Azerbaijan

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Azerbaijan
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Located on the Great Silk Road, Azerbaijan's oil and gas reserves could lead to
economic prosperity if managed properly. Oil revenues fund infrastructure
improvements and increased living standards; however, much of the population
continues to live below the poverty line.
When the USSR collapsed in 1991, the Armenian population of the Nagorno-
Karabakh region tried to secede. With the help of Armenian troops, they took
control of the region and its surrounding territory. A cease-fire was signed in 1994,
but the conflict remains unresolved and ongoing fighting remains a reality.
Azerbaijani culture combines traditional Islamic and European influences. There is

a sharp distinction between modern culture and traditional culture.
Culture Overview
Cultural Essentials
Azerbaijan is a country in transition, where individual behaviors are

influenced by the age of the person, which part of the country they are
from, as well as their educational and socio-economic level.
The Family
The clan-type family structure was common until recent years. The clan
("hoj") was named after a common ancestor. Clan members shared
pastureland and provided mutual aid to each other and acted as a unified
entity in business dealings. It was common for up to forty members of an
extended family to live together in large dwellings called "gazma".
The concept of family includes unmarried adult children as well as married

sons and their families. When a woman marries, she leaves her birth family
and becomes part of her husbands family. Several generations of
extended family may still live together in one house in rural areas. Even in
the cities, the extended family is close. Families expect to receive both
financial and emotional support from their extended family.
There is a rather strict delineation of gender roles in rural areas, although

this is lessening in urban areas. The man provides financial support while
the woman takes care of the house and the children. Social changes
during the communist occupation reshaped the structure of the traditional
family. Those families in which the woman had a more successful career
http://kpmg.culturewizard.com/DesktopModules/RW3Modules/CP2014/PrintView.aspx... 8.2.2017.
and whose official status was higher than the husband were more flexible
in the division of roles.
Family values are very strong in Azerbaijan. The traditional family was
rather rigid and remained untouched by the great achievements in
womens rights in society. Traditionally, the Azeri family has been large,
although this has changed in recent years. Most families now have only 3
children.
Indirect Communication
Azerbaijan has a high-context culture where eye contact, facial expression,
and tone of voice are extremely important when speaking. They tend to be
non-confrontational and may talk around contentious issues to avoid
making direct statements. They expect listeners to read into their words
and understand the message.
It is quite common to have an intermediary correct a subordinate in the

workplace rather than risk harming the person's honor by having them
counseled by their manager.
When they meet someone for the first time, Azerbaijanis ask personal
questions as a way to begin developing a personal relationship. In social
venues, they are looking for commonalities upon which to build a
friendship. In the workplace, they want personal relationships with people
before conducting business with someone outside their group. Since they
prefer to do business with people they know and like, Azerbaijanis take a
long-term perspective towards relationships. They understand that
relationships take time to build and do not trust people who attempt to rush
the process. Business relationships are personal, so if a company changes
their representative, the new person will have to build their own
relationship.
Since Azerbaijanis may tell you what they think you want to hear, learn to
phrase questions so that the desired response is not obvious. Instead of
asking, "Will the report be finished by Friday?" you might ask, "When will
the report be finished?". This is a culture where telling a white lie is
acceptable if it saves face or honor.
Personal Relationships
Given the importance of tribal loyalty, personal relationships are important
in Azerbaijan. Age, money, and family connections are key determinants
of someones status. This is a culture where who you are and who you
know can be more important than what you can do.
As such, foreigners hoping to conduct business must invest time in

developing and maintaining personal relationships. In family-owned
businesses, foreigners may first meet with a junior family member who will
decide if the foreigner is trustworthy enough to meet the decision maker.
Therefore, it is important to understand the relationships of the person you
meet with and not be guided by their title, which might be more important in
many Western countries.
At meetings, much time may be devoted to social discussions in keeping

with the need to maintain personal relationships. People and relationships
are more important than schedules, so if a choice has to be made between

finishing a meeting on time or helping someone within the Azerbaijanis
personal network, the existing relationship will be given priority.
Event Approach to Time

Azerbaijanis have an interesting approach to time. Westerners think in
terms of the actions required in order to be prepared for a meeting or
presentation, so that they work backwards from the end date to ensure that
they accomplish everything in sufficient time to be prepared for the event.
Azerbaijanis, on the other hand, let the steps determine the timing of the
event. They think of what must be accomplished in order to meet the
deadline and only schedule the meeting or presentation once all the
requisite steps have been accomplished.
Impact of Generations
Like most countries in the West, there are three generations in the
workplace in Azerbaijan. Although there may not be clear dates or titles for
them, they do have somewhat different behaviors. They are best
categorized as:
Born in the 1950s this is considered the Soviet generation because

they completed schooling and started their families in the 1970s.
Born in the 1960s these are considered to be the Last Soviet
generation.
Born in the 1980s grew up during the transition to independence,
when social, political and economic environments shifted, thus
impacting their behaviors.
The differences between these three generations are highlighted below:
Last Soviet Transition

Soviet Generation
Generation Generation
Born 1980 and

Born 1950 - 1959 Born 1960 - 1980
beyond
Strong professional Like to be their own Extremely

knowledge boss nationalistic
Lack business skills to More interested in Will sacrifice work-

succeed in a gaining wealth than life balance to move
liberalized economy developing a career up quickly
Focus on
Collectivist/group- No organizational
professional
focused loyalty
development
Want international
Wait for instruction Work-life balance
exposure
Do not share ideas Dedicated Confident
Telephone over Technologically

-
social media savvy
Religion
Over half the population follow Islam, although there are fewer believers
among the young. Islam is a reflection of the historical ties that exist
between Azerbaijan and Iran. Until the 20th century, most Azeri identified
themselves as Muslims rather than Azerbaijani. They believed that being a
"spiritual community of Islam" was more important than being a nation.
Islam is more than a religion; it prescribes a way of life and governs

political, legal, and social behavior. Islam literally means submission to
Allahs will. It organizes an orderly system for both society and the
individual. The rules of Islam can be found in the holy book, the Koran
(Qur'an), which which is believed to have been revealed by Allah to his
Prophet Mohammed. The Koran (Qur'an) is considered the direct word of
God and is therefore believed to be infallible.
Muslims must pray five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset,
and evening. The exact time is listed in the local newspaper each day or
can be found at this website (http://www.islamicfinder.org/). Friday is the
Muslim holy day, although the weekend is celebrated on Sunday. Some
stores outside the main cities close on Friday afternoon. Unlike most other
Muslim countries, it is not common to stop work for the faithful to pray.
Role of Women
After 15 years of conflict with Armenia coupled with the end of the
Communist regime, Azerbaijan is in a state of flux. The country combines
many different ideologies including Western liberalism, conservative
nationalism, and Islamism all of which have different beliefs about the
position of women in the culture.
Womens education has been very important since the first oil boom in the
early 1900s since mothers are responsible for the education of their
children. The first school for women was built at the turn of the last century.
The Communists also believed in education for women, so the tradition
continued.
During Communism, women were at least nominally granted equality,

although the underpinnings of Islam have always been evident. In 1999,
Islamic women won a court case to allow them to use a photograph with
only their hair covered for a passport. About half the Azeri Shiite women
wear the headscarf when out in public.
Although Azeri-practiced Islam is less restrictive of women than in most of

the other Muslim countries, many men still see women in traditional roles.
In rural parts of the country, women who go out without an escort, smoke in
public, drive automobiles, or visit theaters and restaurants may be
harassed.
Women are afforded equality according to the Azeri constitution. The

majority work outside the home, although seldom in decision-making
positions. Traditional customs limit the roles women can play in business.
At the same time, since more women than men study languages at
university, they are often offered employment with international companies.
Some women have achieved positions of authority, although their number
is limited.
Women are more commonly found in education and health care. About half
the physicians and nearly 40% of the university professors are female.
With the demise of Communism and the withdrawal of quotas for women in
politics, their number has been markedly reduced. They continue to be
under-represented in parliament, although their numbers are slowly
increasing.
Younger women living in urban areas are often relatively independent.

