and healing to the skin. It is great for itchy rashes such as poison
Calamine
ivy. It is natural but some formulas contain phenol which can cause poisoning when applied to the skin. A blend of
natural calamine and aloe vera is a good, pure skin treatment for burns, rashes, and insect bites.

Calcium acetate An emulsifier in fragrances in cosmetics, dying, tanning and curing skins. Compound description: Mutagen

Non-toxic. It is used in many foods for binding. Also used as a film-former in peel-off masks. It is a stabilizer for oil-
Calcium Alginate
in-water emulsions.

Natural occurring salt that is found in limestone, chalk, and marble. It is used as a pigment and for pigment
Calcium Carbonate
prolonging. It has no known toxicity.

Customarily used in road salt and antifreeze. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and texturiser. If taken
Calcium Chloride internally, it can cause constipation and stomach problems. It can also cause lung difficulties if inhaled during
manufacturing or processing. It's toxicity in cosmetics is unknown.

Calcium myristate A surfactant in cosmetics. Considered safe, can promote acne.

 An anti-caking agent in face powders, baking powder, limeglass. Practically non-toxic orally, irritation of the lungs
Calcium silicate
and respiratory tract, allergic skin reactions.

An opacifier, colourant, in shampoos, hair conditioners, paints, printing ink, pesticides. Considered safe for
Calcium stearate
cosmetics, but being reviewed.

A depilating agent in depilatories and luminous paints. Possibly toxic, skin and eye irritation, can cause allergic
Calcium sulphide
reactions, corrosive.

A depilating agent in permanent wave lotions, cream depilatories, tanning leather. Harmful, skin problems on hands
Calcium thioglycolate
or scalp, haemorrhaging under the skin, severe allergic reactions, thyroid problems in experimental animals.

A bleaching agent in skin bleaches, freckle cream, "beauty creams". Teratogenic, mercury poisoning, persists in the
Calomel
environment, very toxic to aquatic animals. See mercury compounds.

Calendula Extract Marigolds are the source for this wonderful emollient oil which has a soothing effect on skin.

Distilled from the wood, roots and branches of an evergreen tree native to China and Japan. Used to treat acne,
inflammation, oily conditions, spots. Found in: perfume, shaving cream, nail enamel, fabric softener, dishwasher
Camphor Oil detergent, nail colour, stickup air freshener - local irritant and central nervous system stimulant, readily absorbed
through body tissues, irritation of eyes, nose and throat, dizziness, confusion, nausea, twitching muscles and
convulsions. Avoid inhalation of vapours.

Candelilla Wax A herbal wax. It is used in lipsticks, in creams, and as a replacement for rubber.

A pink colourant in artificial tanning aids, chicken feed to colour yolk. Aplastic anaemia, oral intake can cause loss of
Canthaxanthin
night vision.

Caprylic acid An oil liquid made by the oxidation of octanol for use in perfumery. Occurs naturally in palm and coconut oil.

Caprylic/ capric/ lauric triglyceride An emollient solvent used in lipstick, bath oil, perfume, soap, hair spray. Low toxicity, mild eye and skin irritation.

An oil from the pepper family that is used in hair tonics to arouse the scalp. It is said to upgrade hair growth. It may
Capsicum Oleoresin
however cause allergic reactions in some people.

A preservative used in soap, shampoo, cosmetics, agricultural fungicide. Causes immuno and neurotoxicity,
Captan reproductive o\disorders, teratogenic, may be hazardous to aquatic and soil organisms. Compound descriptor:
Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector

Caramel A concentrated solution of heated sugar or glucose. It is used in cosmetics as a colour and in skin lotions as a
 soothing agent. In 1981, the US FDA ruled caramel generally recognized as safe.

A humectant, solvent used in sunscreen, nail enamel and lacquers. Hazardous at concentrations over 5%, more
Carbitol
toxic than polyethylene glycol. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant.

Used as a thickener and stabilizer in creams, toothpaste, eye makeup, bathing products. It is a known allergen that
Carbomer 934, 940, 941, 960, 961, 980, 981
has a high acidic PH in 1% water solution. Synthetic emulsifier that can cause eye irritations and should be avoided.

A stabiliser, emulsifier used in shampoos, hand creams, shaving creams, hair grooming aids, ice-cream, beverages,
Carboxymethyl cellulose
laxatives. Toxicity in cosmetics unknown. Has caused cancer and tumours in some animal tests.

Natural red colour comes from the dried female cochineal beetle. It is sometimes used to colour lip gloss, lipsticks,
Carmine
and other cosmetics, and it can be irritating.

Carotenoids Develops in plants and in the bodies of plant-eating animals. They are precursors to vitamin A.

Rich in vitamins and minerals, this oil has many antiseptic properties. Smoothes and tones skin. Used for skin
Carrot Oil
conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis and rashes.

As a plasticiser in lipsticks, bath oils, shaving cream, nail polish, face masks, embalming fluid, laxatives, lamp oil.
Castor oil Can cause allergic reactions, ingestion can cause pelvic congestion and induce abortion. Compound descriptor:
Tumorigenic, Primary Irritant.

A modifier in hair colouring, skin care preparations. Liver, cardiovascular, neuro and immunotoxicity, contact
dermatitis, teratogenic, carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic organisms. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical,
Catechol
Tumorigenic, Mutagen
Reproductive Effector.

These chemicals have a positive electrical charge. They contain a quaternary ammonium group and are often called
"quats". These are used in hair conditioners, but originated from the paper and fabric industries as softeners and
anti-static agents. In the long run they cause the hair to become dry and brittle. They are synthetic, irritating,
allergenic and toxic, and oral intake of them can be lethal.
Stearalkonium chloride
Cationic surfactants
Benzalkonium chloride
Cetrimonium chloride
Cetalkonium chloride
Lauryl dimonium hydrolysed collagen
See Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.

CA 24 Used as an antimicrobial in shampoos and bath lotions at concentrations of up to .3%. Humans have had allergic
 reactions to a .1% water solution of it within 24, 48, or 72 hours of use. CA 24 contains 70% chloroacetamide and
30% sodium benzoate.

Fish eggs high in mineral and vitamin content (B1,2,6, as well as A, E & D). Promoted as useful for improving the
Caviar (Roe Extract)
health and appearance of maturing skin.

The orderly replacement of the skin cells from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, a process which ordinarily
Cell Renewal
takes from 28 - 35 days although this time increases with age.

The fibre in the cell walls of all plants. Gum that is made from it is used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and binder in
Cellulose cosmetics. There is no known toxicity. Inhaling the powder during manufacturing or processing can be harmful to the
lungs.

Ceramides Epidermal hydrating agent; expensive due to its scarcity.

A thickener, antistatic agent used in barrier creams, hair conditioner, cream rouge, lipstick, waxed paper and cloth,
Ceresin wax
dentistry. Considered safe in cosmetics, may cause sensitisation in some people.

A colour "certified" by the TGA as safe. However, various colours (coal tar dyes) have been found to cause cancer.
Certified Colours
But, hair dyes are exempt from even this regulation.

A preservative, antibacterial used in hair conditioners, deodorant cosmetics, antiperspirants. Contact allergies, dry/
Cetalkonium chloride
brittle hair, ingestion can be fatal. See Cationic surfactants.

Used as an emulsifier and emollient in cosmetics, suntan products, shampoo, moisturisers, hair conditioners. Dries
Ceteareth-3, -6, -12, -20, -25, -30, -33 out the skin and causes numerous allergic reactions, can be contaminated with carcinogens 1,4-dioxane and
ethylene oxide.

May be natural or artificial. An emulsifier and emollient for hair tints, lipsticks, shampoos, suntan preparations. May
Cetearyl Alcohol
cause contact dermatitis and contact sensitisation in some people.

Cetearyl Glucoside An emulsifier used in hand and body creams. See Cetearyl alcohol. May be GM.

Cetearyl Palmitate An emollient used in hand lotion. May cause contact dermatitis.

An emulsifier, surfactant used in hair products, skin care preparations, moisturisers, detergents. May be
Ceteth-1, -2, -4, -6, -10, -20, -30
contaminated with carcinogens 1,4dioxane and ethylene oxide.

A preservative used in shampoo, deodorant, skin cleaning products. Ingestion can be fatal, can cause skin and eye
Cetrimonium bromide
irritation, reproductive effects, teratogenic, toxic to mice embryos.
 A preservative in shampoo, hair conditioner. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Drug, Reproductive
Cetrimonium chloride
Effector, Primary Irritant. See Cationic surfactants.

Used as an opacifier, emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients. Found in baby lotions,
mascaras, foundations, deodorant, antiperspirants, shampoo, laxatives. Can be derived naturally, as in coconut fatty
Cetyl Alcohol
alcohol, or synthetically. Is not related to isopropyl alcohol. Not supposed to be acne-forming. Considered to have a
low risk orally and on the skin, may cause hives and contact dermatitis, skin disorders.

Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in cosmetics, pharmaceutical preparations. No
Cetyl Lactate
known toxicity or reactions.

Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in cosmetics. No known toxicity, may promote
Cetyl Myristate
acne in some people.

Cetyl octanoate Used in cosmetic creams, lipsticks, pesticides. See cetyl alcohol.

Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in eye shadow, skincare preparations,
Cetyl Palmitate
manufacture of lubricants. Some palmitates can cause contact dermatitis.

Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in tanning preparations. Considered safe, may
Cetyl ricinoleate
cause eye irritation.

Cetyl Stearate Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser as skin conditioner in cosmetics.

Chamomile Oil Known for its calming effect. Soothing and anti-inflammatory for the skin and the spirit.

A preservative used in Cold creams, mud packs, shampoo, cleansing lotions. See acetamide, Quaternary
Chloroacetamide
Ammonium compounds.

Chloramine-T A preservative, antiseptic in mouth washes, nail bleaches. Can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions.

A preservative, topical antiseptic in liquid cosmetics, feminie hygiene sprays, deodorant. Can cause contact
Chlorhexidine dermatitis, respiratory and immunotoxicity, has cause anaphylactic shock. Compound descriptor: Mutagen,
Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

Chloroacetamide A preservative in Cosmetics. Allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, immunotoxicity.

A preservative, antioxidant in eye lotions, baby oil. Acute oral toxicity, central nervous system depression, allergic
Chlorobutanol
reactions, harmful if inhaled, can be absorbed into the skin. Compound descriptor: Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant
 Neurotoxic. Anaesthetic. Carcinogenic. On US EPA's Hazardous Waste list. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, clothing.
Do not breathe vapours. Inhalation of vapours may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness,
Chloroform irritation of respiratory tract and loss of consciousness. Inhalation can be fatal. Chronic effects of overexposure may
include kidney and/or liver damage. Medical conditions generally aggravated by exposure: kidney disorders, liver
disorders, heart disorders, skin disorders.

A preservative in skincare, and suntan cosmetic products. Can cause kidney damage and adrenal tumours in male
p-Chloro-m-cresol
rats, unsafe in cosmetics.

2-Chloro-p-phenylene-diamine An intermediate used in hair dyes. See Phenylenediamine.

Chloromethylisothiazolinone Causes contact dermatitis

An oral care agent, deodorant in mouthwash, hair tonic, baby oils, topical antibacterial medication. Combined with
Chlorothymol
chlorine can cause mucous membrane irritation and skin rashes, may be absorbed by the skin.

A preservative, antibacterial used in brush-less shaving creams, shampoo, deodorant, germicides, antifungal
preparations. Toxic by ingestion, liver and immunotoxicity, skin irritation, may be absorbed by the skin. MSDS:
Chloroxylenol
Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion.
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitiser), of inhalation.

Choleth -10-24 An emulsifier used in hand creams. No known adverse reactions

A colourant in green eye shadow, greenish mascara. Dust inhalation can cause irritation and ulceration, lung cancer
Chromium compounds
years after exposure, allergic reactions.

A colourant used in dyes. Many can be harmful and cause skin, eye and mucous membrane irritation. See Azo
Ci (number) - colour index
dyes. See coal tar.

Cinnamyl alcohol A flavouring, fragrance in synthetic perfumes, deodorants, food flavouring, cigarettes. May cause allergic reactions

Cinoxate A flavouring, UV absorber in sunscreens, perfumes. Allergic skin rashes, photoallergic reactions.

Used as a flavouring agent in foods and pharmaceuticals, and as a preservative sequestering agent. Foam-
Citric Acid
stabilizer and pH-adjuster in cosmetics. It is non-toxic.

A flavouring, fragrance in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, insect repellent, food flavouring. Extracted from fresh grass.
Citronella oil
Asthma, skin rash, hay fever stuffy nose.

b-Citronellol Cosmetics and Toiletries. Moderate reaction in the eye and skin tests. Details of toxic effects not reported other than
 lethal dose value for animals. Dangerous for the environment.

Clover Blossom Extract Soothes and conditions the skin.

A topical anti-eczematic. Coal is a mineral of organic origin, formed from the remains of vegetation which over
millions of years has changed to coal. From early times, people relied on the strength of the sun and the use of coal
tar as their only form of treatment for psoriasis.
Found in shampoos, hair dyes, facial cosmetics, vitamin enriched creams, powder blush containing sesame oil,
Coal Tar
lipsticks, hand & body lotions, toothpastes, adhesives, insecticides, creosotes, phenols. Many kinds of shampoo
designed to treat dandruff & flaky scalp contain it. Disguised with names FD, FDC or FD&C colour. Coal tar causes
potentially severe allergic reactions, asthma attacks, fatigue, nervousness, headaches, nausea, lack of
concentration, and Overt Carcinogen. Associated with birth defects. Blue 1, Green 3, etc

A thickener and foam booster in cleansers, body washes, shampoos. Nitrosamines can form in all cosmetic
Cocamide DEA, MEA, and MIPA ingredients containing amines and amino derivatives with nitrogen compounds. When DEA is applied to skin known
carcinogens can form. See Alkyloamides.

Artificial substance frequently referred to as a natural substance made "from coconuts" on the labels of shampoos,
body washes, liquid hand soaps and other personal cleansers. It's a secondary surfactant, used in combination with
Cocamidopropyl Betaine
other, stronger surfactants. Known to cause occupational allergic dermatitis in hairdressers. A potential allergen. Not
as toxic as SLS or SLES. MSDS: Can cause eye and skin irritation

Cocamidopropyl dimethylamine An antistatic agent in hair conditioners. Contact allergies, contact dermatitis in some people.

A surfactant, thickener used in shampoo, hair and skin creams. May cause allergic skin rash, may contain
Cocoamidopropyl hydroxysultaine
nitrosamines.

An emollient, emulsifier in soap, eyelash cream, rouge, nail whitener, lipstick, sweet sauces, confectionary,
Cocoa butter
suppositories. Soften and lubricates the skin, may cause allergic skin reactions and cosmetic acne.

Coco-betaine A surfactant in shampoo, face and hand gel. May cause skin rash in sensitive people.

Coco-polyglucose A surfactant in cosmetics. May cause skin irritation in sensitive people.

A surfactant, emollient solvent in shampoo, baby soaps, massage cream, margarine, chocolate, cigarettes. May
Coconut acids, oils and alcohols
alleviate dry skin, may cause allergic skin rashes, eye and skin irritation.

Cocoyl Sarcosine See Nitrosating agents

Cod Liver Oil A rich source of vitamins A and D. When vitamin A deficiency occurs the most outstanding symptom is dry, scaly
 skin, particularly on the hands and soles of the feet.

70% of the body's connective tissue in the dermis is made of collagen. Gerontologists have discovered that is where
the aging process of the skin takes place. Young connective tissue is made up of soluble collagen whose molecules
are disordered in relation to each other. As the skin ages, and is exposed to sunlight, chemicals (like makeup, coal
Collagen
tar dyes, etc., and various foods), the soluble collagen becomes "cross-linked," so the molecules are no longer
displaced in relation to each other. Cross-linking makes the collagen insoluble and inflexible. As this happens, the
connective tissues becomes strained, dry, wrinkled, and worn.

Fragrance applied to the skin, usually with a floral or citrus base. Originally named after a town in Germany, it
Cologne
usually contains an alcohol content higher than that of perfume. Fragrance concentration of 2-5%.

The most concentrated form of fragrance for men. A blend of ingredients which can include alcohol, essential oils
Cologne (Men)
and natural or man-made scents combined for a unique fragrance experience.

A plant that produces Allentoin, an ingredient that promotes skin healing. This extract is anti-inflammatory, astringent
Comfrey
and emollient.

An absorbent used in baby powder, face and bath powders. Used as a safer alternative to talc, when moist it can
Corn flour
promote fungal and bacterial growth.

Cornflower can be used for cuts, scrapes, skin eruptions, acne, and bruising of the skin. Herbalists use Cornflower
as a remedy for conjunctivitis, eye swelling, puffiness, and pain related to the eye area. The petals are taken as a
bitter tonic and an appetite stimulant, and for supporting liver function. It is thought by some that the petals of the
Cornflower
Cornflower help improve resistance to infection. The seeds are used as a mild laxative for children. The leaves can
be used in decoctions for rheumatic complaints and as a hair rinse to treat scalp eczema. A douche is used to treat
vaginal candida infections.

Corn oil An emollient in cosmetic creams, toothpaste. May cause allergic skin reaction in some people.

A dusting powder and used in demulcent medication. May be GM. May cause allergic reactions, skin rashes,
Corn starch
asthma. See corn flour.

A fragrance, additive in acne preparations, soap, deodorant, hair dye, shampoo, sunscreen, perfume. Allergic
Coumarins contact dermatitis, toxic by ingestion, photosensitivity, carcinogenic, teratogenic. On NIH hazards list. Compound
descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Reproductive Effector.

A preserving, flavouring in mouthwashes, cosmetics, synthetic nut an vanilla flavouring. Can cause skin burns,
p-Cresol dermatitis, respiratory failure, blood, endocrine, kidney, liver and neurotoxicity, less toxic than phenol, toxic to
aquatic organisms. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Natural Product, Primary Irritant
 An abrasive used in blusher, lip pencils, facial powder, "kitty" litter, cleansers, paints. Eye skin and lung irritation
Crystalline silica
when used in dry form, carcinogenic. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen

Crystallins A biological derivative used in hair and skin care products. No know side effects in cosmetic use.

Cucumber Has soothing effects on the skin and improves moisture retention.

Cyclic Acid A new term for Hyaluronic Acid: a strong hydrating complex holds 1000 times the water in skin.

An additive, buffer used in Hairsprays. Cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, immuno and neurotoxicity, skin
Cyclohexylamine
burns. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

Used in hair conditioner, lipsticks, deodorants, skin fresheners, waterproofing lubricants. Emollient skin conditioning
Cyclomethicone agent derived from silica. Water repellent, skin-adherent and stable over a wide range of temperatures. See Silicone
derived emollients. No known toxicity, but coats the skin which may inhibit proper functioning.

A chronic non-inflammatory scaling of the scalp. The absence of inflammation sets dandruff apart from other scaling
conditions of the scalp, namely, psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis. Dandruff can be confused with dry scalp. Dry
scalp is caused by drying conditions. Wind, indoor heat, sap moisture from the scalp, causing flaking. Dandruff is
Dandruff
the result of accelerated cell turnover and people with oily scalps tend to suffer most from dandruff. The dandruff
test: brush or shake hair over dark paper. If you see powdery flakes, it's dry scalp. If you see clumps, you may have
dandruff.

This abbreviation preceding the name of a colour means that the US FDA has certified it as safe for use in drugs
and cosmetics, but not in food. D&C means that the colour can only be used externally and not around the eyes or
D&C (number)
inside the mouth. D&C colours are usually man-made. Most can cause health effects including skin rash, allergic
reactions, asthma. Se Azo dyes.

A preservative used in shampoos and deodorants. Contains formaldehyde and N-acetal. Highly toxic. Also listed as
Dantoin 685
DMDM hydantoin.

DEA A solvent, emulsifier. See Diethanolamine.

DEA cetyl phosphate A surfactant. May contain DEA. See Diethanolamine.

DEA cocamide A surfactant. See Cocamide DEA

DEA laureth sulphate A surfactant used in cosmetics, liquid soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners. See Diethanolamine. See Quaternary
 ammonium compounds.

A surfactant used in cosmetics, liquid soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners. See Diethanolamine. See Quaternary
DEA lauryl sulphate
ammonium compounds.

An anti-foamer, fixative used in cosmetics, perfumes, fruit flavouring in foods. Made from liquid paraffin. Low toxicity
Decyl alcohol on the skin in animal testing. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Reproductive Effector,
Natural Product, Primary Irritant

Decyl myristate An emollient

Decyl oleate An emollient, emulsifier in hand creams, suntan products. May promote acne in some people, safety under review.

Decyl polyglucose A surfactant in cosmetics. May cause skin irritation in sensitive people.

Found in insect repellents. May cause neurological problems, particularly in children, in excessive or prolonged use.
DEET
A skin and eye irritant

A product that reduces perspiration odour. There are natural deodorants containing herbs like marigold and vitamin
Deodorant
E. Deodorants do not stop perspiration.

Dehydration Loss of water/moisture from the body or skin.

Destroy hair by breaking the chemical bonds that hold it together. After using any hair removal method, a moisturizer
Depilatories
should be applied to soothe the skin.

Inflammation of the skin covering a wide variety of skin disorders and evidenced by itching, redness and various
Dermatitis skin lesions. Can be due to one of several causes - systemic disease, skin irritants such as poison ivy, corrosives,
acids and alkalies or hypersensitivity.

Dermis The second or middle layer of skin. contains the blood vessels, elastin and collagen, etc.

