Professional Documents
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ELEMENTS
PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TEiaO^OMETEY,
WITH
BY ;
- . . -
Jiii^u^p^i^^l^iri^x'eiUiwi'ti>iid Integral Calculus,
JlidiUe^s Netv Elementary Astronomy,
Jtobinson's University Astronomy,
Jtobitison's 3Iathematical Operations,
-.-.-.-
-------
Key to Geometry and Trigonometry, Conic
Jtobinson's
and Analytical Geometry, ....... Sections,
GFFT OF ^
Jb'
EDUCATJON Oe^'
Enteeed, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by
'
DANIEL w. Fish, a.m.,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern
District of New York.
NOTICE.
In this form it will bo more convenient, and less expensive for those
Teachers and Students who do' not wish to take up the Geometry in con-
nection with it, or who desire to use this Treatise on Trigonometry and
924227
TRIGONOM-ETEY
PART I.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
SECTION I.
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES.
Trigonometry, in its literal and restricted sense, has
for its object the measurement of triangles. it When
treats of plane triangles it is called Plane Trigonometry .
DEFINITIONS.
1. The Complement of an arc is 90 minus the arc.
2. The Supplement of an arc is 180 minus the arc.
3. The Sine of an angle, or of an arc, is a line drawn
from one end of an arc, perpendicular to a diameter
drawn through the other end. Thus, BF
is the sine of
the arc AB, and also of the arc BDE, BK is the sine
of the arc BD.
H
4. The an arc is the per-
Cosine of j) ^^
21*
246 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
9. The Versed Sine of an arc is the distance from tiio
sin.' -h COS.' = i? ( 1 )
That id,
R : tan. = cot. :
i2; whence, tan. cot. = iT. (5)
Also, OF I FB =. DL I DQ.
That is,
tan. =
tan. =
248 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
zontal and the other vert-
ical. These equal parts w
are called quadrants, and
they may be distinguished
as the first, seccnd, third,
and fourth quadrants.
The center of the circle
18 taken as the orig:in of
SECTION 1 24S
is EB = 30.
nC Bm, But Bm is the sine of the arc BE, On is the
cosine of the arc AB, and An is the versed sine of the
same arc, and each is equal to one half the radius.
Hence the proposition ;
the cJwrd of 60, etc.
PROPOSITION II.
Given, the sine and the cosine of ttvo arcs, to find the sine
and the cosine of the sum and of the difference of the same
arcs expressed by the sines and cosines of the separate arcs.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
of the chord, let fall the perpeiuliciilars FM, EP, and
IN, on the radius GO, Also draw DO, the sine of the
arc 01), and let fall the perpendiculars III on FM, and
EK on IK
Now, by the definition of sines and cosines, BO =
&\n.a\ CfO cos.a; FI = sin. 6; GI = co&.b. We are
to find
That is, R
72 :
HF; or, FH=
cos.a = sin.6 iTi^;
cos.a-*
FH- g^^-^j^ lllj, : (2)
Also, GD GO = GI GN : :
Also, GD DO = FI IH, : :
,, ,
.
/ 7\ == sin.a cos.b -f- cos.a sin. 6
That IS, sin. (a + .
o) ^ .
o) ^ . (5)
(a
b)=
sin. sin.a cos.6 cos.a sin. 6 (8)
cos.(a -hb)
cos.a coa.b sin.a sin.i (
9 )
fsin.(a
cos.(a
= cos.a cos.6 + sin.a sin.5
6) (10)
"
By a Iding ( ) to (
8
),
we have (
n ) ; subtracting (
8 )
fr^>m 7 12 9 added to 10 13
( )
gives ( ). Also, ( ) ( )
gives ( ) ,
( 9 ) taken from (
10 )
gives (
H ).
6in.(a + J)
sin. (a 5) = 2cos.a sin. 5 (12)
(B)
cos.(a + b) + cos.(a
b) = 2cos.a cos.6 (
13 )
cos.(a
b)
cos.(a + 6)
= 28in.a sin.6 (
14 )
(
15
), ( 12 ) becomes ( 16
), (
13 ) becomes (
17
),
and H be ( )
comes (18).
262 PLANF TRIGONOMETRY.
sm.\.A H-sin.5=2sin. t ^
2 ^ 2
(^)
oos.^ + cos.^ = 2cos. (^ -) COS.
(^-~) (
17 )
..i^^).i.(^)
If we divide (
15 )
by (16 )j (observing that =
sin.
cos.
'-
tan.,
cos 1
ttnd -V^ = cot. = as we learn by equations (6) and
sin. tan.
(
5
), we shall have
A^^B AB^ rA+B>
sin. J. + sin .B ''^(-y-) "'^-(-2-) t^-^-C^-)
sin.^ sin.i> AB^ AB^ (19)
cos.(2-j ^^m.( -j tan.(-^)
Whence,
sin.JL+sin.^ : sin.J. sin.5 = tan.f A+Bs) : tan. (
A^B^)
2 / ^ 2'
That The sum of the sines of any two arcs is to the dif-
is :
ference of the same sines, as the tangent of one half the sum
of the same arcs is to the tangent of one
half their difference.
operating in the same way with the different equa-
By
tions in formulae {0), we find,
sin.^ + sin.^ ^ /A - ^\
cos.^ cosTZ
^^^'
V 2~~) (21)
mn.A sin.^ /^ _ ^.
^ *^^- (22)
cos.tI + co~sr^ \ 2 )
(^) sin.J. sin.^
_
~ ^^^-
/^ + ^A
cos.^ cos.^ { 2~) (23)
^^^'
cos.tI + cos..g ~
_ \~^ /
have,
sin.^ .A
= tan. = 1
-;
/OCX
(
25 )
i -f cos.^ 2 cot.JJ.
Bin. J. .A = 1
cos.^ =
f^^.
26
cot. -pr-
T ( )
{ 1 2 tan.J^
1 + cos.^ cot.^^ 1
27)
1 cos.^ tan. J J. tan'. J J.
. / ,x
= sin. a cos. J 4- cos.a sin. 6
,
tan. (a -f 6)
cos.a C0S.6 sin. a sin.i
tan.(a+M=
, ,v cos.a COS. 6
cos.a COS.
,
cos.a cos.i
; z=:- -.
sin. a sin. 6
.
---^^ (29)
COS. l+tan.atan.5
cos.a COS. 6 cos.a COS. 6
, o
tan.2a = - -
~
1
2tan.a
tan\a
,qq\
(33)
PROPOSITION III.
CD, greater or less than OB, and describe the arc BU.
This arc measures tlie angle 0. From B, draw BF par-
allel to BA ;
and from B, draw BG, also parallel to BA
or BF.
By the definitions of sines, tangents, secants, etc, BF
isthe sine of the angle 0; EG
is the tangent, CQ the
PROPOSITION IV.
and (2)
h sin. -4 = a sin. 5.
Hence, sin.^ : sin. 5= a : b
PROPOSITION V.
PROPOSITION VI.
PROPOSITION VII.
17ie sum of any two sides of a triangle is to their difference^
as the tangent of one half the sum of the angles opposite to
Let ABQ be
any plane triangle. ^
Then, by Proposition 4, we have,
BQ: AQ= sin.J. : sin.j5.
Hence, A B
^C + ^C:^C^(7=sin.^+sin.i?:sin.^ sin.^(Th.9,B.II).
But,
tan. ( i )
: tan. ( -
^
= sin.^ -f sin.^ : sin.-4
PROPOSITION VIII.
respective angles,
22* R
258 PLANE r 1 1 I G N M E T R Y.
Let ABO be
the triangle, and
let the perpen-
dic alar fall either
upon, or without
the base, as shown
C B
m the figures.
By recurring to Th. 41, B. I, we shall find
2a
Therefore, OB = ^, (2)
As
these expressions are not convenient for loganth-
mic compu'-ation, we modify them as follows:
If we put 2a A, in equation (
31
)j we have
COS. Jl + 1 = 2cos.'JJ..
In the preceding expression, {n)^ if we consider radius
Uxuty, and add 1 to both members, we shall have
SECTION I. 259
= 5' 4. (7>
a"
COS. J. + 1 1 -f
2hc
= ^hc-^h' + c^ a*
Therefore, 2cos.'JJ.
2bc
^ {h + cY
g'
2bc
(5 4- cy
a' is the difference of two squares, we have
(t-|-c)>--a=(5+c-|-a) {b-]-ca) ;
but (6+ra)=i4-c+a 2a.
= [
b ^ c + a)( l> + a-2a )^
Hence, 2cos.'i^ +^c
/h -{- c + a\ /h -}- c -h a \
n
Or,
. 1 J
cos.*J^ = ^ 2 ) V
J
2 "";.
COS. lA = v/l5p).
For any other radius we must write
^ 1 A
cos. = 4 /i^'s (
i-
a)
1^^ \/
^
i..
be
2am.^0 =
2ab
_ c'-{ a- bf
2ab
/c + b a\ /c + a b\
Or, n.4(7 = \IJl2XZKI2.
ab
c-\-h
a c+b-^a ^c-i-a b
=
c+a-{-b ,
r) .
But.-^-= -^ a.and__- ^ 1
Put ^
= , as before; then,
^ ab
From = - *)Jf_r:I).
(n), sin. i^ v/C"
^ be
^ ac
^ ab
2sin.'' ^A = 1 cos.
Or, J., same as equation ( 35 X
SECTION I, 268
mD mn == cos.B cos.^ = nD ;
and i)6^ =
2sin.(^-:?).
or. 90^
(^) = jarcm
But the chord, FB^ is twice the sine of J arc FB ;
This is equation (
19 ). ^j^^^
{^^-^y
In the triangle, GnD, we have,
sin. 90 : DGr = sm.nI)G :
Gn; sm.nBa^cos.nCrD,
That is, 1 2sin. = cos. sin. JL+sin.^.
:
(f^) (^-^) :
Or,
sin.^-sin.^=2cos.(^^)sin.(^1^),
the same as equation (16).
(^^) cos.(^:p?)
:
That 1 =
is, : 2sin.
(^ ) sin. (^^ ) cos.5cos.A. :
009.B.
sin.
Or, ^1
^= = tan. J r ), the
, (
cos.^ + cos.j5 A-^B \ 2
cos.^
2
same as equation (20).
That is,
COS.
B COS.
~A = , /A ^\-
or,' -^ tan. ).
sin. A B
i (
4- sin. \ 2 )
3.141592653.
.00029088820867.
Hence,
SECTION I. 267
sin. (a + h)
= 2sin. a cos. b sin. {a b);
And when a = 5, this equation becomes
sin. 2a = 2sin.a cos. a. Eq. (30).
then sin. 1 1' = 2sin. 6' cos. 5' sin. 1'== .003 19976^13
a= 6=
7', 6', sin. 13' = 2sin. 7' cos. 6' sin. V.
a = 6 =: 7, sin. 14' = 2sin. 7' cos. 7'.
And so on to
sin. 14' 3" 45'" = .004090604.
etc. etc. etc.
x' =^ 1) (1)
Then, -\- y'
Adding, we have
ir'+ 2xy +/ ==
1.3090170;
SECTION 1. 269
* AVhen an arc is less than 45, the cosine exceeds the sine; and
when the arc is between 45 and 90, the sine exceeds the cosine.
Hence, when the arc is 9, y, its cosine, exceeds x, its sine and we ;
therefore plac ,d tJie minus sign before the second member of Eq. (4).
23*
270 PLAJE TRIGONOMETRY.
accuracy and with comparatively little labor. lu the laijt
two columns on each page of Table II, will be found the
values thuscomputed of the sines and cosines of every
degree and minute of a quadrant.
following
TABLE.
90 + a
SECTION 1. 271
Rec.230 = sec.(270
40) = cosec.40 ;
SECTION II.
17
Hence^ i. C
21
= .80952+.
SECTION II. 278
AVe must now turn to Table II, and find in the last two columnft
the cosine nearest to .80952, and the corresponding degrees and
minutes will be the value of the angle C.
On page 57, of Tables, near the bottom of the page, and in the
column with cosine at the top, we find .80953, which coriesponda
to 35 56' for the angle C. The angle B is, therefore, 54 3'.
T'ais Table is so arranged, that the sura of the degrees at the top
and bottom of the page, added to the sum of the minutes which are
found on the same horizontal line in the two side columns of the
pagC; is 90
Thus, in finding the angle C, the number .80953 was found in
the column with cosine at the head. / We therefore took the de*
grees from the head of the page, and the minutes were taken
from the left hand column, counting downwards.
For the side ABj we have the proportion
CF : FD :: CA :
AB;
or, cos. C : sin. C :: 17 :
AB-,
that is, .80953 : .58708 : : 17 : AB.
From which we find AB = .58708 x 17 -,- .80953;
whence, AB = 12.328.
CF : FG :: CA i AB
or, 1 : tan. C :: 17 :
AB)
whence, AB = 17 tan. C.
The perpendicular AB may also be found b}^ the proportion
CD : BF :: CB :
AB-,
or, 1 : sin. C :: 21 :
AB-,
whence, AB = 21 sin. C = 21 x .58708 = 12.32868.
CF FD : :: CA :
AB-,
274 PLANE TRIG ONOMETBY.
that is, COS. C : sin. C :: 150 : 125 :: 6 :
5,
which gives 6 sin. 6' = 5 cos. 0;
hence, .
36 sin/G = 25 cos.6'.
we have 36 (sin.
'^
6^+ cos.'*
6^)
= 61 cos.* C.
cos.^C = !^
61
= .5901639344:
0.76828 .76828
Hence, 0.76810 .76822
18 : 6 : : 60" : a/'
The angle C is, therefore, equal to 39 48' 20", and the angle
B =r 90 39 48' 20" = 50 11' 40".
To find CB, we have
oECTION II. 275
Whence,
or, AB =^ 125.0015.
Two sides, the one 30 and the other 35, and the in-
4.
Ist,
276
SECTION II. 277
Put CD { BD ^ CB = 21.
Table TT
o^ ki T> KQ f COS. 57 18' = .54024)
II, Page 63,
| ,,,. 570 ig. ^ .54000 }
Second. By Prop. 8.
Formula, cos. J ^= \
/
^^ ^, radius being unity.
s{s
d) = 31.4075 X 7.4075 = 232.65105625
he = 20.815 X 18 = 374.67
V":62()95 = .78800.
Hence, cos. I A =
.78800, and M
(Table II, page 59) 38o
Tery nearly ; the angle is therefore Aequal to 76, which agrees
with Example 5.
be
= 329150, ic = 659634,
^ C^' ^) (^
(8-^c) .498988
be
LOGARITHMS.
Logarithms are the exponents of the powers to which
6 fixed number, called the base, must be raised, to pro-
dace other numbers.
The exponent of number is also a number express-
a
an exponent equal to 12 9;
thus, a"-r-a' a'; and, =
generally, the quotient arising from the division of a"* by
a", is equal to a"'~".