They work outside the home and expect to attain positions commensurate
with their education.
View of Foreign Women

Although most Azeris are tolerant and the country is secular, it is important
to realize that there are Islamic undertones that impact the way women are
treated. Foreign women who go out in public alone may attract unwanted
attention from Azeri men, especially in rural areas. Wearing conservative
clothing may alleviate some of the attention.
Tips for Businesswomen

It is important that a businesswoman conform to the local standards and
dress conservatively and professionally. Although few women in urban
areas wear they veil, they dress modestly.
Since Azeris respect knowledge and education, businesspeople will treat a

woman with respect if she demonstrates a wealth of knowledge in her field.
At the same time, they may have difficulty seeing a businesswoman as the
final authority. In general, therefore, a businesswoman will be more
successful as a technical expert or subject matter expert.
Despite their secular society, many Azeris retain a traditional view of a

womans role. Even if you are not married, it is a good idea to carry
photographs of children. If you do not have children, carry photographs of
your nieces and nephews or other children. Family is very important to
Azeris and they like doing business with people who have strong family
ties.
Azeri women do not smile or make direct eye contact with men other than
their husband or male relatives. Although most businessmen understand
such behavior is more common in Western cultures, it is a good idea to
adjust your style to be more compatible with the local culture.
Azeris stand relatively close when speaking to someone of the same sex.
Businessmen may widen the gap when speaking to a woman. If this
occurs, do not attempt to move to a distance that is more comfortable as it
may make your business colleague uncomfortable.
A businesswoman should extend her hand to the Azeri businessman

during the greeting process. Extremely religious Muslims may not shake
hands with a woman, although they are seldom offended by her gesture. If
a man does not extend his hand in response, nod your head slightly and
lower your eyes to demonstrate respect since Azeri women are taught to
express deference and modesty to others when they shake hands.
Direct eye contact demonstrates sincerity, although most Azeri men are
uncomfortable making continued direct eye contact with women. Therefore,
it is a good idea to find a balance between not making eye contact and
making too much eye contact with Azeri businessmen.
Establishing Credibility
It is a good idea to advise Azeris in advance of a businesswomans
credentials to avoid any misconception about her role. Forwarding a brief
bio including her academic background, title, and professional
accomplishments should be sufficient. Since Azeris think that education is
equivalent to status, make certain to point out if you have attended a
prestigious university, as this affords stature within their culture.
If a businesswoman is meeting with a company for the first time, she

should strive to be introduced by the oldest, highest-ranking male who
knows the people with whom she will be meeting. The status of the person
who makes the introduction lays the foundation for the way a
businesswoman is perceived.
It is common for the initial introduction to be made without the

businesswoman in attendance so that the person can speak eloquently
about her expertise, credentials, education, and accomplishments without
embarrassing her.
Titles are important since they tell Azeris where the other person fits in the
hierarchy and relative to themselves. It is best to have the title of director or
above, since this denotes authority and status. If you are a business
traveler, you may wish to use a business card title to facilitate relationship
building.
If a businesswoman comes from a culture that prizes being direct and to

the point, she may want to modify her speech pattern. Azeris generally
speak with emotion and are prone to exaggeration and hyperbole.
Although it is not necessary to speak in the same fashion, it is a good idea
to include more adverbs and adjectives in your speech.
Unless a businesswomans role has been clearly defined before her arrival,
Azeri businessmen may automatically defer to the men on the team. If the
businesswoman is not the team leader, arranging with the team to have
certain questions deferred to her will enhance her credibility.
Senior level Azeri businessmen often treat visiting businesswomen with

what may appear to be excessive courtesy and gallant that may feel
patronizing if you are from a more egalitarian culture. It is best to take such
behavior in your stride and understand that it is a cultural nuance rather
than an attempt to discount you.
View of Foreigners
As Azerbaijan struggles to embrace democracy and adopt more

Westernized practices, there has been a steady influx of foreigners into the
country. Foreigners who demonstrate respect for the local culture will
generally not have any problems.
Given their long history of changing borders and rule by other countries,
residents of Baku often have a global perspective and are accustomed to
international visitors and businesspeople. Azeris living in rural areas may
be less informed about world events. Most Azeris accept that the country
needs foreign investment for economic growth.
Azeris tend to be warm and friendly. They may ask probing personal
questions in an attempt to get to know a foreigner as a person.
Cross Culture Tips
The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

ICAM169; Cultural Model. They are designed to help you work and
understand people from other cultural backgrounds.
Please keep in mind that not all people from any given culture act the
same, but in order to describe cultural traits, we had to make
generalizations, which may not apply in some cases. Perhaps the most
important tip we can provide is that when interacting across cultures, you
need to approach every situation with an understanding of the basic tenets
of a given culture and yet remain alert to the specific cultural signals you
receive in each situation and adjust your behavior and expectations
accordingly.
Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:
How society is structured

How power is allocated or earned
Tolerance for social mobility
How organizations are structured and run
The amount of responsibility and control employees are given
Azerbaijan is relatively hierarchical. When working with people from

Azerbaijan, you will find following tips helpful:
People appreciate structure in manners, behavior and planning

If you are on a global team or managing a corporate group or
household help, you will want to give clear, explicit directions
regarding responsibilities and decisions.
As a manager or employer, you will want to demonstrate a somewhat
authoritative leadership style.
Be aware that people from different socio-economic backgrounds or
different levels of the organization may feel uneasy being invited to
the same social or business function.
Show the appropriate level of respect, through language and
behavior, to the more senior members of the organization.
Expect to encounter some bureaucracy in organizations and
government.
Interpersonal vs. Transactional

What constitutes a relationship

What are the expectations
Whether trust is deemed critical to building social or business
relationships
What takes precedence in making a business decision: the people
involved or other more objective business criteria
The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new
relationships
The appropriateness of mixing business and pleasure, or
professional and personal lives
Azerbaijan is a relationship-oriented culture. When you have business or

social interactions with Azeris, you will want to remember these points:
Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

and ritualized.
In general, relationship building takes time and attention. In return,
once developed, relationships are long lived.
Expect to be asked personal questions. This is how locals learn more
about you as a person so that they can be learn if the type of person
with whom they want a relationship.
In a business situation, personal relationships, trust and familiarity will
likely take precedence over price and perhaps even efficiency.
Employing or giving favorable treatment to family members and

friends may be good business, and what may be considered to be
"nepotism" in your culture may be openly accepted.
There are expectations that people have of relationship-based
behavior, which may include going out after work to socialize,
entertaining at ones home or even inviting someone for the weekend
and while these may be seen as casual in your culture, they carry an
underlying assumption of friendship.
Direct vs. Indirect

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The degree of directness or subtlety in the language
The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in
conveying a message
The need to maintain harmony and dignity when communicating
The degree to which a society uses conciseness and clarity versus
eloquent language when communicating
Azerbaijan is a very indirect communication culture. The following tips will

give you clues about how you might handle communication with Azeris:
Non-verbal gestures are important to enhance the meaning and

acceptance of the words being spoken.
Adding some context, background information, and dialog are
important to assure understanding.
Eloquence in verbal communication and meticulous preparation of
written or visual communication forms are highly valued.
Take care when making introductions to have a respectful, even
deferential demeanor.
Show you are considering the subject thoroughly when a topic is
presented.
Fluid vs. Controlled Time
The degree to which people feel that they can control time
The relative importance of relationships vs. schedules
Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality
Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning
The feasibility / appropriateness of assigning set times for social
functions or business meetings to start and finish
Azerbaijan is a moderately Fluid Time culture. The following tips will give
you clues about how you may best interact with people from Azerbaijan:
Be accepting of the fact that people do not feel a sense of urgency for
promptness, but they understand the need for deadlines and
schedules.
Since people have respect for schedules, it is often valuable to seek

concurrence from team members when establishing deadlines.
Plans are often fluid, changing frequently and often at the last minute.
Fluid Time cultures often strive for balance in professional and
personal lives. They may not share the same sense of urgency or
ambition about completing business projects, sourcing new business,
or personal career advancement.
It may be rude to interrupt a colleague who is taking a long time to
deliver a message, and brevity to maintain time schedules is not
considered a virtue.
External vs. Internal

The degree to which people feel they control their environment and
destiny-or the degree to which they feel their environment and
destiny control them
Openness to change and innovation
The preference for rules and structure
Willingness to take risks
The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward
initiative and risk taking, and allow failure
Azerbaijan is a moderately External Control society. When interacting with

people from Azerbaijan, you should remember the following tips:
People in these societies believe they have limited control over their
destiny or environment.
Although change may be viewed in a positive light, people from
Azerbaijan may be reluctant to adopt new products or systems
without a great deal of research.
Employees expect managers to be strong leaders who care for their
staff and take a personal interest in their lives.
When delegating work to employees, it is a good idea to make
periodic checks on progress.
Risk tolerance is often a matter of position, with risk tolerance limited
to those in decision making positions.
Informal vs. Formal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

status
The importance of protocol and etiquette
The appropriate use of titles, surnames and honorifics
The appropriateness of discussing personal matters at work
Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and
entertaining
Azerbaijan is a relatively formal culture. Therefore when you interact with

people from Azerbaijan:
Learn how it is best to address people; dont assume you can use
first names, and find out about appropriate use of surnames, and
honorifics.
Be careful not to be overly friendly with household staff or
subordinates at first. Being too friendly and informal may confuse
them and introduce ambiguity into the relationship.
As a manager or employer, be aware that accoutrements and the
trappings of status may enhance your credibility. These include
clothes you wear, the car you drive, your demeanor, and where you
live.
Avoid asking personal questions in a social or business setting
unless you have developed a close relationship with someone.
Before using social functions to network, be sure it is appropriate.
Be sure to check with a colleague or local national about rules of
protocol and etiquette about specific circumstances since using
proper etiquette is important.
Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

The relative importance of the individual versus the group
Whether legal systems will protect the rights of the individual or focus
on the group as a whole
Whether individuals prefer to work alone or be part of a group
Whether work teams operate as a seamless entity or as cooperating
individuals
The value of individual contributions vs. teamwork in accomplishing
and rewarding business goals
The roles and responsibilities of individuals to other family members
The appropriate levels of self-assertion and self-promotion within a
society
Azerbaijan is a relatively group-oriented society. As you interact with

people from Azerbaijan, it will be helpful to remember the following tips:
People value their role as a family or team member. They will often
identify themselves first as part of a group, then as an individual.
They may be uncomfortable if too much focus is placed on them
individually.
Individuals do not always feel comfortable taking sole credit for
accomplishments, even when credit is primarily due to them. Instead,
be sensitive to the role of the group, as well as the individual.
Promotions will be based on a mixture of group and individual
performance and achievement.
Individuals feel a strong sense of responsibility for family members.
Decision making may require a good deal of consensus building.
Balance vs. Status