Detergent These artificial soaps may be made with a variety of chemicals and are frequently not biodegradable.

Dexpanthenol A anti-inflammatory. See Panthenol. Compound descriptor: Drug, Primary Irritant.

A hair dye. Allergic contact dermatitis, mutagenic, carcinogenic.

MSDS: Can affect you when breathed in. Should be handled as a CARCINOGEN--WITH EXTREME CAUTION.
2,4-Diaminoanisole
Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. High exposure may cause tremors, weakness, increased saliva, difficulty
breathing, and diarrhoea. Repeated exposure may damage the liver and affect the thyroid.
2,4-Diaminophenol A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine

Established as a primary cause of contact dermatitis (American Academy of Dermatology). Contains formaldehyde,
a carcinogenic chemical, is toxic by inhalation, a strong skin irritant and sensitiser & a suspected human carcinogen
(known rodent carcinogen).

See Formaldehyde
Diazolidinyl urea
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Causes severe eye irritation. May cause skin irritation.
Signs and symptoms of Exposure:
Symptoms of Inhalation: If misted, will cause irritation of mucous membranes, nose, eyes, throat. Coughing,
difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms of Skin Contact: Contact causes smarting and burning sensations, inflammation, burns, painful
blisters. Profound damage to skin tissue.

Dibehenyldimonium chloride See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

An additive to antidandruff shampoos, acne products, psycho-pharmaceutical products. Central nervous system
Dibenzothiophene
disorders, blood pressure problems, blood disorders. Banned in Italy in cosmetics.

Dibenzoylmethanes A UV absorber in sunscreens. Photoallergy, contact allergy.

A colourant in indelible lipsticks. Sensitivity to light, skin rash, skin and eye inflammation, respiratory and
Dibromofluresein
gastrointestinal symptoms.

An antiseptic, fungicide in toilet soaps, creams, lotions, powders, detergents. Light sensitivity resulting in skin rash
Dibromosalan
and swelling.

Dibucaine A local anaesthetic in wax depilatories. Highly toxic to rats when injected into the abdomen

A chelating agent in products restricted to professional use. Oxalates are toxic.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Dibutyl oxalate
Skin: Harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled.

Dibutyl phthalate A film former in perfume, nail polish, deodorant, antiperspirant, insect repellent. Banned in nail polish in the EU.
MSDS: Very toxic to aquatic organisms. May cause harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility.

Dicetyldimonium chloride
Dichloromethane - methylene chloride
Dichlorophene
Dicocodimonium chloride
Dicyclohexyl sodium sulphosuccinate
Didecyldimonium chloride
Diethanolamidooleamide DEA
Diethanolamine - DEA
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye irritation. Causes redness and pain.
Skin: May cause skin irritation. Causes redness and pain. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause nausea, dizziness, and headache.
See Quaternary ammonium compounds.
A solvent. See Methylene Chloride.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns.
Skin: Exposure may cause irritation and possible burns. May be absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause central nervous
system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.
Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure.
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea,
headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
An anti-microbial in shampoo, antiperspirant, deodorant.
A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.
A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.
A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.
A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. See DEA
A solvent, buffer. More commonly known by its abbreviation, DEA. One of many artificial detergents. It may be
contaminated with nitrosamines and should be avoided. Often used in cosmetics to adjust the pH, and used with
many fatty acids to convert acid to salt (stearate), which then becomes the base for a cleanser. These chemicals are
already restricted in Europe due to known carcinogenic effects.
MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to skin. Risk of serious damage to eyes. Harmful : danger of serious damage
to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause inflammation of the cornea and iris.
 Skin: May cause skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause lung damage.
Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause reproductive and foetal effects.

A humectant, solvent in cosmetic creams, hairsprays, paracetamol elixirs.

MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).

Potential Health Effects

Eye: May cause mild eye irritation.
Skin: May cause mild skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by
excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse,
Diethylene glycol unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure. Human fatalities have been reported from
acute poisoning.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Inhalation of heated or misted form may
cause pulmonary oedema.
Chronic: Adverse reproductive effects have been reported in animals. A long term rat feeding study showed that 1%
diethylene glycol in the diet over a 2-year period resulted in slight growth depression, a few calcium oxalate bladder
stones, minimal kidney damage, and occasional liver damage. At 4% dietary level, there was increased mortality, a
marked depression of growth rate, bladder stones, severe kidney damage, and moderate liver damage. In addition,
bladder tumours appeared rather frequently.

A solvent, fixative, denaturant in perfumes, nail polish, insect repellent. Central nervous system depression, mucous
Diethyl phthalate membrane, irritation, skin liver, endocrine, respiratory and neurotoxicity, teratogenic, may me hazardous to the
environment.

An emollient, solvent used in moisturisers, skin care products, makeup. Adipic acid has no known human toxicity,
Dihexyl adipate
large oral doses to rats are lethal to rats.

Dihydroxyacetone A colouring, humectant in artificial tanning preparations. Allergic contact dermatitis, lethal in rats when injected.

Diisopropanolamine An acid-alkali adjuster used in hair dyes, permanent waves, tonics, hair grooming aids, corrosion inhibitor. On NIH
hazards list. Can combine with nitrosating agents to form nitrosamines.
MSDS: Irritating to eyes. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye irritation. Causes redness and pain.
Skin: Causes mild skin irritation. Causes redness and pain.

Dimethicone
Dimethicone Copolyol
Dimethyl phthalate
Dioctyl phthalate
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
Dioform
Dioxins
Ingestion: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard. May cause nausea and vomiting.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation,
oedema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema.
An antifoaming agent, emollient, giving a smooth feel to a cosmetic cream or lotion. Various allergic reactions and
internal problems make them questionable as cosmetic ingredients. Although they're still widely used, they should
be avoided. Many herbal oils, such as vegetable glycerine, can easily replace this chemical. See Silicone derived
emollients.
See Silicone derived emollients
A film former, solvent in musk, calamine lotion, insect repellent, insecticides. Phthalate linked with testicular cancer
and cell mutations, neurotoxicity, teratogenic, can be absorbed through the skin.
MSDS: Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
Potential Health Effects
The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent
opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.
A flim former, solvent in perfumes, ail enamels, pesticides. Phthalate linked with testicular cancer and cell mutations,
central nervous system depression, teratogenic, bioaccumulation may occur in seafood.
MSDS: May impair fertility. May cause harm to the unborn child.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye irritation. Causes redness and pain.
Skin: May cause skin irritation. Causes redness and pain. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. May cause central nervous
system depression.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause nausea, dizziness, and headache.
A surfactant used in hair styling products. Considered safe as presently used in cosmetics.
Many tooth pastes and other tooth whiteners contain it. Damages your teeth enamel weakening their protective
shell.
A potentially carcinogenic by-product that results from the process used to bleach paper at paper mills. Dioxin-
treated containers sometimes transfer dioxins to the product itself. (see Sodium Laureth Sulfate). According to Dr.
Epstein, "The Health Protection Branch of Canada has reported dioxin levels in the parts per trillion range in several
samples of milk and cream packaged in bleached milk cartons manufactured in the United States. Dioxin has
 migrated from the cartons to the milk. Very likely U.S. milk products are similarly contaminated with dioxin. Dioxin's
carcinogenicity is up to 500,000 times more potent than that of DDT."http://www.chej.org

Disodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate See Anionic surfactants

See Anionic surfactants

Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
See Ethoxylated surfactants

Disodium Oleamide Sulfosuccinate See Anionic Surfactants

A carcinogenic contaminant of cosmetic products. Almost 50% of cosmetics containing ethoxylated surfactants were
found to contain dioxane. See Ethoxylated surfactants

From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):

1,4-Dioxane may exert its effects through inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion.
1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane is listed as a carcinogenic.
Effects of Overexposure: 1,4-Dioxane is an eye and mucous membrane irritant, primary skin irritant, central
nervous system depressant, nephrotoxin and heptatoxin. Acute exposure can cause irritation, headache, dizziness
and narcosis. Chronic inhalation exposure can produce damage to the liver and kidneys, and blood disorders.
Medical condition aggravated by exposure. Preclude from exposure those individuals with disease of the blood,
liver, kidneys, nervous system, and those susceptible to dermatitis.

A contaminate which may be present in processed foods, chlorine bleach paper, plastic lined cartons and cans,
Dioxin
newsprint, pesticides, released when plastic is burnt.

A fragrance in perfumed soaps. Local skin irritation, reaction to sunlight (prickling, swelling, pigmentation).
MSDS: Potential Health Effects
Diphenyl methane
The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent
opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.

A chelating agent in perfumery, perfumed soaps. Vapour toxic if inhaled.

Diphenyl oxide MSDS: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse
effects in the aquatic environment.

A surfactant in shampoo, body wash, bubble bath, household detergent. May be contaminated with carcinogenic
Disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate
nitrosamines.

A surfactant in shampoo, body wash, bubble bath, household detergent. May be contaminated with carcinogenic
Disodium oleamide sulfosuccinate
nitrosamines.
Distearyldimonium chloride An antistatic agent. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

An emollient, firming agent in skin toners, face and eye cream, "anti-aging" creams, oral supplements.
DMAE
Supplemental DMAE is considered to have beneficial effects on health.

Found as a preservative in many cosmetics, shampoo, mascara, cream conditioners.. Can be a skin and eye
irritant, allergic reactions, dermatitis, may release formaldehyde.
DMDM Hydantoin
See Dantoin 685.
See Formaldehyde

Dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid A surfactant in shampoo, detergent. Skin irritation and sensitisation, vomiting if ingested, toxic to aquatic organisms.

Dodecylbenzene trimonium chloride A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

Dodecylhexadecyltrimonium chloride An antistatic agent. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

Dried egg yolk A colouring protein in cosmetics, root beer, soups, coffee. Allergic reaction may include hives, eczema, anaphylaxis

A solvent, UV absorber in nail polish, cosmetics. Determined not to be safe in cosmetics use by US CIR Expert
Drometrizole
panel. See Benzene.

Eau de Parfum Womens fragrance with a lighter scent concentration than perfume (8 to 15%). Can be used in a spray application.

Eau de Toilette See Toilet Water

Acute or chronic weeping, crusting and inflammatory skin conditions. Eczema is more the description of a symptom
Eczema
than of a disease. The word has become synonymous with dermatitis.

EDC Eau de Cologne. See Cologne

EDP See Eau de Parfum

EDT See Toilet Water

An artificial chemical that is used as an antioxidant and as a "complexing" agent in shampoos, which means that it
EDTA binds metallic irons so that the surfactants can work more effectively. Potential for causing contact dermatitis. See
Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid
 A biological additive fibre within the dermis similar to collagen, gives support and snap?to the skin. In topical's, it
Elastin cannot penetrate the skin, but is great for protecting against moisture loss, but may inhibit skin function. Found in
shampoo, hair conditioner, skin creams and lotions.

Elder Flowers Elder flower has been used for generations to keep complexion soft. It both tones and protects the skin.

Ellagic Acid This naturally occurring ingredient helps to inhibit the formation of sun and age spots.

Prevent water loss and have a softening and soothing effect on the skin. They can be natural, like almond oil, or
Emollients
manufactured, like mineral oil.

Emulsion A stable combination of oil and water phases accomplished with the use of surfactants.

Emu oil A biological additive in hand cream, cosmetics. Reported to have beneficial effects.

Endocrine (hormonal) Disruptors
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Benzophenone-3 (Bp-3)
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)
Butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (B-MDM)
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate
Homosalate (HMS)
Methyl-benzylidene Camphor (4-MBC)
Nitro Musks
Octyl-dimethyl-PABA (OD-PABA)
Octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC)
Paraben's
Polycyclic Musks
Resorcinol

Epidermis The outer layer of skin.

EPO - Evening primrose oil See evening primrose oil

Sometimes known as vitamin F, these substances can't be manufactured by the body and must be consumed in the
Essential Fatty Acids diet. There are three types: linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic. The primary fatty acids fulfil many functions in our
bodies. They lubricate, aid in the transportation of oxygen to the cells, and help thicken the blood.

Essential Oils Oily liquids obtained from plants. Complex mixtures of alcohols, ketones, phenols, acids, ethers, aldehydes, esters,

Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol)
Ethanolamines (mono, di, tri)
Ethers
Ethoxyethanol
Ethoxyethanol acetate
2-Ethoxyethanol acetate
2-Ethoxyethyl-p-cinnamate
4-Ethoxy-m-phenylene-diamine sulphate
Ethoxylated Alcohols
Ethoxylated surfactants
oxides, and sulphur compounds (among others). They're also called volatile oils, ethereal oils, essences, or
absolutes.
Colourless, vaporizable liquid. Has a burning taste. Well-known to most of us as the active ingredient in alcoholic
beverages. Commonly called simply "alcohol," although there are many other kinds of alcohols. Ethanol is widely
used in cosmetics as a solvent and as an antibacterial agent. As a preservative, it's effective at concentrations of
15% to 20%. It's an antitoxin in concentrations of 60% to 70%, with a bactericidal effect within 45 seconds. It's also
used in acne treatments and in rinses for oily hair. Ethanol absorbs water and thus can be very drying in fast-drying
skin lotions (at concentrations of 15%); the lotions need to include glycerols and vegetable oils to minimize the
drying effect. Provokes a late allergic reaction in some people when used topically. Taken orally, ethanol is toxic in
doses above 80g. Ethanol is often purposely made poisonous by the addition of methanol and it is then known as
SDA (specially denatured alcohol).
A preservative, emulsifier in hair dye, cold permanent-wave lotions, soap.
MSDS: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Harmful by inhalation.
Potential Health Effects
The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent
opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.
Used as a solvent. A mild skin irritant. Inhalation or ingestion causes central nervous system depression.
A solvent in cosmetics, nail enamel, shampoo. Flammable. Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if
swallowed. Irritating to respiratory system. Central nervous system depression, developmental, reproductive and
neurotoxicity, can penetrate the skin.
A solvent in nail polish. Toxic, but less than ethoxyethanol.
A UV absorber. See Cinoxate.
A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine.
May contain carcinogenic contaminates
Ethoxylated surfactants are widely used in cosmetics as foaming agents, emulsifiers and humectants. As part of the
manufacturing process the toxic chemical 1,4-dioxane, a potent carcinogen, is generated.
On the label, they are identified by the prefix "PEG", "polyethylene", "polyethylene glycol", "polyoxyethylene", "-eth-",
or "-oxynol-".
 See 1,4-Dioxane

A solvent, flavouring compound made from acetic acid and ethyl alcohol, used in after shave, cologne, perfume,
shampoo, nail colour, nail enamel remover, fabric softener, dishwashing liquid. May irritate skin. Narcotic. On US
Ethyl Acetate EPA Hazardous Waste list; irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract, may cause headache and narcosis (stupor),
defatting effect on skin and may cause drying and cracking, may cause anaemia with leukocytosis and damage to
liver and kidneys. Wash thoroughly after handling.

Ethyl alcohol A solvent. See ethanol.

A solvent, pH control in thigh creams, cosmetics, metal polish, pesticides. Toxic if inhaled or absorbed by the skin,
severe eye and skin irritation, asthma, contact dermatitis, sensitisation, harmful to aquatic organisms.
Ethylenediamine
MSDS: Flammable. Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Causes burns. May cause sensitisation by
inhalation and skin contact. Corrosive. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.

A sequestrant, preservative, chelating agent in hair dyes, shower gel, shampoo, bar soap, face and hand gels, oral
Ethylenediamide tetraacetic acid supplements, carbonated beverages, dishwashing liquid, pesticides. Reported to have health benefits when used in
EDTA chelated therapy, adverse affects include asthma, skin and mucous membrane irritation, kidney damage,
teratogenic. On NIH hazard list. Harmful to aquatic organisms.

A solvent in perfume, liquid soap, cosmetics, insect repellent, antifreeze, car wax, shoe products. Central nervous
Ethylene glycol
system depressant, immuno, liver, respiratory, gastrointestinal and kidney toxicity, contact dermatitis.

A humectant in cosmetics, shampoo, fumigant used on ground spices and other processed natural seasonings.
Liver, gastrointestinal, neuro, respiratory and kidney toxicity, headache, vomiting, spontaneous abortion, teratogenic,
mutagenic, carcinogenic.
MSDS (extract from Shell Chemicals): Toxic by inhalation. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Vapours
may cause drowsiness and dizziness. May dull the sense of smell and has a high odour threshold, so do not rely on
odour as an indication of hazard. Exposure to rapidly expanding gases may cause frost burns to eyes and/or skin.
Irritating to skin. Liquid solutions of ethylene oxide cause serious chemical burns of the skin and eye lesions. The
Ethylene oxide
severity of injury will vary depending on the concentration and duration of skin contact. Concentrations of around
50% are the most dangerous, however a 1% solution of EO in water and gaseous EO dissolved in sweat can also
cause damage to the skin. The onset of effects may be delayed for several hours.
Causes burns.
Possibility of organ or organ system damage from prolonged exposure. Target organ (s): Peripheral nervous system.
Causes serious nerve damage by prolonged exposure resulting in sensory loss. May cause cancer. May cause
heritable genetic damage.

Ethyl ester of PVM/PA copolymer A film former in hair setting preparations. Considered safe as currently used in cosmetics.
 A thickening agent used in nail polish, artificial nails. Skin irritation, allergic reactions, neurotoxicity, allergic contact
Ethyl methacrylate
dermatitis, teratogenic

Ethyl myristate An emollient, flavouring in cosmetics, foods, cigarettes. Considered safe. Can promote acne.

Ethyl palmitate An emollient, flavouring in cosmetics, foods, cigarettes. Considered safe. can cause contact dermatitis.

Ethylparaben A preservative used in cosmetics, makeup, shampoo, deodorant. Allergic reactions, skin irritation, contact dermatitis,
ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate moderate potential for bio-accumulation. See Paraben's.

A flavouring used in perfumes, foods, cigarettes. Allergic reactions especially in people allergic to salicylates.
MSDS:
Ethyl salicylate
Potential Health Effects: The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate
procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.

A depilatory agent.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Ethyl thioglycolate Eye: Causes eye irritation.
Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Toxic if swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.

Eucalyptus Extract/ Oil Stimulating and antiseptic oil. Aids in the formation of healthy skin tissue. Very healing.

A additive, fixative in perfumes, dentifrices, foods. Allergic reactions, vomiting and gastric irritation, large oral doses
(1 tsp) can be fatal.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eugenol Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Skin: Causes skin irritation.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully
investigated.

This is one of the newer, more modern preservatives used in skin creams. There are increasing reports from
physicians regarding patients who are sensitive to it, and physicians are being encouraged to test it with their
Euxyl K-400 patients for allergic contact dermatitis. Data are sufficient for classification as a hazardous substance with respect to
Sensitisation by Skin Contact according to the NOHSC Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances
(1999). A concentration cut-off of 1% is recommended.
Evening Primrose Oil A tonic used in cosmetics. Believed to have beneficial health effects.

Exfoliant A product used to shed the superficial cells of the outer layer of skin.

Exfoliate/Exfoliant To remove the outermost layer of dead skin cells with a scrub or cleanser.

When followed by a colour, means that the US FDA has certified it as safe for use only in drugs and in cosmetics
Ext. D&C
used externally and not around the eyes or inside the mouth. It is not safe for foods.

An additive, flavouring in perfumery, foods, cigarettes. Considered safe in current use, mildly toxic by ingestion,
caused mutations in laboratory animals.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Farnesol
Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.

Acquired from animal fat, oil seeds, or fruit pulp. They are used as lotion or salve in cosmetics. They can be solid,
Fats
semisolid, or liquid.

Fatty Acids Organic oils found in vegetable and animal fats. Excellent skin emollients and an important part of the diet.

Thick to semi-thick syrup-like liquids. Give high emolliency. Can be natural or man-made. Sometimes used in hair
Fatty Alcohols
and skin-conditioners, creams, lotions, and conditioning shampoos.

The US Food and Drug Administration. The federal agency responsible for managing the safety and strength of all
FDA
foods and drugs, and cosmetics sold in the US.

Synthetic colours made from coal tar. Contain heavy metal salts that deposit toxins onto the skin, causing skin
sensitivity and irritation. Animal studies have shown almost all of them to be carcinogenic. Their absorption can
FD&C cause depletion of oxygen in the body and even death. (Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients).
When preceded by the name of a colour, the Food and Drug Administration has certified the colouring safe for use
in food, drugs, and cosmetics.

Ferrous sulphate An antiseptic, flavouring used in hair dye, cosmetics, foods, treatment of anaemia. Gastrointestinal, liver, kidney,
cardiovascular and neurotoxicity, teratogenic, carcinogenic?
MSDS:
 Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause mild eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause digestive tract disturbances.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.

A meat tenderiser used in cosmetics as a protein digestant, to clot milk in cheese. An enzyme from in the latex of
Ficin
tropical trees, may be GM. Skin, eye and mucous membrane irritant.

Flacon A small bottle with a stopper used to hold perfume, usually a decorative or collectible item.

Unit of volume in the U.S. system of weights and measures. Used to measure liquid, one fluid ounce is equal to
Fluid Ounces
29.57 millilitres.

A colouring used in indelible lipstick, nail polish, dying wool, silk and paper. Lip inflammation, photosensitivity,
respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated.
Fluorescein
Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent
inhalation.

