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Synchrotron
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Asynchrotronisaparticulartypeofcyclicparticleaccelerator,
descendedfromthecyclotron,inwhichtheacceleratingparticlebeam
travelsaroundafixedclosedlooppath.Themagneticfieldwhichbends
theparticlebeamintoitsclosedpathincreaseswithtimeduringthe
acceleratingprocess,beingsynchronizedtotheincreasingkinetic
energyoftheparticles(seeimage[1]).Thesynchrotronisoneofthefirst
acceleratorconceptstoenabletheconstructionoflargescalefacilities,
sincebending,beamfocusingandaccelerationcanbeseparatedinto
differentcomponents.Themostpowerfulmodernparticleaccelerators Schematicofasynchrotron
useversionsofthesynchrotrondesign.Thelargestsynchrotrontype
acceleratoristhe27kilometrecircumference(17mi)LargeHadron
Collider(LHC)nearGeneva,Switzerland,builtin2008bythe
EuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch(CERN).

ThesynchrotronprinciplewasinventedbyVladimirVekslerin1944.[2]
EdwinMcMillanconstructedthefirstelectronsynchrotronin1945,
arrivingattheideaindependently,havingmissedVeksler'spublication
(whichwasonlyavailableinaSovietjournal,althoughin
English).[3][4][5]ThefirstprotonsynchrotronwasdesignedbySir
MarcusOliphant[4][6]andbuiltin1952.[4]
Thefirstsynchrotrontousethe
"racetrack"designwithstraight
Contents sections,a300MeVelectron
synchrotronatUniversityof
1 Types Michiganin1949,designedbyDick
2 Principleofoperation Crane.
2.1 Injectionprocedure
3 Inlargescalefacilities
3.1 Aspartofcolliders
3.2 Aspartofsynchrotronlightsources
4 Applications
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Externallinks

Types
Severalspecializedtypesofsynchrotronmachinesareusedtoday:

Astorageringisaspecialtypeofsynchrotroninwhichthekineticenergyoftheparticlesiskept
constant.
Asynchrotronlightsourceisacombinationofdifferentelectronacceleratortypes,includingastorage
ringinwhichthedesiredelectromagneticradiationisgenerated.Thisradiationisthenusedin
experimentalstationslocatedondifferentbeamlines.Inadditiontothestoragering,asynchrotronlight
sourceusuallycontainsalinearaccelerator(linac)andanothersynchrotronwhichissometimescalled
boosterinthiscontext.Thelinacandtheboosterareusedtosuccessivelyacceleratetheelectronstotheir
finalenergybeforetheyaremagnetically"kicked"intothestoragering.Synchrotronlightsourcesin
theirentiretyaresometimescalled"synchrotrons",althoughthisistechnicallyincorrect.

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Acycliccolliderisalsoacombinationofdifferentacceleratortypes,includingtwointersectingstorage
ringsandtherespectivepreaccelerators.

Principleofoperation
Thesynchrotronevolvedfromthecyclotron,thefirstcyclicparticleaccelerator.Whileaclassicalcyclotron
usesbothaconstantguidingmagneticfieldandaconstantfrequencyelectromagneticfield(andisworkingin
classicalapproximation),itssuccessor,theisochronouscyclotron,worksbylocalvariationsoftheguiding
magneticfield,adaptingtheincreasingrelativisticmassofparticlesduringacceleration.

Inasynchrotron,thisadaptationisdonebyvariationofthemagnetic
fieldstrengthintime,ratherthaninspace.Forparticlesthatarenot
closetothespeedoflight,thefrequencyoftheappliedelectromagnetic
fieldmayalsochangetofollowtheirnonconstantcirculationtime.By
increasingtheseparametersaccordinglyastheparticlesgainenergy,
theircirculationpathcanbeheldconstantastheyareaccelerated.This
allowsthevacuumchamberfortheparticlestobealargethintorus,
ratherthanadiskasinprevious,compactacceleratordesigns.Also,the AdrawingoftheCosmotron
thinprofileofthevacuumchamberallowedforamoreefficientuseof
magneticfieldsthaninacyclotron,enablingthecosteffectiveconstructionoflargersynchrotrons.

