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    © All Rights Reserved
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    139 views24 pages

    Bahl - RF and Microwave Coupled-Line Circuits

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    KateXX7
    RF and Microwave Coupled-Line Circuits

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    ey RF and Microwave Uoupled-Line Urcuits (86) Shibata, K, etal "Microsip Spiral Directional Couple" IEEE Trams. Micwweve Theory Yeh, Vel, MTT-29, Jl, 198), pp 680-689. (37) Ani S. et as “A 900 MHs 90 Degres Hyord fr QPSK Medulion,” EEE MITES In “Hicrscave Symp. Dig, WO", pp. 85°00 (98) Tanaka, H, etal, "2. GHz One Ocave bard 90 Degree Hybiid Coupler Using Coupled Meanseted Line Optimizedby 3-D FEM,” IEEE MTTSS Ine. Microwave Symp. Digy 1995, sp. 993-906, (39) Tanaka, H., cra, "Miniatuszed 90 Degree Hybrid Cowper Using High D electric Substrate ITTS Ine. Merowave Symp. Dig. 1996, pp. 793-796. (40) Tajim, ¥, and A. Plazker, “Monolithic Hybrid Quadeture Couples” (sided Structures IEE Guts IC Symposia Digs, 1982, gp. 154-155 {411 Willems, D. A “A, Broadtané MMIC Quideature Coupler Using 4 Beided Microstrip Stuciare” IESE MTS Im. Microscee Syp. Dr, 1994, pp 89-902. [42] Dongien 1, "New tes of3-dB Directional Couples of Mierstsp Tansmision Lines,” IEEE MITS tat, Mireware Symp. Dig, 1986, pp. 265-266. (43). Konishi ¥, eta, ‘A Ditectonal Couplerafs Verily Installed Planar icsit Sruceure,? [SEE Trams. Microwave Theiry Tc, Nol. 36 Jan. 1988, pp. 1057-1062 (441 Wong, M. F. 2 al, “Andlyss and Desga of Slot-Coupled Directional Couples Beoneen Deuble-Sided Substrate Microstip Lines" EEE Trane. Micronave Ther Teh, Vol. 39, Dee. 1991, pp 2123-2126. (45) Gilet, M, 1D, Roberson and]. S, Joshi, “Design Analysis of Novel Coupling Struccares fer Malayer MICS," IEEE Toms. Hiowave Theor Tech, Vol 41, Fes 1993, pp. 46- 38 (46), em, 5.."Mukiway Uniform Combline Directional Coupes for Microwave Frequencies,” IEEE Trans. Misoweve Ther Tech, Vol.3, Jun. 1988, pp. 985-993 (47) Bim, 8..°A New Andi Daign Technique for Two- and These-Why Warped Mode Combine Directional Couplers" ZEEE Tram. Misoweve Thom Tah, Nel. 27, an, 1989, pp. 34-2 (48) Bryer, A, D. Kothe, and I, Wolf, "Development of Couple in Fin Line Technicue,” IEEE MTTS be Microweve Symp. Dig, 1985, pp. 139-142. 149] Labonte, andW.. R Hocker, Anapsisand Optimizaonof-Mant Directional Couplers LIEBE MTTS bx. Microw Symp. Dig, 1988, p 721-724. {50] Rus, Bet al, A. Brosdband High Ditetviry 3-€B Coupler Using Coplanar Waveguide “Technology IEEE MTTS It. Mirosuve Symp. Dg, 1993, pp-67 1-674. (51) Upal, S., Noranifrm Line Micosmp Directional Couples and Fite, Acech Heuse, Norwood (MAY, 1893. 152] King D. 1, “Dively Connected Image Guice 348 Couples with Very Flat Couplings.” IEEE Tran. Mrowave Tocory Tech, Wl. MTT-32 hun. 1984, pp 621-627. (53] Teainen, PK. ard G. L. Mathaci. “Design of Brosdbund Dielectric Waveguide 3B Couplers," EEE Tuam. Mienoae Theory Teh, Ve. NTT35, 1987. pp. 621-628 [54] Rodrigue, J, and. Pre, “Wide-Band Diectioral Couplers in Dielectic Waveguide,” IEEE Trans. Marowave Theory Tec, Wo, 35, Aug 1987, pp. 681-G¥6 Coupled-Line Filters 9.1 Intreduction ‘Typically, a microwave circuit consists af a number of components, or parts, the functicns of which depend on the specific application in mind. Engineering these components for adesired frequency response is aften difficult and cost pro- hibitive, ard usually the required frequency responsemay be obtained by the use of filers. Filters can be fabricated from lumped or distributed elements 0-a com- bination of both and can ususlly be designed for the precise Fecuency response required, at low cost. Thus, they have been used far a very long time end are popular microwave components, present in virtually every microwave subsystem, ‘The primary parameters of interest ia iter are the frequency range, band- width, insertion loss, stopband attenuation and frecuencies, input and oucput impedance, group delay, znd wansient resporse. Consider Figure 9.1, where Pig is the incident power. Pe the power reflecied back te the generator, Pa the pover absorbed by the fier, and Pz power transmitted to the load: Pn = Pa+ PA en and ifthe filter is lossless and there are no reflections, P, = P4and Py = Py. ‘The insertion ‘oss (in decibels) ata particular frequency can be defined as IL =—10log( Pr/ Pin) 02) while the rerumn loss iven by 03) Ee RL = ~10og(?2/Pi) =10hog e ‘| ySWR+1 305 306 AF and Microwave Coupled-Lne Circuts Input Output Load Generator Filter Pin | Ph i PL— a Pa i @ Re ——vwr—of VeQ “Ie Filter we R (b) Figure 8.1 (a) Ganeral iter network configuration; (6) equivelert circuit for power-transfer ceaeulations. ‘The group delay (xp), which isa measure of the time taken by a signal to propagate through the filter, is given by L der 7 ia (4a where or arg(IL) (9.4) Fo: nofrequency dispersion, the group delay should be constant ever the required frequency band. Finally, he transient and steady-state response of afilter may be different. ‘This feacure isan important conside-ation for certain applications. In general, transient effec:s can be ignored if pulsewidths are longer than the group delay. Conpled-Line Filters su 91.1 Types of Filters Filters may be classified in a nursber of ways. An example of one such clas- sification is reflective versus dissipative. In a reflective filter, signal rejection is achieved by refleeting the incident power, while in a dissipative filter, the re- jected signal is dissipated internally in the filter. In practice, eflecting filters are used in mest applications. The most corentional description of a filter is by its Frequency characteristic such as lowpass, bandpass, bandsto>, or highpass “Typical frequency responses far these different types are shown in Figure 9.2. In addition, an ideal filter displays ceto insertion loss, constent group delay over the desired passband, and infinite rejection elsewhere. However. in practice, filters deviate from these characteristies and the parameters in the introduction above are a good -neasure of perforr:ance. / @ \ / i coed aml fa) (b) | [\ [Attenuation (dB) Attenuati { \ J rN Frequercy Frequency °) @ Figute 92 Basic titer responses (al Lowpass b|Highpass, (ct Bandpass, (d) Bandstop, 08 RF and Microwave Coupled-Lne Cirsuts 9.12 Applications ‘As mentioned above, virtualy all microwave receivers, transmitters, and so forth require filters. Typical commonly used circuits :hat require filters inchide miners, transmitters, mukiplexers, and the like. Multiplexers are essential for cchannelized receivets. System applications of filters include radars, communi- ceations, sucveillance, ESM receivers, Satellite Communicasions (SATCOM), communications, direct kroudcast satelite systems, personal commu: nnicetion systems (PCS), and miciowave FM multiplexers. In. many instances, such as PCS, miniature filters are a key to realizing the required reduction in size, There is, howsver, a significant reduction in power handling capacity and an increase in the insertion loss. The former is nor z severe limitation in such systems, however, and the latte: can be compensated for by subsequent powe: amplification. In this chapter we constrain ourselves to dealing mostly with ccupled- ine filters. In addition, a small sec-ion on computer-aided design and synthesis software is included. because of the importance of filter miniaturizacon for some applications, we discuss some issues related to this. 92 Theory and Design af Filters ‘An ideal bandpass filter with no attenuation or phase shift of the pastband frequencies and total attenuation of all out-of-band frequencies is impracti- cal © realize. In practice, 2 polynomial eransfer function such as Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel is used to model the filter reszonse. A cembination of inducters and capacitors, as shown in Figure 9.3, will ebviously result in a low- pass filter, and we can develop a protorype normalized to 19% anda I-rad cutoff frequency. From here, icis simply a matter of scaling the g values to obtain the desired frequency response and insertion loss. In addition, other fiker types such, ashighpass, bandpass, and bandstop merely require a transformation in addition to the scaling to obtain the desired characteristics. 