Fluoride is toxic. It is however used in toothpaste as an antienzyme ingredient to slow down tooth decay. It is added
to the water supply in some states and sites. Researchers linked it to cancer years ago. No one is listening.
Fluoridated toothpaste is especially dangerous to young children who tend to swallow it after brushing their teeth.
Supposed to stop tooth decay. Scientists are now linking fluoride to, arthritis, allergic reactions, can lead to Crohn's
disease, hypothyroidism, osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, impaired brain function, birth defects, hip fractures,
Fluoride stress fractures, liver, kidney, musculoskeletal and neurotoxicity, dental and skeletal fluorosis, teratogenic,
carcinogenic. A toxic manufacturing by-product. Overt Carcinogen.
Dr. Epstein states, "There have been several studies incriminating fluoride in bone cancer. The important point
about this is that the public have been given no information on this and fluoride in toothpaste is particularly
dangerous because kids swallow a significant amount of the fluoride, especially when toothpaste contains saccharin
as many toothpastes do." http://www.nofluoride.com

Can produce mild upper respiratory tract irritation. A colourless, non-flammable gas or liquid commonly used as a
Fluorocarbons
propellant in hairspray.

Formaldehyde Is a known carcinogen (causes cancer). Due to it's bad name it is sometimes hidden under the name DMDM
hydantoin or MDM hydantoin. Its trade-name is Formalin. Released by imidazolidinyl urea. Causes dermatitis, and
ingestion can cause severe abdominal pain, internal bleeding, vertigo, coma, and a loss of ability to urinate. It is
very toxic when inhaled, a severe skin irritant, and a suspected carcinogen that is linked to cancer. Its use in
cosmetics is banned in Japan and Sweden. The vapour is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat (mucous
membranes). Colourless, harsh, irritating substance that is found in many preservatives. It is severely toxic when
 inhaled or swallowed. 44% of all people whose skin is exposed to it get an irritating reaction. It is used in shampoos
at concentrations of .1% to .2%. Methanol is sometimes added to formaldehyde at a 15% concentration to prevent
polymerisation.
MSDS: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Possible risks of
irreversible effects.

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye irritation. May result in corneal injury.
Skin: Causes skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction,
which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material.
Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause allergic respiratory reaction.
Chronic: May cause cancer according to animal studies.

Used in vaccines to initiate antibody formation. In the body, the Formalin coating around the injected material
dissolves, releasing all bacterial and viral particles from animal culture sources. Substances such as these adjuvant
chemicals irritate body tissues and increase the action of accompanying bacteria and viruses, as well as the
reaction of the immune system to the foreign protein antigens. However, it potentially damages neurological
membranes where the myelin sheath has only partially protected the nervous system. This can result in mild to
severe neurological damage, leading to learning disabilities and other nervous system disorders, or death,
especially upon subsequent injections, since body has already been sensitised, promoting allergic reactions of
Formalin increasingly severe nature.

Formalin is a derivative of formaldehyde. Formalin is a mixture of 37-40 percent formaldehyde, water, and usually
10 percent methanol. It is often used as a working solution for tissue fixation, or as a preservative holding solution
for fixed tissues or organ specimens in pathological laboratories. It is also used to inactivate bacterial products for
toxoid vaccines. It will also kill unwanted viruses that might be found in the culture as well as serve as an embalming
agent. Formaldehyde is a neurotoxin and carcinogen It effects the nervous system and known to cause cancer. It
may cause insomnia, coughing, headaches, nausea, nosebleeds, and skin rashes.

Fragrance Sweet pleasing odour used to enhance products of all kinds, especially in the beauty industry. May be used in
differing concentrations for various products.
Fragrance on a label can indicate the presence of up to five thousand separate ingredients, many toxic or
carcinogenic. Symptoms reported to the USA FDA include headaches, dizziness, allergic rashes, skin discoloration,
violent coughing and vomiting, and skin irritation. Clinical observation proves fragrances can affect the central
nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, and irritability to cope and other behavioural changes.
Unfortunately, the ingredients of 'fragrance' do not have to be disclosed, so we cannot assess their effects. Many of
the compounds are carcinogenic or otherwise toxic. CLICK LINK ON LEFT
 In general those products which use natural fragrances tend to disclose the actual fragrance.

Fragrance-Free No added fragrances; just the natural aroma of the ingredients.

Fragrance Oil A concentrated product used in the creation of perfume, cologne or toilet water.

Circulating substances in the body that could cause a breakdown of the immune system and lead to disease
Free Radical
processes or infection.

Unstable or chemically incomplete molecules which can be formed within skin as a result of sun, pollution and
stress. These molecules may "steal" particles from other molecules thus creating more unstable compounds and
Free Radicals setting off a chain reaction that can damage cells. Anti-oxidants such as Vitamins C and E fight free radical action
that can weaken epidermal support, resulting in wrinkling of skin, dryness, loss of skin elasticity and premature
aging.

Found in various fruits and herbs. They are used in masks and moisturizers for their ability to moisturize and
exfoliate the skin. Fruit acids are used in concentrations as low as .25% and as high as 8%. The higher
Fruit Acids
concentrations increase the "heat" of the product and the peeling action. It can also cause skin irritation in some
people.

Full Bodied A rich-scented fragrance.

Gamma Linolenic Acid A fatty acid. Found in evening primrose oil, black currant seeds, borage oil, and mother's milk.

Refined protein from animal origin. Used as a thickener and film-forming agent. People with severe allergies to
Gelatin/e gelatine should consider skin testing prior to receiving a gelatine-containing vaccine. The problem is that most
gelatine's in foods come from boiled cows, while the gelatine used in vaccines is from boiled pigs.

A additive, flavouring in perfume, shampoo, cosmetics, chewing gum, cigarettes. Allergic reactions, contact
Geraniol and geranyl compounds
dermatitis, toxic if ingested.

A botanical additive. An effective anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and astringent derived from the aromatic plant. For
Geranium Oil use on acne and oily skin, tooth powder, dusting powder, perfume, ointments. Contact dermatitis and skin irritation
in some people, ingestion can be fatal.

Ginger Oil Revered in Asia since the earliest of times, ginger acts as an antiseptic and stimulant.

Gingko Biloba Oil Gingko, thought to be the oldest tree on the planet, has long been used in Chinese medicine. Used for its anti-
 inflammatory and antiallergenic properties.

Glutaral A preservative, germicide. See Glutaraldehyde.

A preservative, germicide used in antiperspirant, hair spay, deodorant, setting lotion, waterless hand soaps, food
flavouring, disinfectant used in hospitals and dentistry. Contact allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, immuno,
developmental, reproductive, skin and respiratory toxicity, nausea, headache, aches and pains, palpitations, mood
swings, asthma, teratogenic, very toxic to aquatic organisms.
MSDS: Harmful in contact with skin. Toxic if swallowed. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. May cause
sensitisation by skin contact.

Potential Health Effects

Glutaraldehyde Eye: May cause severe eye irritation. May result in corneal injury.
Skin: May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material.
May be absorbed through the skin. May cause dermatitis.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause haemorrhaging of the digestive tract. May cause
corrosion and permanent tissue destruction of the esophageus and digestive tract.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the
respiratory tract. May cause liver abnormalities.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause adverse reproductive effects. Repeated exposure may cause
sensitisation dermatitis. Repeated exposure may cause allergic respiratory reaction (asthma).

Glycereth A polyethylene glycol ether of glycerine. It is an artificial form of glycerine.

Sweet, syrupy alcohol that can be produced artificially from propylene alcohol or naturally derived from vegetable
Glycerin, Glycerine, Glycerol oils. Used in cosmetics for thousands of years as a solvent, plasticizer, humectant, emollient, and lubricant. A
concern is clogging of pores when present in high concentrations.

Glyceryl Coconate, Dilaurate, Erucate,

Largely artificial chemicals with a drop or two of some natural fatty acid. Used as a texturiser in pasta products and
Hydroxystearate, Monostearate, Ricinoleate,
as a opacifying agent in shampoos, lotions, and creams.
Sesquioleate, , Trimyristate, etc.

Glyceryl distearate An emulsifier, emollient in skin freshener, mascara, shampoo, cuticle softeners.

An emulsifier, stabiliser used in baby cream, face mask, hand lotion. May cause contact dermatitis, may promote
Glyceryl myristate
acne.

Glyceryl Oleate An emulsifier, emollient used in cosmetic creams and lotions. May cause contact dermatitis and skin allergies.

Glyceryl PABA A UV absorber in sunscreens. May cause contact dermatitis and skin allergies.
Glyceryl Stearate An emulsifier, emollient used in makeup, cuticle softeners. May cause skin allergies, contact dermatitis.

A depilatory agent, reducing agent used in permanent wave solutions, depilatories. Contact dermatitis, thioglycolate
can cause hair breakages, skin irritations, severe allergic reactions.
MSDS:
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS:
Glyceryl thioglycolate EYE: This material causes severe eye irritation which may result in permanent eye injury.
SKIN: Possible skin irritant. Can cause sensitisation or dermatitis upon prolonged contact with unprotected and
stressed skin. Neutralizers can result in defatting and drying of the skin.
INHALATION: Repeated or prolonged inhalation may be harmful.
INGESTION: This material is toxic and is harmful if swallowed

Glycine Amino acid vital to collagen composition and production.

Glycogen Building block of sugar, acts as a conditioner.

Glycol Stearate Thickening agent helps give products a luminescent or opalescent appearance.

An alpha hydroxy acid helpful for acne-prone skin, resolves dry skin conditions; used in chemical peels as well as to
help reduce the appearance of pores and wrinkles; exfoliates excess flaking or crusty skin. It may irritate mucous
membranes and cause allergic reactions. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant
MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Causes burns. Corrosive.

Glycolic Acid Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye burns.
Skin: Causes skin burns.
Ingestion: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns.
May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract.

Grapefruit Oil A natural bactericide, preserver and stabilizer. Both a tonic and astringent.

Grape Seed Extract A botanical extract shown to be an effective antioxidant.

Health The state of physical and mental well-being, free from disease.

An absorbent, antistatic agent used in hair bleaches, eye liners, foundations, pesticides. Considered safe in
Hectorite
cosmetic use, dust can cause lung irritation.
 A botanical toning agent used in bath products, face and hand creams. Can cause severe skin rashes, blistering,
Hedera helex
itching, contact dermatitis.

An additive, flavouring used in perfumes, soap, cherry and vanilla flavouring. Allergic skin reactions, skin irritation,
Heliotropin (piperonal, purple diazo dye)
central nervous system depression on ingestion of large amounts.

A natural source of essential fatty acids vital in preventing cell loss, regulating skin's moisture barrier and
Hemp Seed Oil maintaining elasticity. This oil absorbs directly into the skin and provides important amino acids, linoleic acid, protein
and highly prized Omega oils. Skin visibly responds to this rich nourishment.

Used as hair dye, conditioner and rinse. One of the safest hair dyes, may cause allergic skin rash, avoid use near
Henna
eyes.

Herb Particularly used in medicine, cosmetics, or foods. A plant without woody tissue that withers and dies after flowering.

The fragrance blend from the herbaceous family of plant life. This is a fresh scent that can be used successfully in
Herbal
shampoos and body products.

Herbalist Person who is in the business of cultivating and processing herbs for use in industry, both beauty and health.

A preservative used in antiperspirants, deodorants, baby oils, shampoos, toothpaste, cold cream, baby powder, fruit
washing, detergents, animal products.
MSDS (International Programme on Chemical Safety and the European Commission): AVOID ALL CONTACT!
AVOID EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT WOMEN! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!
Ingestion: Fever. Tremors. Absence of light reflex. Abdominal cramps. Convulsions. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness.
Hexachlorophene Nausea. Shock or collapse. Vomiting. Weakness.
Effects of short-term exposure: The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, resulting in
convulsions, respiratory failure.
Effects of long-term or repeated exposure: Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis, skin
sensitisation, may cause asthma, effects on the nervous system, resulting in tissue lesions, blindness. Animal tests
show that this substance possibly causes malformations in human babies.

Hexylene glycol A solvent, viscosity controlling agent used in cosmetics, pesticides. Contact dermatitis, eye, skin, and mucous
membrane irritation, gastrointestinal, liver, neuro and respiratory toxicity.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye irritation. Vapours may cause eye irritation.
Skin: Causes skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Inhalation: May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing,
 wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary oedema.

Hexylresorcinol An antioxidant, antiseptic in mouthwash, sunburn creams, anti-worming medicine, antiseptic.

Homeopathy The practice of natural medicine, using herbal substances rather than conventional medications.

A UV absorber. Artificial chemical that is used to replace the phenolic compounds that are used in sunscreens.
Homosalate
Possible endocrine disruptor, possible poisoning through skin absorption.

Humectant Used to retain moisture. Using a natural humectant in a cosmetic product helps speed miniaturization to the skin.

A humectant, antistatic agent in skin moisturisers, eye creams, hair conditioners, oral supplements. Lately referred
Hyaluronic Acid to as a Hyaluronan can hold 1000 times its own weight in water; also helps to draw in active ingredients deeper into
the skin. It is the body's natural lubricant and part of the natural moisturizing factor.

Used in the synthesis of lubricants and resins, and is derived from methanol. Causes dermatitis. Acts as a
Hydantoin DMDM preservative and may release formaldehyde and is a suspected carcinogen. Rats develop cancer when injected with
this chemical.

As a noun, this means a compound formed by the union of water with another substance. As a verb, it means to
Hydrate
supply water to something that absorbs it.

Hydrazine A reducing agent used in cosmetics. Toxic if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin, kidney, liver,
cardiovascular, immuno and neurotoxicity, carcinogenic, teratogenic, very toxic to aquatic organisms.
MSDS:
Acute Health Effects: May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. Material is extremely
destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Inhalation may be fatal
as a result of spasm, inflammation and oedema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary
oedema. Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, and shortness of
breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. May cause allergic reaction. Can cause CNS depression. May cause
convulsions.
EXPOSURE CAN CAUSE: Damage to the eyes. Damage to the liver. Damage to the kidneys. Damage to the lungs.
Blood effects.
INHALATION: Inhalation may irritate the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath,
sore throat and runny nose. If sufficient amounts are inhaled and absorbed, symptoms may resemble those in acute
ingestion.
SKIN CONTACT: Skin contact may cause irritation with symptoms of redness, swelling, itching and pain.
EYE CONTACT: Eye contact may cause irritation with symptoms of redness, swelling, itching, tearing and pain.
INGESTION: Ingestion may cause gastroenteritis (inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach and
intestines) with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Systemic effects may follow and may include

Hydrocortisone
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrolysed Protein
Hydrolysed vegetable protein
Hydrophilic
Hydroquinone
ringing of the ears, dizziness, elevated blood pressure, blurred vision and tremors
A hormone from the adrenal gland. Synthesized for medical use, particularly for application to inflamed skin. It can
adversely affect the skin by damaging the collagen of the connective tissues.
A preservative, oxidising agent in mouthwash, skin bleach, toothpaste, cold cream, hair bleach, cheddar and Swiss
cheese, medicinal antiseptic and germicide. Generally recognised as safe in cosmetics, corrosive to the skin, eyes
and respiratory tract when undiluted, may cause allergic reactions.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with liquid is corrosive to the eyes and causes severe burns.
Skin: Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe burns and ulceration.
Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause vascular collapse and damage.
Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath and
delayed lung oedema.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
A flavouring, flavour enhancer in cosmetics, shampoo and hair treatments, animal feed. Improves hair, repairs spilt
ends, and gives lustre to the hair. See Nitrosating agents. Contains MSG (621).
A flavour enhancer, antistatic agent in hair care products, canned tuna, soup, sauces, packet meals. Contains 10-
30% MSG (621), may be GM. Concerns associated with HVP include decreased body weight, organ atrophy,
behavioural overactivity and bladder and bowel incontinence.
Cosmetic ingredient that will attract moisture to the skin.
An antioxidant, bleaching agent in freckle creams, suntan lotion, hair colouring, pesticides. Skin pigment lightening
agent.
MSDS: DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES
SEVERE SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION. HARMFUL IF INHALED. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION.
CAUSES IRRITATION TO RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath.
Systemic effects have not been proven by this route.
Ingestion: Highly Toxic. May cause hyperactivity, stupor, fall in blood pressure, hyperpnea, abdominal pain,
diarrhoea, intense thirst, sweating, tinnitus, nausea, dizziness, a sensation of suffocation, an increased rate of
respiration, vomiting, pallor, muscular twitching, headache, cyanosis, delirium, and collapse (from respiratory
failure). Estimated lethal dose lies between 5 to 12 grams (usually because of respiratory failure from
methemoglobin formation which leaves the blood unable to carry oxygen). May cause green to brownish-green
urine.
 Skin Contact: Causes severe irritation, redness and pain. Alkaline solutions can cause skin sensitisation.
Eye Contact: Causes severe irritation and possible corneal ulceration.
Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure to vapour or dust (typically 10 to 30 mg/m3) for > 5 years has caused
brownish staining of the conjunctiva which may be followed by changes to the cornea leading to loss of visual acuity.
Repeated exposure may also cause skin effects.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin or eye disorders or impaired respiratory
function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.

An antioxidant found in hair colouring products (particularly permanent hair colours), lipsticks, antiseptic. Affects the
female reproductive system. Increase the risk of cancer, particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma &
Hodgkin's disease & increase the risk of breast cancer. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Primary Irritant.
MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Hygroscopic (absorbs
moisture from the air).

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye irritation. May result in corneal injury. May cause eye injury. Causes redness and pain.
p-Hydroxyanisole Skin: Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May be absorbed through damaged or abraded skin in harmful
amounts. May cause reddening of the skin. If absorbed, may cause central nervous system effects. May cause
depigmentation of the skin. Produces primary irritant dermatitis, sensitisation dermatitis, and skin ulcerations.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver damage. May form
methemoglobin which in sufficient concentration causes cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient
oxygenation of the blood). May cause necrotic changes in the gastrointestinal tract.
Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat,
coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary oedema. May cause cardiac abnormalities.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated contact may cause possible eczema.

Artificial polymer (binder, film former) is used as an emulsifier and plasticizer in shampoos, tanning products,
Hydroxyethylcellulose
mascara, hand and body lotions. Considered safe.

Hydroxymethyl glycinate A preservative in cosmetics that may release formaldehyde. See formaldehyde.
MSDS: WARNING! CAUSES MODERATE SKIN IRRITATION. CAUSES MILD EYE IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE AN
ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION.
Hazard Overview
Target Organs: Skin / Eyes
Primary Entry Routes: Dermal - skin. Eyes.
Acute Health Hazards: Causes moderate skin irritation. Causes mild eye irritation. May cause an allergic skin
reaction.
Chronic Health Hazards: Unknown
 Signs and Symptoms of Overexposure
Eye Contact: Causes mild eye irritation .
Skin Contact: Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction.
Ingestion: Not a hazard under normal use conditions.
Inhalation: May cause allergic respiratory reaction

Hydroxymethylcellulose A thickener, additive in cosmetics, hair care products. Considered safe

A film former in bubble bath, hair care products, tanning preparations. Considered safe in cosmetics, mild eye and
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
skin irritation, allergic reactions.

Also known as St. John's Wort. An extract of the leaves of the stem of the Hypericum Perforatum which is known for
Hypericum Extract
its ability to purify and soothe the skin.

Imidazolidinyl Urea
After paraben's, this is the second most commonly used preservative in cosmetics. It is colourless, tasteless and
odourless. Used in powders, baby shampoo, bath oils, colognes, eye shadows, blushes, hair tonics, lotions.
Commonly used cosmetic preservative. a strong skin irritant and sensitiser & a suspected human carcinogen
(known rodent carcinogen).
The trade name for this chemical is Germall 115. Releases formaldehyde, a carcinogenic chemical, into cosmetics
at over 10x Toxic.
See Formaldehyde

The addition of an herb or other natural substance to an oil or other liquid to extract the fragrance or flavour into that
Infusion
liquid.

In Vitro Experiments carried out in an artificial environment, outside of living organisms.

In Vivo Within a living organism, as opposed to in vitro.

Non-metallic element. Occurs in seawater and in plants and animals that grow in the sea. When applied topically, it
Iodine
has antiseptic benefits.

Irish Moss Also known as carrageenan. A seaweed that looks like moss which is used as a soothing emollient.

Iron Oxides Compounds of iron that are used as colourings in some cosmetics. Also known as jewellers' rouge or rust.

Isobutanol A solvent used in shampoos, fragrances, synthetic fruit flavouring, cigarettes. Toxic by inhalation, skin and mucous
Isobutyl alcohol membrane irritation, dermatitis, neurotoxicity..
Isobutyl myristate An emollient in cosmetics. Myristate's can promote acne.

Isobutyl Palmitate An emollient used in cosmetics. Palmitates can cause contact dermatitis in some people.

Found in hair colour rinses, body rubs, hand lotions, after-shave lotions and many other cosmetics Artificial fatty
alcohol. Used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a rubbing alcohol, and as a source for acetone, antifoaming agent. A very
drying and irritating solvent and dehydrator that strips your skin's natural acid mantle, making us more vulnerable to
bacteria, moulds and viruses. It is made from propylene, a petroleum derivative. Ingestion or inhalation of large
quantities may cause flushing, headache, dizziness, mental depression, nausea, vomiting etc. No known toxicity to
the skin. It may promote brown spots and premature aging of skin.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Produces irritation, characterized by a burning sensation, redness, tearing, inflammation, and possible corneal
Isopropanol
injury.
Isopropyl Alcohol (SD-40)
Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause defatting of the skin and dermatitis. May cause irritation with
pain and stinging, especially if the skin is abraded.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause kidney damage.
May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness,
drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to
respiratory failure.
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea,
headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Inhalation of vapour may cause respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause defatting and dermatitis.

