Presentation Trig

Radians, arcs and sectors
Unit circle, four quadrants and special angles

Identities, Graphs, Inverses and Equations
TRIGONOMETRY
FRANCISCO CHAMERA
LUANAR-BUNDA
April 20, 2016
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

Radians, arcs and sectors measures of angles
Unit circle, four quadrants and special angles Length of an arc
Identities, Graphs, Inverses and Equations Area of a circular sector
TRIG - Measures of angles
IAngles are measured in degrees and

radians.
Definition
One radian is the angle made by an arc of
length equal to the radius.


I Increasing the length of an arc to 2r

results into an angle of 2 radians.
I In general, an angle of n radians is formed
by an arc of length nr at the centre of the
circle with radius r .

TRIG - Changing angular measures
I Recall that the circumference of the circle

of radius r has length 2r .
I Therefore, a complete revolution is
2 rad = 360 or = 180.
To change Multiply by
Degrees to radians /180
Radians to degrees 180/

TRIG - Notation
I The angle that measures 1.5 radians, is

written 1.5 rad or 1.5r but normally just
as 1.5.
I If it is measured in degrees, the symbol
must be written, i.e., 1.5.

TRIG - Example 1
Convert these angles to radians:

1. 150
2. 36

TRIG - Solution to Example 1

We multiply by .
180
5
1. 150 = 150 = rad.
180 6

2. 36 = 36 = .
180 5

TRIG - Example 2
Convert these angles to degrees:

7
1.
4
5
2.
6

180
We multiply by

7 7 180
1. = = 315.
4 4
5 5 180
2. = = 150.
6 6

TRIG - Arc length

TRIG - Arc length cont.....
I The length of an arc s on a circle of

radius r which subtends an angle of
radians is
s = r .
I This formula is valid only when is given
in radians.

TRIG - Example 3
In a circle of radius 14 cm, find;

1. the length of the arc which subtends an
3
angle of radians at the centre.
7
2. the angle subtended by an arc of length 6
cm.

3
1. s = r = 14 = 6 cm ( 18.8cm)
7
2. From s = r , we have
s 6
= = = 0.43 rad.
r 14

TRIG - Area of a sector
I The area of a sector of angle rad in a

1
circle with radius r is A = r 2.
2
I This formula is valid if is in radians.
TRIG - Example 4
1. Find the angle .

2. Find the area of the sector.
1. From s = r , = s/r = 10/4 = 2.5 rad.

1 1
2. A = r 2 = (4)2(2.5) = 20 cm2.
2 2

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG -Unit circle

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG -Unit circle cont.....
Consider the unit circle (circle of radius 1) in

the previous slide.
opp
I Using 4PRO, sin = = y /1 = y
hyp
adj
and cos = = x/1 = x.
hyp
I Hence coordinates of the point P are
(cos , sin ).
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
opp y sin
I tan = = = .
adj x cos
I By Pythagoras theorem, x 2 + y 2 = 1
cos2 + sin2 = 1.
I This is true for any angle .
I Here cos2 = (cos )2 but
cos 2 6= (cos )2.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
I From the unit circle above, the maximum

value of x is 1 and the minimum value is
1, i.e., 1 x 1.
I Similarly we have 1 y 1.
I Since x = cos and y = sin , we have
1. 1 cos 1.
2. 1 sin 1.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
Apart from sine, cosine and tangent, other

trigonometric functions are secant, cosecant
and cotangent defined as follows:
1. sec = 1/ cos .
2. csc = 1/ sin .
3. cot = 1/ tan .

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
I In the unit circle above, the angle is

formed by rotating the line OP from the
positive x-axis in a counter-clockwise
direction. is a positive angle.
I A negative angle is formed by rotating
OP from the positive x-axis in a
clockwise direction.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Even and odd functions
I Note from above that

cos() = x = cos ,
sin() = y = sin and
tan() = tan .
I Therefore cosine function is an even
function while sine and tangent are odd
functions.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Co-terminal Angles
I There are infinitely many angles with OP

as a final rotational point.
I They are co-terminal angles.
I Coterminal angles are angles which differ
by a multiple of 360.

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Example 5
If = 70, find two positive and two

negative angles that are co-terminal to .