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives
How status and success are defined by a society

The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives
relating to family welfare benefits
The source of an individual's identity and self-esteem
Tolerance for blurring the lines between professional and personal
lives
Azerbaijan is a Moderate Balance-Status Motivation culture. When

interacting with people from Azerbaijan, you should remember the following
tips:
Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are

often derived from family, education and pursuits outside of the
workplace.
Employees may see a distinction between work time and personal
time although they may also blur those lines with friends and family.
Obligations to family and close friends are often viewed as important
as professional responsibilities.
People can gain status and respect by workplace accomplishments.
Social occasions may be used to achieve business objectives.
Younger workers may expect to be measured on their own
achievements.
Country Overview
The People
Nearly 90% of the population is Azeris. Other ethnic groups include

Russians, Armenians, Georgians, Ukrainians, Kurds, Tartars, Talish,
Lezgins, Turks, Georgians, and Ukrainians. The main language is Azeri, or
Azerbaijani, a Turkic language closely related to Turkish and Turkmen.
Russian is widely spoken and taught in some schools.
The primary religion is Islam, although the constitution guarantees freedom

of religion. During the Soviet period, religious beliefs were banned. With
the collapse of the Soviet regime, there has been an Islamic revival that
includes the reopening of mosques and schools. The dominant branch of
Islam (about 70%) is Shi'a of the Jafarite rite. In addition, there are
Christians (primarily Russians and Armenians) and Jews.
Nationality:
Noun: Azerbaijani(s)
Adjective: Azerbaijani
Population:
9,872,765 (July 2016 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.99% (2014 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezgian 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh

1.3%, other 2.4% (2009 est.)
Note: the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely

by ethnic Armenians (2009 est.)
Religions:
Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox 2.3%, other
1.8% (1995 est.)
Note: Religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan; percentages for

actual practicing adherents are much lower.
Languages:
Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other
4.7% (2009 est.)
Source: The World Factbook
Cities & Regions
Azerbaijan is bordered by the Russian Federation, Georgia and Iran. The

Republic of Armenia divides the country into a small western part in the
Lesser Caucasus and a large eastern part, stretching from the Greater
Caucasus to the Mugan, Mili and Shirvan Steppes and bordered by the
Caspian Sea in the east.
Mountains cover nearly half the country and include the Greater Caucasus
mountains in the northeast, the Lesser Caucasus in the southwest, the
Talysh Mountains in the far southeast, and the Zangezur and Dilaguarez
Mountains in the south. Mount Bazardyuzyu in the Greater Caucasus on
the Russian border is the highest peak and reached 14,652 feet (4,466
meters). The high mountains contain glaciers and rapids, while the middle-
elevation ranges are dissected by deep gorges. The Greater Caucasus
drop off abruptly in the east and become low, arid hills. North of the
Greater Caucasus in eastern Azerbaijan is the Kusary Plateau.
The lowest region, the Kura depression in the southeast, divides into two
parts. Its western area and northern rim are marked by hills, ridges, and
valleys while the central and eastern areas consist of alluvial flatlands and
the low delta of the Kura along the coast.
Only 21 of the more than 1,000 rivers are longer than 60 miles (97 km).
The Kura, the largest river of Transcaucasia, flows from northwest to
southeast and empties into the Caspian Sea. The main tributary of the
Kura is the Araks. Most Azerbaijani rivers are in the Kura basin. In the
plains the rivers are used for irrigation. Most of the 250 lakes are small.
The largest are Lake Hajikabul and Lake Boyukshor.
Baku, the capital city, is one of Azerbaijan's largest and oldest cities. It is
located on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. In the center of the city,
is a restored medieval walled city ("Icheri Sheker") complete with mazes of
narrow alleys and ancient buildings including part of a palace, a mosque,
and a minaret from the 11th century. The old town retains a Middle Eastern
atmosphere complete with teahouses and street life. Modern Baku spreads
out from the walls, rising up hills that rim the Bay of Baku.
Government
Country name:
Conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan

Conventional short form: Azerbaijan
Local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
Local short form: Azarbaycan
Former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:
Presidential republic
Capital:
Baku (Baki, Baky)
Independence:
30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991
(adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)
Legal system:
Civil law system
More Government Information
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members in Azerbaijan

https://www.cia.gov/
An online directory of leaders updated weekly by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Background Note: Azerbaijan

http://www.state.gov/
An overview of government and political conditions published by the U.S.
Department of State.
Links to Government Web Sites

http://www.gksoft.com/
A comprehensive directory of Azerbaijan government Web sites.
Economy
Currency:
Azerbaijani manat (AZN)
Economy - overview:
Azerbaijan's high economic growth has been attributable to large and

growing oil and gas exports, but some non-export sectors also featured
double-digit growth, including construction, banking, and real estate. Oil
exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the Baku-Novorossiysk,
and the Baku-Supsa pipelines remain the main economic driver, but efforts
to boost Azerbaijan's gas production are underway. The eventual
completion of the geopolitically important Southern Gas Corridor between
Azerbaijan and Europe will open up another, albeit, smaller source of
revenue from gas exports.
Azerbaijan has made only limited progress on instituting market-based

economic reforms. Pervasive public and private sector corruption and
structural economic inefficiencies remain a drag on long-term growth,
particularly in non-energy sectors. Several other obstacles impede
Azerbaijan's economic progress, including the need for stepped up foreign
investment in the non-energy sector and the continuing conflict with
Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Trade with Russia and the
other former Soviet republics is declining in importance, while trade is
building with Turkey and the nations of Europe.
Long-term prospects depend on world oil prices, Azerbaijan's ability to

negotiate export routes for its growing gas production, and its ability to use
its energy wealth to promote growth and spur employment in non-energy
sectors of the economy.
Industries:
Petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, oilfield equipment; steel,
iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles
Exports - partners:
Italy 26.3%, Germany 13.3%, Indonesia 7%, France 6.9%, Czech Republic
6% (2015)
More Economic Information
Ministry of Economic Development
http://www.economy.gov.az
Web site of the Azerbaijan Ministry of Economic Development.
Geography & Climate
Location:
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia,
with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range
Area:
Total: 86,600 sq km
Land: 82,629 sq km
Water: 3,971 sq km
Note: Includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the

Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by
Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991
Land boundaries:
Total: 2,468 km
Border countries: Armenia 996 km, Georgia 428 km, Iran 689 km, Russia
338 km, Turkey 17 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Note: Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)
Climate:
Dry, semiarid steppe
Terrain:
Large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea
level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi
(Karabakh Upland) in west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron
Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m
Natural hazards:
Droughts
Environment - current issues:

Local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula)
(including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically
most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water
pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide,
and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton
Geography - note:
Both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked
History Overview
At various times Azerbaijan was part of the Persian, Arab, Turkish

Selijuk, Mongol, Ottoman, and Russian Empires. The most
successful attempt to unite the separate khanates was led by Shah
Ismail, the founder of the Safevid dynasty in the late 15th century. In
the early 16th century, the Persians, Ottomans, and Russians fought
for control of the region because of its advantageous territorial
position. The Persians took control of Azerbaijan in the 17th century.
Current-day Azerbaijan was formed when the part of the territory was
ceded to the Russia by Iran at the end of the second Russian-Persian
Wars (Turkmanchay Treaty). About two-thirds of the territory
remained a Persian state.
The world's first oil well was drilled in Azerbaijan in 1848.
The national liberation movement gained strength at the start of the
20th century. Azerbaijan was declared an independent state on May
28, 1918 after the fall of the Russian Empire at the end of World War
I. Outside pressures coupled with internal disputes eventually led to
the government's collapse. By April 1920 the Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic was overridden by Soviet troops and ceased to exist as an
independent country.
In 1922, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia formed the
Transcaucasian Federation of Soviet Republics. In 1936, Azerbaijan
joined the USSR as an independent republic, the Azerbaijan Soviet
Socialist Republic when the Transcaucasian Federation collapsed.
Joseph Stalin attempted, unsuccessfully, to unite the Azerbaijani
Soviet Republic with the northern provinces of Iran in 1945. Both the
UK and the USA were opposed to the action.
Heydar Aliyev became head of the Azerbajaini KGB in 1967. He
became head of the Azerbaijani Communist Party in 1969. In 1982,
he became a full member of the Soviet Politburo and the first deputy
chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers. In 1987, he left the
Politburo and Council of Ministers.
The country battled with the mostly Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh
region from 1988 to 1994 after the enclave voted to secede from
Azerbaijan and become part of Armenia. Tensions eased when
Russian and Iranian authorities agreed to lift the restrictions on
crossing between Azerbaijan and Armenia.
In 1989, Azerbaijan joined the Baltic countries in declaring its
independence from the USSR. After a failed coup attempt in Moscow
in 1991, the Azeri parliament restored independence. The opposition
parties boycotted the elections and Mutallibov became president.
Heydar Aliyev became the leader of the Azerbaijani enclave of