A fatty acid from palm oil combined with synthetic alcohol. All or some could be used in cosmetics, skin creams,
Isopropyl Isostearate, Lanolate, Laurate, Oleate,
lipstick, pesticides. Industry tests on rabbits indicate the chemical can cause skin irritation and dermatitis. Also
Palmitate, Stearate, and
shown to be comedogenic (acne promoting).

This synthetic chemical is used to reduce the greasy feel caused by the high oil content of other ingredients. Found
Isopropyl Myristate
in suntan lotions, bayh oil, shampoo, hand lotions, deodorants, pesticides.

Isostearyl neopentanoate An emollient used in eye makeup, foundation. Considered safe, may promote acne.

A surfactant, emollient used in hand cream, shaving cream, soap, protective cream. May be a sensitiser for those
Isostearyl palmitate
who suffer allergies, may cause contact dermatitis.

Isothiazolinone A preservative in cosmetics. May cause contact dermatitis and allergic reactions.

MSDS:
Eye Contact: Corrosive to the eyes with possible permanent damage.
 Skin Contact: Corrosive to the skin, possibly resulting in third degree burns. Can be harmful if absorbed. Can
cause allergic contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals.
Ingestion: Can be Fatal.
Inhalation: Can be corrosive to the mucous membranes and the lungs. Can cause allergic reaction in susceptible
individuals.

Isostearic Acid Fatty acid that forms film on skin.

Ivy Extract An extract of the climbing plant. Used for its anti-septic properties.

Often used as a source of perfume. The oil is considered antidepressant and relaxing, and is used externally to
Jasmine Oil
soothe dry or sensitive skin.

Extracted from the edible seeds of the desert shrub Simondsia californica. Used as a lubricant and hair conditioner.
Jojoba Butter and Oil
Often used in shampoos, moisturizers, and sunscreens. May cause allergic reactions.

Extract obtained from the sweet pulp of the juniper berry. Works as a natural skin and hair freshener, and has anti-
Juniper Extract
itching qualities.

Has a slightly warming effect on the skin and is thought to promote removal of waste products from underlying
Juniper Oil
tissues. Effectively tones skin.

Used in manufacturing high-grade porcelain, paper, paint, cloth, soaps, and many powdered and covering
Kaolin (China Clay) cosmetics. It's also used for its dehydrating and astringent effect, inhibit skin function by blocking pores, chronic
inhalation can affect lungs and cause fibrosis.

Kathon CG
A preservative used in shampoo, cosmetics, leather preservation. Contact dermatitis, potent sensitiser, bacterial
methylisothiazolinone
mutagen, skin cancer. Compound descriptor: Mutagen
methylchloroisothiazolinone

As a film former, additive in permanent wave, shampoo, hair rinse, conditioner. Considered safe for most people
Keratin when used in cosmetics. This insoluble albumoid (fibre protein) can be found in horny tissues like the hair and nails.
High in sulphur, it's quite strong, but it is subject to chemical penetration.

Ketones These are odorous substances, used in nail polish removers, are toxic.
Kojic Acid skin lightener; touted as a bleaching agent for ethnic skin.

Helping consumers become aware of what they put into their hair and rub onto their faces. It requires that
Labelling ingredients be listed, in descending order of concentration, on the labels of most cosmetics. Soap, however,
excluded, and flavours, fragrances and trade secrets don't have to be listed specifically.

Naturally occurs in products made by bacterial fermentation. Produces pH levels like those of the hair and skin.
Lactic Acid Alpha hydroxy acid used in dermatology to hydrate and smooth dry, flaking skin. May occasionally be used in higher
concentrations (well above 12% medical grade) as a chemical peel.

These solid forms of dyes are made by mixing liquid dye with an insoluble powder like aluminium oxide. They may
Lake Colours
be natural, but they're usually manufactured and are made from coal tar.

This yellow, semisolid, fatty discharge from sheep's wool is used as an emulsifier, a base, and an ointment. A
sensitiser like other wool derivatives, in eczema-prone individuals.
Any chemicals used on sheep will contaminate the lanolin obtained from the wool. The majority of lanolin used in
Lanolin cosmetics is highly contaminated with organo-phosphate due to frequent sheep dipping to control parasites &
diseases. Diazanon, a neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide, was found in 21 of the 25 samples analysed where a
total of 16 pesticides were found. It is advised to not be used by breast feeding mothers due to the high
concentrations of chemical residues found.

A film former used in beauty masks. May cause skin rash, allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, ingredients of latex
Latex
compounds can be poisonous.

A preservative that should not be in products that contain nitrosating agents. Can cause eye irritation, may form
Lauralkonium chloride
nitrosamines.

Lauric Acid derived mostly from coconut oil and laurel oil. This white, waxy, non-ionic, artificial chemical is used in
shampoos, bubble baths, and detergents as a thickener, surfactant and foam-builder. Nitrosamines can form in all
Lauramide DEA cosmetic ingredients containing amines and amino derivatives with nitrogen compounds and nitrosamines are
known carcinogens. It may be mildly irritating to the skin. Can cause itchy scalp, allergic skin reactions, dry hair. See
Diethanolamine

Lauramidopropyl betaine An antistatic agent. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

Lauramine oxide An antistatic agent in air care products. Can form carcinogenic nitrosamines.

Laurimide MEA An antistatic agent in shampoo, hair conditioner, dishwashing detergent. May cause mild skin irritation. See
 Diethanolamine

Lauroyl lysine A viscosity controlling agent in facial powders. Considered safe.

This fatty alcohol, often derived from coconut oil, is used to make anionic surfactants. It may be natural or man-
Lauryl Alcohol
made.

Lauryl dimonium hydrolysed collagen See Cationic surfactants

Lauryl Sarcosine See Anionic Surfactants

Lauryl sulphate A foam booster in shampoos. Skin sensitisation, moderate toxicity by ingestion, may contain formaldehyde.

Known for its sweet, floral-herbaceous scent. Lavender has significant antiseptic and antibacterial actions which
Lavender Oil help promote healing. Used in baths to relax, revive and soothe. For use on all skin types. Found in shampoos, skin
fresheners, mouth wash, perfumes, dentifrices, antiseptic oils, creams and lotions, cigarettes.

The ability of a person to wear different forms of the same fragrance at the same time. For example, bath gel, bath
Layering
powder and cologne all used at the same time, it surrounds the user with a fragrance experience.

A water-attracting agent used in products to help hydrate the skin and improve the texture and ease of spread onto
Lecithin
the skin. High in the B vitamins choline and inositol. It's found in egg yolk and manufactured from soy oil.

Lead acetate A hair dye, colour restorer for men, skin treatment in animals, printing. Lead poisoning, liver, kidney, and
neurotoxicity, effects brain development in infants and children, carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic organisms,
bioaccumulates in plants and animals, persists in the environment.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview
POISON! DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. SUSPECT
CANCER HAZARD. MAY CAUSE CANCER. Risk of cancer depends on level and duration of exposure. CAUSES
IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. NEUROTOXIN. AFFECTS THE GUM TISSUE,
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, KIDNEYS, BLOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Lead can be absorbed through the respiratory system. Local irritation of bronchia and lungs can occur
and, in cases of acute exposure, symptoms such as metallic taste, chest and abdominal pain, and increased lead
blood levels may follow. See also Ingestion.
Ingestion: POISON! The symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain and spasms, nausea, vomiting,
headache. Acute poisoning can lead to muscle weakness, "lead line" on the gums, metallic taste, definite loss of
appetite, insomnia, dizziness, high lead levels in blood and urine with shock, coma and death in extreme cases.
 Skin Contact: Lead and lead compounds may be absorbed through the skin on prolonged exposure; the symptoms
of lead poisoning described for ingestion exposure may occur. Contact over short periods may cause local irritation,
redness and pain.
Eye Contact: Absorption can occur through eye tissues but the more common hazards are local irritation or
abrasion.
Chronic Exposure: Lead is a cumulative poison and exposure even to small amounts can raise the body's content
to toxic levels. The symptoms of chronic exposure are like those of ingestion poisoning; restlessness, irritability,
visual disturbances, hypertension and grey facial colour may also be noted.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing kidney, nerve or circulatory disorders or with
skin or eye problems may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.

Lemon Oil From the fruit of the citrus lemon. Known for its astringent and anti-irritant qualities.

L-Ergothioneine Naturally occurring antioxidant.

Lime Oil Shares many qualities with lemon oil. Has many antiseptic and restorative properties.

Found in: perfume, cologne, disinfectant spray, bar soap, shaving cream, deodorants, nail colour and remover,
fabric softener, dishwashing liquid, air fresheners, after shave, bleach, paint and varnish remover) - Carcinogenic.
Limonene
Prevent its contact with skin or eyes because it is an irritant and sensitiser. Always wash thoroughly after using this
material and before eating, drinking, applying cosmetics. Do not inhale limonene vapour.

Used in flavouring, perfumery, constituent of eucalyptus oil. Harmful by ingestion. May be harmful by inhalation or
Limonene oxide, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,8-cineole
through skin contact. May act as an irritant.

Found in: perfume, cologne, bar soap, shampoo, hand lotion, nail enamel remover, hairspray, laundry detergent,
dishwashing liquid, vaseline lotion, air fresheners, bleach powder, fabric softener, shaving cream, after shave, solid
Linalool deodorant, foods, cigarettes, fabric softener. Narcotic. Respiratory disturbances. Attracts bees. In animal tests:
ataxic gait, reduced spontaneous motor activity and depression, development of respiratory disturbances leading to
death. Depressed frog-heart activity. Causes central nervous system disorder.

From the flowers of the Linden tree. The flowers contain essential oils which are celebrated for their brightening and
Linden Extract
soothing qualities.

Linoleamide DEA An emulsifier which should not be in products that contain nitrosating agents. See Diethanolamine.

Linoleamide MEA An antistatic agent used in hair care products. May be irritating to the skin and eyes. See Diethanolamine.

Linoleic Acid Essential fatty acid, found in cold pressed oils, used as an emulsifier, antistatic agent in cosmetics, vitamins,
digestive aids, cheese making. Cosmetic vernacular refers to it as Vitamin F. No known side effects in cosmetics,
 nausea and vomiting if taken large amounts.

Linseed oil An emollient in shaving cream, medicinal soap, paint, varnish, linoleum. Cosmetic acne, allergic reactions.

These materials are soluble in alcohol (and other solvents) but not in water. Includes fatty acids, fats, waxes, fixed
Lipids oils, phosphatides, cerebrosides, and sometimes steroids and carotenoids. Along with proteins and carbohydrates,
lipids constitute the structure of cells. When used on the skin, they have a moisturizing and cream action.

Microscopic sacs obtained from natural or synthetic sources. Because these can easily penetrate the skin, in lotions
Liposomes
and creams liposomes are used to deliver substances, contained within the sac, to internal skin layers.

Liquidum Paraffinum Liquidum Paraffinum is an exotic sounding way to say mineral oil. See Mineral Oil

Liquorice Extract Skin lightener; deemed as more potent than kojic acid or vitamin C for this function.

Lysine Amino acid incorporated to condition skin.

Flaky white solid. Used as a filler and thickener in cosmetics. Especially used in antiperspirants, creams, and
Magnesium aluminium silicate
shaving creams.

A surfactant used in shampoos. May cause mild irritation to skin and eyes, may contain 1,4 dioxane and ethylene
Magnesium laureth sulphate
oxide.

Magnesium myristate An opacifier in cosmetics. May promote acne in some people.

Magnesium oleth sulphate A surfactant in cosmetics. May con carcinogens 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide, See both.

Magnesium Stearate Used as a filler in cosmetics.

Oil obtained from the dried flower heads of the plant Matricaria Chamomilla. Celebrated as a source of azulene, the
Matricaria Oil
blue substance known for its reviving quality.

4-MBC
A UV absorber in sunscreens. An endocrine disruptor, estrogenic, increased uterine activity in pre-pubescent rats.
methyl-benzylidene camphor

MEA - Monoethanolamine See Monoethanolamine. See Alkyloamides. See Nitrosating agents

Melon Extract Melon has natural cleansing properties as well as the ability to soften and soothe the skin.
 A natural or synthetic flavouring used in skin fresheners , perfumes, mouth wash, chewing gum, cigarettes,
Menthol pesticides. Has soothing properties if used in concentrations of 1% or less. Allergic reactions, skin irritation,
concentrate toxic if ingested. On NIH hazards list.

Mercaptans A fragrance in depilatories. Highly toxic, skin irritation, allergic reactions, infections of hair follicles.

A preservative in medicated soap, cosmetics, freckle cream, face masks, hair tonic, eye preparations, dyes, paints,
fungicide, plastic, vaccines. Extremely toxic, blood liver, kidney, neuro, respiratory and reproductive toxicity, autism,
epilepsy, teratogenic, can be absorbed through the skin,, very toxic to aquatic organisms, bio-accumulates
especially in fish. Prohibited in most cosmetic products in the USA.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview
DANGER! CORROSIVE. CAUSES BURNS TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY BE FATAL IF
SWALLOWED OR INHALED. HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. AFFECTS THE KIDNEYS AND
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Mercury vapour is highly toxic via this route. Causes severe respiratory tract damage. Symptoms
include sore throat, coughing, pain, tightness in chest, breathing difficulties, shortness of breath, headache, muscle
weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbance, ringing in the ear, liver changes, fever, bronchitis and
pneumonitis. Can be absorbed through inhalation with symptoms similar to ingestion.
Mercury compounds Ingestion: May cause burning of the mouth and pharynx, abdominal pain, vomiting, corrosive ulceration, bloody
diarrhoea. May be followed by a rapid and weak pulse, shallow breathing, paleness, exhaustion, tremors and
collapse. Delayed death may occur from renal failure. Gastrointestinal uptake of mercury is less than 5% but its
ability to penetrate tissues presents some hazard. Initial symptoms may be thirst, possible abdominal discomfort.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation and burns to skin. Symptoms include redness and pain. May cause skin allergy and
sensitisation. Can be absorbed through the skin with symptoms to parallel ingestion.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation and burns to eyes. Symptoms include redness, pain, blurred vision; may cause
serious and permanent eye damage.
Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure through any route can produce central nervous system damage. May cause
muscle tremors, personality and behaviour changes, memory loss, metallic taste, loosening of the teeth, digestive
disorders, skin rashes, brain damage and kidney damage. Can cause skin allergies and accumulate in the body.
Repeated skin contact can cause the skin to turn grey in colour. A suspected reproductive hazard; may damage the
developing foetus and decrease fertility in males and females.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with nervous disorders, or impaired kidney or respiratory
function, or a history of allergies or a known sensitisation to mercury may be more susceptible to the effects of the
substance.

Methacrylic acid A primer in artificial nail kits, nail products. Poisonous if ingested, skin and nail damage, inflammation, burns,
 infection, neurotoxicity.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye burns. Causes redness and pain.
Skin: Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Causes skin burns. May cause dermatitis.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns.
Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath and
delayed lung oedema. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract.

Methanol A solvent. See Methyl alcohol.

A preservative made from formaldehyde and ammonia for deodorant creams and powders, mouthwash, medicines.
Methenamine
Can release formaldehyde, nitrosamine precursor, skin rash.

Methicone An antistatic, emollient in lipstick, blusher, mascara, aftershave. See Diethicone.

Methoxyethanol A solvent. fragrance.

MSDS:
Emergency Overview
WARNING! FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE PEROXIDES IN AIR. HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, BLOOD
AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND KIDNEYS. POSSIBLE BIRTH DEFECT
HAZARD. MAY CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS BASED ON ANIMAL DATA. MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES,
AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Inhalation of vapours may cause irritation, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and loss of
appetite. Weakness, incoordination and tremors may occur.
Ingestion: Moderately toxic. Can cause headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and weakness.
Hemorrhagic gastritis, liver damage, pancreas damage and brain oedema resulting in death has occurred in human
exposure of 3 g/kg. Damage to kidneys is possible from ingestion of large quantities.
Skin Contact: May cause irritation with redness and pain. May be absorbed through the skin with possible systemic
effects.
Eye Contact: May cause irritation, redness and pain.
Chronic Exposure: Prolonged exposure may cause injury to bone marrow, blood cells, kidney, liver and testes. A
suspected human reproductive hazard and a birth defect hazard. Severe neurological disabilities has been reported
from chronic industrial exposure. Symptoms have included headache, dizziness, lethargy, weakness, personality
changes, apathy, unequal pupil size, and disorientation.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing blood or central nervous system disorders may
 be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.

4-Methoxy-M-phenylene-diamine
A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine. It is unsafe as a cosmetic ingredient.
4MMPD

4-Methoxy-M-phenylene-diamine sulphate
A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine. It is unsafe as a cosmetic ingredient.
4MMPD sulphate

A UV absorber in sunscreens, suntan accelerators. Contact allergy, photoallergy, neurotoxic, carcinogenic.

5-Methoxypsoralen
Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector. Banned in EU cosmetics.
5-MOP

A UV absorber in sunscreens, suntan accelerators. Contact allergy, photoallergy, neurotoxic, carcinogenic,

increased risk of skin cancer. Banned in EU cosmetics.
MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Causes burns. May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage. Light
sensitive.
8-Methoxypsoralen
Potential Health Effects
8-MOP
Eye: Causes eye burns.
Skin: Causes skin burns. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns.
Inhalation: Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. May be harmful if inhaled.
Chronic: May cause cancer in humans.

Methoxysalen A UV absorber in sunscreens, suntan accelerator. See 8-Methoxypsoralen.

4-Methoxytoluene -2, -5, diamine HCL A fragrance, flavouring, in perfumes, food. See Toluene.

Methyl acetate A solvent in perfumes, toilet waters. Neurotoxic, skin dryness, chafing and cracking.

Methyl alcohol A solvent, denaturant in shampoos, antifreeze, ink, paint, varnish, shellac, paint stripper. Eczema, dermatitis,
cardiovascular, liver, respiratory, endocrine and neurotoxicity, teratogenic.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview
POISON! DANGER! VAPOUR HARMFUL. MAY BE FATAL OR CAUSE BLINDNESS IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL
IF INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CANNOT BE MADE NON-POISONOUS. FLAMMABLE LIQUID
AND VAPOUR. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. AFFECTS CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND LIVER.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: A slight irritant to the mucous membranes. Toxic effects exerted upon nervous system, particularly the
 optic nerve. Once absorbed into the body, it is very slowly eliminated. Symptoms of overexposure may include
headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, blindness, coma, and death. A person may get better but
then worse again up to 30 hours later.
Ingestion: Toxic. Symptoms parallel inhalation. Can intoxicate and cause blindness. Usual fatal dose: 100-125
millilitres.
Skin Contact: Methyl alcohol is a defatting agent and may cause skin to become dry and cracked. Skin absorption
can occur; symptoms may parallel inhalation exposure.
Eye Contact: Irritant. Continued exposure may cause eye lesions.
Chronic Exposure: Marked impairment of vision has been reported. Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause
skin irritation.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired
liver or kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

A flavouring, fragrance in perfumes, suntan lotion, food, cigarettes.

MSDS: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Light sensitive.

Potential Health Effects

Methyl anthranilate
Eye: Causes eye irritation.
Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.

a common ingredient in a variety of cosmetics: foundations, powders, concealers, bronzers, self-tanners, makeup
removers, moisturizers, sunscreens, eye shadows, and mascaras. It is also found in shampoos, hair conditioners,
gels, bubble baths, soaps, baby wipes, creams, lotions, and over-the-counter and prescription medicines. Other
sources of exposure include detergents, fabric softeners, cleansers, pesticides, polishes, and some toilet papers.
Methylchloroisothiazolinone
Cl+ MeIsothiazolinone is found in the engineering industry, where it may serve as a preservative in cutting fluids. It
also may be found in air conditioning, metalworking, water-cooling, and latex emulsions such as paints. In industrial
situations, it is called Kathon?and used in curing agents, adhesives and glues, jet fuels, printing inks, radiography,
and slime control agents in paper mills. May cause allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, mutagen?

A preservative in hair conditioner, bubble bath, indoor tanning preparation, dishwashing liquid. Considered unsafe
Methyldibromo glutaronitrile
for use in cosmetic products, allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, skin sensitisation.

Methylene chloride A fragrance in nail enamel, hair conditioner, shampoo, hairspray, cleansing creams, tablet coatings, anaesthetic in
medicine, decaffeinating of some coffees. Nausea, dizziness, eye and skin irritation, dermatitis, neuro, liver,
cardiovascular, kidney, endocrine and respiratory toxicity, carcinogenic, teratogenic, environmental hazard.
Absorbed, stored in body fat, it metabolises to carbon monoxide, reducing oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
 Banned by the US FDA in 1988! No enforcement possible due to trade secret laws protecting chemical fragrance
industry. On US EPA, RCRA, CERCLA Hazardous Waste lists.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns.
Skin: Exposure may cause irritation and possible burns. May be absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause central nervous
system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.
Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure.
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea,
headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.

A solvent, fragrance in shampoo, hair conditioner, nail polish, perfume, paint thinners, adhesive. Irritating to the
eyes, skin and mucous membranes, central nervous system depression, headache, liver and neurotoxicity,
dermatitis.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye irritation. May result in corneal injury.
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis.
Ingestion: Aspiration hazard.
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea,
headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Chronic inhalation may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation. Prolonged or repeated skin
contact may cause defatting and dermatitis.

