Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dissertao de Mestrado
Unicamp
2009
i
RENATA CANTEIRO
Unicamp
2009
ii
FICHA CATALOGRFICA ELABORADA PELA
BIBLIOTECA DA FACULDADE DE CINCIAS MDICAS
UNICAMP
Bibliotecrio: Sandra Lcia Pereira CRB-8 / 6044
Canteiro, Renata
C167a Avaliao do comprimento da cavidade uterina por meio
da histerometria e ultra-som em mulheres nuligestas e com
gestao prvia / Renata Canteiro. Campinas, SP: [s.n.],
2009.
Ttulo em ingls: Length of the endometrial cavity as measured by uterine sounding and
ultrasonography in women of different parities
Banca examinadora:
e a Deus,
por Sua grandeza ao me permitir conclu-lo.
iv
Agradecimentos
v
Sumrio
vi
Smbolos, Siglas e Abreviaturas
PF Planejamento Familiar
outros sugeriram a adoo de DIU menores para nuligestas. Esta discusso tem se
ultrassom, mtodo mais moderno e preciso que o histermetro, pode orientar para a
Resumo viii
da cavidade uterina em nuligestas e mulheres com gestao prvia foi 3,84
tcnicas, foi maior entre as mulheres com gestao prvia que entre nuligestas.
Esta foi em mdia maior que 3,6cm, que o comprimento da maioria dos DIU
abaixo dessa medida. Isto permite especular que h poucas razes para o
Resumo ix
Summary
new shorter intrauterine devices (IUDs) for nulliparous women in order to reduce
expulsion rate, the length of the endometrial cavity was measured in women with
evaluated 570 women (17 to 52 years old) distributed on 260 nulliparous and
310 parous. Results: The difference between mean values obtained by the uterine
sound and by ultrasound was 0.28 cm. The length of the endometrial cavity on
nulliparous and parous women was 3.84 0.03 and 4.25 0.03, respectively (p
< 0.001) when assessed by the uterine sound and 3.70 0.03 and 3.84 0.03
showed a mean value greater than 3.6 cm which is the length of the most
develop new IUDs with shorter length, because the actual models are fitted to
device.
Summary x
1. Introduo
janeiro de 2006, que regulamenta o PF, o qual deve ser garantido pelo governo (1).
nem sempre tem acesso aos vrios mtodos contraceptivos para viabiliz-lo.
contraceptivos nos sistemas pblicos de sade. Cada caso deve ser considerado
para o casal.
elegibilidade para cada mtodo. Estes critrios consideram todo tipo de risco,
Introduo 11
seja um fator relevante no momento da escolha de um mtodo contraceptivo
LNG). Dentre as caracteristicas do DIU com cobre esto sua longa durao,
uma reviso dos estudos publicados naquela poca, o uso do DIU no foi
em 1976 apontou que qualquer DIU que tivesse projeo dentro do canal
para mulheres com tero menor que a mdia, ou teros de mulheres nuligestas
Introduo 12
(5). Estas evidncias corroboraram com as primeiras instrues de uso do DIU,
histerometria menor que 6cm. Salienta-se que nessa poca a maioria dos DIU no
Entretanto, ao avaliar 471 nulparas usurias do DIU TCu 200B (com 200
primeiro ano de 5,4 por 100 mulheres, comparvel s taxas j conhecidas para
mulheres nuligestas apontou uma taxa de expulso de 3,8 por 100 mulheres ao
Introduo 13
TCu 200 e TCu 300, de 5,4 e 6,1 por 100 mulheres, respectivamente, ao trmino do
primeiro ano (8). No mesmo ano, um estudo com 208 mulheres nulparas na
Sucia descreveu uma taxa de expulso de apenas 0,5 por 100 mulheres ao
trmino do primeiro ano para o DIU TCu 200, e recomendou o mesmo como
foram pareadas com mulheres adultas de controle (que usavam o mesmo modelo
de DIU) que tinham 10 anos a mais de idade e cada uma com a mesma paridade da
adolescentes foi maior que nas adultas (11). Isto mostrou que mulheres mais
Alm do DIU TCu 200B, o modelo DIU 7 com cobre (7-Cu) tambm foi
22 anos, 81% das quais nuligestas, mostrou taxa de expulso de 18 por 100
Introduo 14
mulheres/ano e taxa de gravidez de 2,0 por 100 mulheres/ano. Ainda assim, os
de gravidezes indesejadas nos EUA, portanto o DIU deve ser considerado uma
Introduo 15
cncer do endomtrio, confirmado por Hill (15), e sugeriu este mtodo para
resultados com diferentes modelos de DIU e foi concludo que as mulheres nulparas
com o DIU TCu 380A, esta reviso bibliogrfica identificou trs artigos com
fim do primeiro ano para o DIU TCu 380A foi inferior a 30 por 100 mulheres/ano
100 mulheres/ano. Isto indica que ocorreu um vis na seleo das mulheres ou
Introduo 16
DIU modelo 7-Cu. Este estudo apontou para um maior risco de expulso em
para a expulso do DIU (19). Por outro lado, Araujo e colaboradores (20), em
formato do DIU foi feita com base nessas dimenses. Foram inseridos diversos
Introduo 17
O comprimento da cavidade uterina foi avaliado novamente por Kurz (23)
dados de Kurz (23) devem ser considerados com cautela, visto que o nmero
prejudicando os resultados.