Nakhichevan. Leaders of Nagorno-Karabakh declared the enclave an
independent republic, which escalated the ethnic hostilities.
Armenia launched an offensive into Azerbaijan, near Karabakh, in
1993. Rebel army commander Colonel Surat Huseynov took control
of Gyandzha and marched on Baku. President Elchibey asked Aliyev
to return to the capital. Aliyev assumed power when Elchibey fled.
Huseynov became prime minister and was put in charge of defense
and the security forces. A referendum indicated a lack of public
confidence in Eichibey. Aliyev won the presidential election, which
was boycotted by the People's Front. The USA imposed sanctions
against Azerbaijan as a result of the war with Armenia.
A ceasefire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan was forged
in 1994. Ethnic Armenians retained control of Karabakh and a small
portion of Azerbaijani territory. During the 6-year conflict, 35,000
people died and 850,000 people became displaced persons. A new
constitution was adopted the following year.
Azerbaijan signed a contract with a consortium of international oil
companies for exploration of their off-shore oil fields in 1994.
Government troops crushed a rebellion led by Rovshan Jovadov's
special police during which Jovadov was killed. Nagorno-Karabakh
held legislative elections. Robert Kocharyan, the former head of
Karabakh's State Defense Committee, became executive president.
The New Azerbajani Party, led by President Aliyev, won a majority of
seats in Azerbaijan's first multi-party elections. A new constitution
was approved in a referendum.
The Yeni Azerbaycan Partiyasi (YAP) won the 2000 general election,
which observers declared unfair. Leaders of 5 major opposition
parties began a mass protest against the elections and demanded
new elections.
In 2001, the government ordered that the Azeri language be written
with the Latin rather than the Cyrillic alphabet. Azerbaijan became a
full member of the Council of Europe. There was no solution to the
ownership of the seas despite a year's talks between five Caspian
countries. Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey came to an agreement
concerning the oil and gas pipelines linking the Caspian fields to
Turkey.
In 2001, the country became a full member of the Council of Europe.
Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey agreed about the oil and gas
pipelines linking the Caspian fields to Turkey.
The USA sanctions against Azerbaijan were lifted in 2002 when the
government agreed to participate in the USA-led war on terrorism.
Thousands of people in Baku demonstrated and demanded the
resignation of President Aliyev and the annulment of the referendum
on constitutional change.
The state oil company stopped pumping oil into Russia in January
2007 due to a pricing disagreement.
In March 2008, fighting erupted in Nagorno-Karabakh. In November,
Armenia and Azerbaijan signed an agreement to resolve their
argument over the disputed territory.
Due to the March 2009 referendum that allowed a president to serve
more than two terms, Aliyev was elected president in November
2010. In September, British Petroleum announced its intention to

build a gas pipeline from Azerbaijan to Europe, bypassing Russia.
Country Information
Embassies
Public Holidays
Social Etiquette
Meeting People
Azeri greetings are warm and friendly. Since this is a hierarchical culture, it
is customary to greet elders first. Men greet each other with a handshake
and the greeting "salaam" ("peace"). Women hug and kiss each other once
on the left cheek. Close male friends may also embrace and kiss each
other once. Azeri women do not shake hands among themselves, although
many will shake hands with a foreigner. Men should shake an Azeri
womans hand very lightly.
Greetings should not be rushed. It is a sign of hospitality to take time to

converse with the other person. This usually starts with a polite inquiry
such as "nejasiniz?" ("how are you?"), followed by a general discussion
about each persons family.
First names are generally used in social situations when the people are of
similar ages. If you do not know someone well, use their first name
followed by an honorific title. For women, the appropriate honorific title is
"hanum" ("woman") or "hala" ("auntie"). For men, the honorific titles are
"bey" ("man") or "ami" or "dayi" ("uncle"). Wait until invited before moving to
a first name basis without the honorific titles. This level of intimacy is
reserved for family or close friends of approximately the same age who
are of a similar status.
There word "you" is both singular and plural in Azerbaijan. The plural form
("siz") is used to address someone superior, someone older, or someone
you do not know well. It is considered the more polite form of greeting. The
singular ("sen") is used only with close friends, family members, or

subordinates. Wait for your Azeri friend to determine when it is time to
move to this level of intimacy.
Younger people are expected to initiate greetings with older people,

although the older person is the one who initiates the handshake.
At social gatherings, guests are expected to greet each person individually.

Quite often, guests already in the room will rise when newcomers enter.
This both facilitates and focuses the greeting process. When leaving,
guests should say goodbye to each guest individually.
Gift Giving
In general, Azeris exchange gifts for birthdays, weddings, anniversaries,

and other important events in a persons life. This is a culture where it is
the thought behind the gift, rather than the price, that matters. It is common
for a gift to be refused twice before it is accepted.
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they are permitted under company policy):
If you are invited to an Azeris home for dinner, bring flowers or

chocolates to the hostess.
Give an odd number of flowers; even numbers are reserved for
funerals.
Avoid giving alcoholic beverages unless you are certain your host
imbibes.
A small gift for the children will be appreciated.
Gifts should be nicely wrapped. There are no color restrictions.
Gifts are not opened when received.
Entertaining
How Azeris Entertain

Azeris pride themselves on being warm and gracious hosts who extend
hospitality with ease. Even if your visit is brief, you will be served a drink
and something to eat. Invitations are generally extended by telephone and
may be spur-of-the moment. Most social entertaining is done in the home
as a matter of pride; it is extremely rare to be invited to a restaurant.
If you are invited to a Azeri home:
Check to see if you should remove your shoes before entering the
house.
Punctuality is not expected. Arriving within 30 minutes of the

stipulated time is socially acceptable,
Dress casually but smartly. Avoid revealing clothing. Clothing
indicates social status and demonstrates respect for your hosts.
Shake hands with everyone when arriving and leaving.
Do not ask for a tour of the house. You will be shown the public
areas.
Send a handwritten thank you note to your hosts the next day.
Table Manners
Table manners are formal and follow established protocol. The more formal
the occasion, the stricter the protocol. When in doubt, watch what others
do and emulate their behavior.
Remain standing until invited to sit down. You may be shown to a

particular seat.
Keep your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when
eating.
The hostess generally serves the food. The elderly are served first,
then the guests, and finally the children.
You will be offered second and third helpings.
Use your right hand only to pass things.
Finish everything on your plate.
Dining Out
Tipping is expected. It is not uncommon for waitstaff to ask for a tip before
taking your order. Calculate approximately 10% and hand this to the waiter.
If service is exemplary, you may give more at the end of the meal.
Doormen in restaurants in Baku expect to be tipped.
The person who extends the invitation is expected to pay for everyone.
Azeris take extending hospitality as a matter of pride. They are not
comfortable splitting the bill, even when out with friends. It is customary to
send a small gift to the person who hosted the meal.
Dining out is not an everyday occurrence in Azerbaijan. It is reserved for

special occasions. As such, people dress up and are on their best
behavior.
Tipping
The following tipping hints are guidelines. You can find more explicit
information on restaurant tipping in the Dining Out section above.
Restaurants: 10%
Porters: 50 cents - $1 per bag
Taxis: Round up
Approach to Time
Most Azeris see people and relationships as more important than a rigid
adherence to schedules and timetables. Although many businesspeople
attempt to arrive at meetings on time, if they are involved in a discussion
with someone else, they will not rush that discussion in order to arrive
promptly. Likewise, when meeting with you, they will devote as much time
as required, despite other business appointments.
Conversation Topics
Since they are extremely hospitable, there are few topics you can raise that
would upset Azeris. It is best, however, to avoid discussions about politics
or to insinuate that the local population is Russian. Good topics of
conversation include your hobbies and interests, food, travel, films, and
books. Avoid asking personal questions about someones family unless
you have been introduced. Even then, it is best to keep such questions
superficial.
In general, Azeris speak softly and go out of their way to avoid putting
someone in a difficult situation. They are more demonstrative in using their
hands and displaying affection than many cultures. They are quite at ease
touching people of the same sex while conversing.
Other Situations
Hospitality is part of the Azeri culture. It is considered good manners to

greet shopkeepers and people you meet on the street. Likewise, it is polite
to say goodbye to the shopkeeper when leaving, even if you did not make
a purchase. It is considered extremely rude not to speak to someone next
to you on mass transportation.
Since Azeris are hospitable, they are gracious if friends and neighbors visit
without an invitation. Until you are certain you have developed that level of
intimacy, it is a good idea to telephone first. Expect to be offered a small
snack and something to drink. If you refuse this offer of hospitality, you will
be asked again. It is better to accept, even if you do not want what is
offered rather than risk insulting your host.
Azeris like to bargain. However, do not attempt to bargain in department

stores or supermarkets.
Old-world courtesy and traditional values are practiced in Azerbaijan:
Men rise when being introduced.