1 Sn 9 Sane n= Sane n Odd n Even 109.3 Lowpass fier prototype. Coupled: tine Fiters aw 92.1 Maximelly Flat or Butterworth Prototype In the Butterworth lowpass prototype, the insertion loss should be as Fat a pos- sible at reo frequency and rite monotonicelly as fat as possible with increasing fiequency, With » asthe orcer ofthe filzer (ic, the number of reactive elements required to cbtain the cesired responsei, f\ the defined 3-dB band-edge point, and f the frequency of interest, the insertion loss is given by IL = logit + (//f"") (95) Nommographs, as shown in Figure 9.4, can be used te determine the stop band attenuation versus number of sections for the des.ted bandwidth. For 10 100 0,10: 0.12 * Loss — a8 Insertion £9.10 | 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.02 Figure 94 Womograph fcr numberof sactons cf a Buttaworthfitr fora given insertion loss inthe stopband, (From 6), © 1885 Microwave ané RF. Reprinted with permission) 310 FF and Microwave Couploe-Line Circuits Tablet Element vales fora Butterworth fiterwith 6 12000 1900 2 1a 14 1.000 3 1.000 2000 1.00) 1.000 417664 1848 1848 9:7654 1000 5 26180 1818 2000 1.618 D616 1000 6 © ast7é 1414 1832 19:2 1414 65178 1.000 7 04460 1.247 1902 200 1802 1267 0.445. 1.000 8 03002 LITT 1662 1.962 1962 1663 1.111 O3962 1.000 9 43473 1.000 1582 1879 2000 1879 1832 1.000 0.3473. 1000 fo 83129 0908 1A1¢ 1.782 1975 1975 1.782 1.414 9908 03129 1.20) Sh Ah le an cight-section filter gives sn attencation of approximately 48 dB at 2.0 in the stopband, while ir results in an attenuation of 0.35 4B. at 0.8 in the passband. The Butterworth prototype values can be caleulated from the equations below and are tabulated in Table 9. for filers with m = 1 to 10 reactive elements: 1 £ Q=1)r) sotin(SS™), S041 = Morall (9.6) These g values =an be scaled for the desired filter input termination resistarce Rand catoff frequency 0 = 2x fy as L (9.7) C= glak) co) 922 Chebyshev Response In the Caebysher response filer, the insertion loss remains less than a specified level A.,uptoa specifies frequency, and then rises quickly and monotonically Coupled-Line Fiters an ‘with frequency. For an 2" order fier, with A, the ripple magritude (in decibels) and «1, the bandwidth over which the insertion loss as maximam ripple, the inse:tion loss isgiven by IL = 10log{l + (104? — 1) cos*(n eos“! w/o i] (9.9) As in the case of the Butterworth response, a nomogram as shown in Figure 9.5 can be used to determine the filter characieristics. With the curoff 150 2.09] 140 20 130 208 110 | 1.00) 2 020] 100 3 3 0.80 0 § 7 ie @ fous 7 = 2 ay #ic20 8 5 0.10 20 20 08] +0 4 ? 0.92 120 as 14.0: SS 0.01 0.01 85 Nomograph for number of sections of a Chebyshev fer for a gven ripple and ‘stoptand insertion css. (From [6], © 1985 Microwaves and RF. Reprinted with pernission} se RF and Microwave Loupled-Line Cacuts defined asthe ripple value, the lowpass prototype g salues are n=l (9.10) for madd foe n even Thepassband VSWR maximam i elated tothe ripple evel A, by VSWR = 1t4 1-A soft = 10-Anyn2 and avin bande bm y+ sin? () ba1ain oy B (om s55) y =siah ( £) Notice that for n even, che terminating impedances are no equal, The valuesare tabulated in Table 9.2 for gy = 1, ci, : ripple values. In general, 2 ripple value in the 0.01 Jyandi2 = 10 10 forvarious 10 0.2-dB range is used. 923 Other Response-Type Filters Conpled-Line Filters 313 Table 92 Elomentvalues for a Chetyshevlowpass prtotype With gy = 1, = 1, and =1 te 10for ifferent pple values foie atherresponse-ype filters ate also con:manly used, including the elliptic fe Sie tesponse: the Bese esponse, and the generalized Chebyshev response | 1-9]. The elliptic function response is a popular type, and some characteristics of this are discussed below. moors ere the stopband has a setiss of peaks and a micimal attenuation level Lm. However, no simple equation for the insertion los is pesibi. These fers ‘are teated in detail in (14, with specific element values for different m vahies Value pin oe B® & & oF mm mw Mm 001-8 ripple 110860 1.2000, 2 0alea 0077 1.1007 3° 06291 as702 36281 10000 4 o7728 1.2003 13212 o6s7€ 11007 5 07863 1.3049 15773 13048 07563 1.0000 8 07613 12600 16896 15350 14970 0.7098 1.1007 7 07059 1.3928 17481 1831 1.7481 1.3826 07969 1.0000 8 ommr2 1.4190 \7e24 15133 1.8529 1.619 1.555¢ 07333 1.1007 3 O14 1.4270 | 8043 17125 1.9057 1.7125 1.8043 14270 0.8148 1.0000 08196 1.4369 18192 1.7911 1.3962 1.7690 1.9053 16527 1.5817 07685 1007 01-48 ripple 1 03052 1.0000 2 a8kt0 0.6220 13564 3 10nis 1.1074 1.0315 1.0000 © 1.4088 1.3061 1703 o8180 1.3554 8 1g 1.372 13750 13N2 1.1468 1000 € Leet 1.4099 20562 15170 1.9079 na6i8 1.3554. 