que utilizou esta ferramenta para avaliar o tero no grvido. Wittmann e Chow
Introduo 18
De fato, os aparelhos de ultrassom anteriores a 1990 no apresentavam
4cm e comprimento uterino total inferior a 6,5cm, alm de teros com ante ou
alguns pases, DIU com comprimento menor que este padro. Estes DIU seriam
destas usurias seja menor que o de mulheres com gestao prvia. Neste
Introduo 19
Diante do exposto, pode-se considerar que restam muitas dvidas sobre
pode inferir que a avaliao da cavidade uterina pode ser mais precisa com os
acordo com o nmero de gestaes prvias pode orientar o clnico para os casos
Introduo 20
2. Objetivos
Objetivos 21
3. Sujeitos e Mtodo
3.1. Desenho
Tipo II de 0,20. Este nmero foi determinado em 253 mulheres para o grupo
3.3. Variveis
Sujeitos e Mtodo 22
medido por histerometria atravs da diferena entre o comprimento
Sujeitos e Mtodo 23
3.3.3. Variveis de controle
antropomtrica.
Sujeitos e Mtodo 24
Critrios de incluso
Ausncia de gravidez;
Critrios de excluso
Sujeitos e Mtodo 25
Este procedimento foi realizado somente por trs professionais que atuam no
de 5 MHz. O exame foi realizado somente por trs professionais que atuam no
da amostra.
Sujeitos e Mtodo 26
4. Publicao
Kind regards,
Publicao 27
Length of the endometrial cavity as measured by uterine sounding and
Correspondence:
Luis Bahamondes
Telephone: +55-19-3289-2856
Fax: +55-19-3289-2440
E-mail: bahamond@caism.unicamp.br
Publicao 28
Abstract
Background: In view of current controversies regarding the need for new, shorter
descriptive study was performed including 570 women of 17-52 years of age, 260
of whom were nulligravidas and 310 parous. Results: The difference in mean
was 0.28cm. Mean endometrial cavity length was 3.84 0.03cm (mean SEM) in
the endometrial cavity was >3.6 cm, the length of the most common IUD, the
models fit most women, including nulligravidas, albeit one third of the women of
device.
Publicao 29
1. Introduction
different models were compared in nulliparous and parous women [1]. Different
outcomes were found with the different models of IUDs and of the 20
compared to parous women. The specific data for the TCu 380A IUD indicated
expulsion rates for nulliparous women that ranged from 3.3 to 6.2 per 100
women/year. On the other hand, other studies have reported only minimal
differences in expulsion rates between nulliparous and parous women using the
TCu380A IUD [2] and a normal expulsion rate (5.4 per 100 women/year) in
the TCu 380A (length 36.2 mm), a new TCu 380 Nul (length 29.5 mm), and the
ML Cu 375 SL (length 28.9 mm). A low expulsion rate was found with the two
shorter models in nulliparous women; however, the continuation rate at the end
of the first year for the TCu 380A IUD was below 30 per 100 women/year. For
the other models, the continuation rate was almost 85 per 100 women/year.
