The Small-Scale LNG Chain .

From Liquefaction via Receiving to Bunkering.

Dr. M. Schier
Barcelona, 15th of October 2013
Contents

1. Drivers for Small-Scale LNG

2. Small Scale LNG Value Chain Example: Scandinavia

Liquefaction Plant (Stavanger)

LNG Terminal (Nynshamn)

LNG Truck Fuelling Station (Stockholm)

LNG Bunkering (Port of Sockholm)

3. The Linde Group along the LNG value chain beyond Scandinavia

2
Drivers for Small-Scale LNG
Market Sectors

Marine Sector Mobility Industry & Power

Status Status Status

Due to regulation and price OEMs (Volvo, Westport, In stranded areas without
development huge interest by MAN, ) developing connection to trans-european
shipping industry technology grid, gas supply alternative
Linde involvement: Linde involvement: Interest from various
More than 20 ships LNG refuelling stations in industries to substitute other
equipped with tanks from Stockholm in operation fuels
Cryo AB Linde involvement:
Viking Grace from 2013 Operation of Nyneshamn
fuelled by LNG from Terminal by AGA
Linde Gas Linde Engineering
currently builds Terminal
in Lysekill
3
Drivers for Small Scale LNG
Today's & Potential Future Market Regions

China
By far biggest already existing small- to mid-scale
LNG market
>150 LNG plants under construction or in
operation
Existing and still heavily growing infrastructure for
LNG truck fuelling
> 1000 new stations expected in the future
4
Drivers for Small Scale LNG
Today's & Potential Future Market Regions

USA & Canada

Shale gas provides possibility for "cheap" LNG
Huge spread between diesel and natural gas
Marine Emission Control Areas already
established or coming soon
Oil & Gas industry early adaptor of LNG to
displace diesel e.g. for shale gas drilling rigs
Several players announced significant
investments in infrastructure
5
Drivers for Small Scale LNG
Today's & Potential Future Market Regions

Northern Europe
Small-scale LNG chain already in operation in Norway
US shale gas might provide "cheaper" LNG
Expected spread between diesel and natural gas
Emission Control Area in the Baltic Sea starting from
2015
Large scale import terminals prepare for small scale
LNG handling, several small- to mid-scale LNG terminals
under development
LNG bunkering units and fueling stations already in
place and will be heavily required in the future
6
Drivers for Small Scale LNG
Today's & Potential Future Market Regions

CIS
Biggest gas reserves in the world,
but often no local gas grid available
"Russian Regions Gasification
Program" i.e. supply of natural gas in
form of LNG

7
Drivers for Small Scale LNG
Today's & Potential Future Market Regions

South East Asia

Several countries in SEA are looking for
replacement of traditional fuels by LNG e.g. for
diesel fueled power plants and public
transportation, e.g. Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia

8
Small Scale LNG Value Chains
Existing Example: Scandinavia

9
Small Scale LNG Value Chains
Existing Example: Scandinavia

LNG Plant in Stavanger

operated by Skangass

10
LNG Plant, Stavanger, Norway
Key Data

EPC Contractor: Linde

Engineering
Operator: Skangass AS
Capacity: 900 tpd LNG
Start-Up: 2010
Process: LIMUM3
(CWHE)

11
LNG Plant, Stavanger, Norway
LIMUM3 Liquefaction Process

LNG

N2
Fractionator

LP MR HP MR

NGL

NG

12
LNG Plant, Stavanger, Norway
Special Features of Coil Wound Heat Exchanger

Liquefaction of natural gas is performed in a coil wound heat

exchanger which provides high flexibility wrt turn-down and is
extremely robust
Temperature measurement by optical fibers allows to analyze
pinch points and to optimize energy consumption

13
StarLNGTM
Linde's Concept for Standardized LNG Plants

StarLNGTM is developed for the emerging Small to Mid-Scale LNG market with the
objective to leverage from Linde's standardization & modularization experience in Air
Separation and
Natural Gas Processing Plants. The concept offers:
Safe, simple, robust and highly efficient process design (lowest OPEX)
Focusing on HSE to make Small to Mid-Scale LNG Plants as safe as for World-Scale
Plants
Mixed Refrigerant technology with highest energy efficiency and low equipment count
Process design validated in dynamic simulation
High reliability, robust and easy to operate due to high degree of automation;
remote control possible
Fast-track EPC time schedule
Pre-engineered Toolbox for process and plant design, standard documentation and
modularized plant layout for shortest delivery time with minimum on-site construction
Lowest CAPEX
Toolbox approach allows for customizing plants, whilst maintaining benefits from
standardization and maximum utilization of best cost countries 14
StarLNGTM
Capacities and Construction Approach

Shan Shan, China

1,300 tons per day

Stavanger, Norway
900 tons per day

Kwinana, Australia
175 tons per day 1 x Coil Wound Heat
Bergen, Norway Exchanger
120 tons per day mounted into steel structure
for capacities above 600 tpd
1 x Coldbox including up to or
2 Plate Fin Heat Exchangers 2 (or more) Coldboxes incl.
with up to 2 PFHE for each road
400 tpd max. capacity each transportable Coldbox module
15
Small Scale LNG Value Chains
Existing Example: Scandinavia

LNG Plant in Stavanger

operated by Skangass

LNG Import Terminal in

Nynshamn operated by
AGA
16
LNG Import Terminal, Nynshamn
Key Data

EPC Contractor: Linde Engineering

Operator: AGA
Storage Volume: 20.000 m3
(Full containment LNG tank (EN
1473), with stainless steel inner tank)
Start-Up: 2010
(Time from LOI to mechanical
completion approx. 25 months)
Dedicated pipeline to Nynas refinery
Prepared for second tank