Methyl isobutyl ketone A flavouring, fragrance in perfumes, synthetic fruit flavour in foods, solvent for cellulose lacquer. Hazardous by
ingestion or inhalation, kidney, gastrointestinal, respiratory, liver and neurotoxic, dermatitis, birth defects,
carcinogenic.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Vapours may cause eye irritation. May cause painful sensitisation to light. Contact produces irritation, tearing,
and burning pain.
Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. Prolonged and/or repeated
contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis.
Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause effects similar to those
for inhalation exposure.
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Exposure produces central nervous system depression. May cause
liver abnormalities.

Methylisothiazolinone
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl methacrylate crosspolymer
Methylparaben
methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause defatting and dermatitis.
A preservative in baby products, hand wash, shampoo, dishwashing liquid. Can be a skin sensitiser. Animal studies
show high toxicity from ingestion and moderate toxicity when applied to the skin. See Isothiazolinone.
See Methylchloroisothiazolinone.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects:
Inhalation: Aerosol inhalation may cause sneezing, coughing or irritation of the nasal passages and throat.
Eye: Eye exposure may cause irritation, redness, watering and pain.
Skin: Skin contact may cause irritation, redness, dryness and itching.
Ingestion: If large amounts are ingested, symptoms could include gastric irritation, nausea and diarrhoea.
Chronic Effects: Chronic effects from repeated or long-term occupational exposure to this preparation are
unknown. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis
A film former in nail polish, artificial nails, medical and dental orthopaedic cement, adhesives.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects:
EYE: Liquid and vapours can cause moderate irritation (tears, blurred vision and redness).
SKIN: May cause skin irritation. Can cause skin sensitisation.
INGESTION: Causes irritation, a burning sensation of the mouth, throat and gastrointestinal tract and abdominal
pain.
INHALATION: High concentration is irritant to the respiratory tract and may cause dizziness, headache and
anaesthetic effects.
CHRONIC (CANCER) INFORMATION: Prolonged and/or repeated exposure may lead to kidney, lung, liver, and
heart damage. Unlikely to present a cancer hazard to man.
TERATOLOGY (BIRTH DEFECT) INFORMATION: Developmental toxicity observed in animal tests but only at
levels toxic to the mother.
A film former in nail products. See Methacrylic acid.
A preservative in many cosmetics and personal care products. See Paraben.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause moderate eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Repeated exposure may cause sensitisation dermatitis.
 A flavouring, disinfectant in toothpaste, mouthwash, sunburn lotion, foods, detergents, cigarettes. Strong irritant to
the skin and mucous membranes, blood, liver, neuro, reproductive and respiratory toxicity, teratogenic, harmful to
aquatic organisms.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Methyl salicylate
Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Oil of Wintergreen
Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts.
Ingestion: May cause nausea and vomiting. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema.
May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. May cause lung damage.
Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. Repeated exposure may cause metabolic disturbances.

Mexenone
A UV absorber in sunscreens. Photoallergy, hives, contact allergy, chronic actinic dermatitis, can mimic or
2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4'-methyl
exacerbate an illness. See Benzophenones.
-benzophenone

An opacifier, colouring. Somewhat shiny silicate minerals split into very thin sheets. Used in face powder, eye
Mica
cosmetics, lipstick, shampoo, mascara to provide sparkle.

The second stage of fragrance development on the skin. Individuals react to different chemicals causing variations
Middle Note
in scent.

An emollient in bath preparations, facemasks, face wash, hidden in foods(?) items with casein. May cause allergic
Milk
reactions from mild to severe, in cosmetics it can cause pimples and acne if not rinsed properly from the skin.

Milk Bath A bath preparation made with milk products as the base. A natural product, it is soothing to the skin.

Obtained from a whole cow's milk. For centuries, milk has been used as a natural, soothing skin cleanser and
Milk Protein
softener.

Mineral Oil A liquid mixture of hydrocarbons gathered from petroleum. Light mineral oil is an ingredient of choice as an essential
moisturizer for psoriasis, primarily functioning as an occlusive barrier to retard moisture loss without restricting
essential ingredient absorption. In the case of a psoriatic condition the water loss from the external skin layers can
exceed the rate of replacement from below, hence as part of formulation.
It coats the skin like plastic, clogging the pores. Interferes with skin's ability to eliminate toxins, promoting acne and
other disorders. Slows down skin function and cell development, resulting in premature aging. Used in many
products (baby oil is 100% mineral oil!) Any mineral oil derivative can be contaminated with cancer causing PAH's
(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons). Manufacturers use petrolatum because it is cheap.
See:
Liquidum Paraffinum (also known as posh mineral oil!)
 Paraffin oil / wax
Petrolatum
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Vapours may cause eye irritation.
Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Aspiration of material into the
lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged inhalation may cause respiratory tract inflammation and lung damage. Prolonged or repeated
skin contact may cause dermatitis. May cause cancer according to animal studies.

Mixed fruit acids An exfoliating agent. See Alpha hydroxy acids.

Moisturizer When externally used on the hair or skin raises the moisture content.

Liquid amino alcohol that is used as an humectant and emulsifier in cosmetics. Often used in cosmetics, soaps,
detergents, paint stripper to adjust the pH, and used with many fatty acids to convert acid to salt (stearate), which
then becomes the base for a cleanser. These chemicals are already restricted in Europe due to known carcinogenic
effects.
MSDS:
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant,
permeator), of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive), of eye contact
Monoethanolamine (MEA) (corrosive). Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth
and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of
respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Inflammation of the eye is
characterized by redness, watering, and itching.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys, lungs, liver, central nervous
system (CNS). Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated or
prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation. Repeated or
prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial
infection.

Montan wax An emulsifier in lipsticks, foundations. Considered OK in cosmetics.

Morpholine An emulsifier, surfactant in cosmetics, coating on fresh fruit and vegetables. Skin, eye, and mucous membrane
irritation, kidney, liver, respiratory and neurological toxicity. See Diethanolamine.
MSDS:
 Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause severe eye irritation. Vapour or mist may cause irritation and severe burns. Contact with liquid is
corrosive to the eyes and causes severe burns.
Skin: Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe burns and ulceration. Substance is rapidly absorbed
through the skin.
Ingestion: Aspiration hazard. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and possible
burns. May cause liver and kidney damage.
Inhalation: Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. May cause liver and kidney
damage. May cause severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract with pain, burns, and inflammation.
Chronic: Chronic inhalation and ingestion may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation and ingestion.

Moskene Fragrance. See Musk moskene.

A fragrance used in perfumes and flavouring food. Generally safe and non-toxic, can cause allergic reactions in
Musk
some people.

A fixative, flavouring in cosmetic creams, aftershave lotions, soaps, dentifrices, food flavouring, detergents.
Neurotoxic, photosensitivity, contact dermatitis, serious brain damage in animals. In a monograph published in 1975
musk ambrette was found to have neurotoxic properties. However, use as a flavour was generally below 1 ppm and
thought not to pose
Musk Ambrette
any health risks at these levels. Later studies found musk ambrette was readily absorbed through the skin and
slowly excreted. Levels used in fragrances were much higher than those used in flavours. Levels safe for GRAS
status in foods did not ensure safety at the levels used in fragrances and did not take into account a different route
of exposure.

Musk Moskene A fragrance used in perfumes and rouges. Can cause non-permanent hyperpigmentation, pigment cont dermatitis.

Natural Occurrence: Anise seed, basil beer black currant, gin laurel, rosemary, thyme.
MSDS:
b-Myrcene In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Wear suitable
protective clothing.
Irritating to the eyes. Irritating to the respiratory system. Irritating to the skin

Myristalkonium chloride A surfactant, preservative. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

Myristamide DEA A viscosity control. See Diethanolamine.

Myristic acid An emulsifier in shampoos, shaving creams and soaps, food flavouring, cigarettes.

N
 Highly flammable. Can dissolve many plastics. It can be fatal if swallowed. The conditioning ingredients do little to
Nail Polish Remover
mitigate acetone's strongly drying and degreasing effects.

Nanoparticles A UV absorber in cosmetics, barrier creams, sunscreen.

A hair dye in hair dyes and perfume, treatment for skin disease.
MSDS: Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
Potential Health Effects
1-Naphthol Eye: Causes eye irritation.
Skin: Causes skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.

Ingredients produced entirely from extracts taken from plants or animals, with no synthetic substances or additives.
Natural
It does not mean that it cannot harm.

Natural Spray A spray in pump form, using no aerosol or chemical additives.

An antibacterial, antiviral in skin cream, soap, lipstick, shampoo, insect repellent. Improves dry skin, eczema, acne
Neem seed oil
and dandruff. Teratogenic(?)

An antibiotic may be used in some underarm deodorants. Can cause allergic reactions, photoallergy, kidney toxicity,
Neomycin
may promote staph infections.

Neotame A sweetener. See Neotame (961) in food guide

Used as sweetener, fresh citrus rose fragrance. Irritating to the eyes. Irritating to the respiratory system. Irritating to
the skin. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Take off
immediately all contaminated clothing After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by
Nerol
the manufacturer). Do not empty into drains Never add water to this product Take precautionary measures against
static discharges. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Wear suitable protective
clothing

Nettle Leaf Primarily used as a cleansing, detoxifying agent. Helps many skin conditions.

An additive in hair conditioners, "anti-aging" products, cereal flours. Being a form of vitamin B3 it is considered to be
Niacinamide
beneficial.

An additive in hair dyes, eye pencils, cosmetics, astringents, mineral supplement, nickel plating. Skin rash, kidney,
Nickel sulphate
endocrine and immunotoxicity, vomiting if ingested, contact dermatitis.
 A preservative, colour fixative in cured meats, matches, tobacco. May combine with amines found in the stomach,
Nitrates
saliva, foods and cosmetics to form carcinogenic nitrosamines.

A preservative, colour fixative in cured meats, matches, tobacco. May combine with amines found in the stomach,
Nitrites saliva, foods and cosmetics to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Sodium nitrite is used as an anticorrosive in some
cosmetics.

A fragrance, solvent used in cheap scented soaps, making analine a base for dyes and drugs, shoe polish.
Cyanosis, drowsiness, headaches, nausea, reproductive, kidney, liver, respiratory, and neurotoxicity; absorbed
through the skin; teratogenic.
MSDS: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Toxic
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Possible risk
of impaired fertility. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

Potential Health Effects

Nitrobenzene
essence of mirabane
Eye: May cause eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis.
Skin: May cause skin irritation. Absorption into the body may cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to
deficient oxygenation of the blood). Toxic in contact with skin.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Effects may be delayed 2 to 4 hours. May cause dizziness,
nausea, sense of suffocation, increased respiratory rate, vomiting, pallor, muscle twitching, cyanosis (bluish
discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), delirium, collapse. Toxic if swallowed.
Inhalation: Effects may be delayed. May cause respiratory tract irritation. Toxic if inhaled.
Chronic: May cause methemoglobinemia, which is characterized by chocolate-brown colored blood, headache,
weakness, dizziness, breath shortness, cyanosis (bluish skin due to deficient oxygenation of blood), rapid heart rate,
unconsciousness and possible death. May impair fertility.

2-Nitro-p-phenylene diamine A hair dye. See Coal tar.

Nitrocellulose Flammable man-made substance. Used as an emulsifier and protective film in cosmetics, especially nail polish.

A contaminant in cosmetic products and shampoos with DEA, MEA, and TEA compounds unless removed by the
manufacturer. It is also found in the air, tobacco smoke, pesticides, water, cured meats. Carcinogenic compounds
Nitrosamines
formed from secondary amines (nitosating agents) and nitrous acid. Typical nitrosating agents used in cosmetic
formulations are DEA, MEA, and TEA.

Nitrosating Agents
The following chemicals can cause nitrosamine contamination, which have been determined to form cancer in
laboratory animals. There are wide and repeated concerns in the USA and Europe about the contamination of
cosmetics products with nitrosamines.
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
Cocoyl Sarcosine
 DEA compounds
Imidazolidinyl Urea
Formaldehyde
Hydrolysed Animal Protein
Lauryl Sarcosine
MEA compounds
Quaternium-7, -15, -31, -60, etc
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Ammonium Lauryl Sulphate
Sodium Laureth Sulphate
Ammonium Laureth Sulphate
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate
TEA compounds

Non-acnegenic Will not clog oil glands to produce a break-out on people prone to acne.

Non-comedogenic Does not clog oil glands to cause blemishes.

A thickener used in mascara, eye shadow, highlighter, eyelash lengtheners. Generally considered safe, may cause
Nylon
allergic reaction in some.

Ground oat kernels (after husks have been removed). A natural, mild exfoliant. Soothing to the skin. Found in
Oatmeal
Oatmeal-Lavender Cleanser and Oatmeal-Mint Cleanser.

A UV absorber in sunscreen, makeup. May cause sensitisation; increase breast cell cancer division; estrogenic;
Octyl dimethyl PABA
endocrine disruption; carcinogenic.

Octyl dodecanol A solvent, surfactant in hair conditioners, lipsticks. Generally considered safe.

Chemical sunscreen with photosensitivity contact dermatitis potential in some individuals; endocrine disruption.
Octyl Methoxycinnamate
Related to Balsam of Peru with cross reactions possible for those with contact dermatitis to either agent.

Octyl Palmitate Allows hydration and works as a solvent without giving skin a greasy texture. Generally regarded as safe.

Octyl Salicylate Commonly incorporated into sunscreens for its antibacterial abilities and helps prevent product from turning rancid.

Oil-based A product in which oil soluble solutions are the major part.
 Oil/Sebaceous glands produce a waxy-fatty substance called sebum which lubricates the skin and protects it from
Oil Glands
moisture loss.

A viscosity control in shampoo, bubble bath, lipstick, soap. Urticaria; can cause carcinogenic nitrosamine formation.
Oleamide DEA
See Diethanolamine

Fatty acid that is a common constituent of many animals and vegetables. It is a common cosmetic ingredient as an
Oleic Acid
emollient or defoaming agent; used in cigarettes.

An antistatic agent, surfactant in soaps, cosmetics, lubricants, hair conditioners, polishing compounds. Can cause
Oleoyl sarcosine mild skin irritation; sarcosine can enhance absorption of other ingredients through the skin and can cause
nitrosamine contamination.

An artificial fat substitute used as a low fat spread, french fries, ready to eat savoury snacks. Abdominal cramps;
nausea; flatulence; muscular degeneration; inhibits absorption of nutrients. In Procter & Gamble's two eight-week
Olestra More info
clinical studies, the lowest level tested -- 8 gm/day (equivalent to 16 olestra-containing potato chips) ?caused
dramatic depletion of fat-soluble vitamins within two weeks.Got sick from Olestra? follow this link.

These polyethylene glycol ethers of oleic alcohol are used as surfactants, emulsifier in a range of cosmetics and
Oleth-2 to Oleth-50
personal care.

Oleyl Alcohol Fatty alcohol. Oily, unsaturated liquid found in fish oils. Is used to make surface-active agents.

A n emollient, emulsifier in shampoo, lipstick, soap, hair oil, massage oil. Generally safe; may cause allergic
Olive oil
reactions and acne.

A fragrance, flavouring in perfumes, soap, colognes, cigarettes, pesticides. Allergic reactions if hypersensitive;
Orange oil
severe reactions to concentrated oil of orange.

Organic Natural chemical compounds found in nature, void of synthetic substances. Also known as all-natural.

Orris absolute A fragrance in perfumes. Generally safe; can cause allergic reactions

Orthophenylphenol An anti-microbial in cosmetics and disinfectant sprays. Very toxic; mutagenic; skin irritation; carcinogenic.
O-phenylphenol MSDS:
Eyes: Corrosive. Will cause corneal damage.
Skin: Strong irritant. Repeated contact may cause dermatitis.
Inhalation: Overexposure can cause liver and kidney injury. Dizziness, headache and nausea may be
symptomatic.
Swallowing: Stomach pain, dizziness, headache and nausea may be symptomatic. Ingestion of excessive amounts
 may result in central nervous system depression and death may occur. If vomiting, aspiration into the lungs may
result in aspiration pneumonitis.

Sun screening UVA absorbing agent derived from isopropanol. Photosensitivity; chronic actinic dermatitis; contact
Oxybenzone
allergy.

See Phenol.
MSDS:
Caution! May be harmful if inhaled. May be harmful if swallowed. May cause eye and skin irritation. May cause
respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Potential Health Effects
Oxyquinoline sulphate Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been
fully investigated. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully
investigated. May be harmful if inhaled.

Ozokerite Naturally occurring waxlike mineral. An emulsifier and thickening agent used in lipstick and cream rouge.

It is a water-soluble vitamin found in B complex. UVB absorber used in sunscreens during the 1970s; became a
PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid)
frequent cause of contact dermatitis, therefore it is now out of favour. See Para-aminobenzoic Acid.

Padimate A A UV absorber in sunscreens. See Amyl dimethyl PABA.

Padimate O A UV absorber in makeup, sunscreens. See Amyl dimethyl PABA. Nitrosamine Precursor.

Used in baby oils, bath oils, eye creams, hair conditioners, and moisturizers. It can cause allergic reactions in some
Palmitate
people.

Palmitic Acid Fatty acid from palm oil.

Palm Oil White to yellowish fat. Used to make soaps, shampoos, ointments, and margarine.

Panthenol A B vitamin (B5), works as a humectant (holds water in the skin). May promote healing.

An additive in skin creams, skin scrubs, skin masks, meat tenderiser. From papaya; may be GM. Considered to
Papain
have health benefits.

Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)
Para-Phenylenediamine
Paraben's (methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl)
Paraffin Wax/Oil
Found in Vitamin B complex. Used in sunscreen formulations and as an anaesthetic in sunburn products, shampoo,
hair conditioner, arthritis treatment. Can cause allergic reactions. Helps prevent UV damage to skin and hair;
photosensitivity; contact dermatitis; eczema; increase risk of skin cancer.
MSDS: Cancer suspect agent.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Overexposure may cause
methemoglobinemia.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: May cause reproductive and foetal effects. Cancer suspect agent.
MSDS: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin
contact. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Air
sensitive. Light sensitive.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis and keratitis.
Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an
allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. May produce eczematoid contact
dermatitis.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver and kidney damage.
Ingestion may cause gastritis, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma.
Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the
respiratory tract. May cause rhinitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose).
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause
adverse reproductive effects.
A preservative. Toxic. Allergenic. Artificial chemicals. Used as inhibitors of microbial growth and to extend shelf life of
products. They are not effective with shampoos or with products that contain proteins.
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):
Emergency Overview: WARNING! Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory
tract. May cause allergic skin reaction.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May cause allergic skin
reaction.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness and pain.
Waxy, crystalline mixture. Used as a thickener for cosmetics. See Mineral Oil
Parfum See Perfume

Native to Malaysia and the Philippines, Patchouli has been used extensively in Asian Medicine. Its most common
Patchouli
use has been as an aphrodisiac. It is thought to have a regenerative effect.

Apply a small amount of cosmetic to your inner arm, cover it with a bandage and leave it for 24 hours, if you are
Patch Test
concerned with allergic reactions.

A UV absorber in sunscreens. May cause skin damage; increase the risk of cancer.
MSDS: Appearance: white crystalline powder. Caution! May cause eye and skin irritation. May cause respiratory and
digestive tract irritation. Light sensitive. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.

Potential Health Effects

PBSA
Eye: Dust may cause mechanical irritation.
2-phenylbenzimidazolesulphonic acid
Skin: May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been
fully investigated.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully
investigated.

Natural substance. Used in cosmetics, toothpaste, hair setting lotion, barrier cream, foods, anti-diarrheal medicines
Pectin
as an emulsifier and thickener. Contains partially methoxylated polygalacturonic acids.

A solvent, emulsifier, bases, carriers, and dispersants. A manufacturing by-product. Dangerous levels of the toxin
PEG Compounds (4-200)
dioxane has been found in this product. Many allergic reactions, as well as hives and eczema are known to occur
(polyethylene glycol or polymers of ethylene oxide)
from these synthetic plant glycols. Artificial. Used as solvents.

Used in hair spray and car care products. Vapours irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Skin contact may
cause irritation and dermatitis. Inhalation of vapours may cause dizziness, headache and nausea. High
Pentane - Amyl hydride
concentrations paralyse the central nervous system, causing loss of consciousness and respiratory paralysis.
Vapours and liquid extremely flammable.

Peppermint Oil An excellent antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, flavouring. Soothes and tones blemished, irritated skin. Cooling.

Natural or artificial. Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. When peptide bonds in the hair are broken,
Peptides
the result is damaged hair.

Perfume The most concentrated form of synthetically prepared fragrance, applied to the skin to enhance the nature of ones
image. Dating back to ancient times, perfume was created by the Egyptians of resins and wood mixed with oils and
water. Todays perfumes are an enhanced blend of essential oils, alcohol and water, and the secret?ingredients of
 its creator.

Heavy bland base, most commonly known for its use in Vaseline; good for sensitive skin however it is occlusive and
can cause plugging of the pores and acne in prone individuals. Also used in Wax depilatories, cold creams, eye
shadow, lipsticks, glazing agent on some foods, pharmaceuticals.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Vapours may cause eye irritation.
Petrolatum
Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Aspiration of material into the
lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged inhalation may cause respiratory tract inflammation and lung damage. Prolonged or repeated
skin contact may cause dermatitis. May cause cancer according to animal studies.

Petroleum Jelly Semisolid mixture. Obtained from petroleum. See Petrolatum.

PHA (Poly Hydroxy Acid) Derived from the buds of fruit trees, claims to be gentler yet as effective as AHA's; still debatable.

PHB's These are preservatives widely used in many cosmetics and shampoo. Another name is paraben.