7 LAE 1.4228 20968 18733. 2.0966 14238 1.1811 1.9000, 8 1.1887 14046 27193 16010 2.1688 15600 1.9444 08778 1.3854 911985 14425 27945 1.6187 22053 LeIeT 21945 1.9425 1.1956 1.0000 101.1988 1.4481 27444 1.265 2.2259 18818 22046 1.5821 19628 0.8853 13554 02-48 ripple 1 04882 0000 2 10378 0675 15366 31225 11825 1.2275 10% 4 13008 12846 19761 o8tes 1.5306 5 13384 13370 2°56 1310 1.3194 1.0000 © 13606 13682 27304 14555 20874 L8G) 15096 7 1S7H 22756 15001 2.2156 13781 13722 1.0000 8 13804 13875 22863 15217 23413 14925 21949 O87? 15986 (Costinved) | 3 Table 92 (Continued) 9 13860 1.3998 23008 15940 2.728 1.8340 29000 13998 13260 1.0000 }10 13901 1.3N63 23181 15817 204 1556 23720 15066 2.1514 0.9094 1.5385 05-48 ripple 108988 1.0000 1.4023 07071 19847 1.5963 1L0e67 £969. 10000 15703 1.1925 72661 a8819 1.9341 1.7058 1.2096 £403. 17206 1.7058 1.000 17254 1.209 76062 13137 2.4758 0.8635 19941 7372 1.2583 2.6381 13448 26381 1.253% 17372 1.0000 1.7451 1.2647 26564 13590 26368 1.3089 25009 04796 1.9841 1.7504 1.2690 26578 13673 2.7209 1.9673 26678 12690 1.7504 1.000 17543 1.2721 267A 13725 27392 13805 27231 13HBS 25269 D8L2 19041 1 2 3 + 6 ‘ : from 3 t0 given in [7]. Thistype of ilter provides a much steeper stopband skirt fora given m and passbard/stopband insertion loss thar. either the Butterworth or Chebyshev response filters. 924 LC Filter Transformation As mentioned before, highpass, bandpass or bandstop filte:s require a transfor mation in addition to scaling, and these transformations are discussed below. For lowpass filers, scaling to the desired frequency band and impedance level is accomplished ky using the equations given below for the series inductors and shunt capacitors. In this ease efor, = w/errps La= g4(Zo/o1p)) (9.12) Co gi /oips 2) (9.131 where ws is the required lowpass cutoff radian frequency and Zp is the inpu: and output termination impedance. Highpass Transformation. Transposing the series inductances into series capacitances and the shure capacitances into shunt indtctances transforms the lowpass prototype into a highpass filter (see Figure 9.6). Thus Louplen-sine susere (a>) wonenuany T 2 om a Li Oo Lio Frequency —» Figure Highpass titer schematic and typical requency response. 316 AF and Mcronave VoupledsLine Circuits and (9.14) (9.154) (9.156) © FOr Bandpass Transformation. Bandpass filters alto require transforrration and scaling, Series inductors of the lowpass protorype are transformed into a series combinetien of an inductor and a ezpacitor. while the shunt capzcitors are transformed into a parallel combination of an inductor and a capacitor (see Figure 9.7). Hence the bandpass filter has twice the number of elements. With. a lower cutoff Zequency fi and upper cutoff fequency j, defined for the bandpass, the center frequency fe, bandwidth BW, and fractional kandwidth (foare defined by =Vih (9.16) BW=f.- fi (9.17) fe= BWIfy (0.18) ‘The tcansformed series elements are Lybe= Lylfii Cyt = Whphe (0.19) while the transformed shunt element values are Cyne = Col fir — Lys = Cpu (0.20) ‘where Gip is the lowpass protorype capacitor g value and Lip the inductor g value. A typical filter structure that results is show in Figure 9.7. In this case wlE-7) _ 22BW and (Series elements) (9.21) &e I unt elements) 219 TeG Shuntelemens) (0.218) Coupled-Line taters au iksra CsA — 9 — 7 | og se ike Ckst, SH ™ Ty Attenuation (dB) Frequency Figures.7 Bandpass fier suucture with Wpical frequency cespanse, na AF and Merowave Couplad-ine Crus Coupte-Line raver ca where ‘whereas the series elements are given by A se=WLeppi — Linve = Cyt (9.23) = Te In this case Baadop Transformation. Here, te shunt capacitor af the lowpass prototype is ttansformed into a series inductor and capacitor in shunt to ground and the series inducto: is replaced with a parallel inéuctor-capacitor in series as shown in Figare 9.8. The shunt element values are Lash =W(Stp Wi Chu = VW hues (2 Lcsa Le, SR O850™ 86550 JL i tT I Cx, sR Ck+1,SR Lica, sH Lise, SH ATTENUATION (48) 1, FREQUENCY Figure 18 Typical bandstepfiter structure and ts frequency response, oO ae(E- 7) with parallel-tuned circuit element velues 1 % G= = 24) OOF Col | BWAg es and seies-tuned ciceut element values cooks = = 0% (9.240) ayy * Dab We 925 Filter Analysis and CAD Methods Filter Analysis, While the discussion