Hence, the logarithm of a quotient is the logarithm of the
dividend diminished by the logarithm of the divisor.
If it is required to raise a number denoted by a', to the
fifth power, we write a, giving it an exponent equal to
3x5; thus, (a')*=a", and, generally, (")"*= a"*".
Hence, the logarithm of the power of a number is equal to
the logarithm of the number multiplied by the cxponeiit of the
poiver.
To extract the 5th root of the number a', we write a,
10
Since
Jq
== 1 = 10'-' = lO**, and generally ==" =
or
1,
negatively infinite.
Hence, the logarithmic sine of 0 is negatively infAiite^
Jtowever great the radius.
Difference, 100 52
RULE.
Take from the table the log. of the number expressed by the
the four superior figures ; this, with the proper index, is the
EXAMPLES.
1. Wliat is the log. of 357.32514?
The log. of 357.3 is 2.553033
No. not included, .2514
Tabular diff., 122
True loff.
'to
= 6.898315.
RULE.
Look in the table for the decimal part, of the given Icga-
rithm, and if not found, take the decimal next less, aiid take
out the four corresponding figures.
Take the difference between the given log. and the next less
in the table ; divide that differetice by the tabular
difference,
and write the quotient on the right of the four
superior fig*
ures, and number sought.
the result is the
Point off the whole number required by the given index,
EXAMPLES.
1.Given, the logarithm 3.743210, to find its corres-
ponding number true to three places of decimals.
Ans. 5536.177.
2. Given, the logarithm 2.633356, to find its corres-
Ans. 1712.25.
5. What is the number of which 1.532708 is the log.!
Ans. 34.0963.
6. Find Ihe number whose log. is 1.067889.
^ r,
Ans. 11.692.
put in Table II, under the heads of iV^. sine and iV. cos.,
as before observed.
When we liave the sine and cosine of an aye, the
tangent and cotangent are found bj Eq. (3) and (6) thus, ;
tan. =E sin. ,
(
^
o
.
)
^
cot. =- - -
R
C03.
:
COS. Biri.
sec. = .
COS.
Tan. is
SECTION II. 287
rc(|uired in Astronomy,
it is necessary to be
very accu-
rate ;
for this reason we omitted the difference for seconds
or all under 30'. Assuming that the sines and tan-
arcs
Two lines drawn, the one from the surface and the
other from the center of the earth, to the center of the
sun, make with each other an angle of 8.61''. "What is
the logarithmic sine of this angle ?
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
In a right-angled triangle, ABC,
1.
To find BO.
Radius, 10.000000
: tan. ^, 51*> 40' 30", 10.102119
:: AB, 1214, 3.084219
:
BC, 1535.8, 3.186338
Remark. When the first term of a logarithmic proportion is radmn,
the required logarithm is found by adding the second and third loga-
rithms, rejecting 10 in the index, which is dividing by the first term.
In all cases we add the second and third logarithms together ; which,
in logarithms, is multiplying these terms together ; and from that sum
we subtract the first logarithm, whatever it may be, which is dividing
by the first term.
To find AC.
Sin. (7,
or cos. A, 51 40' 30", 9.792477
:
AB, 1214, 3.084219
.: Radius, 10.000000
:
AC, 1957.7, 3.291742
To find this resulting logarithm, we subtracted the first logarithm
from the second, conceiving its index to be 13.
Am. AC, 506.9; BC, 383.9; and the angle (7, 40 46'.
6. If J. (7=45, and the angle (7=37 22', what are the
?
remaining parts
Am. AB, 27.31; BC, 35.76; and the anglo.4, 52 38
25 T
290 PLANE TRIGOJ^OMETRT.
7. Given, ^(7=4264.3, and the angle J. = 56 29' 13",
to find the remaining parts.
Ans.AB, 2354.4; ^(7, 3555.4; and the angle 0, 33 30'47".
8. If 4^ = 42.2, and the angle A = 31 12' 49'', what
are the other parts ?
Ans, A
0, 49.34 ; BO, 25.57 ;
and the angle C, 58 47' 11".
j. h AB = 8372.1, and BO =^ 694.73, what are the
jtlier parts?
iAG, 8400.9;
the angle C, 85"" 15' 23" ;
and the
^^^^-
} angle A, 4^ 44' 37".
(
BO, 57.69 ;
the angle 0, 47 41' 56" ;
and the
^^'''
(
angle A, 42 18' 4".
11. Given, AQ ==
7269, and J.^ = 3162, to find the
other parts.
. f BO, 6545 the angle 0, 25 47' 7"
; ;
and the
'^^'
I angle ^, 64 12' 53".
12. Given, AO =^
4824, and BO --=
2412, to find the
other parts.
r The angle ^ := 30 00', the angle = 60 00',
^^^
^^'
I and AB = 4178.
13. The distance between the earth and sun
is 91,500,000
Bun, and EB
a tangent to the sun's surface. Then the A EBS
is right-angled at B, and BS
is the semi-diameter of the sun. The
ftlue of 2BS is required.
SECTION II. 291
14. The
equatorial diameter of the earth is 7925 miles,
and the distance of the sun 91,500,000 miles. What angle
will the semi-diameter of the earth subtend, as seen from
the sun? Ans. 8M".
This angle is called, in astronomy, the sun's horizontal parallax.
n. OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY.
PROBLEM I.
angle B
= 40 14', to find the other
parts.
^ ^
As the sum of the three angles of every
triangle is
always ISC', the third angle, (7, must be 180
88
ir = 9143'.
To find AQ.
Sin. 91 43', 9.999806
: ^5,376, 2.575188
:: sin.i? 4r U, 9.810167
12.385355
:
AGy2ASy 2.385550
the same as the cosine of
Observe, that the sine of 91 4.^' is
l43'
21^2 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
To find BO,
Sin. 91 43', 9.999805
:
^5,376, 2.575188
:: sin. ^ 48 3', 9.871414
12.446602
PROBLEM II.
12.958746
To find DQ.
Sin. Z>, 31 17' 19", log. 9.715460
; At\ 1257.5, log. 3.099508
:: ^m.DAC 15 0' 41", log. 0.413317
294 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
Tan. 74 2V 20", 10.552718
613.5. 2.787815
13.340593
4115.5 log. (subtracted), 3.614423
To find AE,
Sin. E, 46 19' 45", 9.859323
:
DA, 1751, 3.243286
:: sin.Z>, 31 17' 19", 9.715460
12.958746
PROBLEM IV.
cos. ^C = \/
^ ^ ab
% A B
we must take a =. 1257.5, h = 1751, and c = 2364.6.
The half sum of these is,
, J[_A,^5-WS2^^; L^,
*
36 49' 18"; and L^
I 107 5b' 10''.
15. Given, AB
2163, BC
1672, and the angle C 112
18' 22", to find the other parts.
Ans. AC, 877.2; L^^, 22 2' 16"; and L^. 45 39' 22".
16. Given, AB 496, BO 496, and the angle B 38 16',
to find the other parts.
Ans. AO, 325.1; L^, 70 52'; and L^, 70 52'.
17. Given, AB
428, the angle C 49 16', and {AC-^
BC) 918, to find the other parts, the angle B heing
obtuse.
'
. r The angle A= 38 44' 48", the angle B= 91
^*\ 59' 12", ^(7=564.5, and J5(7= 353.5.
18. Given, AC 126, the angle B 29 46', and {AB-^
^(7) 43, to find the other parts.
.
^** jfThe angle
^=
55 51' 32", the angle (7=94
t 22' 28", AB =
253.05, and J5C 210.05. =
19. Given, AB 1269, AC 1837, and the angle A 53*
SECTION III.
angles are measured as, connected with the base line and
the objects whose heights or distances it is proposed to
determine, enable us to compute, from the principles of
Trigonometry, what those heights or distances are.
Sometimes, particularly in marine surveying, horizontal
angles are determined by the compass but the varying
;
PROBLEM I.
12.415398
PROBLEM II.
To determine
the altitude of a lighthouse, I obsei-vtJ
the elevation of its top above the level sand on the sea-
shore, to be 15 32' 18'' and measuring directly from
;
12 041928
Radius, 10.000000
BC, 1129.09, 3.052727
sin. CBD, 15 32' 18", 9.427945
12.480672
PROBLEM III.
tance from A
to the steeple was 2.8 miles, and from
B to the steeple 3.47 miles and I found, with a sextant,
;
that the angle ^i>(7 was 12 15, and the angle BDQ, 15
30'. Required mj distance from each of the headlands,
and from the steeple.
CONSTRUCTION.
The angle between the two headlands is
thesum of 15 30' and 12 15', or 27 45'.
Take double this sum, 55 80'. Conceive AB
to be the chord of a circle, and the arc on
one side of it to be 55 30' ; and, of course,
the other will be 304 30'. The point D
will be somewhere in the circumference of
this circle. Consider that point as determined, and draw CD.
In the triangle ABCy we have all the sides, and, of course, we
can find all the angles;
and if the angle A
CB is less than 180
27 45' = 152 15', then the circle cuts the line CD in a point
ment, AED. Then, in the triangle AED, we have the side AE,
and the two angles AED and ADE, from which we can find AD
The computation, at length, is as follows :
26
302 PLANE TRIGONOMjflTRY.
To find AE.
Angle EaB = 15<^ 30' Sin. AEB, 152 15', 9.668027
Angle f:JiA = 12 15' :
AB, 5.35, .728354
180 10.055054
AB, 5.35
AGy 2.80
SECTION III 803
10.314637
tan.
AECACE 21 30' 12" 9.595472
mngleOBA, 12 15^
.
304 PLANE TRICxONOMETRY.
Let CD be the spire, A the first station, and
B the second ;
then the vertical angle CAD is
.^'
23 50' 17"; and as the horizontal angles, CAB ^.- /
and CBA, are 93 4' 20" and 54 28' 36", re- /
\
spectively, the angle ACB, the supplement of
their sura, is 32 27' 4".
To find AC.
9.729G34
side AB, 416, 2.619093
sin.^^C; 5428'36", 9.910560
12.529653
To find DC.
Radius, 10.000000
side vie, 631, 2.800019
tan. DA (7,
23 50' 17", 9.645270
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
1. Required the height of a wall whose angle of eleva-
tion, at the distance of 463 feet, is observed to be 16
21'. Ans. 135.8 feet.
16. Two
ships of war, intending to cannonade a fort,
are, by the shallowness of the water, kept so far from it,
that they suspect their guns cannot reach it with effect.
In order, therefore, to measure the distance, they separate
fi'omeach other a quarter of a mile, or 440 yards, and then
each ship observes and measures the angle which ttie
tJie ships, and the distance from each ship to the objecta
on shore.
between ships, 395.7 yards.
From ship A to object i), 743.5 "
From ship A to object 0, 467.7 "
From ship
{Distance B to object D, 590.5
"
multiply the values thus found for the required distances by the
quotient obtained by dividing the given value of CD
by the com-
puted valae.
PART II.
SPHERICAL GEOMETRY
AND
TRIGONOMETRY.
SECTION I.
SPHERICAL OEOMETRY.
DEFINITIONS.
1. Spherical Geometry has for its object the investiga-
PROPOSITION I.
PROPOSITION II.
BD
than the two arcs, and C. B
There-
AB + BO + AO,
fore, is less than
ABB + AQD; that is, less than a
gi'eat circle.
Hence the proposition.
PROPOSITION III.
PROPOSITION IV.
Let AMand AN
be two arcs intersecting at the
point A, and let AE
and AF be the tangents to these
arcs at this point. Take AC and AD, each quadrants,
and draw the arc CD, of which A is the pole, and OC
and OD are the radii.
27
814 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
!N'ow, since theplanes of the arcs intersect in the radiui
OA, and AU a tangent to one arc, and
is AF
a tangent
to the other, at the common point A,
^ p
these tangents form with each other an
PROPOSITION V.
fitraight line, POP', A and A' are the poles to the great
circle, POP' and \
P and P' are the poles to the great
circle, ABA'.
Now, OPB is a spherical triangle, right-angled at i),
and its sides OP
and CD are complemental respectively
to the sides 5(7 and AO oi the A ABO, and its side PD
is complemental to the arc DO, which measures the
PiCand PA'C, and the angle CPD, added to the right angle A' PD,
gives the A^PC, and the
|
CPA is supplemental to this. Hence,
|
the hemisphere.
PROPOSITION VI.
But, AO-hCIT=90'>
Also, AC + AL = 90^
By addition, AC + AC -h OH AL = 180 -\-
PROPOSITION VII.
greater than two right angles, and less thayi six right angles.
Add equations ( ), of the last proposition. The first
member of the equation so formed will be the sum of
the three bides of a spherical triangle, which sum we
may designate by The second member will be 6 right
S.
PROPOSITION VIII.
L ^= 1 ^, andLC'=L-^.
SECTION I. 819
other triangle ;
and for a similar reason, the [__B=l_Ey
andtheL^(7=L-^-
Second. If, in the triangles ABC and
DEF, being f
the same sphere whose center is 0, the [_A = \_D,ih
^B = [_E, and the [_C = [__F\ then will the side AB,
opposite the [_ C, in the first, be equal to the side DE^
opposite the equal [__F, in the second; and also the si'*
AC equal to the side DF, and the side equal to tbcBC
side EF.
For, conceive two triangles, denoted by A'B'C* and
B'E'F^ supplemental to and DEF, ABC
to be formed;
then will these supplemental triangles be mutually equi-
lateral, for their sides are measured by 180** less the
PROPOSITION IX.
angles. But, if BE
does not lie on the same side of BF
that AB
does of AO, we may construct the triangle t\ hich
is symmetrical with BEF; and this symmetrical triangle,
when applied to the triangle ABC, will exactly coincide
with it. But the triangle BEF, and the triangle sym-
metrical w^ith it,are not only mutually equilateral, but
also are mutually equiangular, the equal angles lying
opposite the equal sides, (Prop. 8) and as the one or the
;
By m metrically equal.
Cor, On same sphere, or on equal spheres, trianglei
the
having two angles of the one equal to two angles of the other^
each to each, and the included sides equal, have their remain-
PROPOSITION X.
PROPOSITION XI.
PROPOSITION XII.
IMIUFUSITION XI II.
Two symmetrical spherical triangles are equal id area.
mutually equilateral;
when they are mutually equi-
2(1,
angular
3d, when two sides of the one are equal to
;
PROPOSITION XIV.
PROPOSITION XV.
Tht surface of a lune is to the whole surface of the
sphere^
as the angle of the lune is to four right angles ; or, as the arc
which measures that angle is to the circumference of a great
circle.
great circles, are isosceles, and contain two right angles. For this
reason they are called bi-rectangular. If the base is also a quadrant,
the vertex of either angle becomes the pole of the opposite side, and
each angle is measured by its opposite side. The three angles are them
right angles, and the triangle is for this reason called tri-rectangular.