WhilethefirstsynchrotronsandstorageringsliketheCosmotronandADAstrictlyusedthetoroidshape,the
strongfocusingprincipleindependentlydiscoveredbyErnestCourantetal.[7][8]andNicholasChristofilos[9]
allowedthecompleteseparationoftheacceleratorintocomponentswithspecializedfunctionsalongthe
particlepath,shapingthepathintoaroundcorneredpolygon.Someimportantcomponentsaregivenbyradio
frequencycavitiesfordirectacceleration,dipolemagnets(bendingmagnets)fordeflectionofparticles(toclose
thepath),andquadrupole/sextupolemagnetsforbeamfocusing.

Thecombinationoftimedependentguidingmagnetic
fieldsandthestrongfocusingprincipleenabledthe
designandoperationofmodernlargescaleaccelerator
facilitieslikecollidersandsynchrotronlightsources.
Thestraightsectionsalongtheclosedpathinsuch
facilitiesarenotonlyrequiredforradiofrequency
cavities,butalsoforparticledetectors(incolliders)and
photongenerationdevicessuchaswigglersand TheinterioroftheAustralianSynchrotronfacility,a
undulators(inthirdgenerationsynchrotronlight synchrotronlightsource.Dominatingtheimageisthe
sources). storagering,showingabeamlineatfrontright.The
storagering'sinteriorincludesasynchrotronanda
Themaximumenergythatacyclicacceleratorcan linac.
impartistypicallylimitedbythemaximumstrengthof
themagneticfieldsandtheminimumradius(maximum
curvature)oftheparticlepath.Thusonemethodforincreasingtheenergylimitistousesuperconducting
magnets,thesenotbeinglimitedbymagneticsaturation.Electron/positronacceleratorsmayalsobelimitedby
theemissionofsynchrotronradiation,resultinginapartiallossoftheparticlebeam'skineticenergy.The
limitingbeamenergyisreachedwhentheenergylosttothelateralaccelerationrequiredtomaintainthebeam
pathinacircleequalstheenergyaddedeachcycle.

Morepowerfulacceleratorsarebuiltbyusinglargeradiuspathsandbyusingmorenumerousandmore
powerfulmicrowavecavities.Lighterparticles(suchaselectrons)losealargerfractionoftheirenergywhen
deflected.Practicallyspeaking,theenergyofelectron/positronacceleratorsislimitedbythisradiationloss,
whilethisdoesnotplayasignificantroleinthedynamicsofprotonorionaccelerators.Theenergyofsuch
acceleratorsislimitedstrictlybythestrengthofmagnetsandbythecost.

Injectionprocedure
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Unlikeinacyclotron,synchrotronsareunabletoaccelerateparticlesfromzerokineticenergyoneofthe
obviousreasonsforthisisthatitsclosedparticlepathwouldbecutbyadevicethatemitsparticles.Thus,
schemesweredevelopedtoinjectpreacceleratedparticlebeamsintoasynchrotron.Thepreaccelerationcan
berealizedbyachainofotheracceleratorstructureslikealinac,amicrotronoranothersynchrotronallof
theseinturnneedtobefedbyaparticlesourcecomprisingasimplehighvoltagepowersupply,typicallya
CockcroftWaltongenerator.

Startingfromanappropriateinitialvaluedeterminedbytheinjectionenergy,thefieldstrengthofthedipole
magnetsisthenincreased.Ifthehighenergyparticlesareemittedattheendoftheaccelerationprocedure,e.g.
toatargetortoanotheraccelerator,thefieldstrengthisagaindecreasedtoinjectionlevel,startinganew
injectioncycle.Dependingonthemethodofmagnetcontrolused,thetimeintervalforonecyclecanvary
substantiallybetweendifferentinstallations.