These results indicate that patient selection was biased or that the data were
In a previous study, Kurz [6] evaluated the cervical canal and the length
and width of the uterine cavity using a device called a Cavimeter. According to
Publicao 30
the measurements obtained, the investigator then decided which IUD should be
inserted. The IUD models consisted of the TCu 200 with shorter horizontal
arms, the Cu7 200, the Multiload 250 and the Progestasert. The results
showed a low expulsion rate with the modified TCu 200 IUD. On the other hand,
Petersen et al. [7] compared the axial length of the uterine cavity and the length
of inserted IUDs and found no relationship between the length of the IUD and
In addition, the length of the uterine cavity was assessed in 795 women,
62% of whom were nulliparous [8]. The average length of the uterine cavity was
who had undergone one abortion (16%). In women who had had 1, 2-3 or >3
deliveries (12.9%, 7.8%, and 1.6%, respectively), mean length of the uterine
cavity was 33mm; 35.2mm, and 36.9mm, respectively. These differences may
number of women who had previously delivered three or more children was
be used to measure the endometrial cavity. However, only one study has used
evaluated 74 women using the Cu7 or TCu 200 IUDs. These investigators did
not consider ultrasound an adequate instrument for assessing the length of the
Publicao 31
uterine cavity and cervical canal due to the difficulty in measuring the length of
with a length of 36-32mm such as the TCu 380A IUD and the levonorgestrel-
relation to the expulsion rate, some authors recommended new shorter models
of IUD for nulliparous women, admitting that the length of the uterine cavity is
design of currently available IUDs for use by women with shorter uterine cavities
exposure before the necessary approval was obtained from the regulatory
authorities. In addition, findings from studies carried out so far with IUDs of
whether the cause of the higher expulsion rates is a shorter uterine cavity. For
this reason it was decided to conduct the present study with the objective of
Publicao 32
Institutional Review Board approved the study, and all participants signed an
who had requested to have an IUD inserted and nulligravidas women who were
attending the clinic for an infertility consultation were invited to participate in the
study. The inclusion criterion in the case of parous women was that their last
delivery or abortion had to have occurred more than 3 months prior to this
or uterine synechiae, having had prior surgery on the cervix or having used
inclusion and exclusion criteria were identical to those for parous women; however,
Women with regular periods were evaluated within the first 5 days of the
menstrual cycle, while women with irregular periods were evaluated at any time
during the menstrual cycle. Following enrollment, each woman underwent pelvic
sound to carefully determine first the length of the cervical canal alone and then
the length of the endometrial cavity. After that, the length of the endometrial
used to measure the endometrial cavity has already been described elsewhere
[10] and permits measurement from the fundus up to the internal cervical os.
Publicao 33
2.1. Statistical analysis
Calculation of sample size was based on a previous study [8], with a type
I (alpha) error of 5% and a type II error of 20%, resulting in a sample size of 253
nulligravidas and 253 parous women. The dependent variable was the length of
while the independent variable was the number of times the woman had become
analysis was performed in which the dependent variable was endometrial length
(in cm) measured by uterine sounding [Model 1] and endometrial length (in cm)
(in cm), number of deliveries (none/ 1) and number of abortions (none/ 1).
error of the mean (SEM) and the significance level was established at p< 0.005.
3. Results
while 310 were parous. The mean age ( SD) of the participants was 32.1 3.5
years (range 17-52 years). Most of the women were white and almost 80% of
the parous women had already had one or two previous pregnancies (Table 1).
obtained are shown in Table 2 for the entire sample. The difference between
Publicao 34
the mean values obtained by uterine sounding and those obtained by ultrasound
was only 0.28 cm. The dispersion of the values obtained by the two techniques
obtained using uterine sounding, mean length being 4.06 0.67 cm (mean
SD). When ultrasound was used (Panel B), the mean length of the uterine cavity
sounding ranged from 2.5 to 6.0 cm, while the measurements obtained with the
use of ultrasound ranged from 2.2 to 6.5 cm. Comparison of the length of the
3.84 0.03 cm for the former group versus 4.25 0.03 cm for the latter group (p
< 0.001) when measured by uterine sounding and 3.70 0.03 cm versus 3.84
women with a history of one or more pregnancies, the endometrial cavity was
longer, both when measured by uterine sounding (p < 0.001) and by ultrasound
(p < 0.001). In addition, being older and having had more pregnancies were
factors associated with a larger uterine cavity (p < 0.006 and p< 0.016,
respectively). Taking into account that the length of the TCu 380A IUD is 3.6
cm, while that of the LNG-IUS is 3.2 cm, the results of this study show that,
according to ultrasound, 208 women had an endometrial cavity that was shorter
than this, 108 of these women being nulligravidas and 100 parous.