It is evident that the surface of a
sphere contains eight of its tri-
fectangular triangles.
Cor. 2. Taking the right angle as the unit of angleSj
and denoting the angle of a lune by A, and the surface
of a tri-rectangular triangle by T, we have,
surf, of lune : BT :: A :
4;
whence, surf, of lune = 2A x T.
Cor. 3. A
spherical ungula bears the same relation to
the entire sphere, that the lune, which is the base of tne
PROPOSITION XVI.
The area of a spherical triangle is measured hy the excess
triangle is situated.
828 SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
Produce the sides of the tri-
angle until they meet this cir-
cumference in the points, i>, E^
F, L, K, and P, thus forming
the sets of opposite triangles,
DAE, AKL BEF, BFK\ OFL,
;
CDF,
]^ow, the triangles of each of
these sets are together equal to
a lune, whose angle is the cor-
aBEF + aBFK= 2B X T.
A CFL + A ODF = 20 X T.
PROPOSITION XVII.
The area of any spherical 'polygon is measured by the excess
of the sum of all its angles over two right angles^ taken as
many times, less two, as the polygon has sides, multiplied by
the tri-rectangular triangle.
IS 2 (n
2)J X r =x {S2n -f 4) T.
28*
3?0 SPHERICAL TJiiGONOMETRT.
SECTION II
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
A three sides and
Spherical Triangle contains six parts
(tree angles any three of which being given, the other
three may be determined.
PROPOSITION I.
With the sines of the sides, and the tangent of ONE side
of any right-angled spherical triangle, two plane triangles can
Reformed that will he similar, and similarly situated.
Let ABC be a spherical triangle,
right-angled at B and let B be the
;
right angle.
The aCHG, gives CE'-hEG' = CG' (1)
right-angled
The right-angled aDGE, gives DG'+EG'=DE' (2)
By subtraction, CS' DG'=CG' DE' 3 ( )
the angles GEC and FBF are equal but GEC is a right ;
And, DE DB = EG BF
I :
832 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
Thei-efore, IiaBE = HO BF (Th. 6, B. U.;,
: :
Or, Ha HQ = BE BF.
I I
PROPOSITION II.
= B'
therefore, tan.^ -.
cot. J.
SECTION II. 333
jti;OPOSITION III.
the other angles is to the sine of the side opposite to that angle.
B :
= sin.(7 sin.c
sin.6 :
Scholium. Collecting the four equations taken from this and the
(
1 )
i? sin.c = tan.a cot.^
(2) i? sin.a = tan.c C cot.
( 4 ) E sin.c = sin. C
sin.ft
834 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRr.
These equations refer to the right-angled
triangle,ABC; but the principles are true
for any right-angled spherical triangle. Let
us apply them to the right-angled triangle,
rJDC, the complemental triangle to ABC,
(
1B sin. CB = tan. PD cot. C
)
becomes
(
2R sin.FD = tan. CD cot.P
)
becomes
3 becomes R sm.FB = s'm.FC sin. C
( )
have,
(5) Rcos.b ^= cot.^ cot. 6^'
(7 )
R cos.A = cos.a sin. C
( 8 )
i? cos.6 = cos.a cos.c
By observing equation (
6 ), we find that the second member refers
to sides adjacent to the angle A. The same relation holds in respect
to the angle C, and gives,
(
9 )
i? cos. C= cot.6 tan.a.
(
10 )
i? cos. C = cos.c sin.^.
DB : J)II= DE : DG.
That is, R : cos.a = cos.c : cos.b,
Thus, if equation (
13 were to be employed, it would be
)
SECTION III.
PROPOSITION I.
Also,
Bin.CB : E = sm.CD : sin. B,
29 w
AS^ SPHERICAL TRIGONO ME I K -J.
PROPOSITION II.
have,
COS. J. (7
_ COS. AD
coa.BO coa.BD
Or, COS. J. (7 : coa.BO = coa. AD : coa.BD.
PROPOSITION III.
figure, we have,
R am.CD = tan. JD cot ACD.
SECTION III. 889
PROPOSITION IV.
=
R coa.A COS, CD sin. ACD (*)
PROPOSITION V.
angle.
PROPOSITION VII.
angle,
BD = {AB'-AD)',
and when CD falls without the triangle,
BD = {AD AB).
Hence, cos.BD = cos.(^i> AB)
Now, cos.(^^ ^AD) = co8.{AD
AB),
because each of them is equal to
observing tliat
- Tn = tan. AD,
and we have
cos.A O : 008.(7.5 =1 : cos.^^ + sin.^^ tan, AD (3)
But, tan. J. Q= ^-
cos.^ C
, or, cos. J. C tan. A C = sin. A 0,
= cos.a
C0S.5 cos.c^
cos. J.
sin. 5 sin.c
= cos.c
cos.a COS. 5
cos. (7
sin. a sin. 6
sin.6 sin.(?
(sin. 6 sin.c
cos. 6 cos.<?) -f cos.a
(m).
sin.6 sin.c
= cos.a
cos.(5-f c)
2cos.iA
sin.6 sin.c
^. /a+b-j-c\ . /b-\-c a\
2cos.'J^ =
sin.6 sin.c
represent
b
+ c + a we
,
shall have,
^ = ^/ Bin.jS-ay
i^'^sin.^y
That is, COS.
Sin. 6 Bin.c
sin. 6 sin.(?
cop a
= (sin. 5
^
sin.(?-f-cos.6 cos.c)
-^r'
sm.o sm.c
,
(
.
^i
But, co8.(^ CO
(?)
= sin.5 sin.c + cos.ft cos.<?, Q^, 10,
Sec. I, Plane Trig.).
This equation reduces equation (
) to
sin. 6 sin.ff
2sin. ( )
sm. (
)
sm.ft sm.c
J3ut,
= ^ c = S c, if we put S
%h__c *
Also, = h = Sb.
tutions, we have
sin. 6 sm.c
^ ^ 8111.0 sin.c
Similarly,
*^' sm.J^ '^
= \/
^
-^^= A ^ ^
(^^>
sill. a sin.c
= ^/ ^^6
And, sin. J (7 V ig-^8in.(^--a)siii.(
^TTTTr^T^rA sin. a sin.6
PROPOSITION VIII.
tqual to the product of the sines of the other two angles mul-
tiplied by the cosine of the included side,
minus the product
cos.(180-.^) = cos.(180
C) + sin.(180
B) sin.(180 Q) cos.(180cos.(180
j5)
2
a), ( )
But,
cos.5
,
= cos.B + cos.^ COS. (7
.
^
sin.^ sm.C^
. .
C08.C = COS. (7
r-
+ COS.A cos.B
r^
i
siii.A. siu.B
in.^ sin. (7
SECTION .II. Wt
C08.A + COS.(jB
0)
Bin.B sin.O
2co8. ia = .^
v^.^^
sin.^ sin. (7
Make A + BC^2S2C,
^ + J5+ (7= 2/Sf; then
A + 0B^2S2B,i(A-{-B-C) = S0,Sind i{A
4
0B) = S B; whence
sin.B Sin. (7
or,' cos.Ja
^
= V^
, /^^i:(;==(7)cos.(AS' j5)'
^-^ 4>^-^
sin.5 sin. (7
o- .1
Similarly, cos.JJ
1 11 = V
\ /cOS.(aS' J.)COS.(aS' (7) V
.^- > s in.^ Bin
/Tr/\
^^ ^
and, COS.J.
= ^/coTp^J^;^
^ sin.^ sin.^
by which we get
: :
sm.jS sin. 6^
m.ia
Bin ^
= < ;
sin.^
-:^ - ^ V
^
I sin. 6^ /
. ,, ( cos.S cos.(SB)] ^ .
i sin.J. sin.^ J
J _ r COS.aS' cos.(aS' ^) IJ
NAPIER'S ANALOGIES.
If the value of co^.o, expressed in the third equation
.
= cos.a sm.h sin.a cos.6 cos. (7 ,, ,
equations of 7
group (S), Prop. ; or, merely writing Ibi B
A, and interchanging h and a, in the above value, foi
ti^os. A, we obtain,
^ C0S.5 sin.fl^ sin.5 cos.^ cos.(7. ,,
cos.^ = ;
(2)
SECTION III. 349
sin. 6.
Hence,
.
sm.6
equation, gives
+ sin.5) sin.(7 ,.v
+ sm.j5T> = (sin.a
.
.
.
sm. J. ^^
-.
^ . (4)
sm.c
duced to
iau.l(A-hB)-='CotiCx .
, ,, (6)
sm.(a + h)
.
we likewise have,
sin.6
.
8111.6)
,.
sin.(7
-
sm.c
.
MA sin.a
sin. 6 _.
^) = cot.i(7x
T>i . , /-.
tan.i(^
^^ ^ -^,
sin.
-y^. (7
''
(a -f h)
and, sin. (a + =
6)
2sin.(^"2") ^^^-(^4")' ^^- (^^^
cos.(_^)
Writing the second member of this equation for ita
first member in Eq (6), that equation becomes
^^^'
tan. ^
\{A + B\ = cot. i(7
^^^g . (8)
cos. J(a4-6)
tan. ^^
i{A -B)=^ y
cot. K
^ '!"' ^.'^"f l
sin.i(a4-^')
(9)
equation l)ecomes
, -,,
tan. ^'
J 6
Jf-rt-W
= sin.K^
a)^
.
A).tan.
^' -.
sin. +
,
ic,
i(^ ^)
or,*
.
tan. i(a
^^
,
,.
6)
^
==
sin.
-. UA + B)^
^f
sin. J(J.
.
,
^
tan. ic,
^'
,
b)
^)
a) = tan. J(a
Bi.uce tan. J(6 5),
and sin. ^(^ A) =
sin. i(^ B).
By applying Eq. (
8 ) to the polar triangle, and treating
the resulting equation in a manner similar to the above,
we find
^^''
tan. i{a + b)
= 7 5 ^^^' J^,
^ ^ ^^)
f.^f
cos. ^{A + B)
Equations [p] and (?) may be resolved into the fol-
lowing proportions.
sin. \{A + B) : sin. \{A
B) :: tan. \c : tan. J(a
COS. J(J. + ^) : COS. \(A
B) II tan. Jc : tan. J(a -\
h)\
b).
ing the half sura to the half difference, we get the greater
>f these sides, and by subtracting the half diff*eren<je
SECTION IV.
situated.
If refer this triangle to the common geographical
we
globe, the side 56 may be laid off on the equator, or on
a meridian. In the first case, the hypotenuse will be the
arc of a great circle drawn through one extremity of the
Bide 56, above or below the equator, and making with
80* X
SM SPHERICAL TKIGO.VOxMETRY.
it an angle of 24 the other side will be an arc of a
;
make the arc A'G equal to 24, and draw the quadrant
PEG. The triangle FQP will also reoresent the given
AJ5 102 50' 25", and the angle 113 14' 37", to A
find the other parts.
84 51' 36"; the angle (7, lOP 46' 56";
.
[AC,
^^\ and^C^, 113 46' 27".
4. In the right-angled spherical triangle ABQ, given
QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES.
The solution of right-angled spheri-
ral triangles includes, also, the solu-
noi: of quadrantal triangles, as may be
secTj by inspecting the adjoining fig-
ure When we have one quadrantal
triangle, we have four, which with one
fight-angled triangle,fiU upihe whole hemisphere^
To the solution of either of the four quadrantal
eflfect
PROBLEM I.
90
PAC = 54 19' 9"
PAC:= 125 40' 51"
Wq now have all the sides, and all the angles of the
four triangles in question.
PROBLEM II.
C
One of the remaining sides is 70 8' 39". the
Ans. < other is 73 17' 29", and the angle opposite
I the qnadrantal side is 96 13' 23".
4. In a quadrantal triangle, given the quadrantal side,
90, one adjacent side, 86 14' 40", and the angle oppo-
site to that side, 37 12' 20", to find the other parts.
r The remaining side is 4 43' 2" the angle op-
;
jacent angles given, from which all its other parts can
be computed and some of these parts w^ill become aa
;
triangle.
The two cases in which right-angled spherical triangles
are not used, are,
1st. When the three sides are given to find the angles ;
and,
2d. When
the three angles are given to find the sides.
The of these cases is the most important of all,
first
and for that reason great attention has been given to it,
and two series of equations, (T'and U, Prop. 7, Sec. Ill),
have been deduced to facilitate its solution.
As
heretofore, let ABQ represent any triangle whose
angles are denoted by A, B, and C, and sides by a, b.
S64 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
and c ;
the side a being opposite L. ^j the side b oppo-
site L ^? <^tc.
EXAMPLES.
1. In the triangle ABa,a = 70 4' 18" ;
5 = 63 21' 27" ;
A_ /E' sin.iS'sin.f/S'
aV J
2 V sin. 6 sin.c /
sin. a sin.c
^\/
V _(S-)
Bin.a/ (S-)
Vsin.c/
(8in.S)
^ ^ sin.{S^b)
^
b =r G3 21' 27"
c= 59 16' 23" sin.com. . .065697
a= 70 4^ 18" 8in.com. . .026875
B= 70 9' 38"
Vsin.^/ (J^)
-v/' (Sj) CSh')y sm.{Sa)
sin. v v y
Vsin.a/
c= 69 16' 23"
0= 70 4' 18" sin.com. .026817
h = 63 2V 21" sin.com. .048479
2 )192 42' 8'^
S = 96 21' 4"
^__ = 26 16' 46" sin. . 9.646158
iS 6 = 32 59' 37" sin. . 9.7360 34
2 ) 19.4574"88
2_
0=64 46' 34"
85*
3G6 SPIIEKICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
To sLow the harmony and practical utility of these two
Bets of equations, we will find the angle A^ from the
equation
a = 70 4' 18"
b = 63 21' 27" sin.com. .048749
c=: 59 16' 23 " sin.com. .065697
S= 96 21' 4"
^'_6= 32 59' 37" sin 9.736034
^_c=37 4' 41" sin. 9.780247
2 ) 19.630727
U = 40 49' 10"
9
sin. 9.815363
A = 81 38' 20"
2. In a spherical triangle ABC, given the angle J., 38'
19' 18"; the angle B, 48 0' 10''; and the angle (7,
121 8' 6"; to find the sides a, 5, c.
2) 19191088
66< 47' 37r cos. 9 595544
SECTION IV. 867
60 47' 37 i"
2r_
fiin \h (
368 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
^^ '
r a = 23 57' 13'^, angle B - 91 26' 44, and C -
I 102 5' 52''.
^^ r
*
^=
94 39' 4", ^=
100 32' 19", and (7= 96
t 58' 35".
4. Given, two sides, b = 84 16', c 81 = 12', and the
angle (7= 80 28', to find the other parts.