Inlargescalefacilities
Oneoftheearlylargesynchrotrons,nowretired,isthe
Bevatron,constructedin1950attheLawrenceBerkeley
Laboratory.Thenameofthisprotonacceleratorcomes
fromitspower,intherangeof6.3GeV(thencalledBeV
forbillionelectronvoltsthenamepredatestheadoptionof
theSIprefixgiga).Anumberoftransuraniumelements,
unseeninthenaturalworld,werefirstcreatedwiththis
machine.Thissiteisalsothelocationofoneofthefirst
largebubblechambersusedtoexaminetheresultsofthe
atomiccollisionsproducedhere.
Modernindustrialscalesynchrotronscanbevery
AnotherearlylargesynchrotronistheCosmotronbuiltat large(here,SoleilnearParis)
BrookhavenNationalLaboratorywhichreached3.3GeVin
1953.[10]

Aspartofcolliders

UntilAugust2008,thehighestenergycolliderintheworldwastheTevatron,attheFermiNationalAccelerator
Laboratory,intheUnitedStates.Itacceleratedprotonsandantiprotonstoslightlylessthan1TeVofkinetic
energyandcollidedthemtogether.TheLargeHadronCollider(LHC),whichhasbeenbuiltattheEuropean
LaboratoryforHighEnergyPhysics(CERN),hasroughlyseventimesthisenergy(soprotonprotoncollisions
occuratroughly14TeV).Itishousedinthe27kmtunnelwhichformerlyhousedtheLargeElectronPositron
(LEP)collider,soitwillmaintaintheclaimasthelargestscientificdeviceeverbuilt.TheLHCwillalso
accelerateheavyions(suchaslead)uptoanenergyof1.15PeV.

ThelargestdeviceofthistypeseriouslyproposedwastheSuperconductingSuperCollider(SSC),whichwasto
bebuiltintheUnitedStates.Thisdesign,likeothers,usedsuperconductingmagnetswhichallowmoreintense
magneticfieldstobecreatedwithoutthelimitationsofcoresaturation.Whileconstructionwasbegun,the
projectwascancelledin1994,citingexcessivebudgetoverrunsthiswasduetonavecostestimationand
economicmanagementissuesratherthananybasicengineeringflaws.Itcanalsobearguedthattheendofthe
ColdWarresultedinachangeofscientificfundingprioritiesthatcontributedtoitsultimatecancellation.
However,thetunnelbuiltforitsplacementstillremains,althoughempty.Whilethereisstillpotentialforyet
morepowerfulprotonandheavyparticlecyclicaccelerators,itappearsthatthenextstepupinelectronbeam
energymustavoidlossesduetosynchrotronradiation.Thiswillrequireareturntothelinearaccelerator,but
withdevicessignificantlylongerthanthosecurrentlyinuse.Thereisatpresentamajorefforttodesignand
buildtheInternationalLinearCollider(ILC),whichwillconsistoftwoopposinglinearaccelerators,onefor
electronsandoneforpositrons.Thesewillcollideatatotalcenterofmassenergyof0.5TeV.

Aspartofsynchrotronlightsources
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Synchrotronradiationalsohasawiderangeofapplications(seesynchrotronlight)andmany2ndand3rd
generationsynchrotronshavebeenbuiltespeciallytoharnessit.Thelargestofthose3rdgenerationsynchrotron
lightsourcesaretheEuropeanSynchrotronRadiationFacility(ESRF)inGrenoble,France,theAdvanced
PhotonSource(APS)nearChicago,USA,andSPring8inJapan,acceleratingelectronsupto6,7and8GeV,
respectively.

Synchrotronswhichareusefulforcuttingedgeresearcharelargemachines,costingtensorhundredsof
millionsofdollarstoconstruct,andeachbeamline(theremaybe20to50atalargesynchrotron)costsanother
twoorthreemilliondollarsonaverage.Theseinstallationsaremostlybuiltbythesciencefundingagenciesof
governmentsofdevelopedcountries,orbycollaborationsbetweenseveralcountriesinaregion,andoperated
asinfrastructurefacilitiesavailabletoscientistsfromuniversitiesandresearchorganisationsthroughoutthe
country,region,orworld.Morecompactmodels,however,havebeendeveloped,suchastheCompactLight
Source.