Men precede women through doorways.
Men open car doors.
Men carry packages.
Stand when someone older enters the room.
Elders are always treated with utmost respect and deference.
Do not cross your legs, smoke, or chew gum in the presence of
elders.
It is customary to remove your coat and put it in the cloakroom in theatres

and restaurants. It is a good idea to remove any valuables in advance.
Taxis do not have meters, so you must agree to the fare before
commencing in your journey. Most drivers cannot make change, so be sure
you have small denominations of manata with you. If the music in the taxi
is too loud or if you are bothered by the drivers cigarette smoke, it is
acceptable to kindly ask the driver to lower the volume or put out his
cigarette. Taxi drivers expect to be tipped about 10%.
It is common for strangers to stop foreigners on the street and ask where
they are from. In Baku, many Azeris consider speaking with a foreigner a
good opportunity to test their English skills. Be patient. It is a good idea to
learn a few key phrases in Azeri. Good phrases to know include "salaam
nejesiniz?" ("hello, how are you?"); "ne var, ne yox?" ("how are things?");
and "sag olun, gorushenedek" ("goodbye, see you soon").
If you telephone an Azeri at home, it is considered polite to converse with

the person who answers before asking to speak with the proper person.
Azerbaijan is very much a cash economy. Do not expect to use credit

cards in most shops and markets.
Faux Pas
Do not use your left hand in public.

Do not point the soles of your feet or your shoes at anyone.
Do not put your hands in your pockets when speaking.
Do not put your hands on your hips while speaking.
Do not use the "thumbs up" gesture.
Avoid public displays of affection with a member of the opposite sex.
Do not cross your arms while speaking.
Ask permission before taking someones photograph.
Dress modestly in public.
Do not shake hands across a doorway.
Communication
Communication Essentials
Azeris communicate differently depending upon if the person is part of their

inner circle close friends or family or if they do not have a close
personal relationship. The speech pattern used in business is typically the
more formal one that is used when there is not a close relationship. It is
meant to maintain the honor of the speaker and the person with whom they
are speaking.
As in many hierarchical cultures, the pronoun you has both a polite (plural)
and an informal (singular) form. The polite form, siz, is used when
addressing someone superior to yourself in age or position or someone
you do not know well whereas the informal form, sen, is used when
addressing close friends, family, or subordinates. It is a good idea to use
the plural form until invited to move to the informal.
Although they may use words or expressions that are considered taboo in
their culture, Azeris apologize before doing so. If they feel that they must
use harsh or rude words, they will apologize before the word. They will also
apologize before using the words for certain parts of their body such as
feet, legs, or back. This is especially true when conversing with people with
whom they would generally use the formal form of the word you. These
habits are dying out among those under the age of 30, especially in Baku.
Azeri communication is generally non-confrontational. They have a hard

time giving a negative response to a request. Therefore, they tend to
apologize for the refusal and attempt to offer an explanation. They may add
phrases such as I wish it were possible, If it were possible I would do it
or In the future it may be possible. It is common for Azeris to invent
excuses for their refusal rather than give the actual rationale if doing so
might embarrass the other person.
In their attempt to be polite and diplomatic, Azeris tend to be extremely

indirect when offering criticism. If they feel that they must raise a
shortcoming or mistake, they may invent a fictitious character and situation.
This is quite common when an older person criticizes someone who is
younger.
Language is often flowery and rich with hyperbole to demonstrate respect.

The only time this is not the case is when it comes to discussing their own
hospitality, in which case they tend to be modest and understate the reality.
Saying hello and goodbye are critical parts of Azeri communication. It is a

breach of etiquette to omit these ritual phrases from communication. They
may take offense if they are not greeted by someone whom they know or if
the person does not say goodbye to them individually.
Personal questions, especially by people over the age of 35, are used as a
way to get to know another person and develop the personal relationship
that is important to successful business relationships. Expect to be asked
somewhat intrusive questions about your personal life, especially your
marital status. If you are uncomfortable discussing such matters, handle
the matter diplomatically so neither party loses face.
Azeris are reluctant to boast about their own successes or capabilities

since speaking about them is considered immodest.
An Azeri proverb claims, Speech is silver, silence is golden. What is not

said can be equally as important as what is said. If you come from a more
direct culture, you may have to listen hard so that you do not miss these
subtleties. You may also have to temper your own speech pattern so that
you are not considered overly blunt, and hence, rude. Talk that would be
considered straightforward, or perhaps honest, in Western cultures may be
considered blunt, or even rude.
When offered something, an Azeri will generally refuse out of politeness. If

offered the same object again, they may then decide that the offer was
sincere, although they will often again say no. If offered a third time, they
will then offer a frank response as to their desires.
Key Words/Phrases
Azerbaijani (or Azeri) is the official language of Azerbaijan. Many people
also speak Russian, but Azerbaijani is used in business.
English Azerbaijani
Hello Salam aleykum
How are you? Siz nec?siniz?
Pleased to meet you Tanis olmagima ox sadam
Excuse me zr ist?yir?m
Goodbye Sagolun, Salamat qalin, Grs?n?d?k
Key Spoken Phrases

http://www.omniglot.com
The Azerbaijani alphabet with pronunciation guide, useful phrases, and
links to other information.
http://www.azeri.org
A website dedicated to the Azerbaijani language, including pronunciation
guide, spoken phrases, links to more information, translated texts, etc.
Using Translators
Take care in selecting a translator and develop an early understanding of
what you expect--specifically, the translation must be exact, rather than
what the translator thinks each party wants to hear.
To be on the safe side you may want to meet with the translator prior to
your appointments so that the person learns your accent and can be
exposed to any technical or non-familiar terms that may be used.
Developing a thorough relationship with your translator enables them to
argue your points with a level of confidence they might not otherwise have.
Have your translator explain to you the most elementary of basic
courtesies.
Non-Verbal Language
Azeris often use their hands to amplify their communication. They are
generally at ease with touch, especially between persons of the same
gender. They kiss, embrace, and place their hands on another person. It is
not unusual to see Azerbaijanis walking down the street hand in hand, arm
in arm.
Eye contact during conversations is a sign of sincerity. If someone does

not look them in the eye while speaking, an Azeri will believe that the
person has something to hide.
Azeris stand extremely close when speaking to someone of the same

gender. However, they often increase the space considerably when
speaking to someone of the opposite sex. Do not attempt to move to a
distance that is more comfortable as it may make your business colleague
uncomfortable.
When you are interacting with someone of the opposite sex, try to find the
right balance between standing too close and not close enough, and
between maintaining eye contact so you appear trustworthy and not too
much so you don't seem provocative.
Mail & Telephone
Letters/Email
Written communication should be formal. Demonstrate proper respect for
the status of the person by addressing the letter using their honorific and
professional title and full name.
Letters written in English often receive more prompt attention than those
written in Azeri.
Since successful business relies on strong personal relationships, it is a

good idea to begin your letter with a warm introduction rather than
immediately getting to the business at hand. The final paragraph should

again include a personal statement. Include words that convey respect and
personalize the business purpose of the communication. Words that
demonstrate respect include kind, honor, appreciate, consideration,
and help. Use short, clear sentences. Avoid using slang, jargon, or
idioms, since they are not always understood.
Courtesy and face-saving are as important in written communication as

they are in all other forms of communication. If you want to indicate that
you have concerns or reservations, couch them in rhetoric.
Business letters may be used to schedule appointments, respond to

questions, exchange factual information, or clarify a point. They cannot
replace personal contact and should not be used to present a proposal.
Email communication should be formal and is generally used to exchange

factual data. Use a proper salutation including the persons title and an
appropriate closing. It is a good idea to begin with a personal comment. It
is common to end an email with "thanks and kind regards".
Telephone
As you might expect in a relationship-driven culture, the telephone is not
the preferred medium of communication, particularly before a personal
meeting has occurred. Once a personal relationship has been developed,
you may schedule a meeting by telephone or re-confirm an appointment.
When speaking, modulate your speaking voice and enunciate your words
carefully. Do not immediately begin speaking about the matter at hand.
Small talk is important as it fosters the personal relationship so necessary
to conduct business.
When telephoning someone at their home, it is polite to speak with the

person who answers for about 5 minutes about general matters before
asking for the person with whom you want to speak.
Telephone calls should not be ended abruptly. The person who initiates the
call is the one to end it. If you must end the call prematurely, apologize
profusely and offer a reason for your rapid departure. It is a good idea to
schedule a time to continue the conversation, as this alleviates any feelings
of offense that might be caused by ending the conversation.
Presentations
Handouts
It is a good idea to have handouts in both Azeri and English.

It is customary to provide printed materials at the start of the
presentation.
However, the main points and agenda may be distributed at the start.
Handouts should include facts and figures in the same order as the
presentation. They should supplement and reinforce what is said.
Handouts should include background data or charts.
Presentation Slides/PowerPoint
Presentation materials should be in both Azeri and English.

To emphasize a point, intersperse charts and graphs.
Use diagrams when possible.
Limit extreme graphics or glitzy materials.
The status of a company may be judged on the quality of the
materials.
Use A/Vs, whiteboards or flip charts to distill complex material into
digestible packets of information.
Audience
Generally a small group including the decision maker and one or two
trusted advisors.
You may ask the audience to turn off their mobile phones.
May interrupt to ask a question when it is fresh in their mind.
Presenter
Check in advance to determine if you will need an interpreter.