Shaving creams and hand lotions. Obtained from coal tar. Fatal when ingested in minute amounts, and also fatal
poisonings can occur through skin absorption. Commonly used at a concentration of 1% or less. At these levels,
Phenol
swelling, pimples, hives and other skin rashes have been reported. A concentration of 2% causes gangrene, burning
and numbness.

A preservative in shampoo, liquid soap, bubble bath, cosmetics, perfume, insect repellent, antifreeze, filler in
Phenoxyethanol vaccines. Mild allergic skin rashes in sensitive people; concentrated solutions can cause headache, nausea, renal
failure.

An artificial sweetener, antistatic agent in hair conditioners, artificial sweeteners in food, cigarettes. Sufferers of
Phenylalanine phenylketonuria (PKU), melanoma or cirrhosis need to restrict intake; PKU, if not detected early can lead to mental
deterioration in children.

Phenylbenzimidazole sulphonic acid A UV absorber. See PBSA.

Phenylenediamine (m-, o-, p-) A hair dye used in home and beauty parlour hair dyes, eyelash dye. Eczema; asthma; skin rash, contact dermatitis;
blindness; cancer; death; very toxic to aquatic organisms.
MSDS:
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
 Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Air sensitive.
Light sensitive.

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis and keratitis.
Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an
allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. May produce eczematoid contact
dermatitis.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver and kidney damage.
Ingestion may cause gastritis, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma.
Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the
respiratory tract. May cause rhinitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose).
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause
adverse reproductive effects.

A preservative, fungicide in mascara, shampoos, paint. Allergic reactions; skin irritation; very toxic internally; very
toxic to aquatic organisms; bioaccumulates in the food chain.
MSDS: Toxic if swallowed. Causes burns. Toxic : danger of serious damage
to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Light sensitive.

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye burns.
Phenylmercuric acetate Skin: Causes skin burns. May be absorbed through the skin. Toxic in contact with skin. May cause sensitisation by
skin contact.
Ingestion: Poison by ingestion. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns.
Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Exposure
produces central nervous system depression. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, oedema of
the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. May cause burning sensation, coughing,
wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
Chronic: Chronic inhalation and ingestion may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation and ingestion.
Possible risk of irreversible effects.

Phosphoric Acid Clear, viscous liquid. Use in cosmetics as an antioxidant, sequestrant, and acidifier.

Phthalates Toxic gender bending chemical used as a plasticizer in food wraps and many pliable plastics and containers. Also
used in hairsprays and some cosmetics including nail varnishes from where it is readily absorbed into the system.
All 289 people in a recent test for body load of chemicals tested positive for phthalates. Phthalates are implicated
 with low sperm counts and also causing sexual abnormalities and deformities. An in depth article on phthalates can
be found on the www.health-report.co.uk website.
The CDC's John Brock, the head researcher on the phthalate study, said that his "biggest concern was that the
highest levels of exposure were in women of child-bearing age." ("Concerns over chemicals in cosmetics",
Francesca Lyman, October 4, 2000) Phthalates are regulated as toxic substances under environmental laws that
limit their discharge into air, land, and water, but there are NO limitations on the amount of phthalates used in
consumer products, including cosmetics. Health effects of phthalates include damage to the liver and kidneys, birth
defects, decreased sperm counts, testicular cancer, early puberty onset in girls, early breast development in girls
and boys, and other reproductive disorders.;

Phthalates are suspected in being at fault in reduced fertility in males. ("Identification of phthalate esters in the
serum of young Puerto Rican Girls with premature breast development", Colon et al, Environmental Health
Perspectives; Vol. 108, No. 9, Sept, 2000) "Metabolites of diethyl phthalate, used in volatile components of
cosmetics like perfumes, nail polishes and hairsprays were found at levels about 70 times higher than metabolites of
(one of) the chemicals banned in soft plastic toys...."
MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. CAUSES SEVERE EYE IRRITATION. CAUSES SKIN
IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. MAY CAUSE RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION. MAY
BE HARMFUL IF INHALED.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Inhalation of vapours or mists is not expected unless this material is heated or misted. If inhaled,
material may cause irritation to respiratory tract.
Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Accidental ingestion of 10 g (ca. 40 mg/kg) in one person produced nausea and vomiting, dizziness, light sensitivity,
swelling of the eyelids, watering of the eyes, and kidney effects (red and white blood cells and oxalate crystals in the
urine).
Skin Contact: Irritation and contact burns are possible, but do not occur frequently. Allergic dermatitis has been
reported after using antiperspirants and contact with plastics containing dibutyl phthalate (such as a watchband).
Eye Contact: Vapour or mist causes eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation with stinging pain and tears.
Chronic Exposure: Workers in the artificial leather industry were studied and it was found that exposure to 1.7 to
66 mg/m3 over a period of 19 years showed central nervous system toxicity after 6 to 7 years. Symptoms included
pain, numbness, weakness and spasms in the extremities. Because there was concurrent exposure to other
phthalates and a few adipates and sebacates, dibutyl phthalate cannot be singled out as the direct cause.

Changes the appearance and function of the skin due to repeated sun exposure and not to the passage of time;
Photo damage/ photo-aging may result in skin cancer. Sun protection is the principle means of protecting photo-aging changes. Skin cancer
incidence can also be reduced.

Phototoxic Medications or food which render the skin sensitive to light (sun) thereby causing an adverse reaction.
Phytocosmetic A cosmetic made mainly from vegetable sources.

Pineapple's anti-inflammation and anti-irritation qualities, combined with its ability to refine the skin make it excellent
Pineapple Extract
for face care products.

Found in: bar and liquid soap, cologne, perfume, shaving cream, deodorants, dishwashing liquid, air freshener -
a-PINENE
Sensitiser (damaging to the immune system).

An additive, flavouring used in soaps, lipstick, perfumes, food, cigarettes. Skin rash; skin irritations central nervous
Piperonal
system depression; marking of the lips;. On NIH hazards list.

An organ present in all mammals except marsupials and monotremes, unites the foetus to the mother and is
Placenta
expelled at birth. Bovine placenta liquid, obtained from cows, is used in some cosmetics as a moisturizer.

A thickener, film former in moisturising creams, nail polish, tanning cream, makeup, adhesives, plastics, pesticides.
Central nervous system paralysis; highly toxic and irritating to skin; can be absorbed through the skin.
MSDS: Liquid. Causes respiratory tract, skin and eye irritation. Avoid breathing vapour or mist. Avoid contact with
eyes,
skin and clothing. Keep container tightly closed. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only with adequate
ventilation.
Polyacrymide
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
INHALATION: May cause irritation. Additional effects may include coughing, chest pain and difficulty breathing.
SKIN: May cause irritation.
EYE: May cause irritation. Additional effects may include eye damage.
INGESTION: May cause gastrointestinal irritation. Additional effects may include burns, digestive disorders and
weakness.

Polybutene Helps make liquids texturally viscous.

A binder, antistatic agent, stabiliser in hand lotions, skin fresheners, suntan products, underarm deodorants,
Polyethylene chewing gum, sheets for packaging. No known skin toxicity; large dose caused cancer in rats; ingestion in large
doses cause liver and kidney damage.

Potentially carcinogenic petroleum ingredient that can alter and reduce the skin's natural moisture factor. This could
increase the appearance of aging and leave you more vulnerable to bacteria. Used in cleansers to dissolve oil and
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) compounds
grease. It adjusts the melting point and thickens products. Also used in caustic spray-on oven cleaners and face
cleansers. See Ethoxylated surfactants.

Poly Hydroxy Acid (PHA) Derived from the buds of fruit trees, claims to be gentler yet as effective as AHA's; still debatable.

Polymers, polymeric, polymerisation
Polyoxyethylene compounds
Polypropylene Glycol
Polyquaternium
Polysorbates
Polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP
Potassium bromate
Used in cosmetics to keep sunscreens from washing off, in hair-setting products, and as binders in skin creams.
Plastic fingernails are also produced by polymerisation.
An emulsifier in hand cream, hand lotion, air freshener. Can cause sensitivity reactions; eye and skin irritation; may
be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane.
A humectant in liquid makeup, pesticides. See Propylene glycol
MSDS: Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause mild eye irritation.
Skin: May cause mild skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Followed by any number they are carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and cause adverse reactions. Induced contact
dermatitis, causes fatal drug allergy (anaphylactic shock), may cause increased sensitivity to muscle relaxants.
Fatty acid esters. Used in many cosmetics as emulsifiers. Polysorbates are assigned different numerical values
according to their formulas and whether they're intended to be used in foods or cosmetics.
A faintly yellow, solid, plastic resin resembling albumen. Used to give a softer set in shampoos, hairsprays, and
lacquers; also a carrier in emollient creams, liquid lip rouge, and face rouge; also a clarifier in vinegar and a plasma
expander in medicine. Inhaled particles may cause problems in the lungs of sensitive people. Suspected human
teratogenic & carcinogen.
MSDS:
Inhalation: Chronic inhalation of dusts can cause pulmonary damage, blood effects and abnormal liver function.
Skin: Can cause allergic dermatitis.
An antiseptic, astringent in toothpaste, mouthwash, improving additive in bread.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview: DANGER! STRONG OXIDIZER. CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE
OR FORM SHOCK SENSITIVE MATERIALS. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED OR
ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY CAUSE
KIDNEY DAMAGE.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath.
Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
May cause abdominal pain, reduced urinary output, low blood pressure, methemoglobinemia, convulsions, liver and
kidney damage, and coma. Cyanosis may occur as a later symptom. Death may occur from renal failure, within 1 to

Potassium carbonate
Potassium chlorate
Potassium Coco Hydrolysed Collagen
Potassium hydroxide
2 weeks. Estimated lethal dose is 4 grams.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. In the presence of moisture, it
is slowly absorbed in toxic amounts. Prolonged exposure may cause burns.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation with redness, pain. May cause eye damage.
Chronic Exposure: Overexposure may cause kidney damage.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired
liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
A buffer in freckle lotions, shampoos, soaps.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns.
Skin: Contact with skin causes irritation and possible burns, especially if the skin is wet or moist.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and
possible burns.
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation.
An oxidising agent in toothpaste, freckle lotions, mouthwash, bleach, fireworks, pesticides, matches.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause moderate eye irritation. May cause eye burns.
Skin: Contact with skin causes irritation and possible burns, especially if the skin is wet or moist.
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause
methemoglobinemia, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), convulsions,
and death. Methemoglobinemia is characterized by dizziness, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath, cyanosis
(bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), rapid heart rate and chocolate-brown colored
blood.
Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause methemoglobinemia, cyanosis (bluish discoloration
of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), convulsions, tachycardia, dyspnea (laboured breathing), and
death.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. May cause liver and kidney damage.
See Anionic Surfactants
An emulsifier, buffer in liquid soap, barrier cream, hand lotion, cuticle removers, household cleaners, button
batteries.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes severe eye burns. May cause irreversible eye injury. Contact may cause ulceration of the conjunctiva
 and cornea. Eye damage may be delayed.
Skin: Causes skin burns. May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the skin.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause circulatory system failure. May cause perforation of the digestive tract.
Causes severe digestive tract burns with abdominal pain, vomiting, and possible death.
Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. Causes severe
irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, burns, breathing difficulty, and possible coma.
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated eye contact may cause
conjunctivitis.

Potato starch An emollient used in dry shampoos, baby powders, dusting powders.

A mixture of dried, sweet smelling flowers, leaves, and or spices used as a sachet or pomander. Potpourri has
Potpourri
become a favourite fragrance mixture for various home craft projects.

PPG compounds Used in various cosmetics. See Propylene glycol and ethylene oxide.

Researchers have become increasingly aware of the dangers associated with microbial contamination of topical
skin products and know more today than ever about the sources of contamination. Unfortunately the battle against
Preservatives
contamination is far from won as adaptable organisms continue to cause problems resulting in bacterial infections of
the skin.

Pre-Shave A fragranced liquid used by men before shaving to lubricate the face and prepare the skin.

Proline Amino acid vital to the composition and production collagen.

Propylene Glycol It is the most common moisture-carrying vehicle other than water that is used. Found in most shampoo and
PG conditioners, after shaves, deodorants, mouthwashes and toothpastes, even foodstuffs such as cakes & muffins.
1,2- Propanedial Derived from petroleum products. Also used in anti-freeze, de-icer, latex, paint, and laundry detergent, remove
barnacles from boats. It can cause irritation of nasal and respiratory passages and if ingested, can cause nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhoea. It is documented to cause liver abnormalities and kidney damage. Research also shows it
is mutagenic, and a contributor to cardiac arrest. Japanese studies show it damages cell DNA (genetic code).
Strongly degreases and dries the skin. Permeates skin better than glycerine, but causes more sensitivity reactions.
MSDS: CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN AND EYES.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: No adverse health effects via inhalation.
Ingestion: Relatively non-toxic. Ingestion of sizable amount (over 100ml) may cause some gastrointestinal upset
and temporary central nervous system depression. Effects appear more severe in individuals with kidney problems.
Skin Contact: Mild irritant and defatting agent, especially on prolonged contact.
Eye Contact: May cause transitory stinging and tearing.
 Chronic Exposure: Lactic acidosis, stupor and seizures have been reported following chronic ingestion.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Kidney disorders.

Propylene glycol alginate A stabiliser, binder used in cosmetics, foods. See Propylene Glycol Alginate (405) in the Food Guide.

A preservative in shampoo, beauty masks, nail cream, foundation creams, baby creams.
MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION.
CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY FORM COMBUSTIBLE DUST
CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath.
Propylparaben
Ingestion: Large oral doses may cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May cause allergic skin
reactions.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
Chronic Exposure: No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Individuals sensitive to other paraben's may show cross-sensitivity to this
substance.

Protein consists of amino acids and constitutes about 15% of human body weight. Protein is of critical importance in
Protein the structure and function of cells. Recently the use of proteins has been broadened to skin care since many skin
problems such as chapping and dryness appear to be associated with damage to or actual loss of skin protein.

Psoralen A UV absorber in sunscreens, perfumes, treatment of vitiligo.

A chronic inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause in which skin cells replicate at a rapid rate. Psoriasis cannot
be passed from one person to another, though it is more likely to occur in people whose family members have it.
Psoriasis
The rash usually consists of scaly red patches that can cause itching. Certain conditions, e.g., infection, some
drugs, climate and perhaps hormonal factors and smoking, may trigger attacks.

The areas on the body where the pulse of the heart is felt close to the skin. The pressure of the pulse will generate
Pulse Points heat, therefore forcing the fragrance applied at these points to be enhanced. Pulse points are located behind the
earlobes, at the wrists, behind the knees, on the neck, and in between the breasts.

Pumice An abrasive cleaner in toothpaste, hand cleansing pastes, skin cleansers.

PVP/ VA - Polyvinylpyrrolidone A petroleum-derived chemical, faintly yellow, solid, plastic resin resembling albumen. Used to give a softer set in
shampoos, hairsprays, and lacquers; also a carrier in emollient creams, liquid lip rouge, and face rouge; also a
clarifier in vinegar and a plasma expander in medicine. Inhaled particles may cause problems in the lungs of
 sensitive people. Suspected human teratogenic & carcinogen.
MSDS:
Inhalation: Chronic inhalation of dusts can cause pulmonary damage, blood effects and abnormal liver function.
Skin: Can cause allergic dermatitis.

Pycnogenol An antioxidant in "anti-aging" products, chewing gum, supplements. Considered safe and beneficial.

An antiseptic, oxidiser used in hair dyes, blonde type dyes, skin care preparations.
MSDS:
Extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitiser, permeator). The amount of tissue damage depends on length
of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and
blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by burning,
sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death.
Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by
itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath.
Breathing vapour or dust results in digestive disturbances (vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, diarrhoea, loss of
Pyrocatechol
appetite). Systemic poisoning may occur with symptoms similar to those of ingestion.
Ingestion: Poison. Symptoms may include burning pain in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness,
muscular weakness, irregular breathing, coma, and possibly death. May interfere with blood's capability to carry
oxygen (methemoglobinemia), as evidenced by bluish colour to skin and lips. With catechol exposure, convulsions
are more marked than with phenol exposure, and blood dyscrasias (imbalance of components of the blood) have
been noted.
Skin Contact: Corrosive. May be absorbed through the skin with systemic poisoning effects to follow. Discoloration
and severe burns may occur. May cause allergic skin reactions.
Eye Contact: Corrosive. Redness, pain, blurred vision may occur. May cause severe damage and blindness.
Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure may cause symptoms described for acute poisoning as well as liver
damage.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired
liver or kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

Pyrogallol An antiseptic, colouring used in permanent hair dye, skin care preparation, anti-microbial soothing irritated skin.
MSDS: harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns.
Skin: May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction,
 which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. May cause severe skin irritation with possible burns,
especially if skin is wet or moist.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing,
burns, breathing difficulty, and possible coma.
Chronic: Repeated exposure may cause sensitisation dermatitis.

Used as water repellents, fungicides, emulsifiers, paper and fabric softeners, antistatic agents, and corrosion
inhibitors. Their use in cleaners & laundry fabric softeners, aerosol deodorants, aftershave lotions, anti-dandruff
Quaternary Ammonium Salts
shampoos, hair colourings, mouthwashes, hand creams, shampoos & much more, came from the paper and fabric
QUATS
industries. Eye & skin irritants. Concentrations as low as 0.1 percent are irritating to the eye & mucous membranes .
Ingestion can be fatal.

Toxic chemical, causes skin rashes and allergic reactions. Formaldehyde releasers. More effective against bacteria
than against moulds and yeast. Found in dishwashing products and some cosmetics.
See Nitrosating agents
See Formaldehyde
Quaternium-7, 15, 31, 60, etc
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):
Skin: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause skin irritation. May cause more severe response if the skin is
damp.
May be a week skin sensitiser in susceptible individuals at greater than 1% in aqueous solution.

A colourant, antioxidant in dark brown shades of hair dyes, food additives, dyeing hair pieces, supplements.
Quercetin
Considered safe; may cause allergic reactions; teratogenic. On NIH hazards list.

Many plants (soap plants) contain substances called saponins which form a natural lather in water that is a gentle
Quillia Extract but effective natural cleaner and some have been used as an alternative to soap in shampoos, skin cleaners, soaps,
food and beverage flavour. Generally regarded as safe

An anaesthetic, flavouring in hair tonics, sunscreen preparations, tonic water, "bitter lemon" drinks, cold and
Quinine headache remedies. Large or long-term dosages can cause headaches, skin rashes, intestinal cramps, tinnitus;
cardiovascular and liver toxicity; teratogenic.

Quinoline A solvent, colourant used in manufacture of cosmetic dyes, preservative for anatomical specimens.
MSDS: Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).
Light sensitive.
 Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. Causes redness and pain.
Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and
possible burns.
Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath and
delayed lung oedema. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
Chronic: Possible cancer hazard based on tests with laboratory animals. May cause liver and kidney damage.

Natural oils used in cosmetics should be cold pressed. The refined vegetable oils found on supermarket shelves and
many health food stores which lack colour, odour and taste are devoid of nutrients, essential fatty acids, vitamins
and un-saponifiables - all valuable skin conditioning agents! They also contain poisonous "trans" fatty acids as a
result of the refining process.
Rancid Natural Emollients
Another important factor to consider with creams made from plant oil is the use-by date. The most beneficial plant
oils (like rosehip, borage and evening primrose oils) are polyunsaturated, which means they oxidise and go rancid
fairly quickly (about 6 months). Most off-the-shelf cosmetics have a shelf life of three years. Rancid oils are harmful,
they form free-radicals, which damage and age your skin.

A substance used to cure or heal an illness, pain or disorder. This can be a prepared medication, a natural
Remedy
substance found in nature, or a combination of the two.

Resveratrol Antioxidant which supports and protects collagen.

Retin A (Also called retinoic acid)

Retinoic Acid A prescription drug for the treatment of acne. Is also believed to help repair sun damage. A derivative of Vitamin A.

A series of compounds derived from Vitamin A. These compounds are found in skin and aid in its normal
Retinoids/Retinol functioning; fat soluble; depending upon concentration, estimated to be approximately 10 times less effective than
tretinoin.

A preservative, additive in massage creams and oils, skin care preparations, topical acne treatments. Considered to
Retinol
have beneficial health effects; excess levels can cause yellow skin, birth defects and liver toxicity.

A form of Vitamin A (also known as Vitamin A Palmitate) that is included in skin formulations and considered a more
Retinyl Palmitate stable alternative to retinal for normalizing the skins texture and helping smooth out fine lines. Is the ester of retinol
combined with palmitic acid; thought to be less irritating than retinol.
Retinyl Palmitate Polypeptide Water soluble formulation of Vitamin A.

An emollient in baby powders, face powders, foods. Allergic reactions; can clog pores inhibiting proper skin function;
Rice starch
acne.

Ricinoleamide DEA An antistatic agent in cosmetics. Contains DEA see Diethanolamine.

Ricinoleic acid An emollient, emulsifier in soaps, lipsticks, contraceptive jelly. Allergic reactions; dermatitis. On NIH hazards list.

The healing virtues of the rose have been known since antiquity. Helps soothe dry, sensitive skin. Found in skin
Rose Oil
creams, sun care products. Food flavouring.

Rose Hips Scarlet fruit (called "hips") or botanical extract of rose petals found to have high concentrations of vitamin C.

A physical and mental stimulant, and an astringent healer used to treat muscle soreness. Found in bubble bath, skin
Rosemary oil / extract
cream, shampoo, food flavouring.3.

Rosin A viscosity control in soaps, mascaras, wax depilatories, chewing gum, varnishes.