''The result is
ambiguous, for we may consider
the angle B as acute or obtuse. If the angle
B is acute, then A = 97 13' 45", .B 83 11' =
An%.
24", and a = 96 13' 33". If Bis obtuse, then
^^ *
r J = 84< 29' 20", A = 69 13' 59' and B= 72 28'
I 42".
8. Given, the three sides, a 68 34' 13", h 59 = =
21' 18", and c =
112 16' 32", to find the angles A, B,
and 0.
SECTION V,
jputed.
The angle ZPS^ is the time from noon, and the
cq, and convert it into time at the rate of four minutes to a degree.
This will give the apparent time after six o'clock that the gun sets,
and the apparent time before six o'clock that the Eun rises, (no
allowance being made for refraction).
touth, but when one is north, and the other south, the addi-
tion gives the time of sunrise, and the subtraction the time of
sunset.
^^*- f
, ,
apparent time.
I Sets 4. 15. 18/ I
5. What will be the time of sunset and of sunrise at
St.Petersburgh, in lat. 59 56', north, when the sun's
declination is 23 24', north? What will be its ampli-
tude at these instants ? Also, at what hours will it be
due east and west, and what will be its altitude at such
times ?
apparent
Sun rises at 2" 46"* 30' a.m.
A.M. J/
time
Sun rises N. of east 1
590
^ ^9^, joff
Ans, Sun sets N. of west ^
Sun is east at 6* bS"" 2' a.m.
Sun is west at 5* 1*" 58" p.m.
1^
Alt. when east and west is 27 18' 57".
__ sin.(X + D) sm.A
cos.iysin.D
by 2,
/L-\- 1)+ Ax .
/L-\-D A\
sin.' ^ \P
co8.( -2 ) sin.(
T. Y{
cos.i sm.jL>
^ )
B ut, 2
'
2
D A
we assume aSa =
L-Jr -{-
and if >
^
we
,1,1
shall have,' sin.'
-11 D
JP =
cos.aS' sin.(AS'
=-A
cos.iy 8in.i>
A)j:
'-
Or, sin.JP
, = V .
=-A =r^)
/cos.a9 sin.(AS*
'-
This the final result, when the radius is unity when
is ;
the radius is R
times greater, then the sin.iP will be R
limes greater and, therefore, the value of this sine, cor-
;
ein.JP
= \/T^) i-^t) co8.^8in.(.S'-^).
576 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.
1. In lat. 39 6' 20" I^ortli, when the sun's declination
was 12 3' 10" N^orth, the true altitude* of the sun's cen-
ter was observed to be 30 10' 40", What was
rising.
tlie apj)arent time ?
tion of the sun was 3 20' South. What was the appa-
rent time ? Ans. 9" 42'" 40 a. m.
32*
378 SPHERICAL TRIGOxVOJMETIt Y.
We now employ Na-
pier's 1st and 2d Analo-
gies, and find the dis-
tance, in degrees, to be
78^ 48' 15". This re-
duced to miles, at the
rate of 69.16 miles to '
I he distance 5450.1 \ /
miles. \ /
The angle at iV is ^\ /
"" ^^
47 48' 13" and at 11, 59 '^-..
^""^
34' 47".
The third side of a spherical triangle can be found by
a single formula, as we shall see by inspecting formulae
opposite; then,
^ = cos.<? COS. a cos. 5
COS. (7 -.
T,
sm.a sin.6
sm.a sm.o
-.
5
MOO
380 SPIIEIIICAL TllIGONOMETRl.
SECTION VI
REGULAR POLYEDRONS
A Regular Polyedron is a polyedron having all its faces equa!
and regular polygons, and all its polyedral angles equal.
The sum of all the
plane angles bounding any polyedral angle 18
lessthan four right angles ; and as the angle of the equilateral tri-
With right plane angles we can form only a triedral angle hence, ;
with equal squares we may bound a solid having six faces and eight
that these spheres will have a common center, which may also be
taken as the center of the polycdron.
PROBLEM.
Given y the name of a reyiilar polyedrojiy and the sitle of the bound-
xng polygon^ find to the inclination of its faces; the radii of the in-
volum .
dron, and C and D the centers of these faces, being the center
of the polycdron. Draw the radii,
00 and OD, of the inscribed, and
the radii OA
and 0^,of the circum-
scribed sphere ; also from C and D
let fall the perpendiculars CE and
unity, will form, by its intersections with the planes, AOE, AOD^
DOE, the right-angled spherical triangle dae, right-angled at e
Cn the right-angled triangle DEO, the angle DOE is
equal to
382 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
90 2)^0 = 90 i/,
and is measured by the arc de. The angle dae^ of the spherical
briangie, is equal to ,
and the angle ade = .
2m 2n
NoW; by Napier's Rules we have
cos.c?ae = sin.atZe cos.c?e.
or, cos.ae = ; (
1 )
sin. ade
2m
fo\
Sin.J/=
^ Q^TTo ^ '
sin. 360
Equation (3) gives the value of the sine of one half of the incli-
nation of the planes ; .and by means of this equation we may readily
find the radii of the inscribed and circumscribed spheres.
In the triangle BED, we have
I)E= BE cot.BDE = ^cot. ^,
2n
Bince AB = 1, and BE= hAB.
In the triangle DOE, we have
OA =^ tan.i7 cot. ^^
2n
x ^ X
^
^tan.i/tan.?^, (5)
2m
by writing tan. for
cot.
,
and reducing,
SECTION IV. 383
Equation (4) gives the value of OD, the radius of the inscribed
sphere, and equation ( 5 ) gives that of OA, the radius of the cir-
cumscribed sphere. The area of one of the faces of the polyedron
is
equal to one half of the apothegm multiplied by the perimeter.
360
The apothegm, as found above, is
equal to J cot. ; hence, we
2n
o/:Ao
ba';e In x \ cot , for the area of one of the faces: and multi-
2/1
PLANE TRIGONOMETEY.
SECTION I. Pagk
Elementary Principles ,
244
Difiniliuns 24')
Propositions 248
Equations for tlie Sines of the An^k-s 260
Natural Sines, Cosines, etc 265
Trigonometrical Lines for Arcs exceeding 9iP 270
SECTION II.
Plane Trigonometry. Practically Applied 272
Logarithms 278
SECTION I II.
Application of Trigonometry to Measuring Heights and Distances 298
Practical Problems 305
PAK.T IT.
SPHEEICAL GEOMETRY A^^D TRIGONOMETRY.
SECTION I.
Geometry 310
Spherical
SECTION II.
830
Eight-Angled Spherical Trigon imetry
335
Napier's Circular Parts
SECTION II I
337
Obliqnc-Amrled Spherical Trigonometry
348
Napier-s Analogies
SECTION I v.
of Pight-Angled Spherical Triangles 353
Spherical Trigonometry Applied Solution
Practical Problems 356
Swlution of Quadrantal Triangles 353
Practical Problems 361
SECTION V.
870
Spherical Trigonometry applied to Astronomy
373
Application of Oblique-Auirled Spherical Triangles
377
Spherical Trigonometry applied to Geography.
Table of Mean Time at Greenwich 379
SECTION VI.
< 3S0
Regular Polyedrons
LOGARITHMIC TABLES;
ALSO A TABLE OF
1
rr
8
'
N.
400
10
OF NUMBERS. 11
1
12
OFNUMBERS 13 |
14
1
j
OFNUMBERS. 15
le
OF NUMBERS. 17
i
~
r
20
TAULK II. I.og. Sines Hiid Tangents. (OP) Natural S'nes. 21
2'2
Log, Sines and Tangents. (1) Natural Sines. ABLE II.
8.241855 .999934
1196 0.4
249033 999932
1177
256094 999929
1158
2ii3042 999927
1140
269881 999925
1122
276 il4 999922
1105
283243 999920
1088
289773 -999918
1072
296-207 999915
1056
9 30234'i 999913
1041
lU 308794 999910
1027
11 .314954 9.999907
1012
12 321027 999905
998
13 327016 '999902
985
.4 332924 999899
971
15 338753 999897
959
16 344504 999894
946
17 350181 999891
934
18 355783 999888
922
19 361315 999885
910
20 366777 999882
899
21 8.372171 1.999879
888
22 377499 999876
877
23 382762 999873
867
24 387962 999870
856
25 393101 999867
846
26 398179 999864
837
27 403199 i
007 999861
28 408161! 999858
818
29 413088 999854
809
30 417919! 999851
800
31 4227171
791
K 999848
32 427462 999844
I
782
33 432156 999841
I
774
34 436800 999838
!
'
766
35 441394 999834
758
36 445941 999831
I
750
37 450440 999827
742
38 454893 999823
i
735
39 459301 999820
i
727
40 463665 999816
720
41 8.467985 ), 999812
712
42 472263 999809
706
43 476498 .-
-999805
699
44 480693 999801
692
45 484848 999797
686
46 488963 999793
679
47 493040 999790
673
48 497078 999786
667
49 501080 999782
661
! 50 505045 9997
655
:51 .508974 ).99977.
649
52 512867 999769
I
643
153 516726 999765
637
54 520551 999761
632
55 524343 999757
626
56 528102 999753
621
57 631828 999748
616
58 535523 999744
611
59 539186 999740
605
60 642819 999735
Cosne.
TABLE II. Log. Siiit. and Tangents. (2) Natural Sines. 23
87 Degrees.
24 Log. Slues and Tiiiigt-iiis. (:3; Natural Sines. TABliE II.
Sine, U. 10' Cosi uu. D. 1 iiUlg. D. 10" Cotang. |!N. sine. N. cos.
401 402
1 721204 9y9.'!98 721806 278194 05263 99861
398 399
2 723595 999391 72420 i 2/5796 05292 99860
396 397
3 725972 999384 726588 273412 05321 99858
4 394 395
728337 999378 728959 271041 05350 99857
392 393
5 730o88 999371 731317 2()8683 05379 99856
390 391
6 733027 999364 7336()3 266337 05408 99854
388 389 '
376
13 749055 999315 749740 250260 105611 99842
374 375
14 751297 999308 751989 248011 05640 99841
372 373
15 753528 999301 764227 245773 05669 99839 '
370 371
16 755747 999294 766453 243547 05698 99838 i
368 369
J7 757955 999286 758()68 241332 05727 99836
366 367 j
364 365
19 762337 999272 763065 236935 05785 99833
362 364 jl
361 362
21 766675 .999257 ,767417 11.232683 05844 99829
359 360 j!
352 353
I
348 350
28 781524 999205 782320 217680 06047 99817
i!
347 348
29 783605 999197 784408 215592 06076 99815
!;
345 346
30 785675 999189 786486 213514 06106 99813
|j
343 345
31 787736 9.999181 ,788554 11.211446 .0613499812
342 343
32 789787 999174 790613 209387 06163 99810
jl
340 341
33 791828 999166 792662 207338 06192 99808
;i
339 340
34 793859 999158 794701 205299 08221 99806
338
I
337 j
334 335
37 799897 ^99134 800763 199237 06308 99801
332 334 li
329 331
40 805852 999110 806742 193258 06395J99795
328 329
41 8, 807819 9.999102 ,808717 11.191283 06424 997931
326 328
42 809777 999094 810683 189317 06453l99792i
325 326
43 811726 999086 812641 187359 06482j99790{
323 325
44 813667 999077 814589 185411 0651199788
322 323
45 815599 999069 816529 183471 06540997861
320 322
46 817522 999061 818461 181539 0656919978 4!
319 320
47 819436 999053 820384 179616 0659819978
318 319
48 821343 999044 822298 177702 06627 99780;
316 318 ''
313 315 I
311 312
53 830749 999002 831748 168252 06773 99770
309 311 ||
308 310
65 834456 998984 835471 164529 i'
06831 99766
307 308
56 836297 998976 837321 162679 '06860 99764
306 307 h 06889 99762
57 838130 998967 839163 160837
304 306
58 839956 998958 840998 159002 ;:06918 99700
303 304
59 841774 998950 842825 157175 106947 99758
302 303
60 843585 998941 844644 155356 08976 99756
Cosino. Sino. Cotanor. Tang. N. cof N'.sine
TABLK II. Log. SiiiHS and Taiigeiils, (4) Nai,al Sines. 25
feme.
26 Log. Sines and Tangents. (5) Natural Sines. > TABLE II.
,940296 9,998344
240
941738 998333
239
2 943174 998322
239
3 944606 998311
238
4 946034 998300
237
6 947456 998289
i
236
6 948874 998277
235
7 950287 998266
235
8 951ii9a 998255
234
9 95310a 998243
233
10 954499 I
998232
232
11 ,955894 I
9.998220
232
12 957284 998209
231
13 958;)70 998197
230
14 960052 998186
229
15 9dl429 998174
229
16 962801 998163
228
17 934170 998151
227
IS 965534 998139
227
19 96()893 998128
226
20 968249 998116
225
21 969600 9.998104
224
22 970947 998092
224
23 972289 998080
223
24 973628 998068
222
25 974962 998056
222
26 976293 998044
221
27 977619 998032
220
28 978941 998020
220
29 980259 998008
219
30 981573 997996
218
31 982883 9.997984
218
32 984189 997972
217
33 985491 997959
216
34 986789 997947
216
36 988083 997935
215
36 989374 997922
214
37 990)60 997910
214
38 991943 997897
213
39 993222 997885
212
40 994497 997872
212
41 8. 995768 9 997860
211
42 997036 997847
211
43 993299 997835
210
44 9995(i0 997822
209
45 I.00J816 997809
209
4() 0J20.)9 997797
208
47 003318 997784
208
48 0045()3 997771
207
49 005805 997758
296
50 097044 997745
206
61 I 003278 997732
205
5-2 009510 997719
205
53 01073 7 997706
64
204
Olia-^w. 997693
203
55 01318-^ 997680
56
203
0144:)0 997667
202
0? 015613 997654
58
202
016824 997641
201
59 018031 997628
201
60 019235 997614
j
Co.iiie. I
TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangente. (6^) Natural Sines.
Sine. ID. lO'l Cosine. D. 10' Tang. ;D. 10" Cotan''. I N. sim-. N. f
u713 99424 61
195 2-3 197
10 031089 097480 033009 966891 ^
0742 99421 60
195 2-3 197
i: 032257 9.997466 034791 10.905209 0771 9y418 49
191
18 040342
190
997309 042973
193
957027 0973 99390 42 ;
2-3
19 041485 997355 044130 965870 1002!99393l4l
20 042()26
190
997341
23 045284
192
954710 1031 199390 40
189 2.3 192
21 043702 9.997327 9.04()434 10.953500 1000!99a80 39
189 2.4 191
22 044895 997313 047582 962418 1089; 99383 38
180 2-4 191
997299 048727 951273
23 0i002(i
188 2.4 190
; 11
18199380} 37
24 047154 997285 049809 960131 1147 99377! 30
190
:
187 2.4
25 018279 997271 051008 948992 1170 99374! 36
187 2-4 189
26 049400 997257 052144 947850 1205|993T0'34
186 2.4 189
27 050519 997242 053277 94>J723 1234199367 133
186 2.4 188
28 051035 997228 0544{J7
188
94.5693
1263!J)9364;32
185 2.4
29 052749 997214 055535 944405 I291'99360:31
187
;
185 2.4
30 05385;} 997199 05()()59 943341 1320 99357 30 I
183 I
2.4
34 05827 1 997141 001130 186
938870 143t. >9o44 20
183 j
2-4 ;
182 2.4
3(i (Hi0400 997112! 003348 936652 1494 99337 24
184
,
182 '
2.4 j
181 2.4
38 0.i2(i39 997083 I 006556 183
934444 1552 99331 22
181 2.5 i
39 0(i3724 997(Ki8 !
