movement that entailed a new way of thinking about art, literature, architecture, science and socialism. It was the period after World War I and was characterised by experimentation and industrialism. Postmodernism occurred in the latter part of the 20th century and questions the ideas of modernism. Postmodernism insists on separating art and popular culture and can be best described using the saying anything goes. The postmodern era questioned the theories of the past. Homosexuals, women and social outcasts were better accepted in this era. Therefore cultural identity became one of the central themes for post modernism. The postmodern era is when society started questioning everything they believed in and previous theories were scrutinised. Postmodernism was a time when people reconsidered what they had previously thought was normal. Ironically, postmodernism was the time period when all theories worth questioning, were put in quotation marks. Normal, reality, society, all examined and rethought. The line between right and wrong became blurred, we can see the effect of this when considering the use of drugs and the irresponsible activity that went on this time period. Postmodernism is an interesting concept and we can see the imprint it left on todays society through literary texts and architecture from this period. Postmodernism is the abandonment of prejudices and assumptions of modernism - the social movement which took place between the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960's, where people began to move away from traditional views and opinions. Postmodernism is the societal and cultural movements and transformations after World War II. Postmodernism is associated with the rise of pop-culture and mass production, and the movement is the mixing of culture and the dismantling the modernist ideas of race, gender, and progress. There are two kinds of postmodernism; the historical or political period we are currently in, or the cultural movement that uses various strategies to change what is seen as "normal" in modernism. The main aim of the postmodernism movement is to challenge and pull apart metanarratives, which are big picture stories or all-encompassing ideas that, in post modernism, often refer to historical events or attempt to provide universal truths. Post modernism attempts to dismantle these metanarratives as they group all of humanity into one, thus removing individualism. Postmodernism removes all prejudice and assumption and invites people to embrace the "contradictions, irony, and profusion of pop and mass culture". In essence, postmodernism rejects the totalising theories and ideologies of modernism. It aims to challenge the idea of a "universal truth" or "metanarrative". It works for the "demassification" of everything and works in niche markets and subcultures, each with a different set of beliefs and traditions, as opposed to modernism, which advocates for unity and a universal understanding of everything/universal set of beliefs. While modernism asks for a complete sense of self, postmodernism says that people have conflicting personalities and fragmented sense of self. It challenges the preconceived notions of "normality" in regards to sexuality, race, gender, and sense of self, dictated in modernism and really, the movement strives to pull apart the sense of unity created by modernism. While modernism works for a unified human race, in touch with their entire self, postmodernism pulls apart the idea of "one humanity" in favour of lots of smaller, more diverse groups. Postmodernism challenges the traditional ideas of modernism and works to dismantle ideas of pop- culture, unity, and metanarratives.
Mary Laura Papalas' 2008 PhD dissertation "The Changing of the Guard: The Evolution of the French Avant-Garde From Italian Futurism, To Surrealism, To Situationism, To the Writers of the Literary Journal Tel Quel".