Royal bee jelly A biological additive in cosmetics or food.

Dental care products, lipsticks. Overt Carcinogen. According to Dr. Epstein, "The evidence on the carcinogenicity of
saccharin is literally overwhelming."
MSDS: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Cancer suspect agent. The toxicological properties of this material
have not been fully investigated. Possible risks of irreversible effects.

Potential Health Effects

Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Saccharin
Skin: May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been
fully investigated. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully
investigated.
Chronic: May cause cancer according to animal studies. May cause reproductive and foetal effects. Laboratory
experiments have resulted in mutagenic effects.

A small decorative bag filled with fragrant material used to enhance ones home, used to scent clothing in drawers,
Sachets
shoes, furniture, luggage.
Saffron A colouring, flavouring in perfumes, cosmetics, food, marking ink.

A fragrance, flavouring in cheap soaps, perfumes and a possible beverage flavouring. Safrole was once widely used
as a food additive in root beer, sassafras tea, and other common goods. However, the FDA barred the use of safrole
after it was shown to be mildly carcinogenic. Today, safrole is also banned for use in soap and perfumes by IFRA. It
is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide piperonyl butoxide. More recently, safrole has been used as the
main precursor for the clandestine manufacture of MDMA (Ecstasy) and MDEA (Eve).
Safrole MSDS:
Harmful if swallowed. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. May cause cancer.

Potential Health Effects

The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent
opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.

A flavouring in ice cream, jam, cake mixes, chewing gum, antiseptics. See Methyl Salicylate. Allergic reactions in
Salicylates
people sensitive to aspirin; hyperactivity; kidney, cardiovascular and neurotoxicity; asthma.

The active ingredient in aspirin. Classified as a BHA (beta hydroxy acid); medically used as an exfoliant and
debriding agent. Cosmetically used in some chemical peels and to reduce oiliness, acne and the appearance of fine
lines, also as an antiseptic and preservative. Occurs naturally in plants but can be synthetically created from
phenol. Used in skin softener, face masks, make-up, hair dye remover, deodorant, suntan lotion, food, fungicide,
topical treatment for acne. Avoid contact with face, genitals and mucous membranes.
MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. AFFECTS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, KIDNEYS, AND PANCREAS. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY TRACT.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Inhalation of dust may cause irritation due to its acidic character. Coughing, sneezing, and shortness of
Salicylic Acid
breath may occur.
Ingestion: Ingestion of sizable amounts can cause "salicylism", as evidenced by abdominal pain, vomiting,
increased respiration, and mental disturbances. Fatalities resulting from respiratory or cardiovascular failure are
known. Mean lethal adult dose of salicylates is between 20 and 30 grams.
Skin Contact: Mild irritant, may cause skin rash in sensitive individuals. Absorption of large amounts may produce
symptoms paralleling ingestion exposure.
Eye Contact: Severe irritant by animal testing.
Chronic Exposure: Central nervous system disturbances such as rapid breathing, confusion and even convulsions
may develop. Kidneys and pancreas can be affected by prolonged ingestion.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired
kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
 Many plants (soap plants) contain substances called saponins which form a natural lather in water that is a gentle
Saponins (Quillia Extract)
but effective natural cleaner and some have been used as an alternative to soap.

Sarcosines and sarcosinates A surfactant in shampoo, soaps, dentifrices, lubricating oils, dishwashing liquids.

Sandalwood Oil Deep, soft, sweet, woody balsamic scent. Highly esteemed in China and India. Plays a part in Hindu ritual.

Essential oil obtained from the roots of the Sassafras tree. Is a healing and antiseptic extract that can reduce
Sassafras
irritation and swelling. Also used in perfumes, soaps, dentifrices, flavour in food, topical antiseptic.

A fat usually of animal origin. When fatty acid chains can't accommodate any more hydrogen atoms they become
Saturated Fats
saturated.

Sebaceous Glands Glands in the skin that open into hair follicles and from which sebum is secreted.

A condition in which there is over-activity of the sebaceous glands. The distinctive characteristics of the disorder are
Seborrhea its common occurrence in hair areas (especially the scalp), the appearance of well-demarcated, dull yellowish-red
lesions, and the associated presence of greasy or dry scales. Rashes can occur on the face, shoulders and chest.

Seaweed High in vitamins A, B - complex, C and E. A skin and scalp nutrient, soothing and toning.

Anti dandruff shampoos and tinea treatments. Can severely irritate eyes. May cause dryness or oiliness of hair or
scalp.
MSDS: Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Danger of cumulative effects. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may
cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

Potential Health Effects

Selenium Sulphide
Eye: May cause eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin irritation. May cause dermatitis.
Ingestion: Poison by ingestion. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May
cause alopecia (loss of hair).
Inhalation: May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing,
wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary oedema. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been
fully investigated. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, oedema of the larynx and bronchi,
chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. Toxic if inhaled.
Chronic: Chronic ingestion may cause liver damage. Chronic ingestion may cause central nervous system failure.

Sesame Oil Softens skin.

Shea Butter An excellent emollient for skin moisturizers made from Mangifolia Tree Nuts High in triglycerides and fatty acids.
 Highly oil absorbent. Some silica used in cosmetics, especially amorphous hydrated silica, may be contaminated
Silica
with small amounts of crystalline quartz. Crystalline silica is carcinogenic.

Silicone emollients are occlusive - that is they coat the skin, trapping anything beneath it, and do not allow the skin
to breathe (much like plastic wrap would do.)

Recent studies have indicated that prolonged exposure of the skin to sweat, by occlusion, causes skin irritation.
Some synthetic emollients are known tumour promoters and accumulate in the liver and lymph nodes. They are also
non-biodegradable, causing negative environmental impact.
Silicone derived emollients
Dimethicone
Dimethicone Copolyol
Cyclomethicone
Silicone was and still is used as breast implants. Tens of thousands of women with breast implants have complained
of debilitating symptoms. Anecdotal evidence indicates silicone to be toxic to the human body. For more detailed
information on the dangers of silicone simply key "silicone toxicity" into a search engine.

Silk Powder Incorporated into cosmetic powders to help absorb skin moisture and oils.

Silk Proteins Prevents dehydration; commonly found in eye rejuvenation creams.

A hair dye in metallic dyes.

MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns.
Skin: Causes severe skin irritation. Causes skin burns.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and
Silver nitrate
possible burns.
Inhalation: Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, burns, breathing difficulty, and possible
coma.
Chronic: May cause methemoglobinemia, which is characterized by chocolate-brown colored blood, headache,
weakness, dizziness, breath shortness, cyanosis (bluish skin due to deficient oxygenation of blood), rapid heart rate,
unconsciousness and possible death.

In the course of development before birth, skin is particularly associated with the nervous system. It is therefore not
surprising that so many skin diseases are influenced by the emotional states. Other causes of skin disease are
Skin Disease
infections, glandular disorders and vitamin deficiencies. Early detection and treatment improve the prognosis for
many skin conditions and medical advice can lead to beneficial therapy.

Skin Texture Appearance of the skin which may be rough, smooth, dull, dry and scaly, etc.
 Makeup: Consistency with skin colour.
Skintone
Skincare: Refers to the skin's firmness.

A cleansing material made of oils, detergents and fragrance, used on skin. Comes in many different forms; bar
Soap soap, liquid soap, gels, and flakes. The detergents in soap combine with water to penetrate the skin, attract the dirt
particles and separate them from the skin, making them easier to then rinse away.

Sodium Alginate Natural compound. Mostly used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

A cleanser in shampoo, bath and shower products. May cause eye and skin irritation and sensitisation; foetal
Sodium alpha-olefin sulphonates
abnormalities

Sodium Ascorbate Used in cosmetics as an antioxidant and preservative.

Sodium Bicarbonate Neutralizes acid, making products less irritating; commonly known as baking soda.

Sodium Bisulphite Artificial chemical that is used as a hair relaxer and a preservative.

Sodium Borate Used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, preservative and detergent builder. Related to boric acid; potential irritant.

Used in cosmetics as a humectant , buffer, alkaliser, oxidising agent in shampoo, vaginal douches, soaps,
permanent wave solution, bath salts, dishwashing liquid, cigarettes, pesticides. Breathing difficulty, abdominal pain,
collapse from ingestion; liver toxicity; can cause scalp, forehead and hand rash.
MSDS: DANGER! MAY CAUSE EYE BURNS. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. CAUSES IRRITATION
TO SKIN AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Inhalation of dust may cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms from excessive inhalation of
dust may include coughing and difficult breathing. Excessive contact is known to cause damage to the nasal
Sodium Carbonate
septum.
Ingestion: Sodium carbonate is only slightly toxic, but large doses may be corrosive to the gastro-intestinal tract
where symptoms may include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, collapse and death.
Skin Contact: Excessive contact may cause irritation with blistering and redness. Solutions may cause severe
irritation or burns.
Eye Contact: Contact may be corrosive to eyes and cause conjunctival oedema and corneal destruction. Risk of
serious injury increases if eyes are kept tightly closed. Other symptoms may appear from absorption of sodium
carbonate into the bloodstream via the eyes.
Chronic Exposure: Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause sensitisation.

Sodium Citrate Crystalline salt. Used in cosmetics as a sequestrant and an alkaliser, and in foods as a buffering agent.
Sodium chloride A preservative, viscosity control in shampoos, liquid hand wash, bubble baths, mouthwash, food, butter, meats,
table salt cigarettes. Can be irritating and corrosive to skin and mucous membranes; dry skin; skin rash; teratogenic.

Sodium Cocoyl Sarcosinate A surfactant used in shampoo, hand and body wash. See Anionic Surfactants. See Sarcosines.

Sodium cocoyl isethionate A surfactant in bar soap, body wash, skin scrubs. Considered safe.

Sodium Cyanide Carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and causes adverse reactions

A preservative, oral care in cosmetics, toothpastes, dentifrices, cigarettes. See Fluoride.

MSDS: DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. AFFECTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, HEART,
SKELETON, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND KIDNEYS. CAUSES IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. IRRITATION EFFECTS MAY BE DELAYED.
Potential Health Effects
If inhaled or swallowed, this compound can cause fluoride poisoning. Early symptoms include nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, and weakness. Later effects include central nervous system effects, cardiovascular effects and death.

Inhalation: Causes severe irritation to the respiratory tract, symptoms may include coughing, sore throat, and
laboured breathing. May be absorbed through inhalation of dust; symptoms may parallel those from ingestion
exposure. Irritation effects may not appear immediately.
Sodium fluoride Ingestion: Toxic! May cause salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of weakness,
tremors, shallow respiration, carpopedal spasm, convulsions, and coma may follow. May cause brain and kidney
damage. Affects heart and circulatory system. Death may occur from respiratory paralysis. Estimated lethal dose =
5-l0 grams.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation, with redness and pain. Solutions are corrosive. Effects may not appear
immediately.
Eye Contact: Eye irritant! May cause irritation and serious eye damage. Effects may not immediately appear.
Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure may cause mottling of teeth and bone damage (osteosclerosis) and
fluorosis. Symptoms of fluorosis include brittle bones, weight loss, anaemia, calcified ligaments, general ill health
and joint stiffness.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of
fluoride are individuals that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some forms of renal impairment.

Related to Hyaluronic acid (salt form), works to moisturize the skin; can hold more than 1000 times its own weight in
Sodium Hyaluronate
water.

Sodium Hydroxide Also known as caustic soda or lye. A powerful alkali used in industry for cleaning drains and pipe lines also used in
oven cleaners. Workers exposed to steam containing sodium hydroxide have suffered lung damage and an
increased risk of throat cancer. Used in toothpastes and as a pH adjuster in skin creams. Causes contact dermatitis
and may sensitise individuals to other chemicals. Why is it included in toothpastes? The action of the lye helps
 remove stains and discolorations on teeth.; This seems to be an extreme way to get whiter teeth!

MSDS: POISON! DANGER! CORROSIVE. May be fatal if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Causes burns to the area
of contact. Reacts with water, acids and other materials.
Ingestion: Corrosive! Swallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. Severe scarring of tissue
and death may result. Symptoms may include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhoea, fall in blood pressure. Damage may
appears days after exposure.
Skin Contact: Corrosive! Contact with skin can cause irritation or severe burns and scarring with greater
exposures.
Eye Contact: Corrosive! Causes irritation of eyes, and with greater exposures it can cause burns that may result in
permanent impairment of vision, even blindness.
Chronic Exposure: Prolonged contact with dilute solutions has a destructive effect upon tissue.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired
respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

Sodium hydroxymethyl glycinate A Preservative in cosmetics. May release formaldehyde.

Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLES) When combined with other chemicals, SLES and ALES (Ammonium Laureth Sulphate). It is frequently disguised in
semi-natural cosmetics with the explanation "comes from coconut". May be contaminated with 1,4 dioxane (a known
carcinogen). At 15% SLES is severely irritating. Can react with amines (such as DEA, TEA, MEA) to form
carcinogenic nitrosamines. Can be retained in tissues up to 5 days even after a single drop.

See Anionic Surfactants

See Ethoxylated surfactants
See Nitrosating agents

MSDS:
WARNING! Causes skin and eye irritation! Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Classified as a moderate to
severe eye irritant.
Acute Effects:
Harmful if inhaled or swallowed.
May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Causes severe eye irritation.
Material is irritating to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath,
headache, nausea and vomiting.
May cause allergic respiratory reaction.
The Sodium Salt of Dodecyl Sulphate has been reported to cause pulmonary sensitisation resulting in hyperactive
airway dysfunction and pulmonary allergy accompanied by fatigue, malaise and aching. Significant symptoms of

Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS)
Sodium lauryl sulphoacetate
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate
Sodium myreth sulphate
Sodium myristoyl sarcosinate
Sodium C14-C16 olefin
Sodium Thioglycolate
Sodium Oleth Sulphate
exposure can persist for more than two years and can be activated by a variety of non-specific environmental stimuli
such as automobile exhaust, perfumes and passive smoking.
Chronic Effects:
Damage to lungs.
To the best of our knowledge, the chemical, physical, and toxicological properties have not been thoroughly
investigated.
An ingredient in 90% of commercially available shampoo and conditioner. Corrodes hair follicle and impedes hair
growth. Is found in car wash soap, engine degreaser, toothpaste, cream, lotion, and garage floor cleaners.
Penetrates your eyes, brain, liver kidneys and remains there for a long time. Degenerates cell membranes and can
change the genetic information (mutagenic) in cells and damage the immune system. May cause blindness and lead
to cataracts. Eyes cannot heal properly. Retards the eye healing process. Studies also show that these additives
react with the ingredients of food supplements or cosmetics, to form carcinogenic nitrates and dioxin. All of this may
enter the circulatory system with each shampooing or each oral ingestion. The end result being that these harmful
ingredients can be retained in the liver, heart, eyes, kidneys and muscles for several years after being used. It is
further reported to cause eye irritations, skin rashes, hair loss, dandruff and allergic reactions. It's damage to mouth
tissues from use in toothpaste could lead to an increase in gum disease where a trial of a toothpaste without SLS
reduced mouth ulcers by 60%. Long term exposure on the scalp can cause hair loss and dandruff. Research has
shown that SLS, combined with other chemicals can be transformed into nitrosamines, a potent class of
carcinogens. At only 2% SLS is extremely irritating.
A surfactant in cream shampoos, cleansing creams, bath bombs. Mild to strong skin irritation; slight eye irritation;
slightly toxic to rats in oral doses.
An emulsifier, surfactant in cosmetics. May cause formation of nitrosamines.
See Nitrosating agents
See Anionic Surfactants
An emulsifier in shampoos. Mild to moderate eye irritation in animal studies.
A surfactant, antistatic agent in moisturisers. See Sarcosines.
A surfactant in cosmetics, hair conditioner, shampoo. May cause skin irritation; hair dryness and denaturing; may
cause nitrosamine formation.
A chemical used in permanents as a hair relaxer. Is a primary irritant.
An emulsifier in cosmetics. May contain dangerous levels of ethylene oxide and/or 1,4-dioxane, both potent toxins.
Sodium silicate An anti-caking agent used in barrier creams, soaps, depilatories, preserving eggs, laundry detergent. Can cause
water glass skin and mucous membrane irritation; vomiting and diarrhoea when ingested.

Sodium stearate An emulsifier, surfactant in toothpastes, soapless shampoos, shaving lather.

Found in sunscreens, some skin and hair care products. May increase the absorption of other chemicals. Can have
Solvents
health impacts when inhaled.

Sorbic Acid Preservative; primarily protects product from yeast overgrowth.

Sorbitan laurate An emulsifier in cosmetic creams and lotions. Generally recognised as safe; may cause contact urticaria.

Sorbitan monolaurate Many cosmetics. Caused adverse reproductive effects in animals & may be a carcinogen

An emulsifier, plasticiser in cosmetics, eye shadows. Considered safe; may cause contact urticaria and allergic
Sorbitan oleate
reactions.

Sorbitan palmitate Generally recognised as being safe; may cause contact dermatitis.

Sorbitan stearate Generally recognised as being safe; may cause contact urticaria.

Sorbitol Derived from fruit or algae. A humectant that gives skin a velvety feel. Gives a lubricant quality to lotions.

Sugar-based ingredient; pulls water by osmosis from the largest source. Pale yellow oil. Consists of mostly
Soybean Oil glycerides of linoleic, oleic, linolenic, and palmitic acids. Typically this is the air, so it helps hydrate skin. In arid
conditions, however, water will be pulled out of the skin, resulting in dehydration. May be GM.

Soytimonium chloride A preservative, emulsifier in cosmetics. See Quaternary ammonium compounds.

A fragrance, flavouring used in perfumes, toothpaste, perfumed cosmetics, food, chewing gum, cigarettes. Essential
Spearmint Oil
oil obtained from the fresh spearmint plant. Known for its healing, soothing properties.

Spermaceti An emollient in shampoos, cold creams. Considered non-toxic but may become rancid and cause skin irritation.

Squalane A lubricant, emollient in skin and hair cosmetics. Considered safe.

An emollient, antistatic agent in skin care products, hair dyes, fixative in perfumes, shark liver oil, supplements.
Squalene
Considered to have beneficial health effects.

Starch A thickener in dusting powder, baby powders, dry shampoos, processed foods. Poorly digested; cosmetics can
 cause acne; dermatitis; hay fever.

A thickener, binder in cosmetics, processed food, baby foods, cigarette. Safety concern about the bodies resistance
Starch - modified to chemicals used to modify the starch; diarrhoea in babies; when used in cosmetics can cause acne; hay fever;
dermatitis.

Stannous fluoride An oral care agent. See Fluoride.

Used almost universally in hair conditioners as a preservative. It was originally developed by the textile industry for
use as a fabric softener , and is a lot cheaper and easier to use in hair conditioning formulas than proteins or
Stearalkonium Chloride
herbals, which do help hair health. Toxic. See Cationic surfactants. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. It also
has antistatic properties.

Stearamide DEA An opacifier, antistatic used in shampoo, hair conditioner. DEA related ingredient, see Diethanolamine.

Stearamide MEA An opacifier, antistatic used in shampoo, hair conditioner. MEA related ingredient, see Monoethanolamine.

Stearamidopropyl betaine An antistatic agent in hair conditioners. See Quaternary ammonium compounds

An antistatic agent, emulsifier in hair conditioners. Allergic dermatitis; may promote the formation of nitrosamines.
Stearamidopropyl diethylamine
See Nitrosamines.

Nitrosamines can form in all cosmetic ingredients containing amines and amino derivatives with nitrogen
Stearamidopropyl Tetrasodium EDTA
compounds. Nitrosamines are known carcinogens.

Steareth-2,-4,-7,-10,-20,-30 Used as lotions and emulsifiers.

Waxy, crystalline fatty acid used as an emulsifier, anti-caking agent used in deodorants, hand creams, barrier
Stearic Acid creams, soaps, chewing gum base, suppositories. Found in cocoa butter and other vegetable fats. It is mainly from
tallow and other animal fats. May cause irritation; health effects not adequately investigated.

Stearoyl sarcosine An antistatic agent in shaving gel. See Sarcosines.

An emollient, opacifier in depilatories, hair rinse, moisturisers, shampoos, pharmaceuticals. May cause allergic
Stearyl alcohol
reactions and contact dermatitis in people with sensitive skin.

A natural sweetener, oral care agent used in toothpastes, dental care products, food, dietary supplements. No
Stevia and stevioside
known side effects

Styrene A binder in the manufacture of cosmetic resins, chewing gum, manufacture of plastics. Liver, blood, endocrine,
 kidney and neurotoxicity; teratogenic and neurotoxicity; carcinogenic.
MSDS: DANGER! FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. AFFECTS CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM, LIVER AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. A central
nervous system depressant. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary oedema), a
medical emergency.
Ingestion: May cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
May cause central nervous system depression. Symptoms may include lethargy, drowsiness, staggering and
sleepiness. May cause possible convulsions and risk of pulmonary oedema.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May produce blisters. May be
absorbed through the skin.
Eye Contact: May cause irritation, redness, pain, and corneal damage.
Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, appetite loss, a sensation of drunkenness,
general weakness, and functional disorders of the nervous system and liver. May cause dermatitis. Women may
experience ovulation and menstrual disorders. May cause mutagenic and teratogenic effects.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, liver disease,
central nervous system disorders, or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the
substance.

Styrene/PVP copolymer A film former, opacifier used in liquid eyeliners. See styrene and Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Stratum Corneum The topmost layer of cells of the epidermis.

Carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and causes adverse reactions. May be irritating to the eyes and mucous
Styrene Monomer
membranes.