Publicao 35
4. Discussion
The results of the present study confirm previous findings [8] showing that
the difference between the measurements taken by uterine sounding and those
taken by ultrasonography was only 0.28 cm, indicating that both methods are
in performing these two measurement techniques was small and they were all
represent a more precise technique, since it offers precision to within 0.1 cm and
between the two techniques was probably responsible for the lower mean
On the one hand, the mean length of the endometrial cavity, when
evaluated by either one of the two techniques used, was over 3.6 cm, which is
the length of the majority of IUDs and IUS, including the most popular copper
IUD (the TCu380A), which is 3.6 cm in length, and the LNG-IUS (Mirena),
In one hand, this fact allows us to suggest that there is no rationale for the
Publicao 36
nulligravidas women, since the currently available models are suitable for use by
most women. However, on the other hand, these findings showed that in slightly
more than one-third of the women, the endometrial cavity was < 3.6 cm
The length of the uterine cavity and the performance of IUDs in parous
women have been topics of extensive debate in the literature and there is now a
consensus that most IUDs and IUS are adequate for use by these women [11].
shown total axial uterine length to range from 6.0 to 9.0 cm [12] and from 5.0 to
10.0 cm [13] with a mean of 7.0 cm [14]. However, in all these studies
measurement was performed using uterine sounding; hence it was very difficult
to compare our data with data from these other studies, since data on length of
Publicao 37
The present observations and a review of the literature [11] reveal that in
rate in women with a shorter uterus [1]. However, in most of the women
evaluated in the present study the length of the endometrial cavity was sufficient
to permit insertion of the most popular copper IUD (the TCu380A) or the LNG-
evaluated, the length of the endometrial cavity was greater than the length of the
TCu380A IUD or the LNG-IUS; therefore, the majority of women can probably
use either of these two devices without any major problem. However, in just
over one-third of the participants in the present trial, the endometrial cavity was
Acknowledgements
Publicao 38
References
1973;116:1092-6.
Contraception 2003;67:273-6.
2004;69:259-60.
[6] Kurz KH. Avoidance of the dimensional incompatibility as the main reason for
[8] Kurz KH, Tadesse E, Haspels AA. In vivo measurements of uterine cavities in
Publicao 39
[9] Wittmann BK, Chow TT. Diagnostic ultrasound in the management of patients
[10] Petta CA, Fandes D, Pimentel E, Diaz J, Bahamondes L. The use of vaginal
1996;54:287-9.
Publicao 40
Table 1: Distribution of the participants according to their demographic and
reproductive characteristics
Variables N %
Age (years)
< 19 23 4.0
20 24 95 16.7
25 29 172 30.2
30 34 167 29.3
35 113 19.8
Ethnicity*
White 430 76.1
Black 32 5.7
Mulatto 103 18.2
Number of pregnancies
0 260 45.6
1 134 23.5
2 114 20.0
3 62 10.9
n 570 100.0
* Data missing in 5 cases
Publicao 41
Table 2: Descriptive values of the length of the endometrial cavity in centimeters,
SD 0.67 0.62
Publicao 42
Table 3: Logistic linear regression of the variables associated with the length of
Model 1
Model 2
Publicao 43
Figure 1 Distribution of the length of the endometrial cavity (in cm) measured by
(A)
(B)
Publicao 44
5. Concluses
valor mdio 0,28cm maior, quando comparado ao valor mdio obtido atravs do
Concluses 45
6. Referncias Bibliogrficas
1. Serra ASL, Abreu IPH, Lucas MCV, Benevides MAS. Brasil, Ministrio da
Sade. Secretaria de Ateno Sade. Direitos sexuais, direitos
reprodutivos e mtodos anticoncepcionais. Braslia: Editora MS; 2006. 4-6.
Srie Direitos Sexuais e Direitos Reprodutivos.
3. Fortney JA, Feldblum PJ, Raymond EG. Intrauterine devices the optimal
long-term contraceptive method? J Reprod Med 1999; 44:269-74.
Referncias Bibliogrficas 46
7. Lete I, Morales P, de Pablo JL. Use of intrauterine contraceptive devices in
nulliparous women: personal experience over a 12-year period. Eur J
Contracep Reprod Health Care 1998; 3:190-3.