above has covered some analytical aspects of various types of filters, in general to account for phase characteristics and finite Q of citeuit elements, we resort to the use of either ABCD matrices or Kirchhoff’s equaticas. The ABCD matrix method is limited to adder networks, while Kirchhoff’s equatiors can be applied in general ro any network. Both of these tochniques are well covered in [10]. Knowing the ABCD matsices for a variety of elements zs given in Chapter 2, we can cdtain the overall matrix ofthe sireuit ky simple matrix multiplication. taking care to perform the multiplication inthe right order. This process is considerably simplified by the use of comput- exs. The ABCD matrix methed, however, cannot handle reen:rant combina- sions (i, nonladder networks) such 2s are present in high-performance band- ass filters. This limitation is readily overcome through 0.050- gs «_é & 28 gEE ¢ 3 o.cao- £3 saa 2 63 B8s8 5 ° Bs sic @ 0.c301 aye boon 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500 gag a84 8 Resonator Spacing S (mm) Bee : ®) RYE cece € ge = oe ‘Substrate height = 1mm cre s “ Theoretical vera ere gee 2 # ocak Dielectic Const. = $0 ia BL 3 oGe © 3 ocsd g in Experimental ja g Soca ' 5 & g 3 2 = " oo 5 ¢ 5 22 0.010) se fe ae (0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2,000 2.250 2.500 ga £ a B2 A ga eB 2 BE Fesonator Spacing S (mm) 4 53 o 88 ° # 8 3 Figure 12 (b) Computed and measured cousling for high dnactis constant resonators Es 35 & 2s 2 6) = 86, = 2am, fy = 905 MIE (cc, = 90,h = I mn, f= #54 MH, (From [49], © 1984 Int J. Microwave Nillinetor Wave Computer Aided Ergineering Repintad with permission) IF end Microwave Couples-Lne Gxeuits Figare 9.14 shows the measured data. The filter was designed having five-pole Chebyshev response centered at 905 MHz with 46-MHs bandwidth and 20-dB. return loss. The substrate thickness and the dielectric constant are 2 mm and £0, respect vely. The substrate material isa solid mixture of barium titrate and Iarium zirconate, For xegular hairpin-line fiers, we can use Eaglewarc’s M/PILTER software (41) for quick resuks. We statt with a filter topolegy such as edge-coupled, haispin, interdigita_ or scepped Z, together with selecting the F-equency response, such as Butterworth, Chebysnev, or Bessel. The transmission line format is selected among microstrip, str pline, and so on, together with the performance paremeters auch as lower cutoff frequency, upper cutoit frequency, and passband ripple. Finally the subs:rate parameters are entered, including dielectric constan: and thickness. Entering these, we obtain a yout of the filter, while the frequeacy sponse can beevahuated using Eagleware' Superstar softwateandthe outputfile of M/FILTER. Should furcher oprimizatian be equired, i can beaccomplished by an iterative process of reloading the final values into the filter progcam to arrive at the final dimensions ofthe circuiz, The output plot file can be used to create another complet: file to drive a numerically ceattolled milling machine and thereby achieve pratotype fibsication. CHI S,, fog MAG 1048) REF 03 1.2407 dB CH2 Sy bg MAG 4 5dB/ REF OdB 1-21.125 68 ; E05: F7500f Mk Sa MaKe 1 2 08. 175001 Z| iy PY A LV. a “ ‘START 0858 000.000 GHz ‘STOP 1008 006 000 GHz Figura9.14 Measured response of @ 305-MHz haitprine ites (rom [0], ©) 1994 Int. J Microwave Wilimotar Wave Computer Aided Engine ring) Couplea-Line Filters 935 Paralt Coupled Stepped-Impedance Fitters A sepped-impedance lowpass filter is shown in Figure 9.15. In practice, this ‘ype of filer is easly realited in planar media by cascading narrow and wide ‘ansmission Line segments [4346]. Makimoto and Yamashita [46] published the details for the design cf a stepped-impedance resonator stripline bandpass filter using nonuniform transmission lines. Designs in microstrip and suspended microstrip have also been rzpocted [44]. With the impedance ratio defined as K= (2, (9.35) the fundemental resonance cordition for the structure can be expressed as K = 1and)- andy (936) ‘The resonator length r = 2(0, +03) has maximal value for K > 1 and nninimal value or 0 < K < 1.For practical applications we choose b = 02, 0 thatthe Fundamental resonance frequency is given by 9% = tan! VK (937) ‘The first three spurious resonance frequencies are given by fi Bate