000665 933345 1580 99327 121
180 2 183
40 0(i480() 997(>53 067762 182
932248 1609 99324 20
1!<0 i 2 !
1754 99307
178 I
2 180
40 071242 996964 074278 925722 1783 )9303
177 !
2-6 180 :
1812 i9300
2.5
;
177
48 0733(;0 990934 070432 923608 1840 99297
176 2.5 179 \
173
4 089990 996688 093302 906698 12302 99240
i
n 9.097065
167
9.996578
2.7
.IOL'487
169
10.899513 12504 99215
I
166 169 I
154 157
46 130781 995998 134784 865216 13514 99083
154 157 ;
154 157
48 132630 995963 136 567 863333 |il35'/2 990-6
163 2.9 166
49 133551 99594() 13/305 862395 13(00 990-1
163 2.9 166
51 1344i0 995928 138542' 861458 13629 99067
I
162 155
53 137216 995876. 141340 868660 13716 99055
162 155
64 138128 995859 142269 857731 13744 99051
152 164
55 139037 995841 143196 856804 137-3 i9047
151 2.9 154
56 139944 995823 144121 855879 13802 ]9043
151 2.9 154
57 140850 995806 145044 854956 13831 99039
151 2.9 153
68 141754 995788 145966 854034 13860 )9036
;
60 143555
-
82 Degrees.
Log. Sines and Tangents. (8) Natural Sii 29
146 149
13 56)83 995619 169565 840435 4292198973 47
146 3.0 149
j
140
34 73070 995127 177942 822058! 4896 98884 26
140 3.2 143 !
5184 98841 16
137 3.2 140 j
48 84651
136 3.3 139
49 8546t) 994838 190629 809371 532 98818 11
136 139 ,
5386 98809
135 138
621 87903 994779 193124 806876 5414 98806
135 138 i
132 136
199091 994499 204592 795408 15816 741
131 3.4 136 i
99W18 3.4
131 134
10 2U223-i 207817 792183 15931 98723
130 3.4 134
11 .233017 9.994397 9.208619 10.791381 15959 98718
130 3.4 133 j
129 133
15 2C>6131 994316 3.4 211815 133
788185 16074 98700
i
129
16 206906 994295 212611 132
787389 16103 98695
129 3.4 1
128
21 .210760 ,994191 3.6 9.216568 10.783432 16246198671
131
;
128
22 211526 994171 217356 782644 1627598667
127 131 '
127
25 213818 994108 219710 130
780290 16361 9H652
127 3.6
26 214579 994087 220492 779508 1639098648
127 3.5 130
27 215338 994066 221272 778728 116419 98643
126 3.6 130
28 216097 994045 222052 777948 16447i98638
I
1705098536
122 3.7 125
50 232444 9935.2 238872 761128 1117078 98531
121 3.7 125
51 .233172
121
9.993550
3.7
9.239622 126
10.760378 {17107 98526
52 233899 994528 240371 759629 ,|17136|98521
121 3.7 126
53 234625 99^506 241118 758882 11716498516
121 3.7 124
17336198486
I
119 3.7 123
60 239670 993351 246319 753681 i
17365198481
Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tang. Ij N. cos.lN.sine
80 Degrees.
TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangents. (10) Natural Sines. 31
). 239670
119
9.993351
3.7
246319
123
10.763681 I
1736o!9K481 m
240388 993329 247057 75-2943 P393 98476 69
119 3.7 123
68
241101 993307 247794 762206 17422 98471
119 3.7 123
57
241814 993285 248630 761470 17451 98466
119 3.7 1-22
24-25->(J 993-262 249264 760736 17479 984()1 6t)
118 122
243-237 993240 249998 760002 175U8 98456 65
118 122
243947 993217 260 30 ; 749270 17537 98450 54
118 122 1 1
116
266051 99-2478 273573 726427 18452,98283 22
112 4.0 116
!
112 116
>. 268065 9.992406 1.276658 10.724342 jl 18638:98267 19
268734
HI 992382
4.0
276351
116
Hi 723649 18567 98261 18
4.0 116 1
111 4.0
277734
116
722266 18624 98250 16
1
274049
110
992190 281868 718142 18795 98218 10
4.0 114 I
8
276367 992142 283226 716776 18852 98207 1
7
2760-24 992117 283907 716093 118881198201
109 4.1 113 1
79 Peg ?
Log. Sines and Tangents. (11) Natural Sines. TABLK 11.
'
Degn-es.
TABLE IJ Log. Sines and Tangent*). (12) Natural Sines. 33
"
Sine. D. 10' Cosine. D. 10 Tan g. D. io" Coiaiii;. N. sine. N. eu>>.
77 Degreei.
Log. Sinea and Tangents. (14) Natural Sines. 35
D . 10^ Cosine. D. lu Tang. D. 10 Cotang. I i X. sine.iy. cos
'
83.6 6.3
10 388711 96587 402124 88,8 697876 24474 96959150
83.4 5.3 88.7
11 9.389211 9 986555
. 9.402650 10.597344 24503-96952 49
83.3 6.3 88.6 \
83.0 6.3
15 39120d 980427 404778 88,3 695222 l24<i 15:96923 45
82.8 5.3
1(> 391; 03 980395 406308 88,2 694692 24644196916
82.7 5.3 88.1
17 392199 986363 406836 594164 24672 9(>909 !
6.4
:
82.2 6.4
22 394(>73 986202 408471 87.6 691629 I24813J96873 38
82.1 6.4
23 395160 980169 408997 87,5 691003 124841 96866 37
82.0 6.4 87,4 j
81.8 6.4
2tj 390(341 980072 410509 87.3 589431 24925 9(>844 34 !
81.7 6.4
27 397132 980039 411092 87.2 688908 24954 96837 33 ;
81.6 5.4
412137 187.0
I
81.6 5.4
30 398t)00 9b5942 412668 186.9 687342 25038 96815 30 ;
80.6 5.5
39 402972 985646 417320 86.1 682674 25291 96749 21
80.6 5.5 86.0
40 403455 985013 41 7842 682168 25320 96742 20
80.4 6.5 ,
79.8 5.6
47 40(>820 985380 421440 86.4 678560 125516 96690 13
79.7 5.6
48 40/299 986347 421952 85,3 578048 25645 966821 12
1
7y.6 5.6
49 407777 985314 422463 86,2 677637 25673 96670
79. 6< 6.6
60 40.S254 985280 422974 86,1 677026 25601 96()67
79.4 6.6
61 9.408 731 9.423484 85.0 10.676616 25629 96660
62 79.4 9.985247 6.6 84.9
409207 79.3 985213 423993 576007 25667 96()53;
6.6
63 409632 985180 424503 84,8 675497 25t)85 96645
79.2 6.6
64 410157 985146 426011 84,8 674989 25713 9()638
79.1 6.6
56 410032 79.0 985113 425519 84.7 674481 25741 96(j30
6.6
5(i 41l!00 78.9 985079 426(/27 84.6 673973 25766 96623
5.6
67 411579 78. 'i 985045 426634 84.6 673466 25798 96616
6.6
68 412052 78.7 98501 1 427041 84,4 572959 258->() 9()()08
6.6 84,3
69 412621 78.6 984978 427647 672453 26854 96600
5.6 84,3
<)0 412990 984944 428062 571948 Jti593
.0 80.9 1
5.9
1
80
I
74 .4 6.0
49 435462 983238 462226 5477 76 n 27256 96214
74 .3 6.0 80
50 435908 ^ 983202 452706 547254 1127284 96206
.2 6.0 80
61 .436353 1^^ 983166 9.453187 10.646813 1127312 90198
.1 6.0 80
52 436798;/^ .0 983130 453668 546332 27340 96190
6.0 80.0
53 437242 ^7 983094 454148 546852 27368 9olb2 i
.0 6.0 79.9
64 983058 454628 646372 27396 96174
173.9 6.0 79.9 i
li Degrees.
Log. Sines and Tangents. (16) Natural Sines. 37
Sim D. 10^
'
6.1
44-2Ui>(> 98269() 459400 540600 27676196094 56
73.1 6.1
44-25;i5 9826(i0 459875 5401-26 27704196086
i
73.0 6.1
44-2.973 982(i24 460349 5394)61 127731 196078
72.9 6.1
443410 982587 4608-23 639177 '27769 960 ;0
72.8 6.1
443847 982551 4612^7 638? 03 :27787!9(,062'52
72.7 6.1
444284 982514 461/70 538230 27815 96054. 61
;
72.7 6.1
4 44720 982477 46-2242 537758 50
27843 96046 ;
72.6 6.1
9 'Wo 155 9 982441 462714 10.537-286 127871 9637 49 :
;2.4 6.1
446025 982367 463658 636342 12792/ 96021 47
72.3 6.1
441)459 982331 464129 635871 127955 9(,013 46
72.3 6.1
44(iS93 982294 464699 635401 J27983 9u005 45
72.2 6.1
447326 982257 465069 634931 28011 y5997
72.1 6.1 ii
72.0 6.2
448G23 98-2146 466476 533524 ,28095 ,959/2
71.9 6.2 466946
449054 982109 533055 28123196964 40
71.8 6.2 467413
9 449485 9 198-2072 10.632587 28150 95956 39 '
71.7 6.2 i
71.5 6.2
451204 981924 469280 630 7 '20 28262|95923 35
71.4 6.2 |
71.2
452915 981774 471141 628859 28374195890 31
71.1
453342 981737 471605 628396 28402|95882 30 i
71.0
:
463 7G8
71.0
9.981699 472068 10.527932 284-29:95874 29
\
I
73 Degrees.
38 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Sines. TABLE IL
(17)
492073 74.4
I
21 9.474519 979776
67.4 6.6
22 474923 979737 495186 74.0 604814. 29849|95441 38
6.6
23 475327
67.3
979697 495630 73.9 504370 29876195433 37
6.6
24 476730
67.2
979658 496073 73.8 503927 29904195424 36
6.6 :
25 476133
67.2
979618 496615 73.7 603485 29932 [954 15 36
6.6
1
26 476536
67.1
979579 496957 73.7 603043 29960 ,'95407 34
i
6.6
27 476938
67.0
979639 497399 73.6 602601 2998, 95398 33
6.6
i
28 477340
66.9 979499 497841 73.6 502169 30015 95389 32
i
66.1
I
6.7 72,8 1
47 484895
65.7
978736 606159 72.4 4938411 30542 95222 13
65.6 6.7 72.4
48 485289 978696 606593 49340711 305/0 95213 12
65.5 6.8 72.3
49 485682 978655 607027 49297311 3059/ 95204 11
6.8
66.5 607460 72.2
'
7'' Degrees.
TAliLK II. Log. Sine* and Tangents. (18) Natural Sines. 39
Slu^; ID. 10" Cosine. D. lO"" Tang. |D. 10"| Cotang. N.Fine.|N. coa.l
64 6.8 71.6
49U'<59 9781-24 51-2635 487365 3(W57 195088 68
6.8 71.5
|
64.
491 147 978083 613064 48{i936 30986:950;9i67
64, 6.9 71.4
491535 978042 513493 486507 31012195070! 66
64, 6.9 71,4
4919'-2-2 978001 513921 486079 31040 95061 i55
64, 6.9 71.3
49-2308 977959 614349 485661 31068 95052 64
6.9
I
64,
614777
71.3 485223 31095 95043 53
49*2()95 977918
64, 6,9 71.2
493081 977877 516204 484796 31123 96033 52
64, 6.9 615631
71.2 484369 31 151:950-24 61
4934{)(i 977835 !
64 6.9 71.1
493861 977794 616057 483943 31178 95015 50
64 6.9 71.0 10 483516 31-206 95006
.49423G 9.977752 9.516484 49
64 6.9 71.0
494* -21 977711 616910 483090 31233 94997 48 I
63 6.9
4957 ?2 977586 618185 70.8 481815 131316 94970 45
6.9
518610 70.8
I
63,
496154 977644 481390 31344 94961144
63, 7.0 519034 70.7 480966 131372194952
490537 977603
63 7.0 70.6
49t>yi9 977461 619458 480542 31399 94943
63 7.0
497301 977419 519882 70.6 480118 31427194933
63 7.0
497<i82 977377 520305 70.5 479695 31454 '9 1924 I
63 7.0
.49801)4 9.977336 .520728 ,70.5 479272 3148294915 ;
63 7.0 '70 4
498444 977293 621151 478849 ,31510 94906! 38
63 7.0 70,3
498825 977261 521573 478427 31537 94897 137
63 7.0
491^204 977209 621996 70.3 478005 31565 94888136
63 7.0
499584 977167 62-2417 70.3 477583 31593'94878 36
63 7.0 70.2 i
63 7.0
600721 977041 623680 70.1 476320 31675 94851 32 i
63 7.0
601099 9769^)9 624100 70.1 475900 31703 94842 31 i
63 7.0 70.0
601476 97()957 524520 475480 31730 94832 30
62 7.0 69.9
.501854 9 97t
976914 .524939 ,475061 31758 94823 -29
62 7.0
50-2-231 976872 625359 69.9 474641 31786 94814 28
62
602607 976830
7.1
626778 69.8 474222 ^31813 94805 12.7
()2 7.1
626197 69.8 473803 13184194795126
60-2984 976787
62 7.1 69.7
603360 976745 526616 473385 ,31868 94786)26
62 7.1 69.7 472967 |31896 94777 24
603736 976702 627033 I
62
627451 69.6
7.1 472549 1319-23 94768 23
504110 976660 I
62 7.1 69.6
604485 976617 627868 472132 31951 94758 122
:|
62 7.1 69.5
604860 976574 528286 471715 31979 94749! 21
;
62 7.1
628702 69.6 471-298 1132006 94740 -20
606-234 976532
62
.629119 69.4 10 .470881 132034 94730 19
7.1
I
.505608 976489
62 7.1 69.3
505981 976446 629635- 470465 32061 94721 18
62 7.1 69.3 jl
62 7.1 69.3
606727 976361 630366 469634 321 16 94702 16
i|
62
630781 69.2
7.1
60-099 976318 469219 32144 94693 15
li
62 7.1 69.1
607471 976276 631196 468804 32171 94684] 14
62 7.1 69.1
607843 976232 631611 468389 32199 94674] 13
61 7.2 69.0
608214 976189 632025 4679/5 32-227i94666|12
7.2
5324o9 69.0
61
608585 976146 467661 32250 94ti56 1 1
il Degrees.
TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangent*. (20) Natural Siueb, 41
Sine. ID. 10' Co.<!iue. D. 10' Tang. D. 10' Cotang. N. sinr.iN. co.>.
63
5500-.) 970779 679248 420762 35484 93-493 {13
63
650369 970731 579629 420371 35511193483' 12
63
550o92 970083 5800J9 419991 35638193472 1 '
1
63
651024 970036 680389 419611 35665193462 j 1
63.3
65135() .970586 9.580769 10.419231 3559-.;i93452 9
63.3
!
63.1
553341 970297 683043 416967 36766 93389
63.0
553()70 9,0249 683422 416578 3578- 933,9
63.0
554000 9,0200 68?.800 416200 35810 933t)8
62.9
554329 9,0152 584177 4158-23 3583, 93358
CoHine. Sine. Co tang. Tang. IN. CO.'*. N.sini'
Degrees.
42 ^og. Sines and Tangents. (21) Natural Sines. TABLE II.
IN .sine. N. cc8,
62
54.4 8.1 62.6 1
8.1
10 557606 9()9665 687941 412059 36108 93253 |5U
54.3 8.1 U62.6 10.411(584
II ). 557932
54.3
.9()9616
8.2
9.688316
62.6 1136135 93243
jj
^
12 558258 9(39567 688691 411309 136162 93232 48
54.3 8.2 62.4
13 658583 9(59518 6890o6 410934 36190 93222 :; 47
54.2 8.2 62.4
14 658909 969469 689440 410560 136217 93211 46
54.2 8.2 62.3 j
53.1 8.3
1
16
52.8 8.4 61
45 568856 967927 600929 399071 37056 92881 15
62.8 8.4 61
46 669172 967876 601296 398704 37083 92870 14
52.7 8.4 61
47 669488 967826 601662 398338 37110 92859 13
52.7 8.4 61.1
48 6(59804 967776 602029 397971 37137 92849 12
52.6 8.4 61.0 ,
51
.570751 9.967624 I
9.603127 10.396873 37218 92816 9
52 52.5 8.4 60.9
571066 967573 603493 396507 37245 92805 8
52.4 j
8.4 60.9
53 571380 967522 603858 396142 37272 92794 7
52.4 8.5 60.9
54 571695 967471 604223 395777 37299 92784
52.3 I
8.5 60.8
55 672009 967421 604588 395412 37326 92773
52.3 i
60.8
56 572323 967370 604953 395047 37353 92762
52.3 60.7
57 672636 967319 605317 394683 37380 92751
52.2 60.7
58 672950 967268 605682 394318 37407 92740
52.2 60.7
59 673263 967217 (06046 393954 37434 92729
52.1 60.6
6G 573575 96.166 606410 393590 37461 92718
Cosine. Sine. Cotang. Tang. N. COS. N.pinc.
68 Degrees.
TABLii: II. Log. Sines and Tangents. (22) Natural Sinea. 43
'
57WW9
"""""51!
1
9.9(>6602 .610397
60
10.389603 37757192598 49
8.6
!
684361
I
8.8 59.1
586783 964931 621852 3 81 48
< 38(i 17 92243
8.8 59.1
6870851 964879 622207 377793 '38644 92231
8.8 59.0
5873861^^ 9(i4826 622.561 377439 ,3867 192220! 15
8.8 59.0
5876881,, 964773 622915 377085 !38ti98 92209 '14
8.8 623269 59.0
687989!?:, 964719 376731 38725.92198 13
8.8 58.9
964666 623623 376377 38752 92-186 12 1
8.9 58.9
688590 964613 623976 376024 38778 92175^11
8.9 58.9
688890 964560 624330 375670 38805 92164
;
8.9 58.8
.689190 964507 .624683 10. 37.5317 '38832 92152
8.9 58.8
689489 964454 625036 374964 388.59 92141
8.9 58.8
589789 964400 625388 374612 38S86 92130
8.9 58.7
690088 964347 625741 374259 389 12 '921 19
8.9 58.7
.-.90387 964294 *i26093 373907 389:39 92107
690686
8.9 o26446 58.7
964240 373555 389(i()92096
8.9 58.6
5909-^4 964187 626797 373203 38993 92085
8.9 58.6
591282 964133 627149 372851 39020 92073 1
8.9 627601
68.6
59158(> 9()4080 372499 3904()l920f J2
,
8.9 58.5
5;,1878 964026 627852 372148 92U50
| 39073|
Co.'^int'. Sin.! Co tang. Tang. I
N. cos J N.8ine.
67 iK'grees.
44 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Sines. TABLE II,
(23)
38
48.7 9.1 67.8
23 598660 962781 635879 364121 39688 91787 37
48.7 9.1 57.8
I
35
48.6 9.1 67.7
26 699536 962617 636919 363081 39768 91762 34
48.6 9.1 67,7 I
9.2 67.6 j
9.2
:
23
48.1 9.2 57.3 1
66.8
60/892 961011 646881 353119 40541 91414 5
47-4 9.3
!
66.8
608177 960955 647222 352778 40567 91402 4
47.4 9.3 66.8
608461 9t)0899 647662 352438 40594 91o90 3
47.4 9.3 66.7
60874.5 960843 647903 352097 40i>2 191378 1 2
47 3 9.4 56.7
609029 960786 648243 351757 40(J47 91366 1
47.3 9.4 66.7
60^313 960730 648583 351417 40674 913.55
Cosine. | I
Sine. Cotang, Tano ij
N. COS.. N.sine.
66 Degrees.
TAIJLE II. Ix)g. Sines and Tangents. (24) Natural Sines.
'
45 9.8 55.0
1 626219 957217 669002 330998 422bh 9J613|69
45 9.8 54.9
2 626490 957158 669332 330068 42315 90t)06 68
45 9.8 54.9 ;
45 9.8 54.9 ,
44 9.9 54.7
9 628378 956744 671634 3283661 42499 90520 61
44 9 9 54.7 1
44 9 9 64.7
I
9.9 64.6
13 629453 956506 672947 327053 42604 904/0 47
44 9 9
i
54.6 1
44
;
9.9 64.6
15 629989 956387 673602 326398' 42657 90446 45
44 9.9 64.6 1
9.9 54.6
17 630524 956268 674257 325743: 42709 90421 43
44 9.9 64.6
1
30 633984 ]44
44
955488 678496 321 504 :
43061 90259
10.0 54.2
31 .634249 955428 678821 10.321179 43077 90246
44. 10 54.1
32 634514 955368 679146 320854 43104190233
44 10 54.1
33 634778 955307 679471 320529 43130190221
44 10 64.1
34 635042 955247 679795 320205 431561 90208
44 10 54.1
35 635306 955186 680120 319880 431S2i90196
43 10 54.0
38 635570 955126 680444 319556 43209 90183
43 10 54.0
37 635834 955065 680768 319232, 43235 90171
43 10.1 54.0
38 636097 43 955005 681092 318908 43261 90158
10.1 54.0
39 636360 954944 681416 318584 43287 90146
43 10.1 53.9
40 636623 954883 681740 318260 43313 90133
43 10.1 53.9
41 .63i)8H6 954823 9.682063 10.317937 43340 90120
143 10.1 53.9
42 637148 954762 68-2387 317613 43366 90108
43 10.1 53.9
43 637411 954701 682710 317290 43392 90095
43 10.1 53.8
44 637673 954640 683033 316967 43418 900tS2
43 10.1 53.8
45 637935 954579 683356 316644 43445 900/0
43 10.1 63.8
48 638197 954518 683679 316321 43471 90057
43 10.2 53.8
47 638458 954457 684001 315999 43497 9004.0
43 10.2 53.7
48 638/20 954396 684324 315676 43523 90032
43 10.2 53.7
19 (>38981 954335 684646 315354 43549 90019
43 10.2 53.7
50 639242 954274 684968 315032 43575 90007
43 10.2 53.7
51 i.6;j9o03 954213 1.685290 10.314710 43602 89994
43 10.2 63.6
52 639764 954152 685612 314388 43., 2b 89981
43 10.2 63.6
53 640024 954090 685934 314006; 43654 89968
43 10.2 53.6
54 640-284 954029 686255 313745 43680 h9956
43 10.2 53.6
55 640544 953968 686577 313423 i3/0b 8994c
43 10.2 63.5
56 6 )0804 953906 686898 313102 4373o 89930
43 10.2 53.5
57 641064; 953845 687219 312781 43/69 89918
43 10.2 53.5
58 641324 953783 67540 3124b0 437H5 89905
i
43 10.2 53.5
59 641fi84 953722 6878f)l 312139 4381118^892
43 10.3 63.4
60 641842 953660 688182 311818; 43837 89879
Cosine. Sine. "CotTing. Tang. N. COS. .\.8ir<'.
64 Degrees.
Lor. Sines and Tangents. (26) Natural Sinen. 47
10.3 53.2
963104 691062 308938 44072 89764 i51
10.3 53.2
953042 691381 308619 44098 89752 ;5o
10.3 53.2
.95-290 .691700 10.308300 441-24 897.39 49
10.4 53.1
95-2918 692019 307981 4415189726 48
10 63.1
952856 692338 307662 44177 89713 147
10 63.1
952793 692u56 307344 44203 89:00 46
10 63.1
952731 69-2975 307026 44-229 89(S7 45
10 53.1
952GG9 693293 306707 44255 89674 44
10 53.0
952t)0t)
10
693612 _ ,,
306388 44281 89662 43
952544 693930 ?^f^I
306070 44307 89649 42 1
10.4 63.0
952481 694248 305762 144333 89636 141
10.4 53.0
95*2419 694566 305434 144359 89623 {40
10.4 62.9
9.95-2356 .694883 10.305117 144385 89610 I39
10.4 52.9
952294 695201 304799 14441189597 38
10.4 52.9
95-2231 695618 304482 44437 89584 137 ;
10.4 62.9
962168 695836 304164 {444U4S9571 136
10.5 52.9
952106 696153 303847 '44490 89558 136
10.5 52.8 I
10
951728 698053 10-301947 144646 89480 29
698369 52.7
10
951665 301631 44672 89467 28
i|
10 52.7 1
10 52.5 I
10 52.5
951159 700893 299107 44880189303 20
I i
9.95
10 52.6
951096 9.7701 -^08 10-2.,8/92i'449tM)!89350 19
10 62.4
951032 701523 298477 144932 189337 18
10 52.4 j I
10.6 52.4
95J841 70^44)6 29 534 ''45010189298 15
<
10.6 52.4
9507/8 702.80 29.220 46036l89'-85 14
10.6 52.3
950714 703095 296905 450-,i;jh92.2 13
10.6 52.3
950650 703409 2i:'6591 ;'46088ih9-J59 12
10.6 52.3
950586 703.23 29(i277ii4oll4!89-J46i 11
10.6 52.3
950522 704036 295964!i45l40i89-i32 10
10.7 52.2
.950458 70J360 10--295650:'4516til89219| 9
10.7 52.2
950394 704O63 295337 45 192,892 06 8
10.7 52.2 II
l\i.7 52.1
949881 70i lob 292834 4.5i/J9 89101
C'OsilK'. I
V.tiiijg. Tang. N. a)t!.|N..sine.
(>o Ih'greeS.
48 Log. SiiKis and Tangents. (27) Natural Sines. TABLE II.
Sine.
657047
D. lu'
41.3
bUSlUO.
.949881
10.
9.707166
52.0
D. lu" CoLang.
41.3 10 52.0
2 657542 949752 707 /90 292210 45451 89074 58
41.2 52.0
!
10, j
40.6 10 .9 61.5
24 66294ti 948323 714624: 285376 46020188/82 36
40.6 10 ,9 51.6
25 663190 948257 714933; 285067 4604688768 36
':
40.6 10 ,9 61.5
26 6(>3433 948192 7152421 61.5 284758 46072188765 34
'
40.5 10 ,9 '
40 11 .0 61.3 j
40.3 11 .0 51.3 I
40.3 11 .0 51.3 I
'
40.2 11 .0 51.2
38 666342 947401 718940 281060! 46381 88693
!
40.2 11 .0 51.2
39 6665H3 947335 719248 280752, 46407 88680
40.2 11 .0 61.2
40 666824 947269 719555 280445 46433 88666
I
40.1 11 .0 51.2 10.280138 4(i458 88563
'
40.0
I
11 .1
45 668027 946937 721089 278911 46561 88499
40 11 .1 j
40.0 11 ,1
278298 '40613 884/2
47 66850*) 946804 721^02
39.9 11 .1 51.0 27<991 46639 88458
48 668746 946738 722009 1
39.9 11 .1 51.0
49 668986 946671 722315 277685 466()4 88445 I
39.9 11 .1 61.0
50 669225 946604 722621 277379 46690 88431 I
39.9 11 .1 61.0
51 669464 ). 946538 \ 9.722927 10.277073 467 16 88417
39.8 11 .1' 61.0 j
39.8 11 .1 60.9
53 669942 946404 723538 2764u2 46767 88390.
39.8 11 .1 60.9 i
02 Dj^grecs.
TABLE II. Log. Sines and Tangents. (28) Natural Sines. 49
38.7 50.1
34 679592 943624 735969 264031 47818 87826 26
38.7
,
50.1
35 679824 943555 736269 263731 47844 87812 25
38.6 50.1
36 680.)5ii 943486 736570 263 130 47869:87798 24
38.6 50.1
263129 4789587784 23
37 689288 943417 736871
38.6 50.1
262829 47920187770 22
38 680519 943348 737171
38.5 50.0
39 680750 9i3279 737471 2()2529 47946:87756 21
38.5 50.0
40 680982 943210 737771 2()2229 4797187743 20
;J8.5 50.0
41 .681213 1.943141 "'9.738071 10.261929 47997187729 19
38.5 50.0
42 681443 943072 738371 261629 48022 87715 18
38.4 50.0
43 68l()74 943003 738671 261329 4804S 87701 17
38 49.9
44 681905 942934 738971 261029 48073 8768 7 16
38 49.9
45 682135 38 942864 739271 260729 4809987673 15
49.9
4() 682365 942795 739570 260430 48124:87)59 14
38 49.9
47 682595- 942726 739870 260130 48150 87()45 13
38 49.9
48 68-Jrt25 94265() 740169 25983 48175 87631 12
i
38 49.9
49 683055 942587 740468 259532 48201 87617 II
38.3 49.8
60 683284 942617 740767 259233 48226 ;87603 10
38.2 49.8
51 .683514 .942448 741066 10.258934 48252187589 9
38.2 49.8
i 52 683743 942378 741365 258635 48277187575 8
38 .'2 49.8 7
53 6839-2 942308 741664 268336 48303 !875()1
38.2 49.8
54 684201 942239 741962 258038 48328 }8754() 6
38.1 49.7 6
55 684430 942169 742261 257739 48354 1875.32
38.1 49.7 4
5(> 684()58 942099 742559 257441 48379187518
38.1 49.7
57 684887 942029 742858 267142 4840587504 3
38.0 49.7 2
I 68 6851 15 941959 74315!) 25<)844 48430|87490
38.0 49.7
69 685343 941889 743454 25(i54() 48456187476
38.0 49.7
60 685571 941819 743752 256248 48l81 i87462
Conine. ~Sine.~ Cotiin-x. Tjin> N. cos.lN.sine.