Subcutaneous The third and innermost layer of the skin.

Artificial liquid. Made with sulphated oils. Used to make manufactured soaps and detergents. Harmful to marine life
Sulphate
and the environment.

A preservative, antioxidant used in hair waves, hair dyes, artificial tanning products, foods and beverages,
Sulphites cellophane for food packaging. Asthma; anaphylactic shock; skin rash; nausea; stomach irritation; diarrhoea;
swelling; destroys vitamin B1.

A antibiotic used in cosmetics, nail polish, treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Itching; skin rash; swelling;
Sulphonamide
hives; kidney toxicity; teratogenic. On NIH hazards list.
 Helps kill normal bacteria on the skin improving acne, seborrhea and psoriasis conditions. Typically found in soaps,
Sulphur
shampoos and some topical acne medications.

Sugar Cane Extract Gently removes damaged, dead and dry cell so fresh, healthy-looking skin can appear.

Sunflower Oil Extracted from sunflower seeds it is rich in essential fatty acids.

Sunscreens provide protection from damaging/ harmful effects of UVB/ UVA rays. Sunscreens with a high Sun
Sunscreen/Sun block Protection Factor (SPF) can minimize the danger of photo damage and skin cancers. Sun blocks provide 100%
protection from the sun and therefore do not enable one to tan.

A biological additive, antioxidant used in hair care products, skin screens, encapsulated and injectable
Super oxide dismutase
pharmaceuticals. Considered safe and beneficial.

A material (substance) that helps oil and water to mix so that the two will not separate and will remain a smooth
Surfactant stable cream or lotion (Emulsifier). They are also are important for cosmetics where mildness is needed such as
shampoos and lotions.

It is derived in powder form from the mineral magnesium silicate. It can be hazardous to ones health, and is toxic
with prolonged inhalation. Some talc found to contain amphibole particle distribution typical to asbestos, which is
Talc (more info)
cancer causing and a known lung irritant. Scientific studies have shown that women who use talc in the genital area
are 3.28 times more likely to contract ovarian cancer (Journal Cancer 1982)

Talcum powder An absorbent. See Talc.

Used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, an emulsifier, a preservative, and in soap formulations. May be harmful when
contaminated by nitrosamines. Causes allergic reactions including eye problems, dryness of hair and skin, and
could be toxic if absorbed into the body over a long period of time. These chemicals are already restricted in Europe
due to known carcinogenic effects.
From Material Safety Data Sheet:
TEA - Triethanolamine Special Hazard Precautions: Product is severely irritating to body tissues and possibly corrosive to the eyes.
Handle with care. Avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid breathing vapours if generate. If there is a danger of eye
contact, wear a face shield.
Explanation Carcinogenicity: Amines react with nitrosating agents to form nitrosamides, which are carcinogenic.
See Anionic Surfactants
See Nitrosating agents

TEA-Lauryl Sulphate Used as synthetic detergent. A combination of triethanolamine and the salt of lauryl sulphuric acid. See
 Triethanolamine and Sodium lauryl sulphate.

Tea Tree A plant found in Australia, used for its unique fragrance and healing properties.

Derived from the tree Melaleuca alternifolia. Used as an antiseptic and germicide. Also used for insect bites, skin
Tea Tree Oil problems, as a dentifrice, and mouthwash. Cosmetic applications are often dandruff shampoos, face masks, and
topical creams.

Found in: cologne, perfume, soap, shaving cream, deodorant, air freshener - Causes asthma and central nervous
g-TERPINENE
system disorders.

Found in: perfume, cologne, laundry detergent, bleach powder, laundry bleach, fabric softener, stickup air freshener,
vaseline lotion, cologne, soap, hairspray, after shave, roll-on deodorant - highly irritating to mucous membranes.
a-TERPINEOL Aspiration into the lungs can produce pneumonitis or even fatal oedema. Can also cause excitement, ataxia (loss of
muscular coordination), hypothermia, central nervous system and respiratory depression, and headache. Prevent
repeated or prolonged skin contact.

An antioxidant in cosmetics, lipstick, eye shadow, foods. Allergic reactions; contact dermatitis; birth defects in
animals; carcinogenic.
MSDS:
Swallowed: Data suggests that the product should be considered to be harmful by ingestion.
Eye: Data suggests that this product should be classified as irritating to the eyes. May cause problems including
Tertiary butyl hydroquinone
corneal damage or transient blindness if contact is not treated promptly.
Skin: Data suggests that the product should be classified as harmful by skin absorption. May cause skin irritation.
May also cause an allergic skin reaction and/or dermatitis.
Inhalation: Data suggests that the product should be considered to be non irritating and non toxic by inhalation.
Primary route of exposure is inhalation and skin and eye contact.

Tetrabromofluoresein
A colourant in indelible lipsticks, nail polish, dying of wool, silk and paper. Photosensitivity; inflammation of lips;
respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms.
MSDS: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact
(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
POTENTIAL CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
The substance is toxic to mucous membranes. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce
target organs damage.

Tetrasodium EDTA Many skin care products & cosmetics. Eye irritant.

Theobroma oil A botanical emollient in soaps, cosmetics, confectionary, pharmaceuticals. Allergic reactions in people; acne.
 A botanical used in skin conditioner in cosmetics, chocolate, blood vessel dilator. Stimulates the central nervous
Theobromine
system; atrophy of the testicles; endocrine, liver and neurotoxicity; teratogenic.

A preservative, filler in eye preparations, vaccines. Allergic reactions; contact dermatitis. See mercury
compounds. Seehttp://www.nomercury.org/
MSDS extract from Merck (2003):
Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Danger of cumulative effects. Very toxic to aquatic
organisms, may cause long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
MSDS from Sigma (2002):
LABEL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
HIGHLY TOXIC (USA)
VERY TOXIC (EU)
VERY TOXIC BY INHALATION, IN CONTACT WITH SKIN AND IF SWALLOWED.
DANGER OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS.
MAY CAUSE SENSITISATION BY INHALATION AND SKIN CONTACT.
IRRITATING TO EYES, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND SKIN.
CALIFORNIA PROPOSAL 65 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD.
TARGET ORGAN (S): NERVES, KIDNEYS, SENSITISER.
CAUSES IRRITATION.
KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD, DRINK AND ANIMAL FOOD STUFFS.
Thimerosal AFTER CONTACT WITH SKIN, WASH IMMEDIATELY WITH PLENTY OF WATER.
IN CASE OF CONTACT WITH EYES, RINSE IMMEDIATELY WITH PLENTY OF WATER AND SEEK MEDICAL
ADVICE.
WEAR SUITABLE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
IN CASE OF ACCIDENT OR IF YOU FEEL UNWELL, SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE IMMEDIATELY (SHOW THE
LABEL WHERE POSSIBLE).
ACUTE EFFECTS CAUSES SKIN IRRITATION.
MAY BE FATAL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN.
CAUSES EYE IRRITATION.
MAY BE FATAL IF INHALED.
MATERIAL IS IRRITATING TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT.
MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED.
POSSIBLE ALLERGIC REACTION TO DUST IF INHALED, INGESTED OR IN CONTACT WITH THE SKIN.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS MANIFESTED BY ERYTHEMA, PAPULAR OR VESICULAR ERUPTIONS
OCCUR OCCASIONALLY. ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS HAS BEEN REPORTED.
TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED.
CHRONIC EFFECTS TARGET ORGAN (S): NERVES, KIDNEYS
 Compounds capable of breaking down the protein bonds in hair. Used in permanent waves and depilatory agents.
Toxic in small doses and can damage hair and skin.
MSDS:
ACUTE EFFECTS
HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED.
MAY BE HARMFUL IF INHALED.
MAY BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN.
CAUSES EYE AND SKIN IRRITATION.
MATERIAL IS IRRITATING TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT.
EXPOSURE CAN CAUSE: NAUSEA, HEADACHE AND VOMITING
TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED.
Thioglycolate's
TARGET ORGAN DATA
BEHAVIOURAL (SOMNOLENCE)
BEHAVIOURAL (TREMOR)
BEHAVIOURAL (CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD)
BEHAVIOURAL (MUSCLE WEAKNESS)
BEHAVIOURAL (COMA)
LUNGS, THORAX OR RESPIRATION (DYSPNEA)
LUNGS, THORAX OR RESPIRATION (RESPIRATORY STIMULATION)
GASTROINTESTINAL (HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHOEA)
GASTROINTESTINAL (NAUSEA OR VOMITING)
ONLY SELECTED REGISTRY OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (RTECS) DATA IS
PRESENTED HERE. SEE ACTUAL ENTRY IN RTECS FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION

Thiourea A preservative, additive in hair dye, hair preparations, cosmetics, photography, wet suits, silver polish. Skin irritant;
allergic reactions; cardiovascular; immuno and reproductive toxicity; carcinogenic; toxic to aquatic organisms. On
NIH hazard list.
MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. POSSIBLE CANCER HAZARD. MAY CAUSE
CANCER BASED ON ANIMAL DATA. Risk of cancer depends on duration and level of exposure.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May affect bone marrow and consequently white blood cell, red blood cell, and
platelet counts.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation, redness and pain. May also cause allergic skin eruptions. Sunlight may aggravate
skin allergy.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
 Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure can cause liver damage and goitre (an enlarged thyroid gland). May affect
bone marrow which could cause damage to blood. Material is a possible human carcinogen.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to
these substances.

From the dried leaves and flowering tops of the wild, creeping herb. Is antiseptic, disinfectant, cleansing and
Thyme Extract
hygienic.

An additive, fragrance in cosmetics, after shave, mouthwash, food flavouring. Allergic reactions; ingestion can cause
Thymol
nausea; vomiting, dizziness; neurotoxicity.

White powder, physical UV blocker, helps block both UVA and UVB wavelengths of light. Used as a pigment in eye
Titanium Dioxide makeup, sunscreens, and foundation makeup. It is also used as an opacifying agent, for its covering power,
brilliance, and reflectivity.

A less concentrated form of fragrance than perfume, usually 4 to 8%. This is a less aromatic scent, making it more
Toilet Water
suitable for daytime use, and the business world.

Obtained from petroleum, it is used as a solvent in cosmetics, especially nail polish and dyes. It resembles benzene,
and if ingested may cause mild anaemia, liver damage, irritate the skin and respiratory tract. It is used in
pharmaceuticals and petrol as a blending agent. It is toxic and narcotic in high concentrations.
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):
POISON! DANGER!
Inhalation: May cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure may include fatigue,
confusion, headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Peculiar skin sensations (e.g. pins and needles) or numbness may
be produced. Very high concentrations may cause unconsciousness or even death.
Toluene
Ingestion: Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symptoms that parallel over-exposure from
inhalation. Aspiration of material into the lungs can cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal.
Skin Contact: causes irritation. May be absorbed through the skin.
Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain.
Chronic Exposure: Reports of poisoning describe anaemia, decreased blood cell count and bone marrow
hypoplasia. Liver and kidney damage may occur. Repeated or prolonged contact has a defatting action, causing
drying, redness and dermatitis.
EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE MAY AFFECT THE DEVELOPING FOETUS.

Toluene-2, 5-diamine A Hair dye. Harmful to aquatic organisms. See Toluene.

Toluene-3, 4-diamine A Hair dye used also in dyes for furs, textiles, leather.. Harmful to aquatic organisms. See Toluene.
MSDS: Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation
by skin contact. May cause cancer. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic
 environment.

Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Methemoglobinemia is characterized by dizziness, drowsiness,
headache, shortness of breath, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood),
rapid heart rate and chocolate-brown colored blood. Overexposure may cause methemoglobinemia. Toxic if
swallowed.
Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation.

A skin improver used in anti-wrinkle crams, "anti-aging" creams, acne treatment. Considered to have beneficial
Tretinoin
health effects; may cause skin peeling, chapping, blistering and swelling.

Tribromosalan An antiseptic, fungicide in soaps, medicated cosmetics. Banned in the USA in 2000 as it may cause photoallergies.

The initial odour or scent given off by a fragrance after application to the skin. The strongest emission of bouquet,
Top Note
before it is altered by the body chemistry.

Tragacanth Herbal gum. Used as a thickener in cosmetics, and in hair care products as a hairspray or setting-lotion ingredient.

Trichloroethane A solvent, degreaser in cosmetics, nail polish, correction fluid, degreaser, glue, spot remover, detergent.
TCE Skin: TCE, like other organic solvents, can dissolve your skin's natural protective oils. Frequent or prolonged skin
methyl chloroform contact can cause irritation and dermatitis (skin rash), with dryness, redness, flaking, and cracking of the skin. TCE
can be absorbed into the body slowly through healthy skin, or rapidly through damaged skin. TCE quickly penetrates
most ordinary clothing (see Personal Protective Equipment) and can get trapped in gloves and boots; such
exposure can cause burns and blistering.

Eyes, Nose, and Throat: TCE vapour in the air can irritate your eyes, nose, and throat. Liquid TCE splashed in the
eye can sting, but any damage to the eye usually heals within a few days.
Lungs: Exposure to TCE at high levels can irritate the lungs, causing chest pain and shortness of breath. Extreme
overexposure (for example, inside an enclosed or confined space such as a degreasing tank) can cause pulmonary
oedema, a potentially life-threatening condition in which the lungs fill with fluid. However, there is no evidence that
repeated, low-level exposure has any long-term effects on the lung.
Heart: Extremely high concentrations of TCE or other chlorinated solvents can cause heart fibrillation (irregular
heartbeats) that can cause sudden death.
Liver and Kidneys: At very high levels of exposure such as might occur in an enclosed space or during a spill TCE
can injure the liver and kidneys. Liver or kidney damage is rare; it's not at all likely to happen without substantial
effects on the nervous system first, and it's not likely to happen if exposures are kept within the legal workplace
 limits. Generally, such liver or kidney damage is not permanent. However, long-term exposure can contribute to liver
damage from drinking alcohol.
Immune System: There have been reports of certain rare immune diseases such as systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma) and lupus erythematosus among people exposed to TCE, but there has been no good study to show
whether TCE is actually related to any immune system disorder.
Cancer: TCE causes cancer in mice, and there is some evidence that it may also be a weak carcinogen in rats.
Humans exposed to TCE have not been studied well enough to give much information, but the human studies also
suggest that TCE may cause cancer. You should treat TCE as a likely cause of human cancer.
Genetic Changes: There are many ways to test whether a chemical causes genetic mutations. In most tests, TCE
causes little or no mutation.
Reproductive System: Several animal studies and at least one human study have suggested that TCE might
cause birth defects, loss of the foetus, or impaired growth and performance of the offspring. However, there has
been very little consistency among the tests; each experimenter has tended to get results very different from those
of other experimenters, and most tests find little or no effect on pregnancy. You should treat TCE as a possible
hazard to pregnancy.
Other: People who drink alcohol and breathe TCE vapours at nearly the same time can develop degreaser's flush, a
reddening of the face, shoulders, and back that usually goes away within an hour or so after exposure stops.
Info from: Department of Health Services, California, Hazard Evaluation System and Information Service.

Synthetic 'antibacterial' with a chemical structure similar to Agent Orange, is used in antibacterial cleansers, tooth
pastes, baby and household products! The EPA registers Triclosan as a pesticide, giving it high scores as a risk to
human health and the environment. It is in a class of chemicals suspected of causing cancer in humans. Hormone
disruptors can change genetic material, decrease fertility and sexual function and foster birth defects. Internally, it
Triclosan
can lead to cold sweats, circulatory collapse and convulsions. Stored in the body fat, it can accumulate to toxic
2,4,4 Trichloro-2- Hydroxdiphenylether
levels, damaging the liver, kidneys and lungs and can cause paralysis, brain haemorrhages and heart problems.
Tufts University, School of Medicine says Triclosan can force the emergence of ''super bugs'' that it cannot kill. With
a half life of 500 years and a toxicity level of one part per trillion (one drop in 300 Olympic sized swimming pools),
Triclosan may be a contributory factor to the sterility of future generations.

Triethanolamine Used as a buffer, coating additive in hand and body lotion, hair conditioner, "no rinse" shampoo, coating on fresh
TEA fruit and vegetables, detergents. See TEA above.

Trisodium phosphate A buffer, chelating agent in shampoos, bubble baths, cuticle softener, food additive, pesticides.

Amino acid that stimulates fibroblasts to make more collagen when paired with ascorbic acid; plays a role in melanin
Tyrosine
formation.

U
 Found in urine and other body fluids. Used medicinally as a diuretic and in cosmetics. Can cause an allergic
Urea
reaction to those allergic to ammonia and is an eye irritant.

An additive, artificial flavouring in perfumes, chocolate, cheese, lollies, cigarettes, food. Skin irritation; eczema; skin
Vanillin
pigmentation; contact dermatitis. On NIH hazards list.

With a deep smoky, earthy, woody odour, it is used as a tonic and antiseptic. Helps encourage circulation and is also
Vetiver Oil
used for its aromatic, fine fragrance.

Essential for normal growth and contribute to the natural moisturizing factor. The skin is often the first indication of a
Vitamins
vitamin deficiency that can cause dry skin.

Fat-soluble vitamin. Helps remedy rough, dry skin and has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. It has been used
as a topical acne treatment. Some people are allergic to it. It has been used to treat aging skin. It can be obtained
Vitamin A from fish liver oil, liver, carrots, green and yellow vegetables, eggs, milk, and dairy products, margarine, and yellow
fruits. It prevents vitamin C from being oxidized too quickly in the body. Normal dosages are harmless, causes sun
sensitivity and not to be used if pregnant or nursing.

Vitamin B Helps improve chemical effectiveness.

Can preserve cosmetics both in the water phase and in its fat-soluble form. It plays an important role in stimulating
Vitamin C
fibroblast activity building collagen, the connective tissue that holds us together.

Fat-soluble vitamin essential for healthy bones, teeth, and the absorption of calcium, regulates cell turn over. The
Vitamin D
body can produce its own vitamin D from sun exposure. Used in prescription derivatives to help control psoriasis.

Tocopherol; antioxidant; helps prevent ultraviolet light damage to the skin, so is incorporated into a variety of
Vitamin E cosmetic as well as sunscreen preparations. Helps to moisturizer skin as it is oil-soluble. One of the most
compelling natural fat-soluble antioxidants in use, particularly when combined with vitamin C and vitamin A.

Walnut Shell Powder The ground powder of the walnut shell acts as a natural exfoliant.

Most frequently listed main ingredient in skin care products, used in its purest form, void of minerals and other
Water
chemicals, hence the various names like distilled, deionized, purified, etc.

Waxes A film former, emollient used in cosmetics, hair grooming preparations, lipsticks, hair straighteners, coating on fresh
 fruit and vegetables, packaging materials. Generally accepted as safe; may cause allergic reactions depending on
purity. See mineral oil.

Wheat Germ Oil Oil from the embryo of the wheat kernel that is high in vitamin E. Used as a moisturizer in cosmetics.

The plug of a clogged oil gland (pore) lying beneath the surface of the skin. Smaller that a blackhead, it is
White head
sometimes only visible with the help of a magnifying glass

A tonic, flavouring, stimulant and astringent, aromatic oil has a warming action on muscles. Brings relief to swollen
Wintergreen Oil
or sore muscles. See Methyl salicylate.

A natural extract from the leaves and twigs of a shrub. A skin refresher, local anaesthetic and a natural, gentle
Witch Hazel
astringent. It is soothing to the skin and helps regulate sebaceous glands.

Xanthan Gum Thickening agent.

A botanical foaming agent in shampoos, organic cosmetics, root beer flavouring. Considered to have beneficial
Yucca extract
health effects.

Zinc chloride An oral care agent in mouth washes, dentifrices, pesticides. Toxic; mild skin irritation; contact dermatitis; can be
absorbed through the skin; teratogenic; very toxic to aquatic organisms.
MSDS: DANGER! CORROSIVE. CAUSES BURNS TO ANY AREA OF CONTACT. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR
INHALED. AFFECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation: Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may
include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting.
Ingestion: Toxic. May cause irritation or corrosion to the gastrointestinal tract with abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting. May cause delayed death occurring from strictures of the esophageus and pylorus.
Skin Contact: May cause severe irritation, skin burns and ulcerations. Solutions are corrosive. Symptoms include
redness and pain.
Eye Contact: May cause redness, pain, and blurred vision. Splashes from solutions may cause eye damage.
Chronic Exposure: Repeated skin contact can cause varying degrees of problems ranging from dermatitis to
ulcerations. Repeated Inhalation can cause occupational asthma.
 Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Dermatitis, cardiac and respiratory disorders.

An opacifier, viscosity control used in makeup, nail polish. Toxic; may promote acne; nausea and vomiting if
Zinc myristate
ingested.

An opacifier, additive colouring used in skin ointments for ultraviolet protection, nappy rash treatment, anti-
Zinc Oxide perspirant, shaving cream, calamine lotion, sunscreens, hair products, used medically as an antiseptic, astringent
and protective in skin diseases.. Also used for its skin-cleansing properties.

A colouring used in baby powder, hand cream, face powder, tablet manufacture. Skin and eye irritation; lung
Zinc stearate
problems and pneumonitis.

An anti-microbial used in skin tonics, eye lotions, aftershaves, shaving creams, paperboard products. Skin and
Zinc sulphate
mucous membrane irritation; allergic reactions; cardiovascular toxicity.

A solvent or abrasive used in cosmetic creams, antiperspirant, deodorant, preparation of dyes. Considered safe in
Zirconium
non-aerosol products; toxic by inhalation; respiratory toxicity; contact allergic reactions.
20060608