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
I To find positive co-terminal angles we add

to any positive integer multiple of 360,
e, g 360 itself and 720.
I This gives 360 + 70 = 430 and
720 + 70 = 790.

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Solution to Example 5 cont....
I To find negative co-terminal angles, we

add any negative integer multiple of 360
to 70, e, g 360 and 720.
I This gives 360 + 70 = 290 and
720 + 70 = 650.

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The four quadrants
I We partition the complete revolution into

four quadrants.
I The first quadrant has angles between 0
and 90.
I The second, third and fourth quadrants
have angles between 90 and 180, 180
and 270 and 270 and 360 respectively.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The four quadrants cont.....

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The four quadrants cont....
I A quadrantal angle is an angle whose

final rotational point lies on the x-axis or
y -axis.
I The angles 0, 90, 180, 270, 360 and
their co-terminal angles are quadrantal
angles.

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
I The sign of a trigonometric function of an

angle depends on the quadrant of .
I In the first quadrant all the three basic
trig functions, sin , cos and tan , are
positive.
I In the second quadrant, sin is positive
but cos and tan are negative.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
I In the third quadrant, tan is positive

while sin and cos are negative.
I In the fourth quadrant, cos is positive
but sin and tan are negative.

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The four quadrants cont.....

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The second Quadrant
In the second quadrant, where

90 < 180, the angle is linked to the
first quadrant angle (180 ), as follows:
1. sin = sin(180 )
2. cos = cos(180 )
3. tan = tan(180 )

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Example 6
1. sin 120 = sin(180 120) = sin 60 =

0.8660
2. cos 120 = cos(180 120) =
cos 60 = 0.5
3. tan 120 = tan(180 120) =
tan 60 = 1.7321

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The third Quadrant
In the third quadrant, 180 < 270, the

angle is linked to the first quadrant angle
( 180) as follows:
1. sin = sin( 180)
2. cos = cos( 180)
3. tan = tan( 180)

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Example 7
1. sin 210 = sin(210 180) =

sin 30 = 0.5
2. cos 210 = cos(210 180) =
cos 30 = 0.8660
3. tan 210 = tan(210 180) = tan 30 =
0.5774

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - The fourth Quadrant
In the fourth quadrant, 270 < 360,

the angle is linked to the first quadrant
angle (360 ):
1. sin = sin(360 )
2. cos = cos(360 )
3. tan = tan(360 )

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Example 8
1. sin 300 = sin(360 300) =

sin 60 = 0.8660
2. cos 300 = cos(360 300) = cos 60 =
0.5
3. tan 300 = tan(360 300) =
tan 60 = 1.7321

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Special angles
I We consider trig functions of angles

which appear quite often; 45, 30, 60
and quadrantal angles.
I Quadrantal angles are easily determined
from the unit circle.
I sin 180 =y-coordinate at 180 = 0,
cos 180 = 1 and tan 180 = 0.
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Special angles cont.....

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Special angles cont...
In the figure above, by Pythagoras theorem,

PR = 2.
opp 1 2
1. sin 45 = = = .
hyp 2 2

adj 1 2
2. cos 45 = = = .
hyp 2 2
opp 1
3. tan 45 = = = 1.
adj 1
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Special angles cont.....

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
In the figure above,

opp 3
1. sin 60 = = .
hyp 2
adj 1
2. cos 60 = = .
hyp 2
opp
3. tan 60 = = 3.
adj

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
Also,
opp 1
1. sin 30 = = .
hyp 2

adj 3
2. cos 30 = = .
hyp 2
opp 1
3. tan 30 = = .
adj 3

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
0 30 45 60
90 180 270

1 1 3
sin 0 1 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 U 0 U
3

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
Note from the table above,

3
1. cos 30 = sin(90 30) = sin 60 = .
2
2. sin 30 = cos(90 30) = cos 60 = 1/2.
In general,
1. cos = sin(90 ).
2. sin = cos(90 ).
Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
TRIG - Example 9
Find the exact values of

1. sin 315.
2. cos 240.

Unit circle
co-terminal angles
The four quadrants
Special angles
The angles 315 and 240 are in the fourth

and third quadrants respectively.
1. sin 315 = sin(360
315) =
sin 45 = 1/ 2.
2. cos 240 = cos(240 180) =
cos 60 = 1/2.