61 Degrees.
50 Log. Siues and Tangents. (29) Natural Sinea. TABLE II.
49.6
;
37.9 744646
3 686254 941609 255355 48557 87420
49.6
I
37.9 744943
;
37.9 49.6
5 686709 941469 745240 254760 148608187391
37.8 49.6
6 686936 941398 746538 254462 4863487377 i
37.8 49.6
7 687163 941328 745835 254165 4865987363
37.8 49.5 I
37.7 49.5
10 687843 941117 746726 263274 48735,87321
37.7 49.6 1
37.7 49.4
isl 688521 940906 747616 252384 14881187278
37.6 49.4
14 688747 940834 747913 252087 i48837i87264
37.6 49.4
15 688972 940763 748209 251791 48862187250 1
37.6 49.4
16 689198 940693 748606 261496 48888 87235
37.6 49.3 1
37.0 49.0 1
37.0 49.0
39 694342 939052 765291 244709 1,49470:86906
37.0 49.0
40 694564 938980 755586 244415 1149495:86892
36.9 48.9
41 9.694786 .938908 .765878 10.244122- I4952L86878
36 9 48.9
42 695007 938836 766172 243828 149646 86863
!
3h:.9 48.9
43 696229 938763 766465 243635 49571:86849
I
36.9 48.9
44 695460 938691 766769 243241 149596 86834
36.8 48.9 1
36.8 938475
47 696113 767638 242362 49672-86791
36.8 48.8 I
j
36.7 48.8
49 696554 938330 758224 241776 49723:86762
48.8
i
36.7 938268
I
36.6 48.7
53 697435 938040 769396 240605 1,49824 86704
36.6 48.7
54 697654 937967 759687 240313 49849 86690 i
36.6 48.7 I
)
Degrees.
TABLK 11. Log. Siaea and Tanguata. (30) Natural Sines. 51
Sine. D. lu' Cosine. D. 10' Tang. D. 10" Cota na- N. sine N. cos
12.2
1.701368;^,^ .936725 .764643 10.235357 50277 86442
12.2 48.4
701585::;^ 936()52 764933 235067 60302 86427
12.3 48.4 234776 50327 86413
70181W|:J^ 936578 765224
12.3 48.4 2344*56 60352 8<)398
70-2019 q^ 936505 765514
48". 4
1
12.3
702-236:^^ 936431 765805 234195 50377 86384
12.3 48.4
70-2462!^^ 936357 766095 233905 150403 8()369
i
70-2(i69
^^ .
766385
12.3 48.3
702885 ^ 936210 766675 2333'.i6 60453 8()340
I
12.3 48.3
7031011^^ 936136 766965 233U35 60478 8(>325
48.3
;
12.3 48
7041791^? 935766 768413 231587 50603 86251
12.4 48 'I
12.4 48
704610!::? 935618 768992 231008 6lH)54 86222
i
935320 770148
12.4 48.1
1.705683 ij?
,935246 .770437 10-229563 150779 86148
I
12.4 48.1
706112^?- 935097 771015 22-985 50829 86119
12.4 48.1 1
706326 1
:5-' 935022 771303 228697 50854 86104 :
70696 7 :^? i
934798 772168
12.5 48.0 227543 50954 86045
7071801:^? 934723 772457
48.0
:
59 Degrees.
21
52 Log. Sines and Tangents. (31) Natural Sines. TABLE I]
34.9 47,6
5 712889 932685 780203^ 47.6 219797 61628185642
34.9 i
34.9 47.6
8 713517 932467 781060 218940 :61703|85597
34.8 47,6
9 713726 932380 781346 218664 '61728'85582
34.8 47.6
lOl 713935 932304 781631 218369 61763 '85567
34 47.6
119 714144 34 , 932228 9.781916 10.218084 151778185551
47.5
12 714352 932151 782201 217799 51803J85536 i
34 47.6
13' 714561 932075 782486 217614 61828185521 i
34 47.5
14' 714769 931998 782771 217229 51852185506
34 47.5
i
34.5 47.4
I
34 47.3 I
47,2
32 718497 930611 787886 212114 52299i86234
134 47.2 1
34.3 47.2 1
I
34.2 47.1
3b 719730 930145 789585 210415 52448 185142'
34.2 47.1
39 719935 930067 789868 210132 62473185127
34.1 47.1
40 720140 929989 790151 209849 62498|851l2
34.1 47.1
41 .720345 1.929911 9.790433 47.1 10.209567 62522 85U96
34.1
42 720549 929833 790716 209284 62647 85U8l
34.1 47.1
43 720754 929755 790999 209001 52572 850u6
34.0 - 47.1
44 720958 929677 791281 208719 5259/ 85051
34.0 47.1
45 721162 929599 791563 208437 52621 85035
34 47,0
46 721366 929521 791846 208154 52646 85U20
34.0 47,0
47 721570 929442 . 792128 207872 5267li85(>5
34.0 47.0
48 721774 929364 792410 207 590 52()y6i849b9
33.9 47,0
49 721978 929286 792692 207308 52; 20 8497 4
33.9 47.0
60 722181 929207 792974 207026 52745 849^9
33.9 47.0
61 ,722385 1.929129 9.793266 10,206744 62770 84943
33.9 47.0
62 722588 929050 793538 206462 62794 849--i8
33.9 46.9
63 722791 928972 793819 206181 52819 84913
33.8 46.9
722994 928893 794101 205899 62844 848^7
33.8 46.9
65 723197 928815 794383 205617 628o9l84b82
33.8 46.9
56 723400 928736 794664 205336 52HJ*ol84b06
33,8 46.9
57 723603 928657 794946 205055 6-.i918J84b5l
33,7
46,9
58 723805 928578 795227 204773 62943i84b36
33.7 46,9
59 724007 928499 795508 204492 6296/ [84820
33,7 46.8
60 724210 928420 795789 204211 62992184805
;
58 Dcgreeg.
TABl^ II. Log. Sines iiud Tangents. (32) Natural Sines. 53
Sine. D. 10"! Cosine. |D. 10" Tiin-,'. D. 10"l Cotang N. sini'.iN. co.s,
630;i6i84769
33.6 63091 84743
7251)17 9-28104 796913 203087
33.6
;
33.6
725420 927946 797475 2t;25-25i 63140'84712
33.5
725o22 927867 797755 202245 63164 H4(i97
33.5
725823 927787 798036 201964' 53189 84681
33.0
72G024 92 7 7 OS 798316 201684 63214 84661)
33.5 i
63238 84(i50
72(Ji25 927629 798596 201404 j
33.5 ,2
9.72G42t) 9.927549 ,798877 10 .201123; 63263i84635
33.4 200843 53288 84619
72Gti2li 927470 799157 ;
33.4
727428 927151 800277 199723 5338(ii84557
727628 33.3
927071 800557 199443 ;
63411;84542
33.3 53435 84526
727828 92(i991 800836 199164 ;
33.3
I
'
53534 84464
728U2ii 926671 801955
33.2 53558 84448
728825 926591 802234 197766 ;
33.2 197487
j
'
53583 84433
729024 9-26511 80-2513
729223
33.2 197208 53(i'J^ 84417
'
926431 802792 !
33.1
729422 926351 803072 196928 53632H4402
33.1 ;
33.1
729820 926190 803(;30 1963701 5368184370
33.1
731)018 92till0 803908 1960921 53705 84355 :
33.0
7302 IG 926029 804187 195813 53730 84339
33.0
9.730415 9.925949i 9.8044()6 10 195534 53764 843-24
.
33.0 I
32.7
733177 924816 808361 191639 164097 84104 I
32.7
733901 924491 809471 1905291 64195 84041
32.6
734157 924409 809748 190252 54220 840-25 I
I
32.6
K 734353 9.9243-28 >.810(25 10 .189976; 164244 84009
32.6 189698 6426983994 8
734549 924246 810302 !
57 Degrees.
54 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Bines. TABLE II.
(33)
6 13.7 46.0
737274 923098 814175 185825 54610!83772
32 13.7 46.0
7374U7 923016 814452 185648 54635:83766
32 13.7 46.0
,
9 737855
32
922861
13.7
816004
46.0
32 184996 54683:83724
738048 13.7 46.0 !
14
13.8 45.9
738820 922438 816382 183618 64806 83645 :
15
32.1 13.8 45.9
739013 922355 816668 183342 C48:^9 83629
32.1 13.8 45.9 i
46.9
i
13.8
19 739783 922023 817759 18224] 54927 83565
32.0 13.8 46.9
20 739975 921940 818035 181965 54951:83649
32.0 13.8 45.8
21 740167 9.921857 818310 10.181690 54976 83633
32.0 13.9 46.8
22 740359 921774 818685 181415 54999 83517
32.0 13.9 45.8
23 740650 921691 818860 181140 55024 83501
31.9 13.9 46.8
24 740742 921607 819135 180865 55048 83486
31.9 13.9 46.8
25 740934 921524 819410 180590 65072 83469
31.9 13.9 45.8
26 741125 921441 819684 180316 55097 83463
31.9 13.9 46.8
27 741316 921357 819969 180041 5512183437
31.9 13.9 45.8
28 741508 921274 820234 179/66 55146 83421
31.8 13.9 45.8
29 741699 921190 820508 179492 65169 83405
31.8 13.9 46.7
30 741889 921107 820783 1792171 56194 83389 ;
13.9
32 742271 920939 821332 178668 56.42 83356
31.8 14.0 46
33 742462 920856 821606 1783941 56-206 83340
31i7 14.0 45
34 742652 920772 821880 178120' 56291 83324
31.7 14.0 46
;
31.6 46.6
;
14.0
39 743602 920362 823260 176760! 155412183244
31.6 14.0 46.6
40 743792 920268 823524 176476 55436!83228 i
14.0 45.6
43 744361 920015 824345 175666; 165509 83179
31.6 14.0 46.6
44 744550 919931 824619 175381 L 56533|83163
31.5 ' 14.1 45.6
45 744739 911^846 824893 175107 1 55567 183 147
31 14.1 46.6
46 744928
31
919762
14.1
826166
46.6 17483411 55581 183131
47 745117 919677 825439 174561 55605 83115
31 14.1 45.5 ji
48 745306
31
919593
14.1
825713
45.5 1742871! 6563{t 83098
49 745494 919508 826986 1740141! 5566l83u82
31 14.1 46.6
50 745b83 919424 826259 173741 p 1.5678830O6
31 14.1 46.5
51 9. 7458/1
31
3.919339' 9.826532 10.173468li 56702 83050
14.1 45.6
52 746059 919264 826805 173195 55726 '83034
ij
31.4 14.1 45.5
53 746248 919169 827078 172922 65760 83017
31.3 14.1 45.5 jj
56 Degrees.
Loj?. Sines and Tangents. (34) Natural Sines. 55
Sine D. lU' Cosine. D. 10" Tang. D. 10" Cotang. I N.sine N. COS.!
30 14.4 45
18 750914 917032 833882 166118 56353 82610
30 14,4 45
19 751099 916946 834164 165846 56377 82593
14.4
20 751284 916859 834425 165576 6640182577
1 3|; 14.4 45
21 751469 9.916773 ). 834696 10,166304 66425 82561
30 14,4 45
22 751654 916687 834967 166033 56449 82544
14 45
23 751839::^" 916600 835238 164762 66473 82528 ;
14 45
24 752023 :^"
916514 835509 164491 156497 82511
14 45.2
25 752208 !
:^"
916427 835780 164220 56521 82495
14 45.1 1
26 752392 :^"
916341 836051 163949 156546 82478
"'^ 14 45.1
27 752576 916254 836322 163678 ||565()9 82462
14 45.1
28 752760 916167 836593 163407 1166593 82446
14 45.1
29 752944 916081 8368(i4 163136 5661 82429
14.5 45.1 |!
14.6 45.1 j
38 754595 915297
14.5
839297 160703]! 56832 82281
46.0 160432 156856 82264
39 754778 915210 839568
14.5 45.0 1
14.6 45.0
41 ,755143 9.915035 1.840108 10. 159892 56904 82231
14.6 45.0 !j
14.7
53 75732(> 913982 843343 156657 h 67191 H2032 7
14 44.9
64 757507 913894 843612 166388 57215 82015 6
44.9 ]i
44.8
57 758050 913630 844420 155580 157286 81965 3
44.8 1
14.7 44.8
60 758591 913365 845227 154773 67358 81915
i 5i
65 Degrees.
56 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Smes. TA15J.K II.
(35)
57477i81832|56
30.0 4.8 44.7 1
4.8 44.7 10
11 761)569 1.912388 848181 151819 57619J81731 49
29.8 4.8 44.7 ;i
4.9 44.6
18 761821 911763 850058 149942 57786'81614
29.7 4.9 44.6
I
4,9 44.6 I
4.9 44.6 I
6.0 44.6
25 763067 911136 861931 1480o9 I
5795281496
29.6
j
6.0 44.6
26 763245 I 911046 852199 147801 57976 81479
29.6 5.0 44.6
27 763422 910956 852466 147634 67999 81462
29.6 5.0 44.6
28 763600 910866 852733 147267 68023 81445
29.5 6.0 44.5
29 763777 910776 853001 146999 58047 81428
29.5 5.0 44.6
30 763954 910J86 853268 146732 580/0,81412
29.6 5.0 44.5
31 764131 . 91 Uc96 9.853535 10 146465 68094 81395
29.5
I
5.0 44.5
32 764308 910505 853802 146198 5811813V8
29.6 5.0 44.6
33 764485 910415 854069 145931 68141 181361
29.4 5.0 44.5 ji
6.1 4.4.5
36 765015 910144 854870 145130', 58212|81310
29.4 6.1 44.6
37 766191 910054 855137 144863 58236 [8 1293
29.4
1
5.1 44.6 1
58307 18 1242
29.3 6.1 44.4 1
5.1 44.4
43 766247 909510 856737 143263
'
68378:81191
29.3 6.1 44.4
44 766423 909419 857004 142996 i
68401 18 1174
29.3 6.1 44.4
45 766598 909328 ^57270 142730 58426'811c7
29.2 5.2 44.4
46 766774 90923 7 857537 142463} 68449 81140
29.2 6.2 44.4 I
54 D<.'grecs.
TAIJLK II. Log. iJiiii'B and Tangents. (36) NatKral Sines. 57
S ine. D. 10" Cosine. ID. 10' Tang. D. 10"| Cotang. X. sinc.j X. cus .