Provide coffee and sweets; allow time for the audience to mingle.
Greet each member of the audience as they arrive.
If the entire team is there, direct your attention to the decision
maker.Establish a personal rapport with the audience before
beginning the presentation.
Strive to appear self-confident by maintaining good posture.
Slouching, pacing, toying with your papers, or giving visible signs of
being uncomfortable may make the audience question your
expertise.
Avoid making exaggerated claims and hyperbole, which may not be
understood.
Present information diplomatically and sensitively to avoid loss of
face.
Avoid emotional presentations or implying that you have an emotional
tie to what is being said. The phrase "I think" is more compelling than
the phrase "I feel".
Make eye contact with the decision maker.
Do not plan interactive exercises.
Opening the Presentation
Mention your professional background but do not digress into

personal topics.
Begin with a brief history of your company and your products or
services.
Clearly state the purpose of the presentation.
Covering the background or history and a review of trends and
precedents.
Analyze the current situation, including a historical overview, to

ensure everyone has the same contextual understanding.
Body of the Presentation
Welcome the audience.

Initial presentations should provide the big picture.
Focus on empirical evidence, facts, and logic.
Emphasize that you have considered the local bureaucracy and detail
how this can be circumvented.
Do not emphasize "new", rather demonstrate clearly the qualities of a
product or service and why it will be an asset.
When presenting a solution, begin with a very clear and thorough
analysis of the problem.
Include implementation plans that cover all eventualities.
Repeat important points to ensure understanding.
Closing the Presentation
Clearly elucidate the conclusion and how the key points lead to it.
Thank the audience.
Leave time at the end of the presentation for a Q&A session.
Expect well thought out questions.
Date/Time
Date
In Azerbaijan, dates are generally in the day, month and year format with
either periods or slashes between each number. If the day or month is less
than 10, leading zeroes are used. The year is generally written using four
digits. Example: July 9, 2011 could be written 09.07.2011 or 09/07/2011.
To ensure there is no confusion, you may want to spell out the name of the
month. This leaves no ambiguity as to what is the day and what is the
month.
Time
The 24-hour clock is a timekeeping convention where the time of a day is
the number of hours since midnight. The 12-hour clock divides the day into
two periods (midnight to noon and noon to midnight), each with 12 hours.
Thus, 2 o'clock in the afternoon would be 14:00 in the 24-hour clock.
Azeris generally communicate in writing using the 24-hour clock, although
they may use the 12-hour clock when speaking.
Business Protocol
Meeting & Greeting
As you might expect in a hierarchical culture, business is formal. Azeris

expect others to follow proper protocol and demonstrate deference and
respect to those in positions of authority.
Shake hands with everyone at the start and the end of a meeting.
Maintaining direct eye contact and state your name slowly when
being introduced.
Men should wait for a woman to extend her hand.
Use the plural for "you" ("siz") when speaking to business colleagues.
Professional titles are not used when speaking, although they often
appear on business cards.
Expect to be introduced to people with their first name followed by
their title.
When conversing, use the first name and the honorific title
"muallim" (sir) or "hanim" (Mrs.).
Do not move to first name without honorific title unless specifically
requested. It is the purview of the more senior person to initiate this
gesture.
Business Cards
Business cards are exchanged without formal ritual.

Have one side of your business card translated into Azeri.
Present your business card with the Azeri side facing the recipient.
Use both hands to exchange cards.
Take the time to examine any card received carefully. It is considered
polite to nod your head while reading someones card to indicate that
you have absorbed the information.
Treat the business card you receive as you would the person.
Business Attire
The way a businessperson dresses conveys their professional image and

their respect for the people with whom they conduct business. As such,
what we report is the conservative approach to business attire for a
country. Appropriate attire varies within countries based on location, event,

and individual organization culture. Some industries and companies may
have less stringent requirements. Before embarking on an international
trip, it is generally a good idea to check with the local office to determine
what the appropriate dress code is in a specific location.
Business dress is formal.

Men should wear dark-colored, conservative business suits.
Women should dress modestly in a business suit or dress that covers
their knees.
Gifts
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they comply with company policy):
Gifts are usually exchanged at the start of the meeting or at the

conclusion of negotiations.
Good gifts are items for the office such as pens, desk accessories, or
a desk diary.
Expensive gifts may be viewed as an attempt to curry favor.
It is customary to give something small to support staff and
secretaries.
Gifts are not opened when received.
Business Entertaining
Business lunches and dinners are common as are invitations to a

teahouse.
Business meals are used to develop a personal relationship rather
than to discuss business.
The person extending the invitation expects to pay.
Spouses are often included in business dinners. If so, business is not
discussed.
Toasting is customary. The most common toasts are "to your health"
or "good luck".
Business Hours
Offices: Usually open between 9:00am-6:00pm Monday to Friday

Banks: 9:30am-5:30pm Monday
Shops: Usually open between 8:00am-8:00pm Monday to Saturday
Business Meetings
Meeting Essentials
Structure: Agendas are becoming more popular with those under the
age of 35. How they are used is a matter of personal preference.
Role of Leader: Strong leaders who call the meeting, agree to the
agenda if one is submitted in advance, facilitate the meeting, and set
the pace.
Purpose: Exchange information or communicate decisions that have
already been reached.
Who attends: Various levels are included as are key stakeholders.
Who participates/speaks: Lower level staff may speak to corroborate
information, but will not state their opinion, especially if it varies from
the most senior Azeri.
The first time you meet with a company, the meeting may be used as a
mechanism to get to know each other as people. Business may not be
discussed. Although this is not what people from direct cultures are
accustomed to, it is important not to rush this important process. If
favorably disposed to you, a second meeting will be scheduled before you
leave.
Hierarchy and status are important. It is common for teams to enter the
room in rank order. Although you need not follow suit, doing
so demonstrates that you understand the importance of such cultural
nuances.
Meetings commence with extended pleasantries, even after a personal

relationship has developed. It is considered rude to immediately discuss
business. Wait for the most senior Azeri to determine when it is time to
begin the business discussions.
Status and position are important. It is crucial to demonstrate utmost

respect and deference not only to the decision maker but also towards
anyone senior to you in age or position. Do not publicly disagree with such
people and strive to use polite and deferential language.
Given the importance of personal relationships, expect to be entertained

over coffee or lunch. Although these events may appear casual and a
chance to relax, your counterparts will be sizing you up. Dinner is generally
reserved for those with whom the Azeris have a personal relationship.
Although not generally part of the business culture, agendas are becoming
more popular in Baku with younger workers or when meeting with
foreigners. The agenda is generally agreed to in advance. Recommending
changes to the agenda during the meeting will be met with skepticism and
may be interpreted as an attempt to hide something. How the agenda is
followed is more a matter of personal preference of the most senior Azeri
than a cultural nuance.
Azeris are somewhat indirect communicators which means that they tend
to be equally concerned with the content of their message as with how it is
received. If they feel passionate about a topic, they may become more
assertive. Since they strive to maintain their dignity and honor when
speaking, they are careful not to say or do something that could be
construed as an insult.
Scheduling Meetings
Appointments are necessary. For initial meetings, send a one-page

letter introducing yourself and the company you represent and the purpose
of your visit 2 to 3 weeks before you want to meet. Letters may be written
in English. You can confirm the meeting by fax, email, or telephone. Many
Azeris are reluctant to confirm a meeting more than twenty-four hours in
advance.
Punctuality is expected although you may be kept waiting.
Executives tend to start their day later than other workers and work later
into the evening. It is often difficult to schedule a meeting before 10 a.m. or
between noon and 2 p.m., unless a business lunch is planned.
Agendas
Agendas are not part of the local business culture, although they are
increasing used with foreigners and in Baku.
Send items to be included on the agenda several weeks before the
meeting.
How the agenda is handled will depend upon the personal prefernece
of the most senior Azeri.
Even if the agenda is followed in a point-by-point fashion, there may
be a tendency to have the conversation veer into ancillary
discussions. Be diplomatic if you must bring the discussion back to
the original subject.
Conducting Meetings
The concept of honor is extremely important. Azeris are sensitive to status,

title, who sits down or enters a room first. When in doubt as to the proper
protocol, follow the example of your Azeri business colleagues. Do not say
anything that impugns someones character or good name.
Azeris do not require much personal space. They will stand close to you
while conversing and you may feel as if your personal space has been
violated. Do not back away, as your business colleague will attempt to
close the gap between the two of you and you may find yourself backed up
against a wall.
Politeness and hospitality are integral to communication. Cups of tea are

often served at meetings.
Discussions may start slowly, with many questions that may seem
irrelevant to the purpose of your visit. It is rude to insist that your
colleagues get to the point. They will once they are certain that that you are
someone with whom they would like to do business. Until then, expect
circuitous conversations that may appear to be going nowhere. Asking
direct questions seldom leads to satisfactory results. It is better to gently
probe for the information you desire while building a personal relationship.
It is vital that you maintain eye contact while speaking since Azeris take
this as a sign of sincerity. If someone does not look them in the eye while
speaking, they think the person has something to hide. If you are speaking
English, speak slowly and do not use idiomatic phrases. Although many
Azeri businesspeople speak English, their written comprehension is often
better than their ability to understand the spoken words. Knowing a few key
phrases in Azeri demonstrates a keen interest in your business colleagues.
Azeri businessmen are extremely courteous towards women, even in

business. Their behavior may appear patronizing. There are few Azeri
businesswomen in positions of authority, so men are not accustomed to
dealing with women as equals in business. Since businesswomen are
subject to excessive attention, it is important to dress modestly and
maintain a professional, if somewhat cool, demeanor.
Face-to-face communication is very important. Since this is a relationship-

driven culture, the telephone, email, and fax are viewed as impersonal
mediums of communication.
Management Styles
Relationships
Since Azerbaijan is a relationship-driven culture, it is important to be

introduced by a third-party, generally a person with high-level contacts in
your industry. The Azeri embassy in your country, your embassy in