P38) & 2(. &) = 19.39) & 2 (4) (0.40) and are alla function of K’. Hence, the spurious response can be controlled by the choice of K, which isa key feature of this type of filter. The above equztions neglect the physical step discontinuity effect atthe junction of the two lines. Fordesigning bandpass filters using the stepped-impedance resonator con- figuration. itis necessary ta calculate the even- and edd-mode impedances in the pparalel-coupled sections anc: from these the spacings and widths of the coupled lines can be determined. The actual dimensions must account for end znd june- tion effects, which can be done by using equations previously developed (30, 45, 46). Design examples for stepped-impedance filters are given .n the references above. a 395 AF and Microwave Couplad-Line Circus 2, #28,-24) ED At ker LLG et lene ple 20, e- @3-ol Joe an ale iG Figure 815. Stepped-impedance resonator and {iter sonfguratons 94 Miniature Filters Over the past decade, the explosive growch in wireless PCS and other portable receivers, such as handheld global positioning system {GPS) fer position location and navigation, have gererated a significant market for lightweight, ultrasmell filters thatare amenable to mass rranufacturing without zuning and so forth. The ‘ecuirements encompass virtually all types of filters thar are currently realizable using conventional lamped-element or dstributed-element technology. Minia- susization is obtained with a drastic zeduction in posier-handling capability and !ncrease in insertion loss. In many applications, however, particularly those cited abeve, power-handling limitations are nct a primary concera, aad the insertion los: can be compensated for by subsequert, inexpensive power amplification. Miniaturization in microwave filtertechnclogy hasbeen achieved inseveral diferent areas. These include lumped-clement-based technology, (47] mono- ic integrated circuit-based cechnology, high-cielectrie constant ceramic-bised tecanology, [48] and active fiter-based technology. [49] In the case of lumped elements, which can be cither ewo- or three-dimensional in nature, chip capaci- tors, chip inductors, and chip resistors can accomplish miniaturization. The high-dielectric constant ceraric-based technology is built or distributed-circuit technology with the reduction in size being accomplished by a reduction in -warelength in the high-dielec:tic constane medium. $41 Lumped-Element-Based Miniaturization For proper operation, without excessive loss due to radiation, lumped elements ‘must be small, relative to the operating wavelength. Thus, miniaturization is achieved at the expense of low Q and high loss. Reslization. of passive circuits and components such as filters, couplers, and power dividers s simple using lumped elements. Accurate models for the elements ate available, requiting rmirimal post-product:on tuning, For example, Figure 9.16 shows the practi- «al zealization of « completely lumped-element diplexer for operation between Gand 18 GHz. [50] The circuit consists of two six-pole elliptic and singly- ‘terminated filter configurations, The overall dimension of the diplexer is 0.2 by ‘0.3 in, with the printed microstrp loop inductors and interdigital capacitors being realized on a 25-mil alumira substrate, The principal obstacle in realiz- ing such printed circuits is the very narrow widths of the microstrip lines end Eps. Besides the two-dimensional filters above, another popular filter is the Minnistype fies, (51] which is a quasi-planar quasi-iumped-element fier. This fer uses a combination of eistributed planar transmission line elements and lumped capacitors in chip fo:m and is easily designed usirg commercial RF and Microwave Coupled-Line Giteuts [0 ——_ Figures.16 Lumpod-olomont diplexer. Goupled-Line Fiters EJ software such as FILSYN [52]. Figure 9.17 shows Minnis-type filter centered a: 3 GHz with 20% bandwieth [51] 94.2 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Filters ‘The drive for « higher leve! of circuit integration. lower costs, and mass pro- duction -esulted in the development of MMICs in the mid-"960s. Currently, MMIC technology offers the highest level of miniacurization in micrewave and rillimecer-wave integrated circuits. In any typical MIMIC- based circuit, the ac- tive components such as