Short Circuit Test on Transformer LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER SUMPNER'S TEST POLARITY TEST OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMER
One of the winding is connected to the supply at rated
voltage,while the other winding is kept open circuited(HV).
A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in(LV)
winding.
The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the
help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer . The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied voltage gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. After reaching at rated LV side voltage, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the no load current Ie. As no load current Ie is quite small compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current that can be taken as negligible. Since, voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to secondary induced voltage of the transformer, the input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading. As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition. Short Circuit Test on Transformer
The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is
shown in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer. The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side. After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here. The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading. As the transformer is short circuited, there is no output; hence the input power here consists of copper losses in transformer. Therefore it is seen that the short circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss in transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of transformer. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER Load test on single phase Transformer aim to draw the efficiency and regulation characteristics of single phase transformer. Each of the terminals of primary as well as secondary winding of a transformer is alternately positive and negative with respect to each other. It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the primary and secondary terminals for making correct connections under the following type of operation of the transformer. CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER SUMPNER'S TEST Sumpner's test or back to back test can be employed only when two identical transformers are available. Both transformers are connected to supply such that one transformer is loaded on another. Primaries of the two identical transformers are connected in parallel across a supply. Secondary are connected in series such that emf's of them are opposite to each other. Another low voltage supply is connected in series with secondary to get the readings, as shown in the circuit diagram shown below. T1 and T2 are identical transformers. Secondary of them are connected in voltage opposition. as transformers are identical. In this case, as per superposition theorem, no current flows through secondary. Thus input power measured by wattmeter W1 is equal to iron losses of both transformers. i.e. iron loss per transformer Pi = W1/2. A small voltage v2 is injected into secondary with the help of a low voltage transformer. the voltage v2 is adjusted so that, the rated current i2 flows through the secondary. in this case, both primaries and secondary carry rated current. thus short circuit test is simulated and wattmeter w2 shows total full load copper losses of both transformers. i.e. copper loss per transformer pcu = w2/2. From above test results,the full load efficiency of each transformer can be given as- POLARITY TEST Polarity in electrical terms refers to the Positive or Negative conductors within a d.c. circuit, or to the Line and Neutral conductor within an a.c. circuit. the resultant voltage appearing across a voltmeter will be the sum of the high and low voltage windings. This is useful when connecting single phase transformers in parallel for three phase operations. Polarity is a term used only with single phase transformers. Let A1 and A2 denotes the ends of the primary winding. Let a1 and a2 denotes the ends of the secondary winding. Ends A1and a1 are joined and a voltmeter is connected across A2and a2. Single phase supply is given to A1 and A2. If the direction of the induced emf in primary (Ep) and that of the secondary (Es) is the same. The voltmeter will read the difference of emf(Ep ~ Es). If the windings are wound in the opposite direction on the magnetic core,Ep and Es will be in the opposite direction. The voltmeter will read Ep+Es.in this case, the polarity is know as additive. Generally,the polarity used is subtractive.