8. Roy S, Cooper D, Mishell Jr. DR. Experience with three different models of
the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device in nulliparous women. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 1974; 15:414-7.
10. Whitaker AK, Gilliam M. Contraceptive Care for Adolescents. Clin Obstet
Gynecol. 2008; 51:268-80.
11. Das J, Pinto Neto AM, Bahamondes L, Das M, Arce XE, Castro S.
Performance of the Copper T 200 in parous adolescents: Are copper IUDs
suitable for these women? Contraception 1993; 48:23-8.
12. Kulig JW, Rauh JL, Burket RL, Cabot HM, Brookman RR. Experience with
the copper 7 intrauterine device in an adolescent population. In: Annual
meeting of the society for adolescent medicine, San Francisco. 1980;
96:550.-746.
13. Gold MA, Johnson LM. Intrauterine devices and adolescents. Curr Opin
Obstet Gynecol 2008; 20:464-9.
14. Morgan KW. The intrauterine device: rethinking old paradigms. J midwifery
womens health 2006; 51:464-70.
15. Hill DA, Weiss NS, Voigt L, Beresford SA. Endometrial cancer in relation to
intra-uterine device use. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:278-81.
Referncias Bibliogrficas 47
16. Hubacker D. Copper intrauterine device use by nulliparous women: review
of side effects. Contraception 2007; 75:S8-11.
20. Araujo FF, Barbieri M, Guazzelli CAF, Linsey FC. The T 380A intrauterine
device: a retrospective 5-year evaluation. Contraception 2008; 78:474-8.
21. Kurz KH. Avoidance of the dimensional incompatibility as the main reason
for side effects in intrauterine contraception. Contraception 1981; 2:21-9.
23. Kurz KH, Tadesse E, Haspels AA. In vivo measurements of uterine cavities
in 795 women of fertile age. Contraception 1984; 29:495-510.
Referncias Bibliogrficas 48
25. Woo JSK. A short history of the development of ultrasound in Obstetrics and
Gynecology [Acesso em 1 de novembro de 2009] Disponvel em: URL:
http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/history3.html
Referncias Bibliogrficas 49
7. Anexos
2. Entre estas cores que eu vou ler, qual a Sra. considera que a sua cor ou raa: branca, preta,
parda, amarela ou indgena?
[ 1 ] BRANCA [ 2 ] PRETA [ 3 ] PARDA [ 4 ] AMARELA [ 5 ] INDGENA
[ 6 ] OUTRA. Qual?_________________
Anexos 50
HISTRICO REPRODUTIVO
6. Quantas vezes a Sra. j ficou grvida? |____|____| [ 00 ] NENHUMA PASSE AOS EXAMES
DIMENSES UTERINAS
Anexos 51
7.2. Anexo 2 Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido
N no estudo:
Entendo que serei entrevistada para fornecer informaes sobre quantos filhos
e abortos j tive. Alm disso, sero realizadas medidas de peso e altura e comprimento
do tero, atravs de uma sonda chamada histermetro e tambm atravs do ultrassom
por baixo (pela vagina). Para isto, o mdico ou a enfermeira ir colocar um afastador
chamado espculo na minha vagina para depois o histermetro ser colocado no tero,
e logo depois retirados o histermetro e o espculo. Depois, o ultrassom vai ser feito
colocando um aparelho na vagina, que protegido com uma camisinha para evitar
qualquer tipo de contaminao. Estes procedimentos vo durar aproximadamente 20
minutos. Fui informada de que ambos os exames podem dar algum desconforto.
Anexos 52
sero utilizadas exclusivamente para este estudo e em momento algum meu nome
ser associado a estas informaes.
Para esclarecer dvidas a respeito deste estudo, sei que posso contatar Dr.
Luis Bahamondes ou Dra Cssia Raquel Teatin Juliato, pelos telefones 3521-7087,
3289-2856 (ramal 228) e 3521-7176 ou no Ambulatrio de Planejamento Familiar, de
segunda a sexta-feira das 7 s17 h. Receberei uma cpia este termo para entrar em
contato, caso seja necessrio.
/ /
Assinatura da Voluntria
/ /
Assinatura do Pesquisador
Anexos 53
7.3. Anexo 3 Termo de Aprovao do Comit de tica em Pesquisa
Anexos 54
Anexos 55