amplifier, swicches, and cxcillators occupy a very small axa (typically 2 to 3 mm?) compared with that of their passive counterparts. Filters can take up to five times the area of the active circuisy. Therefore. filter realization methods are exp.cited in such 2 way as to retain and be compatible with the size reduction benefits obtained fiom the active cemponents. Because MMIC technology is mairly based on microstrip line, coplanar waveguide, and slot- ine, iter designs intended for use here must be easly adaptable to mi- ‘coscrip, coplanar waveguide and slot-line level of integration. A typical coplanar ‘waveguide bandpass filer scructure used in MMICs is shewn in Figure 9.18. “The fle: is based on the coupled-primted-line concept with the coupled lines acting as 4/2 oF 2/4 resonacors ‘Currently, the principal impediment in MMIC-compasible filter design is the availability of accurate and reliable sofware for the CAD of MMICs. With the software packages currently available, a first-pass design in MMIC. is virtually impossitle as the filters are very small and extremely sensitive to dimensional tolerances. Curren: development using full-wave analysis wich the finite clement methed, the boundary element method, the moment method, or the finite difference -ime-domain method show considerable promise 94.3. Miniaturization Using High-Dielectric Constant Ceramics It is well known that the wavelength of « signal is inversely proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant of the medium in which the signal propagates. Hence, increasing the dielectric constant of the medium a hundred fold will reduce the circuit dimensions by a factor of ten. This simple concept isbeing exploited extensively as distributed circuit technology is being adopred in the L-band and below for cellular telephony, GPS receivers, and mobile SATCOM [40, 53, 54]. Anumberof vecy-high-diclectric constant ceramic substrates with €, = 20 10.95, very-low-dielectric loss (Q factor = 5,000 to 20,000), and high tempera- ture stability (3 ppm'°C) are currently available. They are composed of solid so- lotions of various titanates and are relatively inexpersive. These ubstraces can be (2) S-Plane Prototype RF and licreweve Ccapled-Line Circuits All capacitances in pF 0.197 19S 4/4 at 18 GHz Labels indicate line wicths (mm) 0.344 o.125 639] 031 ; 0.8267 989 2 033721 0.6% 1 Circuit (b) Sip 0.050. 0.030, q 0.048] 2495 o789| |o. Figure 3.17 Minnis fiter. (From 51], © 1982 IEEE. Reprinted with permission.) Conpled-Line Filters a Figure 8.18 Coplanar waveguiqg bendpass itr. used to realize filters in stripline, microstrip, or other configurations (54, 55]. (One major obstacle in real zing components that support the TEM mode is the very nartow width and the Joss of the resulting 502 line. Hence, in every design, the line impedances are kef sufficient y lew so thatthe linew dchs are physically realizable and an optimum @ fictoris obtained. Cbviously, therefore, the inputs and outputs of the circuit require impedance transformers. Various techniques ate usec to achieve chis gos), epending on the application a: hand (40) Ta circumvers the low power limitetions of stiplines and microstrip, we use ceramic-block waveguides. These offer not only a higher power-hancling sapabilty, but also higher ¢ fer a comparable volume circuit in another media. ‘Another important advantage is the reduction in component size by a factor of two thar can be realized by creating a nearly perfect magnetic wall a: a suitable plane of symmetry, because ofthe air and high-diclectric constant incerfice. An ‘excellent account cf waveguide ceramic-block filters is availble from Konishi 148] With the well-defined boundary conditions in aceramic-block waveguide, hedesign problemis relatively easy to solve on a cemputer using numerical tech- aigues. Unlike the ceramic block technology based on TEM wave propagation, however. the waveguide cetamie-block technology still requires considerable de- velopment but holds tremendcus potenti. Miniaturization in microwave filer technology remainsa significant chal- Jenge. Dramatic success is ls ble, however, with the use of rew ceramic mate- sials ofhigher dielectric congcart and progress in making use of superconducting materials more economical ae FF and Macrowave Lou pled-Line Circuits Coaxial interdigital