Thermodynamics

Dr. Fatma Marhoon

Grade Weight Distribution

Assignment 10%
Quizzes 10%
Tests 40%
Final Exam 40%

Test Dates
Test1 10/04/2011
Test 2 22/05/2011
Quizzes Every Sunday
Final 18/06/2011
Intended Learning Outcomes
After completing this course, the student should be able
to
1. Define basic concepts of thermodynamics, and
thermodynamic properties & quantities.
2. Define different forms of energy, thermodynamic
equilibrium, thermodynamic states & processes, work
and heat, and apply the first law of thermodynamics
to closed & open systems.
3. Describe PVT behavior of pure substances using ideal
gas, cubic & virial equations of state, and generalized
correlations for gases & liquids.
4. Define sensible & latent heats, and heat of reaction,
and apply energy balance on industrial processes
involving chemical reactions.
Intended Learning Outcomes(2)
After completing this course, the student
should be able to
5. Define the second law of thermodynamics, heat
engines, entropy, and ideal work & lost work, and
apply entropy balance on open systems.
6. Use thermodynamic diagrams & tables, and apply
thermodynamic laws to industrial flow processes
involving duct flow, turbines & compression.
7. Define power production, refrigeration, and
liquefaction processes including steam power plant,
Carnot refrigerator, heat pumps, and refrigeration &
liquefaction methods.
Syllabus
Updated on-line (Black Board).
www.bb.uob.edu.bh

Username : I.D. No
Password : I.D. No
Books
Textbook: Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2005. By: J.M. Smith, H.C.
Van Ness and M.M. Abbott.
Reference: Thermodynamics An
Engineering Approach, 6th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2007. By: engel, Y.A. and
Boles, M.A.
Lets take a look at the book
Conversion Factors and Constants
Property Tables

English

SI
End of Chapter Problems

English

SI
Whats in Chapter One
A lot of review of basic concepts
Some new stuff too
Introduction
Chapter 1
What is Thermodynamics?
Basic science that deals with energy. We all know
that energy is neither created nor destroyed but it
is transformed.
Energy: It is the ability to do work or to cause
changes
Thermodynamics ---Greek words ( therme = heat)
and (dynamics = power)
Among other things well look at

Power Production

Refrigeration

Relationships between the properties of matter
The Science of Energy
What rules govern
thermodynamics?
First Law

Conservation of Energy

Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Second Law

Energy has quality as well as quantity

Processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality
The second law is a lot harder
to understand
You could run a steam engine with
steam (high quality) energy
The same amount of energy exists in
cold water (low quality), but you cant
use it
Second law tells us in what
direction a process occurs
Consider a cup of hot coffee
The first law tells us that if the coffee
cools off losing energy then the air
in the room must gain energy, and
warm up.
However, the first law also would allow
the coffee to heat up, and the room to
cool off
The second law tells us in which
direction the process will occur.
The coffee has high quality energy.
When the temperatures come to
equilibrium, the quality is lower.
We quantify this concept with entropy
Of the two laws, which is easier to
understand?
So, well start with the first law, in
chapters 2-4.
Then well move on to the second law
in chapters 5 and 6
Thermodynamics is a new
science
We didnt need it until the advent of
steam engine in the late 1600s and
early 1700s
The first and second law were
formalized about 1850!!
Rankine, Kelvin and Clausius
Dalton
Part of the reason thermodynamics is so
new, is that it rests on the modern
atomic theory
Im sure you discussed Daltons ideas in
Chemistry
Only 200 years old
Two ways to look at systems
Macroscopic

Classical Thermodynamics
Microscopic (Atomic or Molecular)

Statistical Thermodynamics
Dimensions and Units
Books uses both English and SI
I assume that you are comfortable with
the use of units in your calculations
Howeverthere are some English units
which may be new to you

PLEASE REVIEW THE UNIT AND BE SURE

YOU ABLE TO DO CONVERSION
Weight vs. Mass
Mass is an amount of matter
Weight is a measure of how much force
is applied to the matter
Your mass is the same on the earth and
on the moon
Your weight is different!
We often are not careful to make a
distinction between mass and weight
F=ma
m is mass
a is acceleration
On the surface of the earth we usually
call the acceleration g

g=9.8 m/sec2

g= 32.174 ft/sec2
Weight on the surface of the
earth

W=mg
In metric the units become

Kg m/s2 which is the same as

N
In the English its messier!!
We usually describe someones weight
in pounds and mass in pounds!!
Since you and I dont ever go to the
moon, this works out OK
Butthe math is messy
In order to have the value of the force
(weight) come out the same as the
mass we need a conversion factor
 F=mg

F = x lbm 32.174 ft/sec2

gc

gc = 32.174 (lbm/lbf ) (ft/sec2)

F is in lbf
A man weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas,
where the local acceleration of gravity is
g = 9.792 m/s2. what are the mans
weight on the moon ( in N and Ibf),
where g = 1.67 m/s2.
Temperature

In the metric system you have all used

both C and K
C (Celsius) is a relative temperature
scale
K (Kelvin) is an absolute temperature
scale
Metric Temperatures
Celsius and Kelvin use the same size for
a degree
0 K is -273.15 C
0 C is 273.15 K
English Temperatures
In the English system we use F
(Fahrenheit)
F is a relative temperature
But what is the comparable absolute
temperature?
Rankine (R)
0 R = 0 K = -459.6 F
Changes in temperature
C = K

A change in temperature is the same in
Celsius and K
F = R

A change in temperature is the same in
Fahrenheit and in Rankine
Real Engineers use both systems!!
You need to be able to use both!!