Azerbaijan, or the chamber of commerce can often recommend people to
fill this important role. Many local chambers of commerce have evenings
where local business and government officials meet and greet foreign
businesspeople. Be careful when selecting the person to effect an
introduction as you will be viewed on this person's reputation.
Azeris prefer to do business with those they know and respect; therefore,
expect to spend time cultivating a personal relationship. It takes time to
earn the respect and trust. If you rush this process, you risk jeopardizing
your business dealings. Building a relationship does not happen during one
meeting.
Expect to be offered tea whenever you meet, since this demonstrates

hospitality. Many expats advise that if you are not offered tea before a
meeting, it may indicate that the Azerbaijani you are meeting does not view
the meeting as important. Business discussions may be held in teahouses.
The person who extends the invitation generally intends to pay. Do not
insult an Azeri by attempting to pick up the check when they have
extended the invitation.
Be cognizant of different styles in shaking hands and reciprocate the

handshake you receive. Some Azeri businessmen use a lingering
handshake. If you do not respond in the same fashion, your Azeri
colleague may think you are not treating him seriously.
Azeris tend to be sensitive to others' feelings and avoid saying or doing

something that could cause the other person to lose face. To maintain a
personal relationship, emulate this behavior.
Azeris prefer face-to-face meetings over telephone or written

communication. To foster a relationship, plan to meet with your business
associates regularly.
Impact of Generations on Relationships

Since Generation Y has not lived under the Communist regime, they do not
necessarily need to develop strong personal relationships to the same
degree as older generations.
Management Essentials
If you were to think about the most important cultural attributes that you will
see operating in business in Azerbaijan, they would be:
Hierarchical structures
Formal style
Interpersonal relationships
Indirect communication
It is crucial that you treat people formally and with proper respect and
deference, especially in business. This includes using titles and first names
and the plural word for you ("siz") when addressing someone of a higher
status or someone with whom you do not have a personal relationship. Let
your Azeri business colleagues determine when your friendship has
progressed to the point where you may use the singular form or their first
name without the honorific title.
Azeris are polite and formal in business. Good manners and proper
etiquette are seen as symbols of good breeding. Proceed slowly and
cautiously. Traditional attitudes abound under a cosmopolitan veneer in
Baku. Many businesspeople are not as westernized as they first appear.
Risk Tolerance
Like many cultures in transition, Azerbaijan has a medium tolerance for

change and risk, which may vary substantially by individual. New ideas are
not generally received with enthusiasm, especially when dealing with Baby
Boomers (those born in the 1950s). Idea and projects are carefully
analyzed and reviewed.
When presenting new ideas, clearly demonstrate what the Azeri

organization can gain from adopting the new initiative. It is also a good idea
to ensure that you will be available to provide step-by-step guidance.
When implemented, changes are made slowly.
Impact of Generations on Risk Tolerance

Generation X employees are generally more entrepreneurial and more
willing to accept risks. Generation Y employees are not as entrepreneurial
and prefer to mitigate personal risk by developing a consensus.
Schedules & Deadlines
Azerbaijan is a moderate time culture where time is valued, but is not

viewed as money in the way it is in much of the west. At the same time, as
the government is eager to enter the global economy, there is a strong
difference between the view of schedules and deadlines in multinational
and locally-owned companies.
In multinational organizations, more attention is paid to deadlines since this

conforms to the expectations of the parent company. In locally-owned
companies, especially those who do not deal directly with the global
market, deadlines are viewed more as ideals. They are nice to achieve, but
it is not mandatory that they are.
In general, Azeris do not appreciate tight schedules that do not have

sufficient room to cater to the unexpected. Their approach to time is very
much event oriented. If a meeting can only be held after certain steps are
accomplished, they do not schedule the meeting until the steps have been
taken.
Decision Making
Company Structure
Azeri business is hierarchical and the management style tends to be
somewhat autocratic, although this is changing with the influx of Western
companies and more entrepreneurial ventures..
Since this is a hierarchical culture, subordinates are expected to open

doors for their superiors and stand when their superiors enter the room, in
much the same way young people are expected to behave towards older
people in social situations.
Managing Employees
Managers tell subordinates what they want done. They do not attempt to
reach a consensus, since they believe doing so would make them look
weak. Subordinates follow a managers instructions without comment, as it
would be rude to challenge someone of a higher status. Likewise,
subordinates will seldom admit that they do not understand a mangers
instructions.
Managers often treat subordinates as extended family. Their behavior is

paternalistic and they assist subordinates if they have personal problems.
Impact of Generations on Managing Employees

The age of employees can materially impact the best way to manage them.
When managing employees Generation Y employees consider the
following:
Offer a variety of tasks and projects and increasing responsibility.

Provide opportunities to try new skills and take on new assignments
in a protected environment.
Provide clear deadlines and expectations.
Allow them to ignore hierarchy when they want to make a suggestion
or ask a question.
Listen to their ideas and give them a chance to test new ideas.>
Provide ample training and development.
Create opportunities to work on teams.
Provide frequent feedback. When offering constructive criticism, start
with something positive.
Decision Making
Decisions are made at the top of the company. Employees do not expect to
be consulted and often think less of the person asking if they are. This is
starting to change in entrepreneurial ventures as well as those with a
substantial number of Generation Y.
Since organizations are often mired with a great deal of bureaucracy,

decision making can be a mind-numbing exercise in patience.
Team Focus
Team members expect the leader to be a strong leader and provide

instructions and guidance. In many ways, Azeris prefer to work
independently. When put on a team, they will work together but are
reluctant to critique a peers performance, since they believe such
feedback is a breach of loyalty. Asserting individual opinions is less
important than having a sense of belonging to the group and maintaining
harmony among its members.
Negotiations
Personal relationships are the cornerstone of business in Azerbaijan. It is

necessary to develop relationships to earn respect and trust. There will be
a great deal of small talk before getting down to the business discussion.
Azerbaijanis are tough negotiators, so expect a great deal of bargaining

and haggling. It is a good idea to come prepared with concessions so that
you can grant them as the need arises.
Opening bids should be realistic while including some room to maneuver.

Prior to entering negotiations, know your target figure and work towards it
through concessions. When conceding, present it as a favor and a decision
made out of respect and liking for the Azeri. It is a good practice to ask for
a concession for every one you make.
Expect to have your proposal carefully scrutinized. This is part of the risk
avoidance that many Azeris still have. Do not appear impatient or attempt
to rush an Azeri to make a decision. It will not speed up the process and
could do the reverse.
Maintaining face is important to Azeris. They can be extremely sensitive

who enters the room or sits down first. The best course of action is to
follow the lead of the most senior Azeri.
Decision making can be slow. In most cases, initial negotiations are not
with the ultimate decision maker. Once you are considered trustworthy, you
will meet more senior members of the organization. This is a hierarchical
culture where decisions are reached at the top of the company.
Business relationships exist between people rather than the company they
represent. If you change negotiators, the replacement will have to spend
time developing his relationships before the negotiations can continue.
It is a good idea to point out the competitive advantage your company has
over your competitors. This indicates that you are well-versed in what else
is available and therefore technically knowledgeable.
The constitution required that all legal documents, including contracts, are
written in Azeri. Be sure to hire an excellent translator.
Moving There
Advice and Tips for Moving
Customs Regulations
Entry Requirements
Getting Around
Getting There
Safety & Security
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
Fire: 01
Police: 02
Ambulance: 03
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
Fire: 01
Police: 02
Ambulance: 03
Safety Precautions
Today, we think of political situations as causing safety concerns, but

ordinary crime, weather and geographic problems also pose risks. The
wise traveler is cautious about hurricanes and earthquakes along with hotel
fires, pickpockets and spontaneous political demonstrations. Terrorist
attacks and kidnappings have simply brought all security concerns to our
awareness. With the exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this
information is compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying
degrees to your destination and personal situation.
Before You Go
Take time to get all of your financial and personal records in order,
including preparing a will.
Talk with a trusted family member or friend about what types of
emergencies might arise in your absence, and what to do in those
events.
Think about the small (and large) disasters that could occur at home
during your absence and be sure there is someone prepared to assist
you.
Make copies of all of your travel documents (including detailed
itinerary with contact numbers) and be sure two people have easy
access to them.
Do the same with crucial health documentation.
Be sure someone knows where you will be and how to contact you in
emergencies at all times.
Find out the services your company offers to you in case of

emergency; obtain and make several copies of important emergency
company contact numbers to keep and give to all members of your
family who might need them.
Be sure you have enough of your prescription medication so you are
all right if you cannot get a refill right away; take an extra pair of
glasses if you wear them.
In-Country
So many variables go into being safe, and many of them revolve around
understanding the specifics of where you are. Be sure to learn details of
your location -- how to dress, where you can go and where to avoid, how to
act in public, how to carry yourself, and who to be watchful of.
Seek information from cultural experts and local nationals whom you have
confidence in. When in comes to your safety, dont be afraid to ask.
Hotel Safety
Know how to call for help AND what to say.