are commosly used in apy id combline filters (Figure 1.14) using ceramiz block tions fiom 200 to 3,009 MHz. These filters have pical'ya 2-dB inserticn lossand have banzwidth fror: 1 0 26%6. Ceramicfilters sce temperatire-stazle,and the’ temperature inge of eperation isnoimaly from, 30°C to +85°C. They are surface-moumtabee, and in high volume their cost is $2.60 to $5.00, Their specific app ications include cellular radio, mobile racio, wireless LAN, PCN, GPS, CATV, and ISM band. Figure 9.19 showsa schematic ofa three-resonatcr combline ceramic-block filter The ceramic materials have high-dieleetric constant (ie. €, 40 ~ 80). ‘The coupling beewsen pairs of adiacent resonators it reilized by a circalar of rectangular air hole. The inhomogeneous interface berween the high-dielecwric constant ceramic and sir hole gives rise to different phase velocities for the even: and odd-modes ofthe coupled lines. This difference provides the requited couplings between the resonators :0 realize a filter. The design of such filters is stiaightforward but requires nunerical methods, such as EM simulators, to determine coupling between the resonators. Normally. filters are designed! em- pirically and tuned after fabrication using ceramic grinders and metal scrapers. ‘Analysis, design, and test results for vatious ceramic-block filters have been dis- cussed by many authors [56-61]. In this section, we describe briefly the design of such filters High Coramic Block Coupling Pad “Sutput Unmetaiized Cauping Hoes (Gieutar or sot) Figure 4.19 High-K ceramic hack comtline bandpass fite: All the surfaces are metalized excopt he top surface. A,B, and C are metalized coaxial rescraters, Matalzed sidewalls ofthe ceramic bicck acts ovtr conductors. Conpled-uine ruters ea In Figure 9.19, A, B, and C are the metallized center conductors af coaxial resonators All resonators are short-circuited at the bottom and open-circuited at the top ard are designed to be 4/4 long at the operating center frequency. Resonators A, B, and C are coupled to each other for filter action through ait holes berween them. The first and last resonators arecoupled to input and oatput ports, respectively, by coupling pads P, and P located near them. The capacitive coupling becveen the fier and input and output is usually accomplishec by a cut-and-try-method. Figure 9.20 shows alumped-element equivalent-circuit for this filter: 4/4 resonatots are represented by parallel resonant circuits (C). L,). Air holes provide magnetic (inductive) coupling (L,;), and the filter is connected tothe input and output (usually 50 9) through capacitive coupling represented by Cin and Cou At the center frequency jf, the length of each resonazor is given by 0.256 do 0.254 = 0.25. Jere (9.41) where Ao, €, and €,, are the free-space wavelength, velocity of light, and the eflective dielectric constant, €,¢, is obtained from eee +Eree _ boy = See (6.42) where éree and €;ep are, respectively, the even- and odd-mode effective dielectric stants of the mediam in which the coaxial resonators are embedded. The coupling ccefficient is given by [58] U Sere — SGree) es Vee) 043) Ven fea Cy Figure 9.21 shows a cross-sectional view of an air hole coupled-line struc- ‘ure with €imensions, and Figure 9.22 shows the calculated values of the even- and odd-mode effective dielectric constants. Finite difference method [58] was wed to analyze the sauctute, with ¢=80, D=24 mm, H=6 mm, and 5=0.8 mm. Figures 3.23(a) and (b) show the couplirg coefficient versus ait hole radius, and separation between resonator and air bole, respeccively. More extensive data ‘or the coupling coefficient has also ben published by Ya, etal (60.61). AF and Ncrewave Cavpled-Line G-cuts Output Cou : 5 3 z EB g § i Coupled-Line Fikers 345, Dy A H Hs oeaawi ‘CONDUCTOR ea) Figere 921 Cross-seczonal view ofthe three-esonator eeramic-b ock conbline fier et Dielectric Conetant Bos yo yoy 8 = 70 25 10 15 20 25 Radius of Air Hale (mem) /n- and odd-modes as a function ef ar hole Sam, and $= 08 mm, Figure 922 Etfsctve dielectric constant for ‘aus ¢; = 20,0 = 24mm, H 3 FF and Mcrowavo Couplod Line Circuits 2.040) 0.035] 0.030] Coupling Coefficient. K ‘° ° Os 1.0 15 2.0 25 Fadizs of Air Hole (mm pling coeicont a5 a function afar hele racus.

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