Designofareinforcedconcrete4hyparshellwithedgebeams

P.C.J.Hoogenboom,22May2016

StartSCIAEngineerandstartanewproject.HavealookinSystemTemplates.Hereyoucanselectpredefined
shells.Wearenotgoingtodothistoday.

DoubleclickonAnalysis.SelectGeneralXYZ.SelectConcreteC30/37.

AlsoselectDynamicsandStability.Theotherswedonotneedtoday.Byselectingthefunctionalityweremove
fromthemenuthingsthatwedonotneed.

Theleftcolumnisatreethatmakesmanyofthecommandsavailable.Lookaroundinthetree.Itisroughly
organisedin3parts:1)Modelling,2)Analysis,3)Studyingtheresults.(Moststructuralanalysisprogramsand
finiteelementprogramsareorganisedinthisway.)Inadditiontheprogramcandesigndimensions,perform
codecheckingandhelpyouwriteareport.

Wewillmodela4hyparshellwithaspanof50m.

(25, 0,10)
(25, 25, 0)
(0, 25,10)
(0, 0,11)

z
(0, 25,10) y
(25, 0,10)
(25, 25, 0)

x (25, 25, 0)

(25, 25, 0)
DoubleclickonStructure>2Dmember>shell.

Enterthethicknessof90mm.

Notethatinthisboxwecanalsochangethelocalcoordinatesystem(LCS).Perhapsweneedtodothislater.

Weenteroneofthefourhyparsbytypingthecornercoordinatesx,y,zonthecommandline.

Acommandcanbeendedbyclickingrightandend.

Ifyouwanttogetoutofacommandthentypeescthreetimes.

Theotherthreehyparscanbeenteredinthesameway.


Forenteringedgebeamswefirstneedtodefineacrosssection.

Toaddanedgebeamtothemodel,clickonanodeandthenonanothernode.

Repeatthisforalledgesincludingtheinterioredges.

Theshellissimplysupportedin4nodes.

Clickinthedrawingonasupportpointfourtimes.

Wecancheckthesupportsbytogglingthemonandenlargingthem.

Thereisonlyselfweightontheshell.Sooneloadcaseandoneloadcombination.


Letsperformalinearelasticanalysis.Notethatthemeshisgeneratedautomatically.

Notethatthesoftwarehasdoneanequilibriumcheckforus.Sincetheloadandthesupportreactionsarein
equilibriumtheequationshavebeensolvedaccurately.

Letslookatthecomputationresults.

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Allpartsareconnectedproperly.Theelementsizeinthehyparmiddlesisgood.Attheedgestheelementsare
probablytoolarge.Wecanimprovethislater.Thedeformationatthesupportsiscorrect.Thetopoftheshell
movesup,whichisunusual.

Thedisplacementof214mmislarge.Butthereisnopracticalreasonwhyitistoolarge.Ofcourse,whenwe
addcreep,windloadandsnowloadthedeformationwillbeverylarge.Probablytoolarge.Butitisnoteasyto
definetoolarge.

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Normalforcesintheedgebeamsandinteriorbeams.Thereistensioninthetop,duetothecamber.Perhaps
thereisnoneedfortheinteriorbeams.

Firstprincipalstressinthetopoftheshell.(Theminussignreferstothenegativesideofthezaxis.)Notethe
edgedisturbances.30N/mm2tension/500x100=6%reinforcement.Thismightnotfit.Sinceitisduetoa
compatibilitymomentwecanalsoletitcrack.

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Smallestprincipalstressinthetopoftheshell.(Minusreferstothesurfaceonthenegativesideofthezaxis)

59N/mm2istoolarge.Itisverylocal.Probablyasingularityduetothepointsupport.Inrealitythispoint
supportisdistributedoversomearea.Webettercheckthestressesatthesupportwithasimplehand
calculationinsteadofbyfiniteelementanalysis.

Letshavealookatthedirectionsoftheprincipalnormalforces.

Theshelledgeshelptheedgebeams.Aroundthetopthereisacompressiontensionsystemthatseemsto
loaditself.Thiscallsfordesignimprovements.(Notnow.)

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Directionsoftheprincipalmoments.Themomentsintheedgedisturbancesareintheexpecteddirection.

MariekeVergeerhasmadeasmallprogramthatdisplaysthestrainenergyinshells.Letsseeofthisworks.The
nameoftheprogramisb17_strain_energy_check.clc.Itcanbedownloadedfrom(19.6KB)

http://homepage.tudelft.nl/p3r3s/b17_strain_energy_check.clc

TheprogramneedstobecopiedtothefolderC:\Users\Documents\ESA16\OpenChecks\

WeneedtoloadtheprograminSCIA.

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Thequantityistheratioofthemembranestrainenergyandthebendingstrainenergy.Where=1theload
iscarriedinbymembraneforces.Where=1theloadiscarriedbymoments.Itgivesinonecontourplotan
overviewoftheshellbehaviour.Therearealotofmomentsinthehypars.Mostlyattheinteriorbeams.We
cannotdomuchaboutthesebecausetheyarecompatibilitymoments.

SCIAhasatoolcalleddesignformsbuilder.Withthistoolyoucanwriteaprogramthatprocesses
computationresults.Youcanalsousemodeldatasuchasnodecoordinates.Thisprogram(*.CLS)isthan
compiled(*.CLC)andloadedintoSCIA.

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Letsdesignreinforcement.Wefirstneedtoaligntheelementcoordinatesystemsinthereinforcement
directions.

Theelementcoordinatesystemsareinthediagonaldirectionsofthehypars.However,wewantthe
reinforcementinparalleltotheedgebeams.Therefore,weneedtorotatethecoordinatesystems.

(Wewouldneedmuchlessreinforcementifthebarsareintheprincipaldirectionsofthemembraneforces.
However,thiswouldbedifficulttobuild.)

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o
Selectahyparbyclickingontheedge.RotatetheLCSangleover45 (localcoordinatesystem).Wedothisfor
allfourhypars.(Youmightwanttorotatesome45o.)

Weneedtodoanewcomputationbecausetheprogramforgetsthecalculationresultswhenwerotate
coordinatesystems.(Thiscanbeprogrammedsmarter.)Whenwezoominweseethatnowtheelement
coordinatesystemsareinthecorrectdirection.

Nowwecandisplaythereinforcementrequirements.nxDandnyDarethemembraneforcesperlengththat
thereinforcementneedstocarryinthexdirectionandtheydirection,respectively.Themomentsare
neglected.Onlytensionisimportant.ncDisthemembraneforceperlengththattheconcreteneedstocarry.

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mxDandmyDarethemomentsperlengththatthereinforcementneedstocarryinthexandtheydirection,
respectively.Themembraneforcesareneglected.

Formostoftheshellameshof12mmbarsspaced200mmissufficient.

500N/mm2/1.15x/4x(12mm)2x1000mm/(200mm)=245000N/m=245kN/m.

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Thereissecondwayofdesigningreinforcement.

..missingtextwillcomesoon.

Thiswayofdesigningreinforcementisthatisfastandaccurate.

Thereisathirdwayofdesigningreinforcement.Wechoosereinforcementbasedonexperienceandletthe
programperformaunitycheck.Itisatrialanderrormethod.

..missingtextwillcomesoon.

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Letscheckstability.

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Thefirstbucklingmodehasabucklingloadfactorof0.90.Thismeansthattheshellbucklesataloadof90%of
itsselfweight.

Notethatthebucklingmodecanbeshownupordown.(Likeacolumncanbuckletotheleftortotheright.)

Thiscriticalloadclearlyisnotsufficient.Thedeformationshowsweneedstifferedgebeams.

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