Proving Identities
Radians, arcs and sectors Addition, Subtraction, Double angle and Half angle formulae
Unit circle, four quadrants and special angles Graphs of trig functions
Identities, Graphs, Inverses and Equations Inverse trig functions
Trig Equations
TRIG - Basic trig Identities
Recall the following Identities:

sin
1. tan = .
cos
1 cos
2. cot = =
tan sin
1
3. csc = .
sin
1
4. sec = .
cos
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Basic trig Identities cont.....
Recall
sin2 + cos2 = 1.
This is equivalent to
sin2 = 1 cos2
and
cos2 = 1 sin2 .

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Basic trig Identities cont....
I In sin2 + cos2 = 1, dividing both sides

by cos2 gives
tan2 + 1 = sec 2.
I Dividing by sin2 gives
1 + cot2 = csc2 .

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Proving Identities
I We use basic identities to prove other

identities.
I Avoid mixing the two sides together.
(why?)
I Avoid squaring both sides, adding or
subtracting any term.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Proving Identities cont....
I Take one side and transform it to the

expression on the other side.
I It is easier to start with a complicated
side.
I If there is no direct way of connecting the
two, transform both sides of an identity
to a common expression.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 10
Prove the following identities;

1. tan + cot = seccsc.
cos4 sin4= cos2 sin
2. 2
.
1 1
3. 1 1 = 1.
sin2 cos2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
1. Start with Left Hand Side (L.H.S).

sin cos
L.H.S = tan + cot = +
cos sin
sin2 + cos2 1
= =
cos sin cos sin
1 1
= = seccsc
cos sin
= R.H.S
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2. By the difference of two squares,

cos4 sin4 =
(cos2 + sin2 )(cos2 sin2 ).
L.H.S = cos4 sin4
= (cos2 + sin2 )(cos2 sin2 )
= cos2 sin2 = R.H.S

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
3.

1 1
L.H.S = 1 1
sin2 cos2
1 sin2 1 cos2

=
sin2 cos2
2 2
cos sin
= = 1 = R.H.S
sin2 cos2
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - This is WRONG
3.
1 1
1 1 =1
sin2 cos2
1 sin2 1 cos2

=1
sin2 cos2
2 2
cos sin
=1
sin2 cos2
1 = 1.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Addition and Subtraction formulae
Addition and subtraction formulae for sine

function are:
1. sin( + ) = sin cos + sin cos
2. sin( ) = sin cos sin cos
For cosine function:
1. cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
2. cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Addition and Subtraction formulae cont....
Addition and subtraction formulae for

tangent:
tan + tan
1. tan( + ) =
1 tan tan
tan tan
2. tan( ) =
1 + tan tan

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 11
Find the exact values of:

1. sin 75.
2. cos 120.
3. tan 15.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
1.
sin 75 = sin(45 + 30)
= sin 45 cos 30 + sin 30 cos 45
! ! !
2 3 1 2
= +
2 2 2 2

6 2 6+ 2
= + = .
4 4 4
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Solution to Example 11 cont...
2.
cos 120 = cos(90 + 30)
= cos 90 cos 30 sin 90 sin 30

3 1
=0 1
2 2
1
= .
2
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
3.
tan 15 = tan(60 45)
tan 60 tan 45
=
1+ tan 60 tan 45
31
= .
1+ 3

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Double angle formulae
I We use addition formulae to derive double

angle formulae.
I In the addition formula for sine put
= .
sin( + ) = sin cos + sin cos
sin( + ) = sin cos + sin cos
sin(2) = 2 sin cos
.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Double angle formulae cont....
Similarly,
1.
cos(2) = cos2 sin2
= 1 2 sin2
= 2 cos2 1.
2 tan
2. tan(2) = .
1 tan2
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 12
Write sin 3 in terms of sin .

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
sin 3 = sin(2 + )
= sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin
= (2 sin cos ) cos + (1 2 sin2 ) sin
= 2 sin cos2 + sin 2 sin3 .

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
= 2 sin (1 sin2 ) + sin 2 sin3

= 2 sin 2 sin3 + sin 2 sin3
= 3 sin 4 sin3 .