59n<i80'jl--i 20
40 77(i090 904241 871849 1-28151 !
3
57 7789^0 902034 8703-20 1'23074! 00 11 2 j.
10
28.0 16.8 43.8 2
68 779128 902539 870689 123411' 001351:9899
28 16.9 43.8
59. 779-2!)5 9i)2444 870861 1'23149 1,001 58 j/9f)81 1
27 9 15.9 43.8
GO 779403 902349 877114 122886 60182 79804 '
63 Degrees.
58 Log. Sines and Tangents. (37) Natural Sines. TABLE II.
27
13 781634 901106 119472
27
M 781800
27
901010 119210
15 7819^6 900914 118948
27
lb 782132 900818 118686
27 118424
17 782298 900722
27
18 782464 906626 118161
27
19 782630 900529 117899
27
20 782796 900433 117637
27
21 782961 9.900337 ,117375
27 117113
22 783127 900242
27 116852 60714
23 783292 900144, I
27 116590 160/38
24 783458 900047
27 116328
25 783623 899951 160761
27 116066 60-84
2ti 783/88 899854 !
27 115804
27 783953 899757 [6080/
28 27 115543 60830
7841 J8 899660 I
27 115281 60853
21) 784282 899564 I
27 115020 608 /6
3U 78444/ 899467
27 I
60699
31 784612 T 9.89.93/0 ,114758 i
27 114497 60J22
32 784/76 899273- i
27. 113451
3tJ 785433 898884 161015
27. 113190 ,61038
37 785597 898787
27. 112928 !61061
38 785761 898689
27. 112667 161084
39 785925 898592
27. 112406 6110/1/9158
40 786089 898494
27. 10 ,112145
41 9.786252 9.898397 61130i79140
27. 111884 61153 79122
42 786416 898299
27. 111623
13 7865/9 898202 61J/6J/9105
44 27. 111361 6119917908/
786/42 898104
27. IIIIOJ 612221/9069
45 78690J 898006
27. 110840 6124579051
46 787069 897908
27. 1105/9
47 78 232
- 89/810 61268] /9i33
27. 110318 612911-9016
48 78/395 89 7712
27. 110057
49 78755/ 89 7614 61314J-89.W
27. 109/96 6133/ /898U
50 787720 897516
27, 61360!78962
I
51 787883 9.897418 ,10 .100535
27, 109275 61 383 78944
52 788045 89/320 i
52 Degree!
TABLK II. Ix)g. Sines and Tangents. (38) Natural ginas. 59
Sine. D. 10" Cosine. D. 10' Tang. D. lO'l Cotang. N. sine. IN. cos.
)I Dcgree.s.
60 Log. Sines and Tangents. Natural Sines. TABLE II.
(39^)
17.5 42.8
43 805495 886047 919448 080552
17.5 42.8
44 805647 885942 919 705 080295
17.5 42.8
45 805799 885837 919962 080038
^o 17.5 42.8
46 805951 885732 920219 079781
25.3 17.5 42.8
47 806103 885627 920476 079524
25.3 17.5 42.8
48 8J6254 885522 920733 079267
25.3 17,5 42.8
49 80o406 885416 920990 079010
25.2 17.6 42.8
50 80J557 885311 921247 078753
25.2 17.6 42.8
51 9.806/09 9.8^5205 1.921503 10.0784971
25.2 17.6 42.8
52 806860 885100 921760 078240'
53 25.2 17.6 42.8
807011 884994 922017 07/983 J
_
80-$OJ7 .884254 .923813 10.076187
25.1
1 808218 884148 17.7 924070 075930
25.1 17.7
2 80S3J8 884042 924327 0756,3
25.1 17.7
3 808') 19 88393() 924583 075417
4
25.0 883829 17.7
80.-i664 924840 075160
25.0
6 8 088 19 883723 17.7 925096 074904
25.0
t> 808969 883617 17.7 925352 074648
25.0 883510 17.7
7l 800 1 19 925609 074391 76473
25.0 17.7
80J269 88340^4 9258()5 074136 76455
25.0 883297 17.7
8JJ4I9 926122 0738,8 7(>436
24.9 883191 17.8 76417
iol 80J;3()9 926378 073622
809718 24.9 17.8 76398
II l9. .883084 .926634 10.073366
809868 24.9 882977 17.8 76380
V2 926890 073110
810017 24.9 882871 17.8
13 927147 072853 645681 76301
24.9 882764 17.8 76342
14 810167 927403 072597
24.9
15 810316 882657 17.8 927659 072341 7()323
810465 24.8 882550 17.8 927915
16 072085 7()304
810614 24.8 882443 17.8 76286/1 ^3
17 928171 071829
810763 24.8 882336 17.8 76267
18 928427 071573
810912 24.8 882229 17.9 76248
19 928683 071317
20 8I10J1 24.8 882121 17.9 76229
928940 071060
9 811210 24.8 .882014 17.9 76210
.929196 10.070804
22 811358 24.8 881907 17.9 76192
929452 070548
24.7
23 811507 881799 17.9 929708 070292 76173
24 811655 24.7 881692 17.9 76154
929964 070036
25 811804 24.7 881584 17.9 76135
930220 069780
811952 24.7 17.9
21) 881477 930475 069525 76116
27 8I2IO0 24.7 17.9
8813i9 930731 0i)92()9 76097
2H 812248 24.7 17.9
881261 930987 0()9013 76078
29 812396 24.7 18.0
881153 931243 0{)8757 76059
30 812544 24.6 18.0
881046 931499 068501 76041
31 .812692 24.6 18.0
.88t>938 931755 10.068245 76022
32 812840 24.6 18.0
880830 932010 067990 76003
33 812988 24.6 18.0
880722 932266 067734 75984
34 813135 24.6 880613 18.0 75905
932522 067478
35 24.6 18.0
8l3-.i83 880505 932778 06.222 65055 i75946
36 813430 24.6 18.0
8f;0397 933033 066967 65077 759-^7
37 813578 24.5 18.0
880-289 933289 066711 65100175908
38 813725 24.5 18.1
880180 933545 066455 65122176889
39 813872 24.6 18.1
8800/2 933800 066200 65144 75^/0
40 814019 24.6 879963 18.1 934056 065944 ()51o6ji5ft51
.814166 24.6 18.1
41 .879855 .934311 10.065689 6518b 75832
42 814313 24.6 18.1
879746 934567 065433 j 652 10 75813
43 814460 24.5 18.1
879637 934823 065177 I
66232 75794
44 814607
24.4 18.1
65:^54 76775
879629 935078 064922 :
24.4 18.1
45 81 ^753 879420 935333 (164667 65276 5 56 , <
65-iy8 76738
24.4 18.1
474 815)4(> 879202 935844 0()4156 653'^ 75<19
48 815193 24.4 18.2
879093 936100 -
063900 :
65342 ,6i00hI2
49 815339 24.4 18.2
878984 936355 063645 65364 ,5680
60 815485 24.4 18.2
8788 5 i 936610 063390 (i5o8t) ,5001
24.31, 18.2
51 .815631 .878766 1.936866 10.063134 65408 , 504"^
52 815-78 21.3 878656
18.2
937121 062879 654b0 75023
53 815924 24.3 878547
18.2
937376 0t)2624 65452 ,5o04
54 8160^9 24.3 878438
18.2
937632 06231)8 65474 ,5585
65 24.3 18.2
816215 878328 937887 0O2113 65496 ,55o6
66 KI6361
24.3 18.2
878219 938142 061858 1)5518 7554,
67 816507
24.3 18.3 65540 5528
878109 938398 061602 ,
49 Degreea.
'n
62 Loo;. Sines and Tangents. (41) Natural Sines. TABLE n.
Sine. D. 10" Cosine. D. 10" Tans.
19.2 42.3
8-29131 868093 961038 038962 67473'73806
;^-^
I
42.3
8-29-269
j-^-^
867978 19.2 961291 038709 67495:73787
42.3
8-29407 867862 19.3 961545 038455 67516:73767
Lj^-^ 19.3 42.3
8-29545 867747 961799 038201 67538173747
1^^-^ 19.3 42.3 |i
42.3
867399 19.3
1
830784
"^^"^ 19.4 42.3
866703 964081 035919;, 677307357
22.9 19.4 42.3
8309-21 86()586 964335 035666 67762j73551
!
831058
-22.8 19.4 42.3
866470 964588 035412 6777373531
'i
22.8 19.4 42.2
.831195 .866353 i. 964842 10.035158: 67795,73511
22.8 19.4 42.2
831332 866-237 965095 034906!; 67816173491
22.8 19.4 42.2
831469 866120 965349 034651 !! 67837173472
22.8 19.4 42.2
831606 866004 965602 034o98 67859^73452
22.8 19.5 42.2
831742 865887 965855 034145 67880:73432
22.8 19.5 42.2
831879 866770 966109 033891;; 679U1 73413
22.8 19.5 42.2
832015 8ti5653 966362 033638 :
67923 73393
.,.,;^^ 22.7 865536 19.5
42.2
966616 033384, 67944 73373
19.5 42.2
83-2-288
:;:;'
865419 96()869 033131 ; 67965 73 53
42.2
865302 19.5 967123 03-2877: 67987173333
22:7
8^o^n ,,,, .865185 19 42.2
832o(>l 1.967376 10.03-26-24' 68U08 73314
83-2697
19 42.2
Z^l 865068 967629 0323711 68029 73294
19 42.2
83-2833
^^-^ 864950 967883 032117' 68051 73274
83-2969 ;:.:;.
19 42.2
864833 968136 031864! 680/2 73254
19 42.2
864716 968389 031611 68093 73234
19 42.2
864598 968()43 031357 68115 73215
833377 19.6 42.2
864481 968896 031104 68136 73195
i-'l 42.2
83J512 864363 19.6 9()9149 030851 68157 73175
-^ I 19.6 42.2
833648 ti-^. 864245 969403 030597 68179 73155
833783
"^"^-^ 19.6 42.2
864127 969656 030344 68200 73135
Co.sine. .Sine. Cotan^. Tang. N. coc. N.sine,
47 Degrees.
64 Log. Sines and Tangents. (4:3) Natural Sines. TABLE 11.
19.6 42.2
2 834054 863892 970162 029838 ^168242 73096
863774 19.7 42.2
3 834189 970416 029584 68264 73076
i
863656
19 42.2
4 83 13-25 970669 029331 68285 73056
863538
19 42.2 I j
863419
19 42.2
6 834595 971175 028825 68327 73016
I
19 42.2
7 834730 863301 971429 028571 68349172996 1
19 42.2
1
19 42.2
10 835134 862946 972188 027812 68412172937
I
19.8 42.2
11 835269 9.862827 9.972441 10.027559 68434172917
i
19.8 42.2
12 ^35403 862709 972694 027306 68455172897
i 1
19.8 42.2
13 835538 862590 972948 027052 i|684/6'72877
19.8 42.2
14 835672 862471 973201 026799 68497 72857
|l
19.8 42.2
16 8358 J7 862353 973454 026546 68518172837
19.8 42.2 1
19.8 42.2
19 836343 861877 974466 025534 168603172757
19.8 42.2
20 836477 861758 974719 025281 6862472737
19.9 42.2
2] 9.836611 861638 9.974973 10.025027 6864572717
19.9 42.2
22 836745 861519 975226 024774 68666i72697
19.9 42.2
23 8368/8 861400 976479 024521 68688 172677
19.9 42.2
24 837012 861280 975732 024268 68709172657
19.9 42.2
25 837146 861161 975985 024015 68730i72637
19.9 42.2
26 837279 861041 976238 023762 6875l|72617
19,9 42.2
27 837412 860922 976491 023509 68772'72597
19.9 42.2 ,
20.0 42.2
34 838344 860082 978262 021738 68920 72457
20.0 42.2
35 838477 859962 978515 021485 68941172437
20.0 42.2
36 838610 859842 978768 021232 68962^72417
20.0 42.2
37 838 742 859 721 979021 020979 68983j72397
20.1 42.2
38 8388 5 < 8596U1 979274 020726 69004:72377
20.1 42.2
39 839007 859480 979527 020473 69025 72357
20.1 42.2
40 839140 859360 979780 020220 69046 72337 i
20.1 42.2
41 839272 9 859239 9.980033 10.019967 169067172317
20.1 42.2
42 839404 859119 980286 019714 |69088!72297
20.1 42.2
43 839536 858998 980538 019462 691 09' 72277
20.1 42.2
44 839668 8588 7 7 980791 019209 69130 72257 I
20.1 42.1
45 83980U 858756 981044 018956 6915172236
20.2 42.1
46 839932 858635 981297 018703 16917272216
20.2 42.1
47 840064 858514 981550 018450 6^193 72196
20.2 42.1
48 840196 858393 981803 018197 16921472176
20.2 42.1
49 840328 8582/2 982056 017944 69235 72156 I
20.2 42.1
50 840459 858151 982309 017691 169256 72136
20.2 42.1
51 9.849591 9.858029 9.982562 10.017438 [6927/72116
20.2 42.1
52 840722 857908 982814 017186 6929872096 !
29.2 42.1
53 840854 857786 983067 016933 69319 72075
20.2 42.1
54 840985. 85 7665 933320 016680 69340172055
i
20.3 42.1
55 857543 983573 016427 69361 72035
!
20.3 42.1
60 8417/1 856934 98483/ tl 5163 6946671931
i
46 Degrees.
TABLE II. liOg. Sines and Tangents. (44) Natural Sines. 65
45 DegreM.
36
68 LOGARITHMS
N.
OF NUMBERS 69
AUXILIARY LOGARITHMS
N. Log. ;|
N. 1
.008
,007
OOfi
005
1.003
1.002
1.001
70 NUMBERS.
Log. 46, 1.6627578316
Log. 67, 1.8260748027
Log.3083=3.4888326343+-^^^^^^^'^
6165
=
12 hours expressed in seconds,
Complement of the same,
43200
=0.00002315 4.6354837
5.36-15163
360 degrees expressed in seconds, = 1296000 6.1 126050
7277.274=16.651542 nearly.
^ 231 =
277.274
-= 1 8.78925284 1 5. 1 98684.
.775398
7 282 =16.792855.
!??:._= 18.948708.
^'.785398
The French Metre=3.2808992, English /ee^ linear mea-
sure,=39.3707904 inches, the length of a pendulum vi-
brating seconds.
VB 35967
924227
d?A 53/