17
LNG Import Terminal, Nynshamn
Process Sketch

18
LNG Import Terminal, Nynshamn
Jetty and Loading Arms

Jetty with Berthing Capacity for LNG

Carriers up to a Cargo Capacity of 7.500
m and a Length of 120 m
Two 8" Loading Arms with a Liquid and
Gas Capacity of maximum 1200m3/h for
LNG Unloading and Vapor Return
Handling

19
LNG Import Terminal, Nynshamn
Boil-Off Gas Handling

Boil-Off Gas Compression up

to 3.4 barg (Single Stage
Piston Type Compressor)
Recondensation by Mixing of
Compressed Gas with Cold
LNG in Vaccum-Insulated
Vessel
Collection and Intermediate
Storage in Buffer Tank with
250 m3 Capacity

20
LNG Import Terminal, Nynshamn
Truck Loading

Two Trailer FillingStations

Filling Station Loading Capacity of 75
m/h
Total Loading Capacity of 25 Trailers/d
Incoming LNG Trailer Pressure 0 to 5
barg
Road transport trailers with a capacity of
80 m3 developed by Cryo AB

21
LNG Import Terminal, Nynshamn
Vaporization and Send-Out

LNG Pressure Increase to 37 barg with

Suction Pot Mounted Submerged LNG
Booster Pumps
Vaporization of LNG in a Coil Wound
Heat Exchanger placed in a Steam
Heated Water Bath
Redundant Equipment Installation
Send-Out Rate of up to 16.000 Nm/h

22
Other LNG Import Terminal by Linde
Lysekil

Linde Engineering responsible for EPC

turnkey delivery of the regasification plant
and interface management for the
integration of the LNG storage tank
Scheduled to be started up in Q2 2014

Sub-cooling to ensure different LNG

source
Dedicated HP and LP pipeline to Preem
refinery
Vacuum insulated import line with a total
length of 1km, installed on existing refinery
area (brownfield)
One truck loading units for jumbo trailers 23
Small Scale LNG Value Chains
Existing Example: Scandinavia

LNG Plant in Stavanger

operated by Skangass LNG Fuelling Station in
Stockholm

LNG Import Terminal in

Nynshamn operated by
AGA
24
LNG Truck Fuelling Station, Stockholm

25
LNG Truck Fuelling Stations
New Generation Developed by Linde

No intentional venting of methane

Able to handle low consumption
rates without performance
implications
Manage different on-board tank
pressures, on-the-fly conditioning
Small foot print
Low total cost, i.e. initial investment
/ project execution / O&M
Modular approach
Diesel like filling performance and
driver experience
Global design
Prototype installation in Australia highlighting the limited space requirement

Existing stations did not meet Linde internal criteria for the focus area Home Base
Refuelling. Improved fuel station design address all technical, economical and
environmental concerns. 26
Experience from current operations

Australia North America Europe, UK & Scandinavia

Latest LNG truck fuelling station BioLNG plant in Altamont LNG truck fuelling station
installed October 2012, Victoria California Stockholm

Status Status Status

Small scale plant capacity
exist on both East and
West coast
Appreciation of AUD
hampers development
Huge spread between First few stations installed
diesel and natural gas
Oil & Gas industry early
adaptor of LNG to
displace diesel
Several players
announced significant
investments in
infrastructure
27
Small Scale LNG Value Chains
Existing Example: Scandinavia

LNG Bunkering operated by

AGA for Viking Line in port of
Stockholm

LNG Plant in Stavanger

operated by Skangass LNG Fuelling Station in
Stockholm

LNG Import Terminal in

Nynshamn operated by
AGA
28
LNG Bunkering, Port of Stockholm
Viking Line awarded AGA Gas AB LNG contract for
Grace

About 1100 LNG trailer transports annually from Nynshamn to

Stockholm port
Transfer of LNG between truck and bunker barge:
At Loudden, operated by Port of Stockholm; LNG transfer
about
3 hours Stockholm
Bunker barge goes to Stadsgrden where Graces lay time is
about 1 hour
Bunker barge:
Barge for LNG and DNV class, based on conventional road
ferry;
Nynsham
180 m LNG tank n
Bunker operations:
6 inch in hose connection no vapour return
Time for bunker operation LNG tanks on rear deck no 4: 10
min to prepare and connect, 45 min (3,000 ltr/min) to perform
bunkering, 10 min to de-connect and departure 29
LNG Bunkering
Methods

Viking Grace/ Sea

Gas (180 m/h)

100 m/3 h 100 m/1 h

30
LNG Bunkering
Linde developed a Standardized Bunkering Concept

Modular approach
Establish standardized
concepts for safety and
operation
Utilize existing know how
and equipment within the
Linde Group
(e.g. from CryoAB & CryoStar)
First LNG bunkering station to
be in operation end 2014 (tbc)

31
The Linde Group is engaged in the complete value
chain for small scale LNG beyond Scandinavia

Small to mid-scale liquefaction plants

Gablingen, Tasmania, Australia Bergen, Norway Kwinana, Australia Stavanger, Norway Shan Shan, China
Germany 21 50 tons per day 120 tons per day 175 tons per day 900 tons per day 1,300 tons per day
tons per day

Distribution & storage, refuelling equipment and components

Linde owned small scale LNG operations

Australia Altamont, CA, USA Scandinavia

32
Thanks for your attention.