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Half angle formula for sine
I From cos(2) = 1 2 sin2 , replace

with /2 and solve for sin /2;
I cos = 1 2 sin2(/2)
1 cos
sin2(/2) = giving
r 2
1 cos
sin(/2) = . The sign is
2
determined by the quadrant of /2.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Half angle formulae for cosine and tangent
In the similar manner

r we have
cos + 1
I cos(/2) = .
r 2
1 cos
I tan(/2) =
1 + cos
sin
I tan(/2) =
1 + cos
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 13
Find the exact value of sin 15.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
r

1 cos 30

30
sin 15 = sin =
2 2
s s
1 3/2 2 3
= =
2 4
p
2 3
= .
2
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Product to sum formulae
I We take a product of two trig functions

and rewrite it as a sum.
I Additon and subtraction formulae are
used in deriving the formulae.
I We start with additon and subtraction
formulae for cosine.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Product to sum formulae cont....
cos( + ) + cos( ) = (cos cos

sin sin ) + (cos cos + sin sin ) =
2 cos cos , giving
1
cos cos = [cos( + ) + cos( )]
2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Product to sum formulae cont....
The following product to sum idntities can

be derived in a similar fashion;
1
I sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + )].
2
1
I sin cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )].
2
1
I cos sin = [sin( + ) sin( )].
2
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 14
1. Find the exact value of

sin(52.5) cos(7.5).
2. Write the expression 4 cos 3 cos 5 as a
sum of two trig functions.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
1.
sin(52.5) cos(7.5)
1
= [sin(52.5 + 7.5) + sin(52.5 7.5)]
2
1
= [sin 60 + sin 45]
2 !
1 3 2 3+ 2
= + = .
2 2 2 4
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2.
4 cos 3 cos 5

1
=4 [cos(3 + 5) + cos(3 5)]
2
= 2 cos(8) + 2 cos(2)
= 2 cos(8) + 2 cos(2)

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Sum to product formulae
I cos + cos
=
+
2 cos cos .
2 2
I cos cos =
+
2 sin sin .
2 2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Sum to product formulae cont...
I sin + sin =

+
2 sin cos .
2 2
I sin =
sin
+
2 cos sin .
2 2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 15
Use sum to product formulae and other well

known identitites to prove the following
identities:
cos 4 cos 2
1. = tan 3.
sin 4 sin 2
sin 3 + sin 7
2. 2 = csc2 2.
2 sin sin 5

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
1.
2 sin[(4 + 2)/2] sin[(4 2)/2]
L.H.S =
2 cos[(4 + 2)/2] sin[(4 2)/2]
2 sin 3 sin
=
2 cos 3 sin
sin 3
=
cos 3
= tan 3 = R.H.S
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2.
2 sin[(3 + 7)/2] cos[(3 7)/2]
L.H.S =
2 sin2 sin 5
2 sin 5 cos 2 cos 2
= =
2 sin2 sin 5 sin2
1 2 sin2 1 2 sin2
= 2 = 2
sin sin sin2
= csc2 2 = R.H.S
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - a sin + b cos
I We write a sin + b cos as a single trig

function.
I

a sin + b cos = a2 + b 2 sin( + )
b
where tan = .
a
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 16
Express each of the following as a single sine

function;

1. 3 cos + sin
2. 12 sin(3) 5 cos(3)

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
1.
q
3 cos + sin = ( 3)2 + 12 sin( + )
= 2 sin( + ).

From tan
= 3, = 60.
Hence 3 cos + sin = 2 sin( + 60).

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2.
12 sin(3) 5 cos(3)

= 122 + 52 sin(3 + )
= 13 sin(3 + ).
From tan = 5/12, = 22.62.
Hence 12 sin(3) 5 cos(3) =
13 sin(3 22.62).
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Trig graphs
I Consider the graphs of y = sin x and

y = cos x for 360 x 360 in the
next slides called the sine and cosine
curves respectively.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The sine curve

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The cosine curve

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Trig graphs cont....
I Note that both graphs have a maximum

of 1 and a minimum of -1..
I The cosine curve is identical to the sine
curve but is shifted 90 to the left.
I This difference is called phase
difference between the functions sin x
and cos x.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The sine and cosine curves

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
I Both sine and cosine curves are periodic

functions i.e., they repeat themselves in
successive circles.
I Each has a period of 360 (2) and hence
for any integer n, sin(x + 360n) = sin x
and cos(x + 360n) = cos x.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The tangent graph