Do not display your guest room key unnecessarily.
Lock your door and do not answer it until you feel comfortable that
you know who it is.
Dont let strangers into your room.
Use the room safe or hotel safe deposit box.
Hide personal documents, valuables and other important items.
(Remember to safeguard your passport.)
Read the fire safety information and know what you would do if you
need to evacuate. Know exactly where the nearest fire exits are.
In the event that you might need to leave your room quickly, keep
your room key, your glasses (if necessary), a pair of shoes and some
money by your bedside.
Travel with a flashlight.
Women traveling alone will have different issues depending upon the
mors of the society youre visiting.
As a rule, be extremely cautious and circumspect.
Find out all the gender-based restrictions and abide by them.
Use a hotel known for its security and be sure that whatever
type of transportation you use, it is reliable and safe.
Ask hotel concierge or front desk manager to assist you
whenever you have questions about your safety. (They will also
arrange for you to have help, if you wish walking you to your
room very late at night or escorting you from a parking lot to the
hotel lobby).
The following websites offer specific advice for women:
Travel Tips for Women

Best Women's Travel Tips
Her Own Way: A Woman's Safe Travel Tips
Tips for Solo Women Travelers Women Travelers
Travel Tips
Crowded Situations
When youre in crowded places, be very careful to guard your

property at all times.
Carry as few valuable items with you as possible when you know
youre going to a crowded area. For example, expensive cameras,
PDAs and cash are easy targets.
Watch out for pickpockets who will try to distract you in many different
ways while taking your money. Even groups of children can be
working together to divert your attention while one will steal your
money.
Safety in Your New Home City
Learn about your host country and culture. This is not only wise for
business and social purposes, but is extremely important so you can
understand what may be offensive or negligent behavior.
The more you know about your location, the safer youll be; certainly
understand written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct.
Use your Embassy. These people are here to help you.
Embassies Around the World
Even if you are living in a relatively safe country, always be sure that
close family or friends have accurate contact information so they can
find you quickly.
For helpful information: Helpful Tips
If you are living in a high-risk location, your company should have
guidelines for your safety. Be sure you have 24-hour hotline numbers
and appropriate contacts who can assist you.
No matter where you livehigh risk or low risk countriestodays
world is volatile, and you never know when a potentially dangerous
situation can develop. Keep informednot only with your countrys
published data and warnings, but by identifying sources of local
news, reading local papers and telling your local friends to keep you
informed.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Security Issues
Security is not simply a state-of-mind, nor is it a stroke of luck. Keeping

yourself and your family safe anywhere you gowhether it is an extended
trip within hours of your home or a long-term assignment halfway around
the worldrequires planning and active follow-through.
Clearly the length of time you spend and the geographic and political
profile of the countries youre living in--or traveling to--will make a
difference in your level of preparedness. Nonetheless, practicing common
sense based upon knowledge of your location will help you. Dont
underplay the importance of understanding what is culturally
appropriateit may help you avoid some difficult situations. With the
exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this information is
compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying degrees to your
destination and personal situation. Always check to see what services your
company may offer to you.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Prepare For Your Destination
Read about security and safety issues in the countries youll be

traveling to or living in.
For the most current, up-dated information, we recommend the
following government sites as quite comprehensive and easy-to-
understand:
Australian Travel Advisories
Canadian Travel Advisories
UK Travel Advice
US Travel Warnings
Read about other precautions you should take for weather- and
geographic-related concerns. For example, keep enough cash on
hand so you will be all right if there are power failures and ATM
machines dont work.
Be sure you know how to contact (and get to) your countrys
Embassy and Consulate wherever you are travelingyou need the
location details, phone and hours of operation. Embassies Around
the World
See if there are any health-related issues in the countries to which
youre traveling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has in-
depth information regarding all regions of the world.
Be sure you know how to call for help in an emergency. You may need to
reach the police, fire and other emergency personnel. Be sure you know
the words to use in the local language.
En Route
Protect your passport; it is one of the most valuable items you

possess--so protect it as you would cash, credit cards and other
valuables. If it is lost or stolen, report it immediately to the nearest
appropriate Embassy or consulate.
Avoid calling attention to yourself by wearing fancy jewelry or carrying
other expensive items.
Whenever possible carry valuables and important prescription
medications in your carry-on luggage; do not pack valuables in your
checked luggage.
Do not leave laptops, computer bags or other luggage unattended at
any time.
Be able to answer questions about your luggage and be able to open
all suitcases and packages immediately, if asked.
Use your business address on your luggage tags, if possible.
Be sure to respond completely to requests by security officials and
avoid comments about security that could be misinterpreted.
When youre on the plane or train, read safety literature and be sure
you know where emergency exits are located.
For general information when you are en route, the U.S. State Dept.
offers a wide-range of information to travelers of all nationalities:
http://www.state.gov/travel/
Moving Around Safely
Always remain alert.

Avoid disturbances and loud arguments. When they occur, quickly
walk the other way.
Dress conservatively. Your interpretation of this guideline needs to be
based on local practices and customs. Attire you may think is
perfectly acceptable, may not be so youll be well served to learn
what is appropriate. Otherwise, you could run the risk of being
misinterpreted and perhaps becoming a target if your clothing is
provocative or offensive.
Ostentatious jewelry will also draw attention to you.
Learn about transportation in your locationwhats safe and what
can be problematic and when. Trains, subways, buses, independent
taxi cabs may pose specific problems. Find out before you go if it is
preferable to hire a private driver and car. Contact your Embassy for
detailed information.
You should also ask your company about specific transportation
guidelines theyve established for your safety.
Avoid areas where you can become a victim of crime, such as poorly-
lit streets, alleys, and deserted train stations.
If you drive, keep your doors locked and windows closed, and never
pick up hitchhikers.
Be wary when you are alone in lifts. Get off if someone suspicious
gets on.
If you find yourself alone in a train car or compartment after everyone
else leaves, you may feel safer moving to an occupied car. Identify
the location of the emergency alarm system.
Experts say that if someone does attack you, give them your
valuablesmoney and passportand do not fight back.
Be sure to know enough of the language to call for help. Consider
marking and tagging the pages of a phrase book with these types of
important phrases.
Even when you have a mobile phone, learn to use the local pay
phones and keep change with you.
Know Where Youre Going
Ask people in the hotel what areas you should avoid.

When you have a specific location youre going to, ask colleagues or
people who work in the hotel if there are things you should know
about that area.
If you cannot speak the local language, carry the card of your hotel or
your address with you at all times--as well as your destination
address.
Make others aware of your specific whereabouts, even when youre
going to business appointments.
*Sources: U.S. Transportation Security Administration
Settling In
Accommodation
Arrival Procedures
Conversions
Family Corner
Health and Safety
Media
Money and Banking

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Azerbaijani culture combines traditional Islamic and European influences. There is

Azerbaijan is a country in transition, where individual behaviors are

The concept of family includes unmarried adult children as well as married

There is a rather strict delineation of gender roles in rural areas, although

It is quite common to have an intermediary correct a subordinate in the

As such, foreigners hoping to conduct business must invest time in

At meetings, much time may be devoted to social discussions in keeping

are more important than schedules, so if a choice has to be made between

Event Approach to Time

Born in the 1950s this is considered the Soviet generation because

The differences between these three generations are highlighted below:

Last Soviet Transition

Born 1980 and

Strong professional Like to be their own Extremely

Lack business skills to More interested in Will sacrifice work-

Do not share ideas Dedicated Confident

Telephone over Technologically

Islam is more than a religion; it prescribes a way of life and governs

During Communism, women were at least nominally granted equality,

Although Azeri-practiced Islam is less restrictive of women than in most of

Women are afforded equality according to the Azeri constitution. The

Younger women living in urban areas are often relatively independent.

View of Foreign Women

Tips for Businesswomen

Since Azeris respect knowledge and education, businesspeople will treat a

Despite their secular society, many Azeris retain a traditional view of a

A businesswoman should extend her hand to the Azeri businessman

If a businesswoman is meeting with a company for the first time, she

It is common for the initial introduction to be made without the

If a businesswoman comes from a culture that prizes being direct and to

Senior level Azeri businessmen often treat visiting businesswomen with

As Azerbaijan struggles to embrace democracy and adopt more

Cross Culture Tips

The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

How society is structured

Azerbaijan is relatively hierarchical. When working with people from

People appreciate structure in manners, behavior and planning

Interpersonal vs. Transactional

What constitutes a relationship

Azerbaijan is a relationship-oriented culture. When you have business or

Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

Employing or giving favorable treatment to family members and

Direct vs. Indirect

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

Azerbaijan is a very indirect communication culture. The following tips will

Non-verbal gestures are important to enhance the meaning and

Fluid vs. Controlled Time

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:

Since people have respect for schedules, it is often valuable to seek

External vs. Internal

Azerbaijan is a moderately External Control society. When interacting with

Informal vs. Formal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

Azerbaijan is a relatively formal culture. Therefore when you interact with

Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

Azerbaijan is a relatively group-oriented society. As you interact with

Balance vs. Status

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

How status and success are defined by a society

Azerbaijan is a Moderate Balance-Status Motivation culture. When

Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are