Applications
Lifesciences:proteinandlargemoleculecrystallography
LIGAbasedmicrofabrication
Drugdiscoveryandresearch
Xraylithography
Analysingchemicalstodeterminetheircomposition
Observingthereactionoflivingcellstodrugs
Inorganicmaterialcrystallographyandmicroanalysis
Fluorescencestudies
Semiconductormaterialanalysisandstructuralstudies
Geologicalmaterialanalysis
Medicalimaging
Particletherapytotreatsomeformsofcancer

Seealso
Listofsynchrotronradiationfacilities
SynchrotronXraytomographicmicroscopy
Energyamplifier
SuperconductingRadioFrequency
Coherentdiffractionimaging

References
1.Chao,A.W.Mess,K.H.Tigner,M.etal.,eds.
(2013).HandbookofAcceleratorPhysicsand
Engineering(2nded.).WorldScientific.
doi:10.1142/8543.ISBN9789814417174.
2.Veksler,V.I.(1944)."Anewmethodofaccelerating
relativisticparticles"(PDF).ComptesRendus
(Doklady)del'AcadmiedesSciencesdel'URSS.43
(8):346348.
3.J.DavidJacksonandW.K.H.Panofsky(1996).
"EDWINMATTISONMCMILLAN:ABiographical
Memoir".NationalAcademyofSciences.
4.Wilson."FiftyYearsofSynchrotrons"(PDF).CERN.
Retrieved20120115.
5.Zinovyeva,Larisa."Onthequestionaboutthe
autophasingdiscoveryauthorship.".Retrieved
20150629.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron
6.Rotblat,Joseph(2000)."Obituary:MarkOliphant
(19012000)".Nature.407(6803):468.
doi:10.1038/35035202 .PMID11028988.
7.Courant,E.D.Livingston,M.S.Snyder,H.S.
(1952)."TheStrongFocusingSynchrotronANew
HighEnergyAccelerator".PhysicalReview.88(5):
11901196.Bibcode:1952PhRv...88.1190C.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.88.1190.
8.Blewett,J.P.(1952)."RadialFocusingintheLinear
Accelerator".PhysicalReview.88(5):11971199.
Bibcode:1952PhRv...88.1197B.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.88.1197.
9.USpatent2736799(https://worldwide.espacenet.com/
textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2736799),Nicholas
Christofilos,"FocussingSystemforIonsand
Electrons(https://www.google.com/patents?vid=2736
799)",issued19560228
4/5
2/21/2017 SynchrotronWikipedia

10.TheCosmotron(http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/c
osmotron.asp)

Externallinks
ESRF(EuropeanSynchrotronRadiationFacility)(http://www.esr
WikimediaCommonshas
f.eu)
mediarelatedto
ElettraSincrotroneTriesteElettraandFermilightsources(http:// Synchrotrons.
www.elettra.eu/)
CanadianLightSource(http://www.lightsource.ca)
AustralianSynchrotron(http://www.synchrotron.org.au)
FrenchsynchrotronSoleil(http://www.synchrotronsoleil.fr/)
DiamondUKSynchrotron(http://www.diamond.ac.uk)
Lightsources.org(http://www.lightsources.org/cms/)
IAEAdatabaseofelectronsynchrotronandstoragerings(https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/accelerators/Page
s/synchrotron.aspx)
CERNLargeHadronCollider(http://lhcnewhomepage.web.cern.ch/lhcnewhomepage)
SynchrotronLightSourcesoftheWorld(http://wwwals.lbl.gov/als/synchrotron_sources.html)
AMiniatureSynchrotron:(http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/20149/)roomsizesynchrotron
offersscientistsanewwaytoperformhighqualityxrayexperimentsintheirownlabs,Technology
Review,February4,2008
BrazilianSynchrotronLightLaboratory(http://lnls.cnpem.br/)
Podcastinterview(http://omegataupodcast.net/11synchrotronradiationscienceatesrf/)withascientist
attheEuropeanSynchrotronRadiationFacility
IndianSRS(http://www.cat.gov.in/index.html)
SameenAhmedKhan(https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hZvL5eYAAAAJ&hl),Synchrotron
Radiation(inAsia)(http://www.atip.org/atippublications/atipreports/2002/7305atip02034synchrotro
nradiationinasia.html),ATIPReport,No.ATIP02.034,28pages(21August2002).(ATIP:TheAsian
TechnologyInformationProgram,Tokyo,Japan,2002).CompleteReport(http://www.atip.org/atippubli
cations/atipreports/2002/7305atip02034synchrotronradiationinasia.html).
SpanishALBALightSource(http://www.cells.es)
ThetabletopsynchrotronMIRRORCLE(http://www.photonproduction.co.jp/)

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