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
I The tangent is undefined whenever cosine

is zero, for example at 90, 90 and
270.
I Hence the lines x = 90, x = 90 and
x = 270 are vertical asymptotes.
I The tangent has a period of 180 with
each period separated by a vertical
asymptote.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
I Consider the functions

y = d + a sin(bx + c) or
y = d + a cos(bx + c).
I We will look at the effects of the numbers
a, b, c and d on the graphs of y = sin x
and y = cos x.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Exercise.
I Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x for

180 x 360.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The effects of a and b
I If |a| > 1, the graph of y = a cos x

(y = a sin x) is a result of stretching the
graph of y = cos x (y = sin x) by a factor
of |a|.
I If |a| < 1, the graph of y = a cos x is a
result of compressing the graph of
y = cos x (y = sin x) by a factor of 1/|a|.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The effects of a and b cont....
I The number |a| is the amplitude of

y = a cos x and it represents half the
distance between the maximum and
minimum values of the function.
I The period of y = a cos bx
(y = a sin bx) is given by
P = 2/b.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
I If b > 1, the period of y = a cos bx

(y = a sin bx) represents a horizontal
shrinking (compression) of the graph of
y = cos x (y = sin x).
I If b < 0 we use identities
sin(x) = sin x and cos(x) = cos x
to rewrite the function.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
I The frequency, F , of y = a cos bx is the

reciprocal of the period, i.e.,
F = 1/P = b/2.
I It is the number of oscillations per unit
time.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 17
I Find the amplitude, period and frequency

of y = 3 sin 2x.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Solution to example 17
I Amplitude = | 3| = 3.
2
I Period = P = = .
2
1 1
I Frequency = F = = .
P

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The effect of c
I In the graph of y = a cos(bx + c), the

c
number is the phase shift
b
associated with the graph.
I The graph of y = a sin(bx + c) may be
obtained by shifting the graph of
y = sin x to the left if the phase shift is
negative or to the right if it is positive.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 18
I Find the amplitude, period, frequency and

phase shift of y = 3 sin(2x + ).
2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Solution to example 18
I Amplitude = 3.
I Period =
I Frequency = 1/
(/2)
I Phase shift = = .
2 4

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The effect of d
I d in y = d + a cos(bx + c) shifts d steps

the graph of y = a cos(bx + c).
I If d > 0, the shift is d steps upwards and
if d < 0, it is d steps downwards.
I The graph of y = d + a cos(bx + c)
oscillates about the horizontal line y = d
instead of about the x-axis.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Sketching Trig Graphs
I The starting point of the graph is

determined by the phase shift.
I To determine the key points for the new
period, divide the period into 4 equal
parts and add this part to successive x
values beginning with the starting point.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 19
Sketch the graph of y = 2 + 3 sin(2x + 2 ).

Proving Identities
Trig Equations

a = 3, b = 2, c = and d = 2.
2
Amplitude = 3.
2 P
Period = P = = and = .
2 4 4
/2
Phase shift = = .
2 4
Starting point = .
4
3
Key points; , 0, , , .
4 4 2 4
Proving Identities
Trig Equations

When x = ,
4
y = 2 + 3 sin(2(/4) + /2)
= 2 + 3 sin(/2 + /2) = 2.
3
x 0
4 4 2 4
y 2 5 2 1 2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - The Graph of y = 2 + 3 sin(2x + 2 )

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Inverse trig functions
I Recall that a function is invertible if it is

one-to-one.
I A function is one-to-one if whenever
a 6= b in the domain, f (a) 6= f (b) in the
range.
I This is equivalent to f (a) = f (b) in the
range implies a = b in the domain.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG -Inverse cont....
I Consider the angles whose sine is 1/2.

I They include 30, 150, 390, 210.
I Hence the sine function is not one-to-one.
I However, restricting the domain to
[90, 90] gives a one-to-one and hence
invertible function.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Inverse cont....
I Inverse of a sine function is denoted

arcsin x or sin1 x.
I So sin1 x = y implies sin y = x.
1
I Here sin1 x 6= = csc x.
sin x
I Restricting the domain of other basic trig
functions also gives invertible functions.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
Function Inverse of Domain Range

arcsin sine [1, 1] [90, 90]
arccos cosine [1, 1] [0, 180]
arctan tangent (, ) [90, 90]

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
I Suppose csc1 y = x, then y = csc x

implying that 1/y = sin x and so
sin1(1/y ) = x = csc1 y .
Repeating the procedure for the other
functions we have;
1. sec1 y = cos1(1/y ).
2. cot1 y = tan1(1/y ).
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 20
Evaluate
3
1. sin1 .
2
2. tan1
1.
1
3. cos1 .
2

Proving Identities
Trig Equations

3 3
1. Let sin1 = y . Then sin y = and
2 2
3
90 y 90. Since sin 60 = ,
2
y = 60. Similarly
2. tan1 1 = 45.
3. cos1(1/2) = 120.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 21
Show that sin1 x + cos1 x = 90 for

x [1, 1].

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
Let y = cos1 x. Then cos y = x and

y [0, 180].
Now sin(90 y ) = cos y = x. Thus
90 y = sin1 x.
So L.H.S becomes
90 y + y = 90 = R.H.S.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Trig equations
To solve an equation such as

sin x = k, cos x = k or tan x = k,
1. Find the first quadrant angle y for which
sin y = |k|, cos y = |k| or tan y = |k|.
2. Find the quadrants in which x lies.
3. Determine the corresponding angles for
those quadrants.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Trig equations cont....
I Each equation has infinitely many

solutions.
I For sin x = k or cos x = k, the general
solution is x + 360n, n Z (Each of sine
and cosine functions has period 360).
I Tangent function has period 180 (), so
the general solution is x + 180n, n Z.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
TRIG - Example 22
Solve :
1. sin x = 0.57.
2. 3 cos2 x + 2 cos x = 0.
3. 2 cos x = cot x.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
1. If sin x = 0.57, then

x = sin1 0.57 = 34.75.
x lies in the first and second quadrant.
So x = 34.75 or 180 x = 34.75 i.e.,
x = 145.25.
Hence the general solutions are
34.75 + 360n and 145.25 + 360n.
Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2. Do not divide by cos x (why?).

3 cos2 x + 2 cos x = 0
cos x(3 cos x + 2) = 0.
So cos x = 0 or 3 cos x + 2 = 0 giving
cos x = 2/3. For cos x = 0, x = 90 or
x = 270.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2. For cos x = 2/3, x lies in the second

and third quadrants.
The first quadrant angle is y = 48.19.
So 180 x = 48.19 and
x 180 = 48.19 giving x = 131.81
and x = 228.19.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
2. Hence the solutions are

90, 131.81, 228.19 and 270.
The general solutions are 90 +
360n, 131.81 + 360n, 228.19 + 360n
and 270 + 360n.

Proving Identities
Trig Equations
cos x
3. 2 cos x = cot x 2cosx = .
sin x
2 cos x sin x cos x = 0 giving
cos x = 0 or sin x = 1/2.
Hence x = 30, 90, 150, 270.

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Radians, arcs and sectors

Unit circle, four quadrants and special angles

April 20, 2016

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Measures of angles

IAngles are measured in degrees and

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Measures of angles

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Measures of angles

I Increasing the length of an arc to 2r

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Changing angular measures

I Recall that the circumference of the circle

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

I The angle that measures 1.5 radians, is

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

Convert these angles to radians:

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Solution to Example 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

Convert these angles to degrees:

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Solution to Example 2

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Arc length

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Arc length cont.....

I The length of an arc s on a circle of

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

In a circle of radius 14 cm, find;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Solution to Example 3

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Area of a sector

I The area of a sector of angle rad in a

1. Find the angle .

TRIG - Solution to Example 4

1. From s = r , = s/r = 10/4 = 2.5 rad.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG -Unit circle

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG -Unit circle cont.....

Consider the unit circle (circle of radius 1) in

TRIG -Unit circle cont.....

TRIG -Unit circle cont.....

I From the unit circle above, the maximum

TRIG -Unit circle cont.....

Apart from sine, cosine and tangent, other

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG -Unit circle cont.....

I In the unit circle above, the angle is

TRIG -Unit circle cont.....

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Even and odd functions

I Note from above that

TRIG - Co-terminal Angles

I There are infinitely many angles with OP

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

If = 70, find two positive and two

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY

TRIG - Solution to Example 5

I To find positive co-terminal angles we add

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA TRIGONOMETRY